PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
In the note, it further
It is all about measuring and evaluating your EMS to
ensure that it is effective, and it helps you to continually
improve.
3 Sub-clauses of Performance Evaluation
9.1 MONITORING, MEASUREMENT, ANALYSIS AND
EVALUATION
9.1 Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation
9.1.1 Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation
of environmental performance and the effectiveness of
the system;
9.1.2 Evaluation of compliance with all legal and
other obligations.
Monitoring and measurement help you:
evaluate environmental performance;
analyze the root causes of problems;
assess compliance with legal requirements;
identify areas requiring corrective action, and,
improve performance and increase efficiency.
Three different types of measure
1. Process measures. Voice of the workings of
the system.
2. Outcome measures. Voice of the customer.
3. Balancing measures. Looking at a system
from different directions/dimensions.
The organization should develop the means to:
1. Monitor key characteristics of operations
and activities that can have significant
environmental impacts and/or compliance
consequences.
2. Track performance (including your progress
in achieving objectives and targets);
3. Calibrate and maintain monitoring
equipment; and,
4. Through internal audits, periodically
evaluate your compliance with applicable
laws and regulations.
Take note:
To have a successful EMS, it is important to determine
program measurement criteria. Determining
measurement criteria, also called performance
indicators, will help you evaluate the success of your
overall EMS program.
By using both data sets, an organization can not only
see where they are succeeding in their environmental
objectives but also in what areas they are coming up
short.
Types of Environmental Performance indicators (EPIs)
• Management performance indicators (MPIs)
• Operational performance indicators (OPIs)
• Environmental condition indicators (ECIs)
Examples of Performance Indicators and metrics:
Evaluation of Compliance
Define as “legal requirements that an organization has to
comply with any other requirements that an organization
has to or chooses to comply with”.
states “Compliance obligations can arise from
mandatory requirements, such as applicable laws and
regulations, or voluntary commitments, such as
organizational and industry standards, contractual
relationships, codes of practice and agreements with
community groups or non-governmental organizations.”
9.2
INTERNAL AUDIT
INTERNAL AUDIT
A systematic and documented verification process of
objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence to
determine whether an organization’s environmental
management system conforms to the system audit
criteria environmental management set by the
organization, and for communication of the results of this
process to management.
Internal audit program
The organization must establish, implement and
maintain internal audit program, including the frequency,
methods, responsibilities, planning requirements and
reporting of its internal audits.
For your EMS audit program to be effective, you should:
• develop audit procedures and protocols;
• establish an appropriate audit frequency;
• train your auditors; and,
• maintain audit records.
Audit Methodology
Compliance audit - more of the style of ‘traditional’
auditing, i.e. ensuring that procedures are being followed
in order to comply with the requirements of ISO 14001. It
is an audit done to ascertain the preparation or
compliance with the regulatory guidelines.
Performance audit - refers to an independent
examination of a program, function, operation or the
management systems and procedures. This is usually
applicable for governmental or non-profit entity to assess
whether the entity is achieving economy, efficiency and
effectiveness in the utilization of available resources.
Audit Frequency
In determining the frequency of your EMS audits, some
issues to consider are:
• the nature of your operations,
• the significant environmental aspects/impacts
• the results of your monitoring program, and
• the results of previous audits.
Auditor qualifications
You will need to be trained in EMS auditors. Auditor
training should be both initial and ongoing. EMS auditors
should be trained in auditing techniques and
management system concepts. Familiarity with
environmental regulations, facility operations, and
environmental science is a big plus, and in some cases
may be essential to adequately assess the EMS.
Reporting back to management
Management can use EMS audit results to identify
trends or patterns in EMS deficiencies. The organization
must also make sure that any identified system
gaps/deficiencies are corrected in a timely fashion and
that the corrective actions are documented.
Auditing procedure
The methodology for performing the audits should be
established within written procedures. Frequencies of
auditing should be specified written in a schedule, plan
or even a chart and this should take into consideration
the results of previous audits.
Process to conduct Internal audit can be as follows:
1. The Audit Schedule
2. Process Audit Planning
3. Performing the Audit
4. Audit Reporting
5. Follow up on the Audit Issues and Improvements
9.3 MANAGEMENT REVIEW
Management review
Top management must review the organization’s
environmental management system, at planned
intervals, to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy
and effectiveness. The management review must include
consideration of the status of actions from previous
management reviews.
It must also include changes in external and internal
issues that are relevant to the environmental
management system, the needs and expectations of
interested parties, including compliance obligations; its
significant environmental aspects; risks and
opportunities; the extent to which environmental
objectives have been achieved.
The management review must include information on
the organization’s environmental performance,
including trends in:
• nonconformity and corrective actions;
• monitoring and measurement results;
• fulfillment of its compliance obligations;
• audit results;
The INPUT to management review
• Status of previous actions from management
reviews;
• Changes in internal/external inputs, significant
aspects/ impacts and compliance obligations;
• Achievement and progress on environmental
objectives;
• Information on environmental performance;
• Communications from external interested
parties;
• Opportunities for continual improvement;
• Adequacy of resources for the environmental
management system.
The OUTPUT from the management review
• Conclusions on the suitability, adequacy and
effectiveness of the system;
• Continual improvement opportunities,
• Changes to the environmental management
system, including resources;
• Actions relating to objectives not achieved;
• Implications for the strategic direction of the
organization.
Take Note:
- Documented information pertaining to the management
review is required to be retained.
ISO 14001:2015
Clause 10:
IMPROVEMENT
ISO 14001: 2015
Clause 10: Improvement
Due to the new way of handling preventive
actions, there are no preventive action requirements in
ISO 14001:2015 Clause 10 Improvement. However,
there are re-worded corrective action requirements: to
react to nonconformities and take action, as applicable,
to control and correct the nonconformity and deal with
the consequences, and to determine whether similar
nonconformities exist, or could potentially occur
elsewhere.
There is also a similar requirement to ensure
that corrective actions are appropriate to the effects of
the nonconformities encountered. The requirement for
continual improvement has been clarified to cover the
suitability and adequacy of the MS as well as its
effectiveness but does not specify how an organization
achieves this.
In General,
The organization must determine opportunities for
improvement and implement necessary actions to
achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental
management system.
Annex A (Guidance on the use of ISO 14001:2015
standard) of ISO 14001:2015 standard it further
explains:
The organization should consider the results from the
analysis and evaluation of environmental performance,
evaluation of compliance, Internal audits, and
management review when taking action to improve.
Examples of improvement include corrective action,
continual improvement, breakthrough change,
innovation, and re-organization.
Some of the factor influencing improvement includes:
 Top management commitment to environmental
management
 Total involvement of employees
 Training
  Green products/process design
 Supplier management
 Measurement
 Information management
10.1 Nonconformity
and Corrective Action
- When a non-conformity occurs, the organization shall
react to that non-conformity.
- Evaluate the need for action to eliminate the cause of
nonconformity, in order that it doesn’t occur elsewhere.
- Implement corrective action needed.
- Review the effectiveness
- Make changes to Environmental Management
System.
Note: Corrective actions shall be appropriate to the
effect of the non-conformities encountered and the
organization must retain documented information.
As per Annex A (Guidance on the use of ISO
14001:2015 standard) of ISO 14001:2015 standard it
further explains:
One of the key purposes of an environmental
management system is to act as a preventive tool.
Major and Minor Non-Conformance
Major and minor nonconformities can differ depending
on what sector your organization operates in. Any type of
nonconformity may have a greater environmental impact
at a nuclear power station than at a car parts retail
facility; nonetheless, if you are handed a nonconformity,
you may fail your 14001:2015 audit, so it is vitally
important that you understand the difference.
• Minor nonconformities - a minor deficiency that
does not seriously affect the efficiency of the
EMS.
• Major nonconformities - a major deficiency that
seriously impairs the effectiveness of the EMS.
10.2 Continual Improvement
The organization shall continually improve the suitability.
adequacy and effectiveness of the environmental
management system to enhance environmental
performance.
The term continuous improvement is used to identify the
need to systematically improve different processes
within the EMS in order to provide improvements overall.
Continual improvement is used to plan, monitor, and
realize improvement in some processes that have been
identified for improvement.
Two (2) of the main processes that continual
improvement can be planned within an EMS:
1. Use of Environmental Objective for continual
improvement
2. Use of Risk-based thinking for continual improvement
Use of Environmental Objective for continual
improvement
Environmental objectives are intended to be planned
improvements to your EMS processes, the main
contributor to continual improvement.
Use of Risk-based thinking for continual
improvement
Like the use of environmental objectives, the application
of risk-based thinking can also improve the processes of
the EMS. In ISO 14001:2004 the preventive action
process is used when you identify a problem that could
occur in a process before it happens. When you identify
a problem that could occur and correct the process
before the problem can happen, you are once again
improving the EMS. In ISO 14001:2015 preventive
action has been removed, but the concept of risk-based
thinking has been incorporated to identify risks before
they happen.
PHILIPPINE Environmental laws and regulations
Presidential Decree 1586: Philippine Environmental
Impact Statement System - a law that requires private
corporations, firms or to prepare an Environmental
Impact Statement for every proposed project and
undertaking which significantly affect the quality of
environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
 The EIS is a document that provides a
comprehensive study of the significant impacts
of a project on the environment. It is prepared
and submitted by the project proponent and/or
EIA Consultant as an application for an
Environmental Compliance Certificate.
In determining the scope of EIS, two factors are to be
considered.
1. Nature of the project and its potential to cause
negative environmental impact.
2. Sensitivity and vulnerability of environmental
resources in the project area.
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)
is a document issued by the DENR/EMB after a positive
review of an ECC application, certifying that based on
the representations of the proponent, the
proposed project or undertaking will not cause
significant negative impact and proponent has complied
with all the requirements of the EIS System and has
committed to implement its approved Environmental
Management Plan, EMP to address the environmental
impacts.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
Is a process that involves evaluating and predicting the
likely impacts of a project on the environment during
construction, commissioning, operation, and
abandonment.
EIA Outcomes
 ECC-issued as a certificate of Environmental
Compliance Commitment to which the
proponent conforms with.
  CERTIFICATE OF NON-COVERAGE-the
project is not covered by the EIS system and is
not required to secure an ECC.
 DENIAL LETTER-contains explanation for the
disapproval of the application and guidance on
how the application can be improved to a level
of acceptability in the next EIA process.
Types and Generic Contents of Reports submitted in EIA
application.
1. Project description
2. Baseline environment description
3. Impact assessment
4. Environmental management plan
5. Project description report (PDR)
6. Environmental performance report and
management plan (EPRMP)
7. Programmatic (PEPRMP)
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
- also known as Life Cycle Analysis.
- Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) had its beginning in
the1960s.
- an analysis of the impact one object has on the world
around it.
- LCA is the factual analysis of a product’s entire life
cycle in terms of sustainability.
Types of Life Cycle Assessment
Screening LCA: rough estimation and assessment of
environmental impacts by considering the most relevant
materials and resources using average data.
Product LCA: descriptive analysis of the environmental
performance of an individual product over its entire life
cycle.
Comparative LCA: comparison of different products or
product variants. Different processes and production
systems can also be compared.
WHO NEEDS AN LCA? WHY?
IS IT SUISTAINABLE-RELEVANT FOR EVERYBODY?
LCA provides the groundwork for any sustainability or
CSR strategy within a company.
WHO BENEFITS FROM A LIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT?
1. Product Development & Research
Development.
2. Supply Chain Management and Procurement.
3. Executive Level and Strategic Management
4. Marketing Sales
The Product Life Cycle
The product lifecycle consists of five phases:
1. Raw Material Extraction
2. Manufacturing & Processing
3. Transportation
4. Usage & Retail
5. Waste Disposal
This is also referred to as cradle to grave, with the cradle
being the inception of the product with the sourcing of
the raw materials, and the grave is the disposal of the
product. Transportation is, occurs in between all steps.
Cradle-to-cradle is a concept often referred to within the
Circular Economy. It is a variation of cradle-to-grave,
exchanging the waste stage with a recycling process
that makes it reusable for another product, essentially
“closing the loop”. This is why it is also referred to as
closed-loop recycling.
Gate-to-gate
Gate-to-gate is sometimes used in product lifecycles
with many value-adding processes in the middle.
There are two other concepts that are used for special
requirements.
Well-To-Wheel
Well-to-wheel is used for the Life Cycle Assessment of
transport fuels and vehicles.
Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment
The EIOLCA aggregates industry data with the goal of
creating impact data for specific sectors within the
economy.
The 4 Phases of a Life Cycle Assessment
LCA is a standardized methodology, which gives it its
reliability and transparency. The standards are provided
by the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) in ISO 14040 and 14044, and describe the four
main phases of an LCA:
Step 1. Goal and Scope
The goal & scope definition step ensures that your LCA
is performed consistently.
The goal and scope describe the most important
choices, which are often subjective. For instance, the
reason for executing the LCA, a precise definition of the
product and its life cycle, and a description of the system
boundaries.
Step 2. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
In the inventory analysis, you look at all the
environmental inputs and outputs associated with a
product or service. An example of an environmental
input – something you take out of the environment to put
into the product’s life cycle – is the use of raw materials
and energy. Environmental outputs – which your
product’s life cycle puts out into the environment –
include the emission of pollutants and waste streams.
Together, this gives you the complete picture.
Step 3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
In the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), you draw the
conclusions that allow you to make better business
decisions. You classify the environmental impacts,
evaluate them by what is most important to your
company, and translate them into environmental themes
such as global warming or human health.
Step 4. Life Cycle Interpretation
During the interpretation phase, you check that your
conclusions are well-substantiated. The ISO 14044
standard describes several checks to test whether
conclusions are adequately supported by the data and
by the procedures you used. This way, you can share
your results and improvement decisions with the world
without any surprises.
LCA Standards and the legal situation
• ISO 14000: Environmental Management Standards
-They define how companies and organizations manage
their environmental responsibilities.
•ISO 14001: Environmental Management System
-defines the criteria Environmental Management
Systems must comply with. It ensures that
environmental impacts are being measured and
improved.
•ISO 14021: Environmental Claims and Labels
-defines how specific environmental claims must be and
how they have to be formulated and documented.
•ISO 14040:2006: Life Cycle Assessment Framework
-defined the principles and framework of a Life Cycle
Assessment. Many parts of this article are based on ISO
14040:2006.
• ISO 14044: The Update
-ISO 14044 replaced earlier versions of ISO 14041 to
ISO 14043.
•ISO 14067: Quantifying carbon footprint
- defines how the carbon footprint of products is
quantified during a Life Cycle Assessment.
•ISO 50001: Efficient Energy Management
-defines Energy Management Systems.
• EN 15804: European standard for Environmental
Product Declarations (EPD) in the construction
industry
- defines the setup of Environmental Product
Declarations in the construction industry.
• PAS 2050 & GHG Protocol – Carbon Footprinting
- are standards to define and measure emissions.
• Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard
-This standard defines how the Life Cycle can be
accounted for and reported on.
• GRI data framework environment
The Global Reporting Initiative provides a framework to
assess the environmental impact of companies and their
supply chain
Two Main types of LCA
Attributional LCA - seek to establish (or attribute) the
burdens associated with the production and use of a
product, or with a specific service or process, at a point
in time
Consequential LCA - seek to identify the environmental
consequences of a decision or a proposed change in a
system under study (oriented to the future), which
means that market & economic implications of a decision
may have to be taken into account.
Steps in LCIA
(Life Cycle Impact Assessment)
 1.Selection and definition of impact categories
 2.Classification
 3.Characterization
 4.Normalization
 5.Grouping
 6.Weighting
 7.Evaluating and reporting LCIA results
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Sustainability is development that satisfies the needs of
the present without compromising the capacity of future
generations, guaranteeing the balance between
economic growth, care for the environment and social
well-being.
The concept of sustainability is composed of three
pillars: economic, environmental, and social – also
known informally as profits, planet, and people.
Sustainable development is a concept that appeared
for the first time in 1987 with the publication of the
Brundtland Report, warning of the negative
environmental consequences of economic growth and
globalization, which tried to find possible solutions to the
problems caused by industrialization and population
growth.
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
The MDGs established measurable, universally agreed
objectives for tackling extreme poverty and hunger,
preventing deadly diseases, and expanding primary
education to all children, among other development
priorities.
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight
goals with measurable targets and clear deadlines for
improving the lives of the world’s poorest people. To
meet these goals and eradicate poverty, leaders of 189
countries signed the historic millennium declaration at
the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000.
EIGHT MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
In the year 2000, the United Nations adopted eight
objectives to meet the main needs of the poorest:
1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
2. To achieve universal primary education;
3. To promote gender equality and empower
women;
4. To reduce child mortality;
5. To improve maternal health:
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other
diseases;
7. To ensure environmental sustainability; and
8. To develop a global partnership for
development
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were
born at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012.
The objective was to produce a set of universal goals
that meet the urgent environmental, political and
economic challenges facing our world.
The SDGs replaced the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), which started a global effort in 2000 to
tackle the indignity of poverty.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also
known as the Global Goals, are a collection of 17 global
goals (see figure 1) designed to be a “blueprint to
achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”,
disaggregated into 169 targets, that require the
collaboration of civil society and the public and private
sectors, whose success means a more egalitarian and
livable world.
The SDGS were adopted by all United Nations Member
States in 2015 as a universal call to action to end
poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people
enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. The SDGs are part
of Resolution 70/1 of the United Nations General
Assembly, the 20130 Agenda. A United Nations General
Assembly Resolution is a decision or declaration voted
on by all members of the United Nations in the General
Assembly.
"Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
growth, full and productive employment and decent work
for all."
Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
"Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation."
Goal 10: Reduced inequality
"Reduce income inequality within and among countries."
Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities
"Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient, and sustainable."
Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production
"Ensure sustainable consumption and production
patterns."
Goal 13: Climate action
"Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
impacts by regulating emissions and promoting
developments in renewable energy."
Goal 14: Life below water
"Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and
marine resources for sustainable development."
Goal 15: Life on land
"Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss."
Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institution
"Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide
Goal 17: Partnership for the goals
"Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize
the global partnership for sustainable development."

Goal 1: No poverty
"End poverty in all its forms everywhere."
Goal 2: Zero hunger (No hunger)
"End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture."
Goal 3: Good health and well-being
"Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
ages."
Goal 4: Quality education
"Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
promote lifelong learning opportunities for all."
Goal 5: Gender equality
"Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls."
Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation
"Ensure availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all."
Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy
"Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all."
Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth