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2 Schematic representation of the three types of plate boundaries: convergent

(top), divergent (center), and transform (bottom).

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Introduction to Plate Boundaries and Natural Hazards

Chapter Full-text available
Sep 2016
Joao C. Duarte · Wouter P. Schellart
A great variety of natural hazards occur on Earth, including earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, landslides, floods, fires, tornadoes,
hurricanes, and avalanches. The most destructive of these hazards,
earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions, are mostly associated with
tectonic plate boundaries. Their occurrence has stimulated scientis...

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Citations

... Transform plate boundaries link the other two types of boundaries,
for example, "transforming" the motion of a divergent plate boundary
into the motion of a convergent boundary. These are regions with low
volcanic activity and low-to-moderate seismicity, with rare high-
magnitude events (see Duarte and Schellart, 2016) . ...

... Plates and plate boundaries (Duarte and Schellart, 2016) .(Modified
from Schellart, W. P., Stegman, D.R., Farrington, R.J., Moresi, L.,
2011. ...

A brief introduction to tectonics

Chapter
Jan 2023
João C. Duarte
Plate tectonics is the unifying theory of solid earth sciences. It describes that
the surface of the Earth is divided into several lithospheric tectonic plates
that move in relation to each other and over the less viscous asthenosphe…
Many of the fundamental geological phenomena occur along the plate's
View
boundaries, such as earthquakes and volcanoes, and the plates’ movement
gives rise to a number of fundamental geological processes that include
mountain building and the supercontinent cycle itself. The idea of surface
mobility was first solidly proposed by Alfred Wegener in the start of the 20th
century, but it took another 50 years for a unified theory of the solid earth to
... WePlate
speculated thatdictates
this interface could be located in south-
emerge. tectonics how the surface of the planet changes, how
central/north-southern Vietnam, consistent with the largest eruption
supercontinents break and come together, and how new oceans form and
old volume in this
Asregion
we willamong
see involcanic fields (Figure 10a).
ones close. this book, plate tectonics is The
intertwined with
convergent rates of the Indo-Australian plate and the Pacific plate,
ocean tides in unexpected ways. This chapter provides a brief introduction to
relative to trenches, are 5-8 cm yr −1 (Duarte & Schellart, 2016) , and
the history and the workings of plate tectonics.
the lengths of subducted oceanic lithospheres of these plates from
trenches to Central Vietnam are 2,000-2,500 km, estimated from
seismic tomography (Hua et al., 2022). With these variables, we
estimate 25-30 Myrs for the transport time of oceanic-lithosphere
materials (basaltic crust and sediments) to MTZ. ...

Bilateral Heterogeneity in an Upwelling Mantle via Double Subduction

of Oceanic Lithosphere
Article Full-text available
May 2022
Nghiem Van Dao · Hiroshi Kitagawa · Eizo Nakamura ·
Katsura Kobayashi · Son Hai Trinh
Vietnam is a major field of Cenozoic volcanism in Southeast Asia. Two
contrasting models have been proposed to explain the mantle upwelling and
volcanism in this region; collision of the Indian and Eurasian continents or…
subduction of the Pacific or Indo-Australian oceanic lithosphere. To place
View
constraints on the origin of the intraplate volcanism in SE Asia, new
geochronological and geochemical data for Cenozoic basalts in Vietnam are
presented. Based largely on Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systematics, it was found that
the sources of basalts from Central and Southern Vietnam are chemically
distinct forming a sharp boundary at 13.5°N. The basalts north of the
... Earthquake catalogs and arrival times are foundational to seismic
boundary show isotopic features similar to Enriched Mantle type 2 (EM2)
studies. The original EHB (Engdahl, van der Hilst, and Buland) global
ocean island basalts. Whereas the basalts south of the boundary show
data features
set (Engdahl et to
al.,Enriched
1998), a Mantle
groomed subset of well-recorded
isotopic similar type 1 (EM1) ocean island
hypocenters and associated station residuals sourced from theand
basalts. The EM1 and EM2 basalts display positive Sr anomalies
bulletin of theandInternational Seismological
respectively.Centre (ISC, www.isc.ac.uk)
elevated Pb/Ce Th/La ratios, Such features suggest the
(International Seismological Centre, 2019a), has seen wide use in
origins of the sources through recycling of deeply-subducted crustal
Earth science studies,subduction
including global andoceanic
regionallithosphere
tomography (e.g.,
lithologies. Furthermore, of dense can
Huang & Zhao, 2006;Li et al., 2008;Montelli et al., 2004;Schmid
we suggestetthatal.,the
induce a convecting cell in the upper mantle. Therefore,
2008) and regional tectonicfromstudies (e.g., and
Duarte & Schellart,
chemically different basalts the Central South of Vietnam represent
2016; Engdahl et al., 2006;Hayes et al., 2012;Pesicek et al.,one is driven
the surface expression of melting in different convecting cells,
2012;Waldhauser et al., 2012). It was
the introduced at a time when
by subduction of the Pacific plate and other by subduction of the Indo-
global compilations of earthquake hypocenters and associated phase
Australian plate.
arrival times and residuals were often too inhomogeneous to be
confidently applied, for example, to problems such as Earth structure
determination. ...

ISC-EHB 1964-2016, an Improved Dataset for Studies of Earth Structure

and Global Seismicity
Article Full-text available
Jan 2020
E. R. Engdahl · D. Di Giacomo · B. Sakarya · C. G. Gkarlaouni ·
D. A. Storchak
Abstract A data set of earthquake hypocenters and associated traveltime
residuals for seismic phases recorded by seismograph stations globally is an
essential starting point for most studies of global seismicity and Earth…
structure. Such data sets have been produced in various forms by national
View
and international agencies since the beginning of instrumental seismology at
the turn of the twentieth century. We have reprocessed the comprehensive
data used to produce the routinely distributed bulletins of the International
Seismological Centre (ISC) since 1964 to construct a new refined data set of
hypocenters with improved focal depths and phase residuals. This data set,
... The great 1755 Lisbon earthquake
featuresgenerated a great interest for in
called ISC-EHB, is used to reveal of the seismotectonic zones
the largeslabs
catastrophes
in greaterofdetail
the past
thanallpreviously
over Europe, besides spurring a
downgoing routinely available.
magisterial debate that involved scientists like Isaac Newton and
philosophers such as Immanuel Kant (for a summary see Duarte and
Schellart, 2016) . In the wake of such debates, with Élie Bertrand
(1713-1797) -the author of Mémoires historiques et physiques sur les
tremblemens de terre (1757) -earthquakes started being regarded as
a key for understanding the physics and the recurrence
characteristics of the seismic source. ...

From Historical Seismology to seismogenic source models, 20 years

on: Excerpts from the Italian experience
Article
Jan 2020 · TECTONOPHYSICS
Gianluca Valensise · Paola Vannoli · Pierfrancesco Burrato ·
Umberto Fracassi
Large earthquakes occur rather orderly in space and time; hence they can
be somehow anticipated, and their effects can be projected into the future.
The modern practice of seismic hazard assessment rests on these principl…
and may rely on them, but also requires a detailed knowledge of the location
View
and characteristics of individual earthquake sources. We discuss how this
knowledge base can be constructed, with an eye on the geological history,
which provides a record of the faults capable of generating large
earthquakes, and one on the human history, which supplies evidence for
whether, where and how these faults have actually caused damaging
... An important cluster in south Portugal trends ENE-WSW,
earthquakes in the past. How do these two records interact withalongeach the
other?
Cadiz fault, possibly accommodating perpendicular shortening by
It is now accepted that identifying active and potentially seismogenic faults in
Italythrusting and rightlateral tectonics [Duarte et al.,be, 2013b. High to very
is especially hard. The geological record may clear and honest when
high magnitude historical and instrumental events occurred in this
dealing with processes at the scale of several million years, but can be very
region, such as the if weMarew 8.5–9 Greatwith
Lisbon earthquakegeological
in 1755 and
difficult to decipher concerned contemporary
the 1969such M was 7.9earthquakes.
earthquake [Fukao, 1973; theAbe, 1979;indow
Johnston,
processes, Shortening tim E-W of
observation of earthquake activity is why Historical Seismology is soacrucial
1996; Solares and Arroyo, 2004], whose tectonic origin remains
matter of discussion [e.g., Gutscher et al., 2002;
for constructing a seismogenic source model. To thisThiebot
end weand exploited a
Gutscher, 2006; Terrinha et al., 2009; Rosas et al., 2016] . Some of a
number of key Italian destructive earthquakes, each of which illuminates
the geological
ongoing deformation offshore SW Iberia seems to be propagating
recent process that may not offer a discernible surface signature.
northward, away from the east-west trending Africa-Eurasia plate
Our findings led us to reconsider the tectonic style of large areas, changed
our boundary
perceptionzone, along a NE-SWpotential,
thrust system
hintedcomposed of the of
of their earthquake at the existence
Horseshoe, Marquês de Pombal, Gorringe, and Tagus the Abyssal Plain of
unknown seismogenic zones, and even led to downsizing magnitude
the thrust
largestfaults,
Italiani.e., parallelearthquakes.
to the west Iberia continental thatmargin (Figure of
historical We maintain the complexity
the 1b). ...
geological setting may be counterbalanced by the richness of the
historical earthquake record. We also believe that our experience in the
combined investigation of Italy’s historical earthquakes and seismogenic
Lithospheric deformation
replicated ininallthe Africa–Iberia Plate Boundary:
sources may be earthquake-prone countries that exhibit a
improved neotectonic modeling testing a basal-driven Alboran plate
history of human settlement throughout the millennia.
Article Full-text available
Jul 2016
M. Neres · M. M. C. Carafa · R. M. S. Fernandes · L. Matias ·
P. Terrinha
We present an improved neotectonic numerical model of the complex NW
Africa – SW Eurasia plate boundary segment that runs from West to East
along the Gloria Fault up to the Northern Algerian margin. We model the…
surface velocity field and the ongoing lithospheric deformation using the
View
most recent version of the thin-shell code SHELLS, and updated lithospheric
model and fault map of the region. To check the presence versus the
absence of an independently-driven Alboran domain, we develop two
alternative plate models: one does not include an Alboran plate; another
includes it and determines the basal shear tractions necessary to drive it
with known velocities. We also compare two alternative sets of Africa-
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Eurasia to find the
velocity boundary people and
conditions, research you
corresponding to need to help
geodetic and your
work
geological-scale averages of plate motion. Finally, we perform an extensive
parametric study of fault friction coefficient, trench resistance and velocities
imposed in Alboran
25+ million membersnodes. The final run comprises 5240 experiments, each
scored to geodetic velocities (estimated for 250 stations and here provided),
160+ million publication pages
stress direction data and seismic strain rates. The model with the least
2.3+ billiontocitations
discrepancy the data includes the Alboran plate driven by a basal WSW-
directed shear traction, slightly oblique to the westward direction of Alboran
motion. We provide estimates of Join long-term strain rates and slip rates for the
for free
modeled faults, which can be useful for further hazard studies. Our results
support that a mechanism additional to the Africa-Eurasia convergence is
required to drive the Alboran domain, which can be related to subduction
processes occurring within the mantle.

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