North Eastern Mindanao State University

Bislig Campus
Formerly Surigao del Sur State University
College of Engineering
Maharlika, Bislig City, Surigao del Sur

COURSE REQUIREMENT

Centralized Air Conditioning and Ventilation System of City Animal

Diagnostic Center (CADC), City Hall Compound, Poblacion, Bislig City

Presented to:

Engr. Alberto E. Lastimado Jr.

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Subject
ME 325 (Air-Conditioning and Ventilation Systems)

Presented by:

Iligan, Adrian C.
Samontina, Jhun Joebel N.

March 2024
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Definition of Key Terms
1.6 Building Description
CHAPTER 2: AIR CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATE
Factors Affecting Colling Load Estimate
Design Data
Exterior Roof and Walls
Wall Materials
2.1 Calculation of Coefficient of Heat Transfer
2.2 Heat Gain Calculation
2.2.1 Heat Gain Calculations for Zone 1
2.2.2 Heat Gain Calculations for Zone 2
CHAPTER 3: PSYCHROMETRIC ANALYSIS
3.1 Psychrometric Analysis for Zone 1
3.2 Psychrometric Analysis for Zone 2
CHAPTER IV: DUCT SIZING
4.1 Duct Layout for Zone 1
4.2 Duct Layout for Zone 2
CHAPTER V: PIPE SIZING
5.1 Supply Pipe Sizing for Zone 1
5.2 Return Pipe Sizing for Zone 1
5.3 Supply Pipe Sizing for Zone 2
5.4 Return Pipe Sizing for Zone 2
CHAPTER VI: SCHEDULE OF EQUIPMENTS
CHAPTER VII: RAW MATERIALS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

As we continue to step into the realm of technological advancement, the invention of the
‘Air-Conditioning System’ has continued to become one of the most indispensable fixtures in the
modern world. Air conditioning stands as a cornerstone in modern mechanical engineering which
revolutionized our means of controlling indoor climates for health, comfort and productivity. It
involves the implementation of intricately designed systems set to regulate temperature, humidity, and
air quality in specified locations of which it is strategically situated. Despite the unceasing efforts of
breaking beyond its usual utilization, the concept of air conditioning remains an open body of
upgrades and improvements which is projected to correspond with the dynamic environment of the
present time.

As a matter of fact, the science of air conditioning delves into various fields such as heat transfer,
thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and control systems which sheds light to its level of complexity.
Since the quality of air and temperature outside a building may vary from outside and within, such as
the living room or a confined space where people usually live, it is deemed as crucial and imperative
to take into account the number of people and the environment where it is located when deciding
whether or not to install an air conditioning system. Furthermore, household machine such as the
'electric fan' has been used in the Filipino households which only creates air flow thereby granting us
a more comfortable experience especially during hot or arid seasons. This, however, is not an air-
conditioning system as it does not ultimately reduce the air temperature unlike the primary function of
an air-conditioning machinery.

Given the gravity of this matter, this initiative pitch aims to design a centralized air-conditioning
system for a government building specifically the proposed, City Animal’s Diagnostic Center
(CADC). Nevertheless, this project is set to saturate the proponents with an actual avenue of
absorbing the fundamental principles of Air-Conditioning calculations and proper reconsiderations
that resonates with the realistic application of the system in certain buildings or establishments of
choice.
1.2 Statement of the Problem

This initiative pitch aims to design an air-conditioning system for a government-funded City
Animal’s Diagnostic Center Building. Hence, this will enable the students to learn and actualize the
underlying process in crafting a realistic design of a centralized air-conditioning system. As such, the
following questions shall serve as the general guidelines in the succeeding parts of the paper.

1. What factors should be taken into account when designing an air conditioning system?
2. What necessary processes are required in the pre-implementation phase, implementation
and post-implementation phase of the design?
3. What possible machineries or equipment will be utilized in the air-conditioning system?
1.3 Objective of the Study

Upon intently fixating on the underlying concepts and factors in designing an air-condition
system, we are set to realize the following;

 Gain a comprehensive understanding on the imperative fundamentals behind air conditioning

technology.
 Learn how to design an efficient and effective air conditioning system tailored to specific
conditions of the environment.
 Assess the environmental impact of such system in the indoor air quality and subsequent
utilization of methods in reducing carbon footprint.
 Explore the procedures or strategies in operation, maintenance and troubleshooting of air
conditioning machineries.
1.4 Significance of the Study

With the primary goal of implementing a centralized air-conditioning system in the specified City
Animal’s Diagnostic Center, the design outcomes will revert to the advantages incorporated with the
utilization of the mentioned system in small to large buildings. The implementation of this design
would pave the way in guaranteeing a standard level of comfort which shall be experienced by the
onlookers, staffs, and animal patients.

Since we are mainly focusing on the application of the said system, maintaining a comfortable
indoor environment through air conditioning enhances employee productivity, morale, and overall
well-being. Technically, proper ventilation and air conditioning contribute to maintaining good indoor
air quality by circulating and filtering the air. This is particularly important in animal diagnostic
centers where odors, dust, and airborne pathogens are common thus, providing a healthier
environment for both humans and animals.
 Regulations pertaining to environmental standards and guidelines are frequently binding to animal
diagnostic institutes. Installing an air conditioning system guarantees conformity to these rules,
safeguarding the center's credibility and good reputation in its operations. Therefore, for a diagnostic
facility to maintain ideal conditions for animal health, functionality of equipment, staff comfort, and
regulatory compliance—all of which ultimately boost diagnosis accuracy and overall operating
efficiency—an air-conditioned system must be installed in such sensitive and crucial setting.

1.5 Definition of Key Terms

In accordance with ASHRAE Standard 12-75, Refrigeration Terms and Definitions, listed below
are the commonly used terms relative to heat transmission and load calculations (Bhatia A., 2020).

Space – is either a volume or a site without a partition or a partitioned room or group of rooms.
Room – is an enclosed or partitioned space that is usually treated as single load.
Zone – is a space or group of spaces within a building with heating and/or cooling requirements
sufficiently similar so that comfort conditions can be maintained throughout by a single
controlling device.
British thermal unit (Btu) - is the approximate heat required to raise 1 lb. of water 1 deg
Fahrenheit, from 590 F to 600 F. Air conditioners are rated by the number of British Thermal
Units (Btu) of heat they can remove per hour. Another common rating term for air conditioning
size is the "ton," which is 12,000 Btu per hour and Watts. Some countries utilize one unit, more
than the others and therefore it is good if you can remember the relationship between BTU/hr,
Ton, and Watts.
 1 ton is equivalent to 12,000 BTU/hr.
 12,000 BTU/hr. is equivalent to 3,516 Watts - or 3.516 kW (kilo-Watts).
Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) – an equivalent temperature difference used for
calculating the instantaneous external cooling load across a wall or roof.
Sensible Heat Gain – is the energy added to the space by conduction, convection and/or
radiation.
Latent Heat Gain – is the energy added to the space when moisture is added to the space by
means of vapor emitted by the occupants, generated by a process or through air infiltration from
outside or adjacent areas.
Radiant Heat Gain – the rate at which heat absorbed is by the surfaces enclosing the space and
the objects within the space.
Space Heat Gain – is the rate at which heat enters into and/or is generated within the conditioned
space during a given time interval.
Space Cooling Load – is the rate at which energy must be removed from a space to maintain a
constant space air temperature.
 Space Heat Extraction Rate - the rate at which heat is removed from the conditioned space and
is equal to the space cooling load if the room temperature remains constant.
Temperature, Dry Bulb – is the temperature of air indicated by a regular thermometer.
Temperature, Wet Bulb – is the temperature measured by a thermometer that has a bulb wrapped
in wet cloth. The evaporation of water from the thermometer has a cooling effect, so the
temperature indicated by the wet bulb thermometer is less than the temperature indicated by a
dry-bulb (normal, unmodified) thermometer. The rate of evaporation from the wet-bulb
thermometer depends on the humidity of the air. Evaporation is slower when the air is already full
of water vapor. For this reason, the difference in the temperatures indicated by ordinary dry bulb
and wet bulb thermometers gives a measure of atmospheric humidity.
Temperature, Dewpoint – is the temperature to which air must be cooled in order to reach
saturation or at which the condensation of water vapor in a space begins for a given state of
humidity and pressure.
Relative humidity - describes how far the air is from saturation. It is a useful term for expressing
the amount of water vapor when discussing the amount and rate of evaporation. One way to
approach saturation, a relative humidity of 100%, is to cool the air. It is therefore useful to know
how much the air needs to be cooled to reach saturation.
Thermal Transmittance or Heat Transfer Coefficient (U-factor) – is the rate of heat flow
through a unit area of building envelope material or assembly, including its boundary films, per
unit of temperature difference between the inside and outside air.
- The U-factor is expressed in Btu/ (hr °F ft 2).

Thermal Resistance (R) – is the reciprocal of a heat transfer coefficient and is expressed (hr °F
2
ft )/Btu. For example, a wall with a U-value of 0.25 would have a resistance value of R = I/U =
1/0.25=4.0. The value of R is also used to represent Thermal Resistivity, the reciprocal of the
thermal conductivity.

Psychrometer – is a device utilized for detecting relative humidity using both wet and dry bulb
temperature.

Ventilation- its purpose is to provide healthy air for breathing by both diluting the pollutants
originating in the building and removing the pollutants from it.

1.6 Building Description

As we try to navigate on the installation of HVAC for a building, it is deemed important to

take into account the load required especially with the AC capacity that must be applied in line
with the over-all structure of the actual edifice. Certain factors must be taken into consideration
by the designated engineer and a thorough evaluation of the building’s climate site, average
temperature of the specified location and other facets that is required to be contemplated to realize
the fundamental information and procedures necessary for such practical application.

The CADC Building, as shown in the following images, is a two-storey structure proposed by
the City Government of Bislig.

Figure 1.1 Perspective View

Figure 1.2 Right Side View

Figure 1.3 Front View

Figure 1.4 Rear View

Figure 1.4 Ground Floor (Zone 1)

Figure 1.5 Second Floor (Zone 2)

Figure 1.6 Schedule of Doors

Figure 1.7 Schedule of Windows

Figure 1.8 Schedule of Electrical in Zone 1

Figure 1.9 Schedule of Electrical in Zone 2

 CHAPTER 2

AIR CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATE