Free and Forced Convection OBJECTIVE: Calculate the heat transfer coefficient, het flux, thermal resistance, Nusselt mmber APPARATUS: Free and forced convection ‘THEOR' Convection: Convection isa process by which thermal energy is transfered setween and a uid flowing past it lid Forced convection: Ifthe fuid motion involved in the process is induced by some extemal ‘means (pump, blower, wind, vehicle motion, et.) the process is generally called forced convection, Free convection: I the fluid motion arises from extemal force fields, such at gravity, acting ‘on density gradients induced by the transport process itself, we usually call he process fice ‘convection, ‘When both fee and forced convection effects are significant and neither ofthe tow can be neglected, the proces is called mixed convection Fg. ta Free conection at heater Fig. 18 Forced convection at town coating ne eat transfer in laminar flow: The flow at a surface can form differently. When the speed of ‘the fluid is relatively low, the movement in layers is parallel to the surface. The layer that covers the sufice does not move. This effet is known a6 the no-slip condition, Adhesion prevents motion. Fig. 2a shows the flow within pipe. The velocity is zero atthe wall. The velocity increases towards the centre of the pipe and becomes maximum atthe cent, In this 1type of flow, the Huid layers flow siding over eachother. The fid ows in erdered manner, the velocity vector is always aligned in the axial direction. Heat penetrates ito the adjacent layers due to conduction mechanism. ‘Heat transfer in laminar flow: Ifthe velocity of id increases, a different velocity profile ‘becomes apparent aftr a certain point. Te fist Mud layer once more adhere othe surface at speed zero (n0-lip condition). This is followed by a very narrow area in which be layers show laminar slip; this isthe laminar sublayer. The most significant difference for convection begins after this region. The flow is turbulent. This means that there is indeed a main fow direction, ‘bat this is covered by random velocity elements in other directions. For the pips flow shown in Fig 2, the median is indicated by the dotted velocity profile. Dueto he random flow elements, theres also motion transverse to the surface, Turbulence over the thin laminarsublayer causes the layers to mix with each othe. Heat is transported away from the surface bythe motion of the fluid particles. Ia comparison o laminar low, therefore, there is an improved heat transfer ‘rom the wall othe uid. Fig. 28 Larinae Fow in pipe Fig. 25 Tubulent fow inp Boundary layers under free and forced convection: Fig, 3a Boundary layers under ee convection a he vertical a pateOBSERVATIONS: Specimen uted for experiment: Pate/Cyinder/ Tube bundle 1. Heat disipnng surtace area 4) = RCO em? 2 Rate of heat wansfer (Q) w 3. Ambient emperase (Ti) K 4. Susie tempertue (7) = OK 5. Characters length (1) = 10:0 om 6 "Thermal condvctviy of mate) = 0.026.W/nk OBSERVATION TABLE: Free convection: Rate of heat ‘Temperature “Temperature Se.No. ‘wansfer " me ac TB) CO TG (0) 1 A 205 334 2 + 6 15-6 3 é 224) 554 4 5Rate of heat transfer Ce S.No. a Tw] TSO] Reso 1 2 ae 5 2 + 2a) 27 3 6 BRK 326 3 5 6 7 Velocity of air:Vi=__ 23 m/s (“lénndes) Rate of heat transfer a a S.No. cane FW) Bed! Beso] 1 2 33 53 2 + 231 246 3 ia 25 3H 4 5 6 7‘Table of Calculated Results: Free convection: Rate of ] Heat waster | cate | ast) | aso] sew, | germ | NM ‘aw 1 3 wa | ee | mt | @ ; ame [we | es | ons [ee 3 ep aes [ssa | ot | ates [as ; 2% m/s (Plat) a mater | "Hoses | aac} seisem, | Geary | MH Qa) 1 ee gee oe 5 + 4 aed : 284 UE 20R4 ns is s s6 | en |oeeal [oe ;CALCULATION anid Me ruading ma. 2 fom forte econ foo ple, be have, Tew = M51 K Not abate + ont « Ao* 200 um® = 0.62 m* b= tm = ob m Ke 9.0% nk Heat tanga viffitint he 6 an) he 460 ied: [ow Fay Mak fue t= ne po HO 280 hyn 70 mt) Thane utente of» 1 o FT a a 1 = 1681 ky Oo2eIé ‘tw iss OMe xD Nusselt nyeabir Me = Mes 208 boil) © ©) bm) = 13-84 #096 (wma)Graphs: (rath) vq. 1 Ufhle » ee) as se ze ofreeconecin tere Bs sFocedcomecon rate pot (Nate Fed) (T4-T1)vsQ | atthe) gs * . FP agintay “Soi ze, < tecatcomesin1 fae otheetirafer a)Nv vs (72-7) Wale fred) orracinenentereee * Ce fe) cote) Nuvs (14-71) (glia Foceaconneten torte * ase‘Velocity of air: Vs 23 m/s (Gerda) Rac of al eat | Tempera: | Temperanme| Hesteanetet | iescmx | crams | HOU'C) | 0070] 18 /m) QM) 1 2 235 25.5 a1 win | 67 3 4 251 276 W412 357-3 | ter 5 6 23 sted eva | sate | 193 7 Calculations: + Hatter sete: A= ag @qy= Wat Heat ux: g= = Wink . 3 ‘© Thermal resistance: Caleutate the thermal resistance rom pt (i) ssa: = AE GRAPH! Plot (9 (Ta~ 11} v8. Rate of heat wansferQ (compare fee (V = 0 ns) and forced convection (Vi = is, Vi= ms) @New. 7)CONCLUSION: The = tual wedfecieut , eat flame , Mawmal reaittome ond Nusalt numba wens calulated « On plotting the graph of (4-1) wg, it war obstrwedd that Te sig fo fre onmechin of plate was rere Than Phot of fred ernwechon f plate He imglia Mhakt Meson punesfarnee dunicg fue cormechion yy rmare Mane fered. eurechon Sirnilerly | ge fh red eowection 7 haps ths Bot Teds © one belen eSPet » Bream reristence Musiy ed canwntion for plete is tasen Tan epider : 2EXPERIMENTAL SETUP: ase housing 5 Sontoacoe Hecidtarpertre seneoe — § Tufnce generar cig ert a at) 5 tbs Fig. 4 Free and forced convection deviceMogsuring computer, PC 5 Use hu SB ntoriace 1 USB power supply othe heater Mleroprocaseor board 3 Heo insert Thuis tthe measures variables 9 Handheld empeatiresenscr ‘Glipus ele manipuntng vanbies 10 Fan Fig. 5 Data communication between PC and experimental setupEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: 1, Start the device and software, 2. fecessry, ate the measurements, 3, Attach the "Plate" heater insert tothe device, see Fig. 6 Fig.6 Position ofthe plate 4, In the "Modules" menu, open "Chart recorder" 5. Supply 2 W to the heater insert 6. Once the measured values inthe graph of the chart recorder have stopped fluctuating, record the measuring point 7. Increase heating power (6, 6,8, 10, 229) 8. Repeat steps 7 and 8 9. A minimum of 4 measuring points are recommended fora meaningful illusteton 10 Save the measured values 11. Savelprint the chart using the print funtion as required. [NOTICE: The experiments sensitive to ar movements. Airflow inthe room may affect, the results