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    13 views71 pages

    DDRCS R20 Unit 1

    Uploaded by

    Sobha Ranjith Kumar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 71
    a a aCe PENA La a Oh eee | | > 1.0 Introduction | ||| \\] | | % hore of Concrete | ie 6 | | Forced Concrete ‘Scanned with CamScanner 1.0 INTRODUCTION te structures have become very comm Coneret cersal building 1 Concrete has established as a univ strength, its adaptability to take with negligible maintenance cost., Concrete in tension. Its low tensile strength is compensatey the tension zone. Thus, the cone: mass is know con yeinforced concrete structures may appear to structures are the assembly of several basic struct 1on in Civil engineering construction, material because of its high compressive any form and shape and resistant to fire and corrosion, is very strong In compression but very wea, d by introducing steel reinforcement in rete is strengthened by steel and the resultant compost un as Reinforced Cement Concrete. Thus RCC is used extensively jp struction of buildings, bridges, tanks, dams ete, The design of these modern be complex. However, most of these ural elements sucui as beams, columns, slabs, walls and foundations. Accordingly, the designer has to learn the design of these basic developed 1.1 CONCRETE Concrete is @ composite material consisting of cement, aggregate and water in suitable proportions. The chemical interaction between cement and water binds the aggregates in to a solid mass, Fresh concrete will be plastic, so that it can be moulded to any desired shape in the moulds and compacted to form a dense mass. Water has to be applied for few days over the concrete surface soon after its setting because the hydration reactions between cement a iakes place. This period when concrete is kept moist during which concrete gains strength is called curing period, Hence. the strength of concrete increases with age. The process of solidification of concrete from plastic stage is called setting while gaining of strength afier setting is called hardening. Usually. setting completes within a maximum duration of yeinforced concrete elements. The joints and connections are then carefully water continue for a longer period due to which hardening of concrete If hours, while abou! 90% of hardening is completed by 28 days The properties and quality of cement concrete are influenced by the properties of its ingredients and quality control maintained during its making and curing 1.2 INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE ‘The main ingredient materiais in concrete are fa) Cement (b) Aggregates (c) Water ‘Scanned with CamScanner iit co Introduction to F..©. and Principles of Working Stress Metod 1.2.1 CEMENT = Cement is the binding material which is obtained by burning calcareous, siliceous | and argillaceous materials together in definite proportions at high temperature and stinding the resultant clinker in to a fine powder, Various types of cements have | been developed for the use in different types of structures under different situations. According to IS : 456-2000, the types of cements and their suitability for a specific | situations are given in Table 1.1 | TABLE 1.1: Typos of Comonts and their Suitabihty S.No, Type of Cement Is Code Where Used | 1. | Ordinary Portland cement | | 39 Grade IS: 269 All general concreting works | 43 Grade IS: 8112 Multi story structures | 53 Grade Is: 12269 Bridges. Tall structures, Prestressed | concrete work (Compressive strength of cement at 28 days in Nimm? is called as grade of cement) 2 Rapid hardening cement \S: 8041 Road works and repairs 3. Low heat Portland cement IS: 12600 Mass conereting-Dams 4. Por lan slag cement ss. 455 Manne stuctures | | 5. | Porlland pozzolana cement —_—IS: 1489 General building works, 6. | Sulphate resisting Porlland ‘IS: 12490 Marine structure foundations in | cement sulphate bearing soils | : : | 7. | Hydrophobic cement 1S: 8043 Swimming pools, floors of food processing plants | 8. | High alumina coment Is: 6452 Marine structures | mt 9. | Supersulphated cement IS: 6309 Marine structures, construction of | sewers AGGREGATES Around 75% volume of concrete is occupied by the aggregates, Hence, the structural behaviour of concrete is significantly influenced by the type of aggregates used. The aggregates used for the concrete should be durable, strong, hard, chemically inert and well graded. ‘Scanned with CamScanner Pa — OPAC Mem Agaregates whose particle size varies from 0.075 mm to 4.75 mm are called as fing aggregate, Aggregates with particle sizes more than 4.75 mm are called as coarse agaregates. Usually sand is used as fine aggregate winere as crushed rock and gravel ig used as coarse aggregate The nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate shall be as large as possible but jt should be limited to ' th of the minimum thickness of the member. The various properties of aggregates like specific gravity, strength, toughness, hardness, soundness, particle size distribution and grading should comply with 3-1979, the IS code IS: 1.2.3 WATER Water plays an active role in the chemical process of hydration of cement and in curing of concrete, Hence, the water used for mixing and curing of concrete should be clean and free from injurious amount of oils, acids, alkalies, salts, organic matter etc, that may be deleterious to concrete and steel, Drinking water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing of concrete. Sea water should not be used for mixing and curing because of presence of harmful salts in it. The PH value of water should not be less than 6. The physical and chemical tests for water should be done as per IS: 3025. 1.2.4 ADMIXTURES nixtures are added to the concrete before or during mixing, to modify one or more properties of concrete in the fresh or hardened states, 1S.9103-1979 lays of the specif: down the procedures for evolution of admixtures for concrete. The different types of admixtures used are given below increase the rate of early strength development, which in turn facilitates earlier removal of form work, 1. Accelerating Admixtures: These ate added to concrete t Common accelerators are caicium chloride, fluosilicates and trietanlamine 2 Retarding Admistures: These are added to slow down the rate of setting of cement. They are useful in hot weather concreting. Common types of retarders ate starches and celiulose products, sugar and hydroxyl-carboxylic acids 3. Water Reducing or Plasticizing Admixtures: The addition of plasticizer allows Greater workability for given water cement ratio or alternatively retains the workability while reducing the water content. The basic ingredients of water reducing agents are either lignosulphonate salts or polyhydroxy compounds, 4: AirEntraining Admixtures: These are used to incorporate air in the form of minuie bubbles in concrete usually to increase workability and resistance to freezing and thawing. Commonly used ait-entraining agents are animal and ps Scanned with CemSeamner EGER ov ocicton'to 5 Gana Princvios of Working Stave Wathod = nae vegetable olls, natural wood resins and their sodium salts, alkali salts of sulphated | and sulphonated organic compounds. 1.3__ IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE 1.3.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH/GRADE OF CONCRETE The compressive strength of concrete is the characteristic compressive strength (fox) of 150 mm concrete cubes at the age of 28 days in N’mm?. The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of material below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall. IS 456-2000 specifies the characteristic compressive strength of 150 mm cube at the age of 28 days in Nimm:, as the Grades of concrete varying from 15 to 80 Nimm? designated as M 15 to M 80. Based on the characteristic compressive strength (fui), concrete is graded as given below : TABLE 1.2: Grades of Concrete (Table 2 of IS 456-2000) : Group Grade Designation Characteristic Compressive Strength of 150 mm Cubes at 28 Days in Nimm?, ‘a | | M10 10 _ Ordinary conerete M415 is M20 20 M25 __ 2% 30 Standard concrete 35 40 45 | High strength concrete M70 | M75 75 | M80 al 80 In the designation of concrete mix, M refers to the mix and the number to the characteristic compressive strength of 150 mm cubes at 28 days in Nimm?, Scanned with CamScanner the minimum grade of concrete to be used is M 20. For vary, onerete, = Pee aacnr cere the mintotim grade of cancrete to be used for reinforced concrete weaiher condition is given in Table 1.3. TABLE 1.3; Minimum Grade of Concrete for Different Exposure Conditions, "Exposure: Mil | Moderate Severe Very severe | Extreme - 1.3.2 TENSILE STRENGTH The tensile strength of concrete is very low and hence it is not taken in to account in the design of reinforced concrete, But itis an important property which affects the extent and width of crackin the structure. According to IS 456-2000, the tensile strength of concrete can be calculated from the compressive strength using the following relation. fer = 0.7 ff, Nim? Where fis the characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete 1.3.3 __ MODULUS OF ELASTICITY Modulus of elasticity of concrete is an important property required for computation of deflections of structural concrete members. In the absence of test data, the modules of elasticity of conerete is related to compressive strength by the following relation as per IS 456 - 2000, Ee = 6000 Why N/mm? Where E¢ is the short term static modules of elasticity in Nimm2 POISSON RATIO Poisson ratio varies between 0.1 for high strength concrete and 0.2 for weak concrete. Usually itis taken as 0,15 for strength design and 0.2 for serviceability calculations 5 SHRINKAGE The property of decreasing in volume during the process of diying and hardening of conerete is called shrinkage, Shrinkage in concrete may results in suttace cracks, Shrinkage of concrete also influences the deflections of reinforced concrete members, a eee meme Scanned with GamScanner sie RES we wa a rr | it depends up om the Inge rents of eoneree and envewmenacondions Uke Yemperatre and huriy, The 8 + 66-2000 se ‘ot ‘stent uri Te: 45200 recede ial ge 136 ence Tre sete as pnt dt , ‘ont detosinton ner contin fond orate. The ceatien which dfn nthe ato ft eee sn he ses o tows ae of nga commen! 1 A en bel 1 your ine as | ‘Creep of concrete consdersbiy Inetares the deletions of tlslerad concrete Denual ‘members Highar the erepcoetient motel beth dallecons. The value of xeep coetclentis sellin the calculation of ie dependent dllectons in refered concrete members 1a7_w Ty ‘The workabilty offeshly mixed concrete that property which determines he ease and homogeneity with which it an be mived, placed, compacted and fished. A workable concrete should not show any segrogaton (separation of conaituents of Concrete nits plastic singe) or bleeding (ne of water in the mix to te surface when it 's compacted) [A wotkable concrete possesses required lubiestion for handling conerete with out segregation, can be placed in the forns wlth out Joss of homogenelty, compacted wth ‘minimum effort and shal be finished easy. ‘The factors which Influence the workality are ; (i) Wate Cament ratio (i) Type and grading of arate (8) Ratio of fine and coarse aggregte (8) Use of admixtures. (0) Effeoncy of ming ee Po ON R Slump test (8) Compacting tector ts (i) Vee Boe consomerer test, 1) Flow test A Snes ange of worst of concen aoc tS: 195 gh, teow ‘ABLE 14 Waki fo ferent Pacing Codon (lee 7 of 18 460m [Pissing Conaiions | ongrenot | Strap mat my wort | |plngag concrete, stow secon pavements vena) Yarybw | (areoe pees compszton facon| | os ert, hy etre sacri se, tow 2576, savers cana rigs. oft [rena ttaredseatinsn sas ams was] — aan soca Lome conta 1 very ign [sat on tow tee 13. WEIGHT a rene ‘The unit weight of concrete depends up on the typeof aggregate and amount of vols. The unit weight a specie bythe IS 436.2000 for plain conte and enor concete axe 24 Nim and 25 kNin® respectively. \OVANTAGES OF CONCRETE “The following are the advantages of concrete de to whch concrete is extensively ued Sn contruction industry 1. Compressive stenath of concrete s vty high CConzrete can be moulded fo any desod shape ‘The mates for concrete are easly avanbo eis durable 2. 3 4. Wis easy to make 5. {6 By proper proportioning of mi, concrete canbe made watertight 7. tts monolthe character gives it more va. 8. tis ee sessing. 9. ts maintenance costs practely 10, Stength of cones increases wh age Disadvantages of Concrete: 1, Tene strength of conrete is very low and hence psn corre cannot be wed {in stuaons wher tne reses are devon. 2 Stet quality contol has to be mantalned during production, placing and compaction 3. Culng hast be done frat eas 14 days and hones ime of consrcton 4 Once the members cate wth concrete, 5 very cut to smart it 4.5 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONS ‘Tae ix proportions shall be selected to ensure the workbily nf fresh goncrete nd when concrete hardened, shall have the required strength, duraity and urine frieh “The main objective of concrete mix prepotoning so Select the optimum proportion ofthe vatious ingredients of concrete fsment,aguegte, and wae to atin the required workability (when iis es), stengh and durbilty (when ts hardened) wth miakmum cost It can be done ia the flowing two ways (a) Nesninal mi concrete (b)_ Design mix concrete oMNAL x CONCRETE In nominal mis, the proportions of cement, gargat and water re nominally aon Nominal mix conc fused on sal works for routine concrete constrction and for concrete M 20 and lowe, Hewevertrequre high coment cone. Nominal proportions such 2s 1:2, 1:36 ele, have no sigiBeasce fr sregth and duabiliy In these, the ‘quandty of ne agégate xed inespectve ofthe cement content andthe maximum avo agoegate, Hence the vartionsin the qualty of concrete prduced are invisible “The propodtions of mates for nominal mix concrete prescibed by 1S: 486 - 2000 are gven in Tale. 1.3, ‘ropa ot Fie Aas cars Aap Hs) oreray 12 ut boas ever of 1248 [ne Note:The preperton of he to cone aargales shouldbe aut ftom apy tet owe st prostessvey a the grading of ne apsegntes becomes fae ae the maximum se of coarse agoregte becomes lage. Example: Foran average grading of fin agrenate (Zone, the proportions shat bg $e 12, 2h fr maxim se ofsgeaie 10m, 20 mm and 40 mn apectaip ‘Te propordns fr nominal mx concrete gneraly adopted in rato regen belo, ‘rade of Concrete ‘Nominal Mix Proportions (Goment | [ Acgresie Coarse Agarepat | Ms 15:10 peo ge S| [ wz taza po——$$ eerie [Gey f 0 ae a mis 12s (he "= ua fare “Tea oe 1.52 _oeSian wir covenere 152 _tsion wie concnere {and water o produce the grade of canes ratty with minimum cont Over the years below (0) Minimum vols method Maximum densty metho i Fineness mds method (06) Road research erator (RL method (0) Amen conerote nts (ACH mato (Wh 18 Code method 6 _fEMNFORCED concrete Finfored conrete (RCC) is concrete hat consis embeded sel bars, ates, Ares that strengthen the mate, Concrete has a high compresve strength anda low tense stent. This ed to the ‘invention of reinforced concrete, which rw combination af concrete and steal in wich sel proviesthe tena strength lacking in cones nadir, sal can also carry the compressive lod a found in column structures ‘The combination of concrete and stein teinovced concrete produces @ srt lement that ake the advantage of each matt, The hgh tna capac of to i sed to overcome the ow stent of cncrte. On the ether nd, the ih resstance of concrete aginst conosive envtonmant is used to protect stl, which Is prone to ‘comosion. Alo both concrete and sta ae bonded topes very wel, thus abe to ‘ess the lad asa unt Thisexcelnt bond je aehieved by chemical adhesion between ‘wo materials, the srfaceroughnes and lossy spaced bs slong sel Te produce god reinforced coniete elements conctele and steel must be of good ‘ual. Mix desgn for conccte must be prepared such that the produced concrete sates the workably,stength, and exposure condition requiements, The sel Produced in factory and normal in good qual, However, make sure that te tel bre den end not corroded 1.1 _ STEEL REINFORCEMENT ‘Stcel bars are estentaly wed in the tension zone of lesa members of cones reset the tense steaes a concrete s weak n tehion and in compression members Increase the ead caring capaci Selisused asrenloreementto tae up the ep sesssin RCC eonsetion because ofthe following reasons. (2) Is tons strength high {)_ Mean develop good bond with concrete (c)_ Resetficent of exporsion is nearly same os for ener (a) Wiseasy avaible ‘ eMFCANCEFUNCTIONS OF REINFORCEMENT 1 8.0.6 “The enforcement in RCC serves the olowing dllerent types of anctons (oes he boring tnson in fexarl members ke bs, beams and way oer ani (i) To increase te load caring eapacty of eompreision members ke caus, (i) To resist eagenal tension due to sheae (6) To Fess the elects f secondary stress like temperature ee (9) Toredce he shanhage of cones (i) To ses spia racking due to tron, (sth T prevent the developnent of wide cracks in coneete due 1 tensle san, 1.22 _Tvees of newuroncemen Reinforcing se! condsts of bars usally cular in eoss section. The folowing four 'ypes of tol reinforcemant are general wed in reaoreed concrete constucten, (a) Mid ste! and medium tens steel bts confrming to IS : 432 (Pat) (b) gh yield strength deformed sel bars (HYSD barslonforming fo IS 1786 (c)_ Stoel wie fate confrming to IS 1565, (4). Souertl sel conforming to Grade of I 2062 Allrinforcement shall be fee rot ozs mil ae, lose suo mh ahd any other substaces which reduces bond between sta and concrete. The grades f tel nema sed for reinforcement are Fe 250, Fe 415 and Fe 509. In mentioning the grace of ‘tee Feels to orous metaland the number folowing tees ospecled guaranteed eld strength in Nim. The stress stan curves or diferent grades of tel are shown Fig, 1 ‘Mia Steel Bars (Fe 250) : These plain bas of mld steal are o! grade Fe 250 conforming to 1S: 482 . 1982, thas wol dlined ld poltghng eld sees of 250 Ninn? and ‘xcolent ductity with high percentage of elongation at fire (> 23 66. The acu and sealed srs stain curve for mid steals shown in Pig 14. The properties of rl tel are given in Table 1, et 4102, Pare {ero 1 a | net [ain vs] Mm [tee] ‘atran [arti Santon |S Ne? ‘anu 1 perrera rres ere ar “° lene: | ew:t | eet | oe | 10 muses ss] canmm | sf om = | est | -t | sire | “ae | me tn [sami] ston | ae | v0 feneves | tts! | wenten | 30 | 0 snus » se | High Yield Strength Deformed Bave (Fe 415 & Pe 600): As the name inate, ‘hese HYSD bars have high yl song but theyll pon ot wel dened, The eset or characterise sess is gve by 0.2% pron sets Thete bats poses ribs, lug or dolrmatons of tht surface dua to wih the bond strength i improved ‘The proporas of HYSD bars re ghen in Tale 16 natn a 145 120 ‘Unt essmin Wt | 15 mre anal | 10% mere hap acu 02% 02% ‘yoo aes sat 502 1 ant Fora Se) Sean Pace 101.1 Type res an Cones er Rerbeng Sele r : oo ee eee = " anaes Where 9 = Damtr ofthe barn im 18_toans Their Ss deed oe te log fad, 1 Dead loads (8) Lveleds or Impoted lacs (8) Wind onde (6) ahguake forces (0) Soom ood (Shrinkage, creep and Temperate elects (i) Ober forces and fete 1.1_oeto woA0s Dead pemanentotsatorerylads hich tandem othe sic tought peziesan Dead bossy duro sale ol cal member pemmanent vans See onlpmens nd tts. These lon sl be eae by exratng th neo Schisltaland then mining uth the unt wiht Theuntweshisolvaoa nee as ‘Ssedinaing coneston ae hen nth code 575 Pat) 1987 The untae ‘f Y - Beam ri | i © \ aa i \ Design — Means proportioning ghrachuva vs oan clemecks« a Colunn | Beam cande | Concrete - Concrete, weak 19 ‘enisfon and Wbiud (o and “) | The “apes Sheng Fn Corpressio: ; \) Plain Conereles WWithoa Steel y al Retaderced Cancyete-3 with Steel, tn Concrete iSrchgive® ataength 19 paexlary mnotert \ Design Gades ane hand. books! Basic Code De destin = / ; —— . . 51456: 20007 Code a practice ws ato ghd vEnvorce| | Us Concre® (Fourth xevision) Lol standards: Ts eas - (gut 1S) Gre ’ prockice ie design | | | loads, (other “hen eo a) Pak 1 Dard toad |, fovk-2 Live load = han x Ib: \9%0 - Desi Ads b Rercdlveed Cancale +0 Snow 9 South poke. yutnd loaide 1 be tay j ‘h, ? t Preah home Pt wv 4 beok!s— val Tt *Payk -I- Ts souat3 —aiduthieaeedlall Scanned with CamScanner — oe hop 4 | Sp aysignd — Hand Book ov Concvele vet brcemmey | and aketln () | ze Sg Gx he basical | codes and hand ry | & cei a Corcvole Qhuelove « | | Desion Cong aideration: = ni \ Shea foion ; anal ence (serie ss") Gonprertive elt)che Nada _ heh clei hy soe 3 Serticaabi\ i = “onglies adquate derdormance we Shruckue, Splenos a delormation, Cracks Vibbvations, Vee cee ce. 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Shes? < thy \— oh aaa she < ane sete facloy of Sox a ghiess istic Premissitle ress = chavedte | | aa = | woe 3 Flexuve for Greve le —3! by Ts usb eenula: heel — RE | 5 ae \le tee hese “10 heel @ enad ely the thes to pconereke fs f | Be Onesy es } ches Bade Conopaclte ss | Draw back: 3 3M Qeele due + dPdert toads. Combinations ak Aces net (oasidered Caeep and ahtokage: AT is Uae cotomital design, ~Weow &e single Gendt 3 Scanned with CamScanner 6 = | \) The dest an CHO yJ & consied. oat 4 t alyuehura snombey a ho HOD mmerhocts: \! ( (er): »{o9 (cl laste “het tale Awore method | VW Waking estvess { ty | ( 1 Py ons) vl Fs real oa) \ ry (ar gor 5 a! teal © Glabe wetting ESM eee ; \ owNre 0) Wnlerkteg «dress Webbed (won): shape €8 Kear ( Noor and A88urg » \ .\ \\oghke sth is pated OF aon t t d any Controle we clase ond ches — a La AX yeQ\ Ooga alo) @ - ornbinalt Is Tre haces RY Ae, mehol % fo at atorst £ Combine! 09 ob a “he e 4 teviale ave bt a Suleg Ve Areases 1 the marerta oO exteeded “oeverd paenisthle dues: \ ee, panistble alvesa & Qranelh ao material Qe (or) Gernsetel \e dress ave Caleylabe by using Ddey edhe, . 4] Downtetle le Areas = Chavackertslic Sher AY materia) (a) CRex) ve enh 0 seal Qa) | Factor ob sadly | As Per US: Gs6ian00 0 Sey of ol | RX used My Gonvele and | i Bendiry Gemma | 0 | and PZ ow used by Sheet ve Stoeng!) ste Scanned with CamScanner | Ne oe RE | DvamBacks\~ (less ie ttee) ( (Za tas only Beer Palle (a lode Dherserbialosd spel ney va\ | The asgaop inn, Gnevole ts laekie Ys vat hue, Stee Pea" ai lu Cl peat, Conmele, YS bebgee tnaterial — Moo | \ \ Q)TL uses Laclor oh any i so a. 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