CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The most valuable resource in our nation is its army. They are vital the
protection of the nation and the citizens that live there. Soldiers are any member of the
Army, Air Force, Navy, or Marines who are prepared to carry out their duty in any
weather. The soldiers working in adverse weather conditions will perform better
thanks to the specifically designed E Jackets. There are two operating modes for this
E- Jacket: summer mode and winter mode.
The mode of operation will also depend on the threshold value setting by
operating the SPDT relay, it can force the body to heat or cool. In turn, the
heater/cooler helps to produce a cooling or warming effect within the uniform, which
helps the soldiers to scope with any type of external climate and allows them to
operate effectively without experiencing heat ex auction or cold exhaustion. To send
and receive information to/from the control unit, the soldier must be integrated with
modern healthcare monitoring, real-time GPS (Global Positioning System), and data
connections. Most workers who work in high heat environments pass away from heart
disease brought on by the environment's extreme heat. Their safety from the exterior
climatic conditions can be protected by wearing heat-protective apparel.
The workers' flesh will still burn even though the outside fabric of their heat-
protective apparel shows no outward signs of damage. It has been discovered that
when workers are exposed to an external environment that is extremely hot for an
extended period of time, heat will build up in the space between their garments and
their bodies and persist there for some time after the thermal exposure. The skin will
burn as the built-up heat is released, either spontaneously or as a result of pressure on
the garments
1.2 MOTIVATION
Soldier Comfort and Performance: Improving the comfort of military by
regulating their body temperature can enhance their performance in challenging
environments, ensuring they can focus on their tasks effectively. Mission Success:
Maintaining optimal body temperature is crucial for mission success, as extreme heat

1
or cold can impair decision-making and physical abilities. A smart suit can help
soldiers adapt to varying conditions.
Safety and Health Protecting soldiers from extreme temperatures is essential
for their health and safety. This project can contribute to reducing the risk of
heatstroke or hypothermia in the field. Technological Advancements: Developing
innovative solutions like automatic heating and cooling systems demonstrates the
application of cutting-edge technology in military gear, potentially benefiting both
military and civilian sectors. Research and Learning: It offers an opportunity for
students or researchers to delve into areas such 2as materials science, electronics, and
thermal regulation, contributing to personal growth and knowledge acquisition.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
Develop a smart suit capable of automatically adjusting and regulating the
wearer's body temperature in extreme conditions, including heating in cold
environments and cooling in hot conditions. And Enhanced Soldier Comfort:
Improve the overall comfort of military personnel by minimizing temperature-related
discomfort and fatigue during missions. The primary objective of the automatic
heating and cooling military suit project is to significantly enhance the operational
capabilities and well-being of military personnel in diverse and challenging
environments.
This innovative technology aims to automatically regulate the body
temperature of soldiers, ensuring optimal comfort and reducing thermal stress during
missions in extreme climates. The overarching goal is to improve endurance and
performance by mitigating the impact of environmental conditions, allowing military
personnel to remain focused and effective over extended periods. The project also
emphasizes the seamless integration of the heating and cooling system with existing
military gear, prioritizing mobility and functionality. Energy efficiency, durability,
and adaptability to changing environments are crucial aspects, ensuring that the suit
provides a versatile solution for a range of military operations.
Additionally, cybersecurity measures, a user-friendly interface, and cost-
effectiveness are key considerations to make the technology practical, secure, and
accessible for widespread deployment within military budgets. Ultimately, the
objective is to create an advanced military suit that not only meets the unique

2
challenges of diverse operational scenarios but also contributes to the overall
effectiveness and comfort of military personnel on the field.

1.4 LIMITATION OF PROJECT

The development of automatic heating and cooling military suits, while
holding immense promise, is not without its challenges. One significant limitation
lies in the power consumption required to integrate heating and cooling systems into
wearable technology, necessitating a delicate balance between functionality and the
constraints of weight and size. The potential increase in the suit's weight poses
concerns about mobility and agility for wearers, emphasizing the need for careful
design.
Durability and maintenance become critical considerations, as military
environments subject the technology to harsh conditions. Ensuring seamless
integration with existing gear, addressing cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and
navigating ethical concerns related to privacy and biometric monitoring present
additional hurdles. Moreover, the complexity of creating a suit adaptable to a wide
range of environmental conditions requires robust engineering solutions. Cost
considerations, training requirements, and regulatory approvals further contribute to
the multifaceted nature of the project. Despite these challenges, successful navigation
could lead to transformative advancements in military technology, offering enhanced
comfort and effectiveness for personnel in diverse operational contexts.
1.5 ORGANISATION OF DOCUMENTATION
This project includes the following:
Chapter 1: Explains about the background, introduction and objectives of the project.
Chapter 2: discus about the existing systems, disadvantages of existing systems and
our proposed system.
Chapter 3: describe design and implementation of the project.
Chapter 4: illustrate the result and analysis of the project.
Chapter 5: Concludes the project by summarizing the contributions of this work as
well as the possible improvements for future work.

3
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Thanga Dharsni, Hanifa Zakir, Pradeep Naik, Mallikarjuna, Raghu (2018),
presented the proposed system can be mounted on the fighter's body to follow their
prosperity status and current region using GPS. The proposed outline work includes
little wearable physiological hardware's, sensors, transmission modules. Niket Patil
(2017), presented (Io T) based wellbeing observing and global positioning
framework for troopers.
The proposed framework contains minuscule wearable physiological gear's,
sensors, transmission modules there was no utilization of programming frameworks
or cloud handling. Patrik Kutilek, Petr Volf, Slavka Vitec ova, Pavel Smack (2017),
presented frameworks for estimating of physical and clinical information for the
diagnostics of physical and mental state have fundamentally spread Wearable
Framework yet with greater expense. Very good quality reproduction programming
required. Zeeshan Raza, Kamran Liaquat (2016), represents gadget for warrior
utilizing present day advances and methods. This gadget would be conveyed by
officer in fighting. The gadget will actually want to detect heart beat and internal heat
level of fighter and communicate the perusing on base station where the aggregate
information will be shown.
2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM
existing system for an automatic heating and cooling military suit typically
relies on traditional clothing and equipment. Here's an overview of the existing
system. Layered Clothing Soldiers wear multiple layers of clothing to adapt to
varying weather conditions. In cold environments, this may include thermal
undergarments, insulating layers, and waterproof outer she. In hot climates,
lightweight and breathable fabrics are used.

4
 Heating and Cooling Devices: Some existing systems incorporate battery-
powered heating elements and cooling devices that can be added to clothing or worn
separately. These devices may use conductive fabrics, Peltier modules, or
thermometric materials to generate heat or cooling. Environmental Adaptation:
Soldiers manually adjust their clothing based on the environmental conditions. They
might add or remove layers, change their headgear, or utilize accessories like gloves
and boots designed for extreme temperatures.
2.3 DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEMS
Existing system is a heating/cooling jacket, in which the user can control the
temperature through controls and them-electric devices that are embedded in the suit.
The functionality of the suit is, once turned on, the device displays the temperature of
the inside of the suit in an LCD display.
Initiating the hot or cold functions are as simple as pushing a button, and a
rotary knob allows the user to control the internal temperature of the suit. The
thermometric cooler is a solid-state heat pump made of thermoplastic of high
efficiency semiconductor material that creates a difference in temperature of its two
sides when a voltage is applied and current runs through it. None of the current
system contains Io T. Connectivity, Transfer of heat or cold is either through cooper
tubes, through them conductive fluid. Existing system are all manual, either the
jacket is controlled through knobs or on and off switch.
2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM
In the proposed system, Soldier’s status, current location and weather
condition can monitor on IOT system. The suit will be adjusting the inside weather
condition to maintain the body health of the soldiers we alert them with emergency
sounds. We only share the location after they are in dangerous like heart attack which
show in map so we can easily identify Advantages of proposed system

5
 CHAPTER 3
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

In the modern military landscape, soldiers often find themselves operating in

extreme environments where temperature differentials can be a matter of life or death.
The existing system of layered clothing and manual adjustments, while functional to
some extent, falls short in providing soldiers with optimal comfort, adaptability, and
safety. To address these limitations and elevate the capabilities of military personnel,
we propose the design and analysis of an "Automatic Heating and Cooling Military
Suit."
This ambitious project aims to revolutionize the way soldiers cope with
temperature extremes in the field. By integrating advanced materials, cutting-edge
electronics, and state-of-the-art thermal regulation systems, our objective is to create
a smart suit that can automatically and dynamically adjust the wearer's body
temperature to match the surrounding environment. This innovation will offer
numerous benefits, including enhanced mission effectiveness, improved safety, and a
significant reduction in the logistical and physical burden on soldiers. Throughout
this project, we will delve into various aspects of design and analysis, with a focus on
Materials and Fabrication Exploring the selection of advanced materials and fabrics
that provide insulation, breath ability, and durability, while also accommodating
integrated heating and cooling elements.
Sensor Integration: Implementing a network of sensors to collect real-time
environmental and body temperature data, enabling precise control of the suit's
heating and cooling functions. Energy Efficiency: Developing an energy-efficient
system that minimizes the need for frequent recharging, ensuring prolonged
operational use. User Comfort and Mobility: Prioritizing the comfort and mobility of
soldiers by designing a suit that allows for a wide range of movements without
hindrance.

6
Block Diagram

Fig3.1 Block Diagram

This design is based on micro controller (as shown in Fig3.1) which controls
the Peltier plate to thermally heat and cool on the either side of it. To provide power
supply for the micro controller, a portable solar panel and rechargeable lithium battery
is used This suit consists of pettier plate, LM35 temperature sensor, , rechargeable
lithium battery& LCD display. Temperature sensor is used to sense the climatic
temperature conditions continuously and display it on LCD

7
PELTIER PLATES
In this project TEC-12706 is used. The Peltier plates work on the principle
of Peltier effect. The Aftereffect is defined as creating a temperature difference by
applying a voltage between two electrodes connected to semiconductor material.
This phenomenon is very much useful when it is necessary to transfer heat from one
medium to another on a small scale.

ATMEGA328
The Oatmeal ATmega328/P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit micro controller based
on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a
single clock cycle, the ATmega328/P achieves throughput close to 1MIPS per MHz
This empowers system designer to optimize the device for power The Atmel AVR core
combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers.
All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
allowing two independent registers to be accessed in a single instruction executed in
one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving
throughput up to ten times faster than conventional CISC micro controllers

8
 The ATmega328/P provides the following features: 32Kbytes of In-System
Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 1Kbytes EEPROM, 2Kbytes
SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, Real Time
Counter (RTC), three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes and PWM, 1 serial
programmable USARTs , 1 byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (I2C), a 6- channel
10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages) .
LCD (Liquid Cristal Display)
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any
number of colour or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or
reflector. Each pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended
between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of
which are perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them,
light passing through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the
polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other.
RELAYS
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of
another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an
electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. A relay is able to control
an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered to be, in
a broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.
Temperature Sensors (LM35) Introduction:
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose
output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The
LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as

9
the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain
convenient centigrade scaling.
Power Supply:
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or
system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of
loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to
electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others This
power supply section is required to convert AC signal to DC signal and also to
reduce the amplitude of the signal.
3.2 SCHEMATIC DESCRIPTION

Fig3.2 SCHEMATIC DESCRIPTION

3.2.1 TESTING AND VALIDATION

The "Testing and Validation" process is a pivotal phase in which the smart
suit's capabilities and performance are thoroughly examined to determine its readiness
for real-world military use. This comprehensive evaluation involves subjecting the
suit to an array of conditions, such as extreme temperature environments and mission
scenarios, to assess its practicality and effectiveness.

10
 Key aspects, including the suit's ability to automatically regulate body
temperature, energy efficiency, user comfort, and safety features, are scrutinized. By
conducting methodical testing, any potential issues or areas requiring improvement
are identified and addressed, ensuring the smart suit meets its intended objectives.
Validation further confirms that the suit complies with stringent safety and operational
standards. Ultimately, this process is essential to guarantee the smart suit's reliability
and effectiveness when worn by military personnel in challenging and dynamic field
conditions.

3.2.2 CUSTOMIZATION AND ADAPTATION

In the "Customization and Adaptation" process, the primary focus is on
creating a smart suit that is not only functional but also versatile and adaptable to the
unique demands of various military units and the wide spectrum of environmental
conditions encountered during operations.
This is achieved through the development of a modular design, allowing for
the seamless interchangeability of suit components and features in the "Customization
and Adaptation" process, the primary focus is on creating a smart suit that is not only
functional but also versatile and adaptable to the unique demands of various military
units and the wide spectrum of environmental conditions encountered during
operations. This is achieved through the development of a modular design, allowing
for the seamless interchangeability of suit components and features.
FLOW CHART

11
3.4 ALGORITHM

12
Fig 3.3 CLCS Algorithm: Closed-Loop Control System for Temperature
Regulation
Step1.Sensor Data Collection: Temperature sensors placed within the suit and
external environmental sensors collect real-time data on the wearer's body
temperature and the surrounding conditions.
Step2.Data Analysis: The collected data is continuously analysed to determine if the
wearer's body temperature is within the desired range. If the temperature deviates
from the set threshold, the algorithm identifies the required heating or cooling action
Step3.Control Action: If the wearer's body temperature is too cold, the algorithm
activates the heating elements in the suit to generate warmth. Conversely, if the body
temperature is too hot, the cooling elements are engaged to dissipate heat.
Step4.Feedback Loop: The algorithm continuously monitors the changes in
temperature and adjusts the heating or cooling elements accordingly. It operates in a
closed-loop fashion, ensuring that the temperature regulation remains accurate and
responsive.
step5.Safety Measures: The algorithm includes safety features, such as temperature
limits and emergency shutdown procedures, to prevent overheating or excessive
cooling. If the system detects unsafe conditions, it takes corrective action to protect
the wearer.
Step6.Energy Efficiency: The algorithm optimizes energy use to ensure efficient

operation and extend the battery life of the smart suit.

13
 CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 EXECUTION PROCESS

Design and Development of Smart Suit: The design phase involved careful
material selection and integration of sensors and control systems. A functional
prototype of the smart suit was created. The execution of this phase was meticulous,
resulting in a suit capable of dynamically regulating body temperature based on
Realtime data.
Testing and Validation: Rigorous testing was conducted to assess the suit's
performance in various environmental conditions and operational scenarios. This
process was vital to identify any issues or areas for improvement. The suit
demonstrated impressive adaptability and compliance with safety standards during
testing. Customization and Adaptation: The modular design allowed customization of
components, making the suit adaptable to the specific needs of different military
units and environmental conditions. This execution process ensured versatility and

Fig3.5 : TESTING MODULE

14
1. ATMEGA328
2. BATTERY
3. PELTIER PLATES
4.RELAY
5.SOLAR PANEL
6.TEMPARATURE SENSOR

Fig3.6: TEST KIT

Fig 4.3 OBJECTIVE SUIT

4.3 RESULT ANALYSIS

The project successfully achieved its objectives by creating an automatic
heating and cooling military suit that is effective, efficient, and adaptable. Soldiers
can benefit from improved comfort, enhanced performance, and increased safety in
extreme environments. The suit's closed-loop control system, with real-time sensor
15
data analysis, proved to be highly responsive and accurate in regulating body
temperature. Safety features prevented overheating or excessive cooling,
demonstrating a critical achievement in safety and comfort.

Fig4.4 : Low Temperature

Fig4.5: High Temperature

Fig4.6: Normal Temperature

ADVANTAGES:
 The jacket can be easily controlled by a mobile app.
 As our electronic gadget runs on battery,
 it is a portable and easy to use.
 The jacket is easy to wash, as the electrical parts detachable.
 It can be used to people who are exposed to the scorching
summer
sun like the policeman or the industrial worker whose work
environment is often a high-temperature one.
 Portable jacket will help us to have an optimal Temperature all
the time.

16
  Suit can be used to monitor the temperature, humidity of the
patients in hospitals.
 Suit can also be used to for the old people who are susceptible
to temperature change.
APPLICATIONS:
Enhance comfort and effectiveness of military personnel in extreme conditions.
Assist elite units in diverse and challenging operational scenarios Improve safety and
well-being of search and rescue teams in various missions.

17
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION
One of the key components of a nation is its military. Since they are the
forces that guard our nation day and night while hiding from sleep and relaxation.
Consequently, it is our duty to keep them safe.
The importance of this project remains the same. Therefore, create an
Uniform that provides superior protection for soldiers working in harsh weather.
There are two operating modes for this project: summer and winter. The cooling
system will run if it is too hot outside, and the heating system will operate if it is too
cold. If this system malfunctions, GPS will locate the soldiers and communicate with
the control centre via GSM. Our daily lives are significantly impacted by this
endeavour. Additionally, it can be utilized in a variety of industrial application fields.
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE:
The future scope of our project is to make it washable, light weight.
Decrease the weight of the equipment’s and jackets much further adding pulse
monitoring system and GPS location system to the implement. Decreasing the cost of
equipment used and make it affordable to the common users. The future scope of
automatic heating and cooling military suits is promising, holding potential benefits
for soldier comfort, mission effectiveness, and broader applications.
These suits could revolutionize military operations by ensuring soldiers
maintain optimal body temperature in diverse environments, enhancing endurance
and focus. Beyond the military, the technology might find applications in medical
settings, aiding patients with temperature-sensitive conditions. Integration with other
smart technologies could create comprehensive soldier systems, providing valuable
data for situational awareness. The development of energy-efficient heating and
cooling mechanisms could have far-reaching impacts, influencing the design of
clothing for various industries. The adaptability of these suits to changing conditions
suggests applications in peacekeeping, special operations, and humanitarian efforts.

18
 CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES:
[1] Gregory Paul and Edward Gim, David Wester Feld “Battery powered heating
and cooling jacket” IEEE Long Island Systems, Applications and Technology
Conference (LISAT) ,2014.
[2] Goldsmith, H.J.” Timeliness in the development of thermometric cooling”
IEEE Xplore, N.P.18Aug.1998.Web.13 Dec.2013.
[3]” Milwaukee Heated jacket” Review., n.d. Web.13 Dec.2013.
[4]” Cool Vest with 3 portable reservoir options for hot and humid days stay dry &
keep cool.” Veskimo Personal Cooling Systems., n.d. Web.13 Dec.2013.
[5]” Operation of thermoelectric cooling plate operation”.
http://www.activecool.com/tech notes/thermometric.html
[6]” LPC2148 data sheet and its operation”. http://www.wvshare.com/datasheet html/
LPC2148-PDF.html.
[7]” Peltier plate operation, construction and usage” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Thermometrically. https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Components/LM7805.pdf.
[8]” Peltier effect (physics).” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. n.d.
Web.13Dec.2013.
[9] LM35 Data Sheet and operation “http://www2.ece.ohiostate.
Edu/passion/LM35.p

19
 APPENDIX A
SOURCE CODE
MAIN CODE
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

#include <Servo.h>

const int rl1 = 11;

const int rl2 = 12;

const int temp = A0;

const int swin = 8;

const int swde = 9;

const int swen = 10;

const int ledw = A2;

const int ledy = A3;

const int bz = A1;

LiquidCrystal lcd(2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7);

int t,threshold = 35,x,y,z;

float tempc;

float tempf;

float vout;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(temp,INPUT);

pinMode(swin,INPUT);

pinMode(swen,INPUT);

pinMode(swde,INPUT);

20
pinMode(rl1,OUTPUT);

pinMode(rl2,OUTPUT);

pinMode(ledw,OUTPUT);

pinMode(ledy,OUTPUT);

pinMode(bz,OUTPUT);

lcd.begin(16, 2);

lcd.setCursor(3,0);

lcd.print("WELCOME TO");

lcd.setCursor(3,1);

lcd.print("CLIMATE ");

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("ADJUSTABLE E-");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("MILITARY SUIT");

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

welcomedisplay();

Serial.print("THREESHOLD VALUE = ");

Serial.println(threshold);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("T:35.00 H/C ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("SUIT:NARMAL");

lcd.print(threshold);

lcd.print("/");
21
 lcd.print(threshold-2);

lcd.print(" ");

void loop()

vout=analogRead(temp); //Reading the value from sensor

vout=(vout*500)/1023;

tempc=vout; // Storing value in Degree Celsius

//tempf=(vout*1.8)+32; // Converting to Fahrenheit

tempc = map(tempc,0,200,200,0);

if(tempc > 80)

tempc = tempc - 110;

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("T:");

lcd.print(tempc);

lcd.print("Dc");

delay(500);

Serial.print("t=");

Serial.println(tempc);

if(tempc>threshold)

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("SUIT:C M ");

digitalWrite(rl1,LOW);

digitalWrite(rl2,HIGH);

digitalWrite(ledw,LOW);

digitalWrite(ledy,HIGH);

Serial.println("cooling");
22
delay(500);

else if(tempc<(threshold-2))

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("SUIT:HOT M ");

digitalWrite(rl1,HIGH);

digitalWrite(rl2,LOW);

digitalWrite(ledw,HIGH);

digitalWrite(ledy,LOW);

Serial.println("hot ");

delay(500);

else

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("SUIT:N M ");

digitalWrite(rl1,HIGH);

digitalWrite(rl2,HIGH);

Serial.print("normal");

digitalWrite(ledw,LOW);

digitalWrite(ledy,LOW);

x = digitalRead(swin);

y = digitalRead(swde);

z = digitalRead(swen);

if(x == LOW)

{
23
 threshold = threshold + 1;

delay(500);

lcd.setCursor(12,0);

lcd.print("H/C:");

lcd.setCursor(11,1);

lcd.print(threshold);

lcd.print("/");

lcd.print(threshold-2);

Serial.print("THREESHOLD VALUE = ");

Serial.println(threshold);

if(y == LOW)

threshold = threshold - 1;

delay(500);

lcd.setCursor(12,0);

lcd.print("H/C ");

lcd.setCursor(11,1);

lcd.print(threshold);

lcd.print("/");

lcd.print(threshold-2);

Serial.print("THREESHOLD VALUE = ");

Serial.println(threshold);

void welcomedisplay()

lcd.clear();
24
 lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("WELCOME TO ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("E-MILITARY SUIT ");

25
 APPENDIX B
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATION
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross platform
application written in Java and is derived from the IDE for the Processing
programming language and the Wiring projects. It includes a code editor which is
capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. A
program or code written for Arduino is called a "sketch”.
Following are the steps involved:
Open Arduino IDE as shown below

ScreenB.1 Arduino IDE

Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a
software library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which makes many
common input/output operations much more efficient. Users only need define two
functions to make a runnable cyclic executive program: setup (): a function run once
at the start of program that can initialize settings loop (): a function called repeatedly
until the board powers off.
1. Select the COM Port from tools

From tools In the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development

Environment), the COM port tools are used to communicate with and program
Arduino boards that are connected to your computer via a USB-to-serial interface.
These tools are essential for uploading your

26
 ScreenB.2 COM Port Tools
Arduino sketches (code) to the microcontroller on the Arduino
board and for monitoring or debugging your projects.
3.Select the required Arduino board from Tools

ScreenB.3 Arduino Board from Tools

From the above screen.B.3 we can clearly understand the Arduino board from tools.
In the context of Arduino development, you typically interact with "COM ports" or
"serial ports" on your computer to upload code and communicate with Arduino
boards.

27
These COM ports are represented as specific hardware interfaces through which data
can be sent and received.
4.Write the sketching Arduino IDE Here below screen.B.4 sketch in Arduino IDE
and Arduino sketches serve as the heart of your Arduino projects, allowing you to
program your hardware to perform a wide range of tasks and functions. Mastery of
sketching is fundamental for creating diverse and customized electronic projects,
from simple LED blinkers to complex

ScreenB.4 Sketch in Arduino IDE

5.Compile and upload the Sketch to Arduino board

28
 ScreenB.5 Upload the sketch to Arduino Board

APPENDIX C
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS
PELTIER PLATES
In this project TEC-12706 is used. The Peltier plates work on the principle
of Peltier effect. The Aftereffect is defined as creating a temperature difference by
applying a voltage between two electrodes connected to semiconductor material.
This phenomenon is very much useful when it is necessary to transfer heat from one
medium to another on a small scale.
The Peltier effect is one of three types of thermometric effect. In a Peltier
effect device, the electrodes are typically made up of a metal with excellent electrical
conductivity. The semiconductor material between the electrodes creates two
junctions between dissimilar materials, which in turn, create a pair of thermonuclear.
Voltage is applied to the electrodes to pass electrical current through the
semiconductor, thermal energy flows in the direction of the charge carriers

29
 Fig C.1 PELTIEIR PLATE
ATMEGA328
The Oatmeal ATmega328/P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit micro
controller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful
instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega328/P achieves throughput close to
1MIPS per MHz This empowers system designer to optimize the device for power
The Atmel AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose
working registers.
All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
allowing two independent registers to be accessed in a single instruction executed in
one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving
throughput up to ten times faster than conventional CISC micro controllers. The
ATmega328/P provides the following features: 32Kbytes of In-System Programmable
Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 1Kbytes EEPROM, 2Kbytes SRAM, 23
general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, Real Time Counter
(RTC), three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes and PWM, 1 serial
programmable USARTs , 1 byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (I2C), a 6- channel
10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages) .
a programmable Watchdog Timer with internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port,
and six software select able power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while
allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning The Power down mode saves the register contents but freezes the
Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to
maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping.

30
 Basically, the processor of the Arduino board uses the Harvard
architecture where the program code and program data have separate memory. It
consists of two memories such as program memory and data memory. Wherein the
data is stored in data memory and the code is stored in the flash program memory.
The Atmega328 micro controller has 32kb of flash memory, 2kb of SRAM 1kb of
EPROM and operates with a 16MHz clock speed.
An Arduino board is a one type of micro controller-based kit. The first
Arduino technology was developed in the year 2005 by David Cuartillas and
Massimo Banzi. The designers thought to provide easy and low-cost board for
students, hobbyists and professionals to build devices. Arduino board can be
purchased from the seller or directly we can make at home using various basic
components. The best examples of Arduino for beginners and hobbyists includes
motor detectors and thermostats, and simple robots. In the year 2011, Adafruit

31
industries expected that over 3lakhs Arduino boards had been produced. But, 7lakhs
boards were in user’s hands in the year 2013. Arduino technology is used in many
operating devices like communication or controlling.

Basic Functions of Arduino Technology

 Digital read pin reads the digital value of the given pin.
 Digital write pin is used to write the digital value of the given pin.
 Pin mode pin is used to set the pin to I/O mode.
 Analog read pin reads and returns the value.
 Analog write pin writes the value of the pin.

32
  Begins pin sets the beginning of serial communication by setting the rate of
bit
LCD (Liquid Cristal Display)
Introduction:
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up
of any number of colour or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or
reflector. Each pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended
between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of
which are perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them,
light passing through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the
polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other.
Many micro controller devices use 'smart LCD' displays to output visual
information. LCD displays designed around LCD NT-C1611 module, are
inexpensive, easy to use, and it is even possible to produce a readout using the 5X7
dots plus cursor of the display. They have a standard ASCII set of characters and
mathematical symbols. For an 8-bit data bus, the display requires a +5V supply plus
10 I/O lines (RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0). For a 4-bit data bus it only
requires the supply lines plus 6 extra lines (RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4).

hapes and sizes:

33
 Even limited to character-based modules, there is still a wide variety of shapes and
sizes available. Line lengths of 8,16,20,24,32 and 40 characters are all standard, in
one-, two- and four-line versions.

RELAYS

Introduction:
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of
another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an
electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. A relay is able to control
an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered to be, in
a broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.
34
Relays are usually SPDT (single pole double through switch) or DPDT (double pole
double through switch) but they can have many more sets of switch contacts, for
example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available.

Basic operation of a reply:

An electric current through a conductor will produce a magnetic field at right

angles to the direction of electron flow. If that conductor is wrapped into a coil shape,
the magnetic field produced will be oriented along the length of the coil. The greater
the current, the greater the strength of the magnetic field, all other factors being
equal.

Applications:
35
  To control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types
of modems or audio amplifiers,
 To control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter
solenoid of an automobile,
 To detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening
and closing circuit breakers (protection relays),
Temperature Sensors (LM35) Introduction:
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors,
whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.
The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in
Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output
to obtain convenient centigrade scaling.
The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide
typical accuracies of ±1/4°C at room temperature and ±3/4°Cover a full -55 to
+150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the
wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent
calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be
used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60
µA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35
is rated to operate over a -55° to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C is
rated for a -40° to +110°C range (-10° with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is
available packaged plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in
an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

The LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated
circuit temperature sensors. It can be glued or cemented to a surface and its
temperature will be within about 0.01°C of the surface temperature. This presumes
that the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the surface temperature; if the
air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature, the actual

36
temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate temperature between the
surface temperature and the air temperature. This is especially true for the TO-92
plastic package, where the copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat
into the device, so its temperature might be closer to the air temperature than to the
surface temperature. To minimize this problem, be sure that the wiring to the LM35,
as it leaves the device, is held at the same temperature as the surface of interest.
Power Supply:
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or
system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of
loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to
electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others
This power supply section is required to convert AC signal to DC signal and
also to reduce the amplitude of the signal. The available voltage signal from the
mains is 230V/50Hz which is an AC voltage, but the required is DC voltage (no
frequency) with the amplitude of +5V and +12V for various applications. In this
section we have Transformer, Bridge rectifier, are connected serially and voltage
regulators for +5V and +12V (7805 and 7812) via a capacitor (1000µF) in parallel
are connected parallel as shown in the circuit diagram below. Each voltage regulator
output is again is connected to the capacitors of values (100µF, 10µF, 1 µF, 0.1 µF)
are connected parallel through which the corresponding output (+5V or +12V) are
taken into considerate

APPENDIX D
37
 IC SPECIFICATIONS

Pin Category Pin Name Details

Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an
GND external power source.
5V: Regulated power supply used to power
microcontroller and other components on the
board.
3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by on-board voltage
regulator. Maximum current draw is 50mA.
GND: ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.

Analog Pins A0 – A5 Used to provide analog input in the range of 0-

5V

Input/Output Digital Pins 0 - Can be used as input or output pins.

Pins 13

Serial 0(Rx), 1(Tx) Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.

External 2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.

Interrupts

PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output.

SPI 10 (SS), 11 Used for SPI communication.

(MOSI), 12
(MISO) and 13
(SCK)

Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.

38
TWI A4 (SDA), A5 Used for TWI communication.
(SCA)

AREF AREF To provide reference voltage for input voltage.

39