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Measuring The Inclination of Deep Foundations: Standard Test Procedures For
Measuring The Inclination of Deep Foundations: Standard Test Procedures For
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8232 − 18
1. Scope 1.9 The procedures used to specify how data are collected,
1.1 The test procedures described in this standard measure recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
the inclination of deep foundation elements, including ele- industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
ments in the excavation stage. These Procedures apply to all significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-
deep foundations, referred to herein as “piles,” regardless of dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
their method of installation. obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for mea- increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
suring the inclination of deep foundations. Plans, commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope
specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engi- of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
neer may provide additional requirements and procedures as methods for engineering design.
needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.3 This standard provides the following test Procedures: safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Procedure A (Inclinometer Testing)— 9.1 responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
for testing both open boreholes and
constructed piles priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Procedure B (Pendulum Testing)—for 9.2 mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
testing open boreholes
1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.4 Apparati and procedures herein designated “optional” dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
may produce different test results and may be used only when ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
approved by a qualified engineer (hereafter “the Engineer”). Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.
1.5 The Engineer shall design and approve the test configu- 2. Referenced Documents
ration and test procedures. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes Fluids
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
as requirements of the standard. This standard also includes Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
illustrations and appendices intended only for explanatory or Used in Engineering Design and Construction
advisory use. D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded Data
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this D6760 Test Method for Integrity Testing of Concrete Deep
standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall Foundations by Ultrasonic Crosshole Testing
not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
3. Terminology
1.8 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in 3.1 Definitions:
Practice D6026. 3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in this
standard, refer to Terminology D653.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.11 on Deep Foundations.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. DOI: 3.2.1 battered pile or raked pile, n—a pile purposely con-
10.1520/D8232-18. structed at an inclination.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
7.5 Procedure B: 7.5.2 Winch or crane, with sufficient capacity to carry the
7.5.1 Probe—If suspended by cable, the probe shall be probe and cable from the center of the open hole, or an adapter
sufficiently heavy to hang vertically even in thick drilling mud. for rigid attachment to the tip of the Kelly bar.
The probe housing shall be waterproof to at least 150 % of the 7.5.3 If suspended by cable, optionally a set of additional
maximum testing depth. The probe shall be equipped with the guide cables, sufficiently weighted at the bottom to maintain
following: tension, may be deployed. The probe shall then include
7.5.1.1 A rotating sensor, able to measure the distance to the brackets to enable it to slide up and down the guide cables and
sidewall at discrete angular steps. Alternatively, a minimum of prevent twisting and large-amplitude swinging of the probe. A
four fixed ultrasonic or laser transceivers, able to measure the typical schematic arrangement of the testing apparatus is
distance to the sidewall and oriented at equal angular spacings, illustrated in Fig. 2.
may be used.
8. Calibration and Standardization
7.5.1.2 If probe is suspended on a single cable, a suitable
means (gyrocompass, digital magnetic compass, set of or- 8.1 The inclinometer component of the probe shall be
thogonal accelerometers or similar, henceforth referred to as calibrated to an accuracy of 0.1 % throughout its full opera-
“gyrocompass” in this document) to measure probe rotation tional scale and temperature range, according to the manufac-
around the vertical (“Z”) axis. turer’s instructions.
7.5.1.3 Inclination sensors for verifying alignment and sta- 8.2 The depth-measuring device shall be field-calibrated at
bility of the probe in the two horizontal axes. least once every six months to an accuracy of 2 % of the
maximum testing depth or 0.5m, whichever is larger, according probe to the base plate. Make sure that the axis of the probe is
to the manufacturer’s instructions. parallel to the axis of the bucket.
8.3 The gyrocompass shall be field-calibrated daily to an 9.1.4 Securely hang the optional depth measuring device
accuracy of 1 degree/minute. from a suitable point on the drilling rig above the hole and pass
8.4 Ultrasonic wave speed in drilling fluid, as used in the optional signal transmission cable around the wheel.
Procedure B, shall be determined prior to measuring each pile 9.1.5 Turn the probe so that the arrow points to the project
excavation. This shall be done in a portion of the excavation of North, wait for signal stabilization and take a biaxial inclinom-
known diameter (typically the casing, near the surface). eter reading. If the excavation has an enlarged upper section
Alternatively, wave speed can be independently measured by (casing), perform the above stage at the reference depth.
separate probe (either embedded in the probe or using a 9.1.6 Without turning the centralizer, bring it to ground
separate device). level and zero the depth measuring device.
NOTE 3—When Procedure B is used only for measuring inclination, 9.1.7 Without turning the centralizer, lower it one depth
wave speed calibration may be skipped since the absolute wave speed interval, wait for the signal to stabilize and take depth, biaxial
value has no effect on the location of the axis. inclination and gyrocompass readings. Depth interval shall not
9. Procedure exceed 20 % of the excavation depth.
9.1.8 Repeat the above procedure, one depth interval at a
9.1 Procedure A:
time, until the centralizer reaches the bottom.
9.1.1 Place the centralizer at the ground surface.
9.1.2 Firmly attach the probe to the centralizer so the axes of 9.1.9 Repeat the above procedure while raising the probe,
the centralizer and the probe are parallel. one depth interval at a time, until the probe reaches the surface.
9.1.3 When the drilling bucket is used as a centralizer, 9.1.10 At the surface rotate the probe back to its original
attach (preferably by spot-welding) the base plate to a suitable bearing (project North) and take a final depth and bearing
horizontal surface on top of the drilling bucket, then attach the reading.
12. Precision and Bias 12.2 Bias—There is no accepted reference value for this test
12.1 Precision—Test data on precision is not presented due procedure, therefore, bias cannot be determined.
to the nature of these test Procedures. It is either not feasible or
too costly at this time to have ten or more agencies participate 13. Keywords
in an in situ testing program at a given site. 13.1 barrette; bored pile; crosshole testing; deviation;
12.1.1 The Subcommittee D18.11 is seeking any data from drilled shaft; gyro; inclination; inclinometer; integrity test; load
the users of these test procedures that might be used to make a bearing element; ultrasonic testing
limited statement on precision.
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. REFERENCES
(1) Amir, J.M. and Amir, E.I. (2012): Testing of Bored Pile (2) Gander, W., Golub, G. H. & Strebel, R. (1994) “Least-
Inclination, Proc. 9th Intl. Conf. Testing and Design Methods squares Fitting of Circles and Ellipses,” BIT Numerical
for Deep Foundations, Kanazawa Mathematics, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 558-578.
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