EXAMINING THE INFLUENCE OF FEED WITH MORINGA LEAF INCLUSION

WITH LEFTOVER RICE AND CORN BLEND ON BROILER CHICKEN GROWTH

A Research Proposal
Presented to the Faculty Members of
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Philippine Engineering and Agro-Industrial College, Inc.
Datu Gonsi Street Brgy. Lomidong, Marawi City

In Partial Fulfillment Of
the Requirements for the Course
Practical Research 2

ABDUL KHAIQ P. MATUAN

AUSIN U. HABIB
ROMAISAH A. ALONTO
MOH’D RAYHAN O. HADJI ALI
MOH’D YUSOPH H. DATU DACULA

December 2023
 CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

Examining the effects of moringa leaves, combined with leftover rice and corn on

broiler chickens weight and its width is the focus of this study. In this field of poultry

nutrition, the goal is to understand how this unique mix influences the growth parameters of

broiler chicken, specifically looking at those types of measurement. By delving into these

details, the aim is to determine the impact of adding moringa leaves to their diets on the

physical characteristics of broiler. The study seeks to offer practical guidance to chicken

farmers in a straightforward manner, enabling them to make informed decisions about

optimizing the growth of their broiler flocks. Through this research, valuable insights into

enhancing broiler chicken nutrition are anticipated.

Global poultry production has been growing dynamically. In 2017, global poultry

meat production was over 117.7 million tons, representing an increase of 0.4% compared to

2016 (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2017). Poultry meat is characterized by its good

quality, high level of safety, affordable prices compared to other types of meat, and short

cycles of production (Wahyono & Utami, 2018). Poultry meat is highly sought after by

people worldwide since it is a necessary source of animal protein for human growth and

development. Poultry meat offers man benefits, including enough nutritional value, a

delectable flavor, a reasonably low cost, ease of availability and acceptance across social

classes and cultural backgrounds. A growing demand for poultry meat and increased

production volume, as well as increased exports and imports have been observed (Koziol &

Krzywon, 2014).
 Small and rapidly growing, moringa oleifera is an evergreen or deciduous tree that

typically reaches heights of 9m with sticky and corky bark and soft, white wood. Horse flavor

permeates the roots. The main axis of the leaves is 30-75 cm long, with longitudinal cracks,

and the branches are joined granular at the joints, with whole, glabrous leaflets. The leaflets

are almost green, slightly hairy and bald on top, whiter and hairless below the mid- veins that

are stained crimson, and the entire edges are short pointed at the base and rounded or blunt

pointed at the tip. Twigs are green and slightly hairy and white fragrant flowers grow in huge

panicles along the axilla and seeds have three angles and pods are pendulous and ribbed

(Gupta, 2010). Moringa leaf is native to South Asia and is cultivated in many tropical and

subtropical regions. Its leaves are rich in essential nutrients such as protein, vitamins, and is

minerals, making them a potentially valuable supplements for livestock and poultry diets

(Moyo et al., 2011). Findings suggest that the supplementation of drinking water with

organic supplements like lemongrass and drumstick tree leaf extract can enhance the growth

performance of chickens compared to commercial feed chickens. Moreover, the use of these

organic supplements could be considered as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters due

to their potential to mitigate disease outbreaks and reduce mortality rates in chickens

(Monino et al., 2023).

The global demand for corn to be used in the production of agricultural feed and fuel

is increasing at a rapid rate (Edgerton, 2010). To offset this demand, many types of grain

have been proposed as substitutes for corn in broiler chickens diet, serving as alternative

sources of dietary carbohydrates. Several studies have demonstrated that left over rice, paddy

rice, including brown rice, has potential substitute for corn in poultry feed (Honda, 2011 et

al.; Sittiya et al., 2011). Cereals from Ceres, the Latin name for the goddess of agriculture are

plants of the grass family cultivated for their grain, and corn is one of them. Among the

cereals, the most prominent as a source of energy is corn. Between 70% and 80% of its
production is used as feed ingredient worldwide. Therefore, the use of corn is an

indispensable tool to maintain the profitability of the system. In an animal nutrition,

practically all cereal are used in various forms: whole grains, ground grain (incorporated into

feed), whole harvested before maturity and silage such as corn, barley, sorghum (Bertsch,

2019).

The objective of this is to evaluate the impact of a homemade feed formulation

comprising moringa leaves, rice and corn on the growth performance, feed ratio, and overall

health of the broiler chicken. Specifically, the study aims to assess the effects of this feed on

parameters such as the body weight gain and girth. The findings of this research will

contribute valuable insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of locally sourced

ingredients in formulating nutritionally balanced diets for broiler production.

Theoretical framework

Optimal Foraging Theory proposed by R.H MacArthur and E.R Pianka, stating that

natural selection favors animals whose behavioral strategies maximize their net energy intake

per unit time spent foraging. Such time includes both searching for prey and handling (i.e.

killing and eating) it. The theory was originally devised in an attempt to explain why, out of

the wide range of foods available, animals often restrict themselves a few preferred types.

The prediction is that an animal strikes balance between two constructing strategies; spending

a long time (i.e. using more energy) searching for highly profitable food items, or devoting

minimal time (i.e. using less energy) to more common but less profitable food items. Various

factors can use animals to deviate from optimal foraging. For example, the risk of predation

may force the animal to select less profitable food items in a relatively safe location, rather

than opting for energetically most efficient feeding strategy.

 Conceptual Framework

This schematic diagram below shows the approach and feed that we would examine

or variables in this experiment.

MORINGA
BROILER CHANGES IN
LEAVES CHICKEN
WIDTH
CORN WEIGHT

LEFTOVER RICE

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework

Statement of the Problem

In investigating the feeding, this study aims to understand how including moringa

leaves, dried corn, and leftover rice impacts the growth in terms of weight and width of

broiler chickens.

1. What is the compact of incorporating moringa leaves, leftover rice, and corn blend

into the diet of broiler chickens on their quantitative growth measured by width and

weight?

2. What are the growth pattern, numbers, and data of broiler chickens in terms to girth

weight and weight over the time of feeding them?

3. In an experimental scenario utilizing cages, what quantitative growth results can be

anticipated when manipulating the levels of moringa laves, rice, and corn blend in the

diet of broiler chicken?

4. What is the statistical significance of the quantitative growth rates (weight and

width) in broiler chicken solely fed with a feed incorporating moringa leaves, using

rigorous quantitative measurements?

Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference in the growth patterns or

performance of broiler chickens when fed a diet that has moringa leaves inclusion of rice, and

dried corn.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The Inclusion of moringa leaves, rice, and dried corn in

the diet of broiler chickens results in a significant improvement in growth performance.

Significance of the Study

This study has wide-reaching benefits for different areas specifically on the

agriculture and farming. These are some beneficiaries in this research.

Poultry Farmers. They can potentially benefit from increased poultry growth rates

and overall health, which may lead to higher production yields and profitability.

Livestock Industry. The findings can contribute to the development of more

sustainable and cost-effective feeding practices, potentially improving the efficiency and

competitiveness of the poultry sector.

Consumers. They may benefit from potentially higher quality and nutrient-rich

poultry products, which can have positive effects on their diet and nutrition.

Nutritionists and Veterinarians. Professionals in these fields can use the research

findings to refine their recommendations for optimal poultry nutrition, potentially leading to

better animal welfare and more successful farming practices.

Environment and Sustainability Advocates. If the research indicates that

incorporating moringa leaves is a more sustainable and eco-friendly feeding practice, it could

be of interest to individuals and organizations focused on sustainable agriculture and reducing

environmental impacts.

Scope and Limitation

The scope of this research is focused around evaluating the impact of feeding broiler

chickens with a diet comprising moringa leaves, left-over rice, and corn on their growth

parameters, specifically in terms of width and weight. This study will involve controlled

experiments conducted on a selected sample of broiler chickens over a defined period. Data

will be collected at regular intervals to track the changes in these physical dimensions.
Additionally, the research will consider factors such as the composition and proportion of the

feed mixture to ensure consistency and accuracy in the experimental design. The study will

be conducted in a controlled environment to minimize external variables that may influence

the results.

It is important to acknowledge the limitations of this research. The study will not

delve into broader aspects of poultry health, egg production, meat quality, and behavior, as

the focus remains exclusively on physical growth parameters. Secondly, the research will be

limited by its duration, and thus long-term effects or trends beyond the designated time frame

may not be captured. The study's outcomes may be specific to the selected breed and age

group of broiler chickens, and may not be directly applicable to other poultry species or age

categories. While efforts will be made to control for environmental factors, unforeseen

circumstances or variations in external conditions may still introduce some level of variability

into the results. These limitations will be carefully acknowledged.

Definition of Terms

Moringa Leaves – It is a plant native to Northern India that can also grow in other

tropical places like Asia and Africa (Willington, 2023). A small and thin green leaf that is

from a tree of moringa oleifera that will be measured by proportions and included in broiler

chicken diet.

Feed – According to Merriam Webster this term means “to supply with something

necessary; to nourish or to become nourished as if by food. In this research “feed” denotes

the combination of moringa leaves, leftover rice, and corn provided to other broiler chicken,

measured in specific proportion and regularly dispensed.

Blend – As per Dictionary Cambridge this term refers to a verb “to mix or combine

things together, or to mix or combine with something else, to make substance”. In this study
characterized by specific mixture of moringa leaves, left-over rice, and corn that will be

mixed altogether by a blende in predetermined proportions, prepared and offered as a dietary

component to the broiler chicken.

Broiler Chicken – According to Law Insider broiler chicken means a chicken that is

being or has been grown under intensive housing conditions specifically for human

consumptions denotes the specific poultry selected for this study, housed in cages and

subjected to the prescribed diet and measurement protocol.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter reviews literature and studies that are found to be related to this study.

These materials provided the researchers with information in shaping objectives and variables

of the study.

Related Literature

Moringa oleifera is one such tree having tremendous nutritional and medicinal

benefits. It is rich in macronutrients and micronutrients and other bioactive compounds which

are important for normal functioning of the body and prevention of certain diseases. Leaves,

flower, seeds, and almost all parts of tree are edible and have immense therapeutic properties

including antidiabeic, anticancer, antiulcer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant. Most of the recent

studies suggested that moringa leaves should be functional ingredient in food (Islam, et al.

2021). Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam. moringaceae) is a highly valued plant that is mostly

cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. It is used for food, medication and industrial

purposes. The objective of the study was to assess the nutritional value of Moringa leaves of

the South African ecotype. Proximate and Van Soest methods were used to determine the

nutritional value of Moringa leaves. The dried leaves had crude protein levels of 30.3% and

19 amino acids. The dried leaves had the following mineral contents: calcium (3.65%),

phoshorus (0.3%), magnesium (0.5%), potassium (1.5%), sodium (0.164%), sulphur (0.63%),

zinc (13.03 mg/kg), copper (8.25%), manganese (86.8 mg/kg), iron (490 mg/kg) and

selenium (363 mg/kg). 17 fatty acids were observed with α-Linolenic acid (44.57%) having

the highest value followed by heneicosanoic (14.41%), g-linolenic (0.20%) palmiteic (0.17%)

and capric acid (0.07%). Vitamin E had the highest concentration of 77 mg/100 g than beta-

carotene, which had 18.5 mg/100 g in the dried leaves. The fiber content was neutral
detergent fibre (NDF) (11.4%), acid detergent fibre (ADF) (8.49%), acid detergent lignin

(ADL) (1.8%) and (acid detergent cellulose (ADC) (4.01%). The condensed tannins had a

value of 3.2%, while total polyphenols were 2.02%. The values of amino acids, fatty acids,

minerals and vitamin profiles reflect a desirable nutritional balance (Moyo et al., 2011).

The results of proximate analyses revealed that the Moringa oleifera leaves are an

excellent source of nutrition and natural energy for human around the world who lack in

many nutritional supplements such as protein, carbohydrate, lipids and fibers. A 100g of

Moringa oleifera leaves can provide about 17.5 g of daily requirement. Moisture in food

determines the rate of food absorption and the keeping quality of food. The reported value

indicated that Moringa oleifera leaf protein might not be stored at room temperature for a

long period. Ash in food determines largely the extent of mineral matters likely to be found in

food substance, the reported value of ash indicated that moringa leaves are a good source of

minerals. Moringa oleifera is a good source of fiber that might be taken as a part of diet to

clean the digestive tract by removing potential carcinogens from the body and hence prevents

the absorption of excess cholesterol. The fat and carbohydrate content is very valuable as a

main source of energy for human body (El Sohaimy et al., 2015).

The same results mentioned by (Sodamade et al. 2013), who revealed that Moringa

oleifera leaves are nutritionally adequate and given the promising source of dietary minerals

in most developing countries. It is however important to stress that leaf protein concentrates

is not food on their own but it contains nutritional potential that could find application in food

ingredient, infant formula, food supplement and food formulation. The Moringa leaves

mineral concentrations might be candidate to be one of the important sources of essential

elements for human body. Moringa leaves contained a high level of sodium while sodium is

an important source of electrolytes within the body; potassium works with sodium to

maintain the water balance in the body and lowering the blood pressure. Magnesium level in
moringa leaves was that is extremely vital to health by stimulating gastric motility and

intestinal function; a high content of phosphorus is an important to serve as the main

regulator of energy metabolism in cells. Iron is very important element as a nucleus of

hemoglobin that forms red blood cells in the body. Zinc can support the immune system and

useful for normal growth and development during pregnancy. Copper plays a role in the

synthesis and maintenance of myelin and as a cofactor for processes that neutralize the

dangerous free radicals. Moringa leaves are a very good source of calcium that very useful

for bones and teeth development. Manganese is very useful for activation of some enzymes

that prevent tissue damage and used for digestion and utilization of foods. These obtained

results agreed with that registered by who’s reported that the moringa leaves are a very

promising source for essential elements.

Moringa oleifera leaves contained a reasonable concentrations of both watersoluble

vitamins such as B Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) , Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), Vitamin B3- and C and

fat-soluble vitamins like A and E respectively. These vitamins could play an important role

in improving human health. Vitamin A is a natural antioxidant to inhibit free radicals and

very important for improving the immune system. Vitamin E is useful for enhancing the

immune system function and skin repair. Vitamin C is very important for cardiovascular

health and reducing free radicals in the cells. Vitamin B1 contributes in many cellular

functions including carbohydrates metabolism. Vitamin B2 is an important in energy

metabolism and foliate synthesis. Vitamin B3 plays a role in DNA synthesis and the transfer

of methyl groups in the cell metabolism. From the present results, it is clear that Moringa

oleifera leaves are a powerful vitamin factory in reasonable concentrations for human

requirements. The results obtained from the amino acid composition of moringa leaves crude

protein confirmed that Moringa oleifera leaves contain a high level of Leucine, Lysine,

Valine Threonine, and Isoleucine. It is confirmed that moringa leaves are a good source for
essential amino acids (Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Histidine, Leucine, Isoleucine and

Valine). The Moringa essential amino acids presence and digestibility scores are more than

adequate when measured against the standards by World Health Organization and Food and

Agriculture Organization for small children, the most at-risk population group when it comes

to proteins in food. Furthermore, the obtained results showed that moringa leaves contained a

high level of lysine, which usually accrued, in a low level in plant materials except legumes

and cereals (El Sohaimy et al., 2015).

A study have investigated the nutrient composition and phytochemicals of Moringa

oleifera and revealed that, Moringa could be incorporated into human diet, particularly during

infancy, to prevent or reduce protein-energy malnutrition. Phenolic compounds and

flavonoids are very important constituents that have antioxidant activity by scavenging free

radicals and occurred in several kinds of plants; the total phenolic content determination in

moringa leaves revealed that the type of extraction solvent is a limiting factor in the

extraction of phenolics and flavonoids. 70% methanol extracted the maximum phenolic

content occurred in the moringa leaves (Oluwole et al., 2013).

Cooling of cooked white rice is known to cause starch retro gradation which increases

resistant starch content. Resistant starch contents were analyzed on freshly cooked white rice

(control rice), cooked white rice cooled for 10 hours at room temperature, and cooked white

rice cooled for 24 hours at 4°C then reheated. The results showed that resistant starch

contents in control rice were 0.64 g/100 g, 1.30 g/100 g, and 1.65 g/100 g, respectively.

Hence used in the clinical study along with control rice to characterize glycemic response in

15 healthy adults. The clinical study was a randomized, single-blind crossover study. In the

clinical study the cooked rice significantly lowered glycemic response compared with control

rice or leftover. In conclusion, cooling of cooked white rice increased resistant starch content.
Cooked white rice cooled for 24 hours at 4°C then reheated lowered glycemic response

compared with freshly cooked white rice (Sonia et al., 2015).

Corn is the new age super diet for health conscious people. The nutritive value of

sweet corn is comparable to several high priced vegetable like cauliflower, cabbage, french

beans, fibre content and low in cholesterol. The nutritional value of sweet corn kernels is

related to the content of water (72.7%) and to the total content of solid parts (27.3%). Solid

parts include hydrocarbons (81%), proteins (13%), lipids (3.5%) and others (2.5%). Starch is

the dominant hydrocarbon component (Szymanek, 2012). Sweet corn has been widely

consumed as a healthy food since it is rich in carotenoids. Carotenoids, such as the

xanthophyllus, lutein and zeaxanthin, have garnered interest due to their association with eye

health (More et al., 2018 and Ozata, 2019). It is one of the most popular vegetable in the

western and advanced countries of the world.

Corn is a particular maize species which differ genetically from the field maize. Its

kernels are tender, delicious and eaten as a vegetable in many cuisines worldwide. In contrast

to the traditional field corn, sweet corn crops are harvested while their corn-ears have just

attained the milky stage. The cob either used immediately or frozen for later use since its

sugar content turns quickly into starch. At 86 calories per 100 g, sugar corn kernels are

moderately high in calories in comparison to other vegetables. Also 100 g fresh kernels

provide 187 IU or 6% of daily requirement of vitamin-A. Altogether; these compounds are

required for maintaining healthy mucosa, skin, and vision. Consumption of natural foods rich

in flavonoids helps protect from lung and oral cavity cancers. Corn is a good source of the

phenolic, flavonoid, antioxidant and ferulic acid. Several research studies suggest that ferulic

acid plays a vital role in preventing cancers, aging, and inflammation in humans. It also

contains good levels of some of the valuable B-complex group of vitamins such as thiamin,

niacin, pantothenic acid, folates, riboflavin, and pyridoxine (Dilip Kumar and Aditya
Narayan Jhariya, 2013). Many of these vitamins function as co-factors to enzymes during

substrate metabolism. Further, it contains healthy amounts of some essential minerals like

zinc, magnesium, copper, iron, and manganese.

Related Studies

A research study titled “Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal as a source of protein

in locally produced concentrates for dairy cows fed low protein diets in tropical areas” by

(Mendieta-Araica et al., 2011) experiment was carried out during the dry season at Santa

Ana Farm in Masaya, Nicaragua, located at 13°29´16.5″ N and 60°55´10″ W. The effect on

milk yield, milk composition and ration digestibility of using Moringa leaf meal as a protein

source in concentrate given to six lactating dairy cows fed a basal Elephant grass diet was

tested using a changeover 3 × 3 Latin square design, replicated twice. The basal Elephant

grass diet and a concentrate containing 20% soybean meal was compared with a concentrate

where the soybean meal was replaced with the same amount of Moringa leaf meal. In the

third diet commercially available components were used to compose an “Iso” concentrate

with the same energy and protein content as the concentrate containing Moringa leaf meal.

The intake of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent

fibre did not differ significantly between treatments and averaged 15.4, 13.9, 7.2 and 5.9 kg

day, respectively, while crude protein (CP) intake was higher for the soybean meal treatment

compared to the other treatments, 1.7 and 1.2 kg CP day, respectively. The treatments did not

differ with regard to digestibility with the exception of CP digestibility, which was

significantly higher in the soybean meal treatment compared with the Iso concentrate, 0.70

and 0.62, respectively. Mean daily milk yield was significantly higher when cows were given

soybean meal compared with both Moringa leaf meal and the optimized concentrate, 13.2,

12.3 and 12.1 kg day, respectively. There was no significant difference between treatments in
either the milk composition, or the organoleptic characteristics of the milk. The conclusion is

that locally produced Moringa leaf meal can, at the same protein and energy levels,

successfully replace the commercial constituents in concentrate for dairy cows.

This exploratory study was conducted to investigate the effect of Moringa oleifera

leaf meal (MoLM) supplemented diets on the performance of broiler Chickens. Carried out

by (Abdulsalan et al., 2015) at Nigeria titled “Performance of Broiler Chicken feed on

Moringa Oleifera leaf meal supplemented poultry feed”. Four different graded levels

of Moringa oleifera leaf meal were used to formulate poultry feed. Ration was formulated

using soya bean, yellow maize and Moringa oleifera leaf meal as ingredient for broiler

booster (20% Cruide Protein) and broiler finisher (18% Criude Protein) using Pearson Squire

Method. One hundred and sixty day old unsexed broiler chicks were randomly allocated to

four treatment (iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous) diets as T1 (0% Moringa oleifera leaf meal),

T2 (0.5% Moringa oleifera leaf meal), T3 (0.75% Moringa oleifera leaf meal) and T4

(1.0% Moringa oleifera leaf meal) in a Completely Randomized Design.

The birds were distributed into 4 replicates comprising 10 chickens per replicate and

managed under dip litter system for a period of 8 weeks. Water and feed were provided at ad

libitum. Feed consumption, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were evaluated for the

individual replicate of each dietary treatment. In addition, slaughter weight and carcass

weight of the birds were recorded throughout the period. Statistical analysis was done using

the general linear modeling procedure of SAS. The results obtained showed that significant

differences existed in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. It was also observed

that, addition of Moringa leaf meal up to 1.0% to broiler chick’s diet significantly lowered

weight gain, feed efficiency and body weight during starter period. During finisher and whole

periods however, supplying broiler chick‘s diet with 0.5% Moringa leaf meal resulted in

significant increase in feed consumption, but addition of different levels of Moringa leaf
meal had no significant effects on weight gain, feed efficiency and final live body weight. It

was concluded that the use of Moringa leaf meal in the broiler diet adversely affected the

performance during starter period, but enhanced the performance during finisher and whole

period. The study also reveals that Moringa leaf meal can conveniently supplement expensive

sources of protein in broiler diet without compromising performance.

Research of (Monino et al., 2023) conducted in Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa Sr. Memorial

State College of Agriculture and Technology, Philippines and Philippine Coconut Authority-

Masbate Field Office, Philippines. This study aimed to investigate the impact of drumstick

tree and lemongrass leaf extracts on the growth performance and economic returns of broilers

and kabir chicks by administering the two leaf extracts in their drinking water. A total of 90

straight-run day-old broilers and 90 Kabir chicks were used, and a two-factor complete

randomized design factorial experiment with three treatments and six replicates was

employed. The birds' weights were measured at one day old, 21 days, and 35 days to

determine their body weights and weight development, while feed consumption, feed

conversion efficiency, dressing percentage, and livability rates were also measured. Duncan's

Multiple Range Test was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the birds on the

control treatment (T0) exhibited inferior performance in all parameters compared to those on

T1 and T2. The addition of lemongrass and drumstick tree leaf extract (10ml/liter) to chicken

drinking water resulted in reduced feed consumption and improved feed conversion

efficiency. The treated chicken also exhibited greater dressing percentages (with or without

giblets). At the end of the trial, the cumulative livability rate in the treatment group was

significantly higher than that in the control group. These findings suggest that lemongrass and

drumstick tree leaf extracts can promote chicken development

According to a research conducted by (Senedeera et al., 2022) titled “Different heat

treatments in rice processing affect the nutritional and microbiological aspects of rice bran
incorporated poultry feed” Rice bran is a byproduct of the rice milling industry which is used

for poultry feeding in Sri Lanka. High fiber content, rancidity development, enzyme

inhibitors, and high mold growth, limit its potential use as poultry feed ingredient. The

present study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of different heat

treatments; parboiling, autoclaving, microwave heating, and dry heating on the nutritional

value and microbiological safety of rice bran incorporated poultry feed. Two rice varieties;

BG 358 and Gonabaru were used. Control and four treatments as, crude (T1), parboiled (T2),

autoclaved (T3), dry heated (T4), and microwave heated (T5) rice bran of each rice variety

was incorporated into the formulated poultry feed.

Changes in nutritional value with different treatments were compared by analyzing

crude protein, total lipid, and crude fiber contents. Moisture content, total fungal and bacterial

counts were measured during the four weeks of storage period. Data were analyzed in a

completely randomized design using MINITAB software. Crude protein, crude fiber, and

moisture content were significantly reduced in heat-treated rice bran incorporated poultry

feed of two tested rice varieties, compared to non-heated control. Significantly high lipid

content and lowest fungal and bacterial counts were shown in T5 and independent from the

tested rice variety. Although the values are different the effect of the heat treatments on the

nutritional quality and microbiological safety of rice bran incorporated poultry feed is

affected in the same manner for two tested rice varieties.

In the study of (Stefanno et al., 2022) on their research “Corn energy and nutrient

utilization by broilers as affected by geographic areas and carbohydrases” A total of 1,120

slow-feathering Cobb 500 one-day-old male broilers Lajeado, Brazil were randomly placed

into wire cages in a temperature-controlled room. Each cage was equipped with one trough

feeder (0.4 m length) and one drinker, which allowed ad libitum access to water and mash

feeds. Average temperature was 32°C placement, being reduced by 1°C every 2 d until 23°C
to provide comfort throughout the study. Lighting was continuous until day 24. In experiment

1, a total of 448 birds were reared in 64 cages and fed 8 experimental diets with 8 replicate

cages of 7 birds each in a completely randomized design. In Exp. 2, 672 birds were allocated

into 96 cages and fed 12 experimental diets with 8 replicate cages of 7 birds each. In both

experiment, standard corn-soy starter diets were fed from d 0 to 14 (3,050 kcal/kg Apparent

Metabolize Energy (AME), 21.7% Crude Protein, 1.05% Cax, and 0.53% non-phytate P). On

d 14, chicks were weighed into groups of 7 birds per cage prior to placement. From d 14 to

24, broilers were fed semi-purified mash feeds with 95.9% of corn as the sole source of

energy and protein. In Exp. 1, the semi-purified diet used semi-dent corn from 2 regions in

Brazil (North, from Mato Grosso state or South, from Rio Grande do Sul state), whereas in

Exp. 2 the semi-purified diet had corns from 3 different endosperm types (waxy, semi-dent,

or semi-flint). The average of corn particle size in both expirement

In experiment 1 corn from the North origin resulted in higher Apparent Metabolizable

Energy and values as well as higher digestibility of Dry Matter (DM) Ether Extract (EE)

Corn hybrids are unknown in this study; however, both corn origins had the same endosperm

type. The North region produces corn and soybean in favorable climate conditions for

agricultural crops and bigger production areas; however, 60% of broiler production is done in

the South, demanding corn and soybean meal for the diets. In experiment 2, the semi-flint

corn presented the highest Apparent Metabolize Energy, and Ileal Digestible Energy (IDE)

values as well as the highest Ether Extract (EE) digestibility of corn for 24-day-old broilers.

The waxy corn presented higher analyzed Gross Energy (GE) and starch composition

compared to semi-dent and semi-flint corn textures; however, this corn type presented the

lowest Metabolized Energy (ME) values. The highest digestibility of resistant and total starch

in jejunum was observed in the semi-dent corn. The correlation between corn endosperm

texture and nutrient digestibility on animal performance has already been evaluated in
previous studies (Yegani and Korver, 2013; Tang et al., 2014); however, there is a lack of

peer-reviewed data relating corn types, corn nutrient utilization, and carbohydrases for

poultry.
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOLOGY

This chapter gives an outline of research methods were followed in the study. It

provides information on the specimen, data collection and discussing the methods and to

analyze the data.

Research Design

In this simplified experimental quantitative research design, the objective is to assess

the impact of a combined feed comprising moringa, leftover rice, and corn on the weekly

weight gain of broiler chickens. The study focuses on a single treatment group, denoted as

Group X, where chickens are exclusively fed with a diet incorporating moringa leaf, leftover

rice, and corn blend. The research employs a prospective design, tracking the weekly weights

of the broilers over 12-week duration.

Based on statistical considerations, the sample size is chosen to guarantee sufficient

power to identify significant differences. To reduce bias, chickens are randomized to Group

X, and baseline weights are established by recording the chickens' starting weights. The

broilers are fed a combination feed twice a day, and their weekly weights are determined by

means of a calibrated scale. The average weight gain of the broilers weekly is what the study

seeks to record.
Locale of the Study

Figure 2. Map of Matampay, Marawi City

This study will be conducted in Sumayan Village, Matampay, Marawi City, with the ZIP

Code 9700. The reason for choosing this location is the presence of chicken cages that are

essential for chicken growth in H’Ali, Moh’d Rayhan’s residence at Matampay, known for

warm temperature that is suitable for this research, allowing for more centered and focused

study.

Specimen/Respondents of the Study

This study focuses on chickens as the specimen. These birds have been purposefully

selected because of their central role in poultry production and will be the focus of studying

the effects of our carefully selected feeding diet of moringa leaves, corn, and leftover rice.

The reason for choosing broiler is because they grow up faster than any other type of chicken

an also their importance in the wider agricultural landscape, which ensures the practical

applicability of our findings.

The data obtained from the broiler chickens are quantified by precise measurements

of weight and width. Weight, a key metric in bird research, is a comprehensive indicator that

provides an overview of total body mass and the effectiveness of the finished feed mixture.

At the same time, careful analysis, potentially providing insights into nuanced aspects such as
muscle development and structural changes these quantitative parameters allow for a detailed

study of the effects of the mixture of moringa leaves, corn and leftover rice on the physical

characteristics. The combination of these carefully measured responses provides a solid basis

for drawing comprehensive conclusions about the effectiveness and suitability of a unique

feed mixture to promote the growth and morphological development of chicken.

Instruments of the Study

MATERIALS USES

Use for measuring the weight of broiler

chicken
For measuring the width of the broiler

chicken

For blending the moringa leaves, corn,

and left-over rice

Moringa Leaves that is main component

of the feeds
 Component of the feed that will fed to the

broiler chicken

Component of the feed that will fed to the

broiler chicken

Data Gathering Procedure

To gather data on feeding broiler chickens with moringa leaves, leftover rice, and

corn over a 12 weeks period. First is to have all the measuring tools and the ingredients for

the feeds which is moringa leaves, leftover rice, and corn. Second is to establish a specific

feeding schedule which is once in a morning and also in afternoon and the quantity of the

feeds in the 1st week to 4th week is smaller compared to 5th week to 12th week since they are

becoming larger or older. They are also going to caged in different cage so there would be no

other food that they can eat so there would be no error in research. Also the water has

quantity of ½ cup and that is for an entire day.

In data collection is to record weights and widths of each chicken before starting an

experiment and In every 7 days the chicken should be measured in terms of weight and width

so that the researchers can maintain a detailed record of each individual. Also is to track the

amount of feed consumed daily. This includes moringa leaves, leftover rice, and corn.
Data Analysis

In the data analysis, the researchers utilized statistical techniques to gain insights from

the collected data on the impact of a combined feed comprising moringa, leftover rice, and

corn on the weekly weight gain of broiler chickens. Our primary focus was on a single

treatment group where chickens were exclusively fed with the specified diet. The researcher

needs a formula for analyzing the data of width and weight. This analysis allowed us to

assess the central tendency of weight gain within the treatment group across the 12-week

experimental period. Ethical considerations, including the well-being of the animals, were

maintained throughout the study, ensuring the reliability and ethical conduct of the research.

Statistical Tools

This formula calculates the average (mean) weight by summing up the individual

weights of all chickens measured in a week and then dividing by the total number of

chickens.

Mean Weight=Number of Chickens divided by ∑Individual Weights

∑Individual Weights: This represents the sum of the weights of each chicken measured

during the week.

Number of Chickens: This is the total number of chickens weighed during the week.

Mean Width=Number of Items divided by ∑Width

∑Width: Represents the sum of all width measurements for individual items.

Number of Items: Denotes the total count of items measured.