Mathematics (5740) Chapter 8: intagration and its Applications Chapter 8; Integration and its Applications: Integration fils) dr=Fixyre pecmer] [eaie=F-Ke : . ao [[andr=0 | [[fix) de = -f/ lx) de [atacini] tear news [aresin ar fas aet [eon ae finnaee finn are fi anar tagiate «ge (axe Bf" fect ae=linjara}ve (acs by de: +e where 21 ab a involving lncar j a{ati) (include modulus sign) functions fie te ~ f= Aha ae+ fay ce wheretry is where thx) ~ 0 fn Renere chat Jap ray de = HET 5c where 1 le r= Injftx| +e ya: Note: the derivative may need to be manipulated (by adding constants, NOT varlables outside and inside the {ategral sign (not the final value of the integral cannot be changed) Expomential ur eae” ai n Jone dr=e™ ve feta’ de nat? fsinxdr=-sosx+e Joos de=sin+e Jocctxdr=unr+c focex nx dr=ser+e Telpmoanis Joosecreurde= owecxse Poosee? x de = —cotr-+e Jian.x de = Infsee.x| +e Jeote de=tnjsina| ve forex de=lnfeer sand re fooseexde=—Injcasee x Heats] be 2 t+ons de x sin2e a fot ctr fESE uy Ee ae ee » sin P—sin =! eos £2 sin Fo seme ne J den sin ate Involving ui aaa “fractions lez pe a, peegrer 4 B Cc (artbertd) acth” aed (acsb)exsdy arth etd (ersdy Fractions petgstr A B+ (ae+B)[xe +e) web wee T Changeall tom. Integration by | 2 Change tu wo dx Nets Qatari baci substitution 3. Integrate (should be easy) ‘question says so. 4 Change all w back tox ® 4 fn fo Can be used for fa obo flv D © Integrating simple functions (logarithmic and In fe © Choice of function to be differentiated w follows inverse trigo functions) such as In.x, ~— ie the order: LIATE ( inverse ingo, 7 Sit COs «tan algebraic. tnigo, exponential) © Iecanbe applied twice on certain integrals. Product of different types of functions‘Expansion of linear tasty =a {tlorne('] apy. +[therw +8" where ns postive integer an *) = “Fie lar’ + hrtey [e+ (etary Expansion Express the quadratic factor into the scan eeprom |More Exrenin ah aie et) Se Tar | Teen ier wi Aacending powers of tor descending Us) ‘Descending powers of = (oom | (s2s)] -a(1-2s) (ester =[om( aa)) =(my (12) b \ al oy a Bor or dis of (a+ bx _tlatln-e+ I) n(a-l)(a-r+i)/ a Y atte (2:] + re (é) + Range of validity: Range of validity [ba r-foclél fafa vat ls asx ex>|* tanger onae) (closer w 0 gives betier estimate) Chapter 2: Sequences end Series. 4, =5, [I term = sum of 1 term) w, =S, ~¥_ nw 22 [The difference in 2 sume ives the term] “Arithmetic progression (AP) Geometric, (GP) ee ee eft in hele the sequence s 4 comstant bya fixed non-zero qumber called the common ratio. wana s (tel where «= first term, = ao. «ar <6 cof terms. d = common difference. where r= common ratio aie Do, ae, ee, where a and b ae integers n= (b—a +1) Le upper Kell — lower limit + 1. Ew )= de +, Definitions General = s.=M(e+) a = last term Sigma Notation Rules of seme notation Senn [ Servi Sm nhe Method of | NOt: Watch cat for metho of differences when there i a wna difference tm the tery fing vaibiracted ‘Also note that the gamcetling is symmetrical, 1.c. cancelling the 2“ term on the LHS will cancel the last 2" term Differences | the RUS. a0 i : The other terms g. am, a? where a> 1 will La of 1 440 t0 0). the graph ofy=Mx) +a | Fora>0),the graphory=afte)is | the graph of y=— (Ux) a reflection of the cbvained by translating the graph of | obviained by scaling the graph of y = fx) | graplhy’= fx) in the wars = fis) by a units inthe positive y dircetion. through » sealing parallel io the ycanis bya seale factor of This vertieal translation only affects the p-ratfwes and the horizontal asymptote by the constant a. This vertical sealing only affects the y~ valtes ate the horizontal asymptote by the constant a transformation only allects the ssvalves and the horizontal asymptote bby amegative sign Utist negate the pointslequation) fle+a) yea The graph ol p= Wea) i obtained by translating the graph of y= fx) hy a units is the x direction. 1a 0, shift ‘towards the ponitive xealirection, if a= Tre graph y=t{ =] is obtained by scaling the graph of y ~ fx) by a units in the x direction. Ifa > @ you expand the The paphof y= — The) ba relieetion of the ‘graph y= tx) in the x-axis yer 5 ‘of the, Wren n> 1, When fle) <1, 2. Fintaketch y= fiat) 0, shill towards the ; Ohio rete | Melty a tam ne {ax usual) — 4 ‘This horizontal transformation only fe affects the x-nafues and the vertices) -e asymptote by a negative: ‘This horivontal ranilation only Gen tegen Sohail affects the x-ralues and the vertical | Lo» genet ‘This horizontal translation only affects anyone by the conntant the avtulues and the Vertical asymptote iby the constant a ‘Al ansformutions are done init ont ¥ = +cf{ ¥—a] yim) ve tixp, The parts ofthe raph below the | the a-valnes tn the graphy araexis (0) are reflected modulused, upwards, 1. Diseard y= flay where x | consists of 2 parts 4. Roop y= fx) where flx) > <0 (ube part ofthe curve | symmetrical to the x-axis 0, left of paris] 1. Only consider the pant of 2. Reflect y’= fx) where flx) < | 2 Keep and reflect y= flr) the graph for which Ex) = __Dabove the xaxée where fix) 2 Oto the left © (area above xeaxis) @) x)> fier2 Mathematics (9740) ‘Chapter 5; Functions: ‘Shapter 6: Functions Definition ‘A function 7, or mapping, isa rule which assigis every element oF x= To only one element of ye¥. Domain Domain is the wet of xcxalues (input values) Tor ‘which a function Fis defined as the domain (D)) Note Sis) xe(ab) dexch relat] azxch | ade oN relat} eaeh + relub) | aseeh | r ange ‘Range is the set of y-values (output values) 1 corresporing to every x value in the domain — (eo Verticat IE fA» isa function, for each qe A, the vertical fine « ~ a cuts the graph y ~ fx) at only one point From the sketch, any vertical fine x= a, where a € Dj will cul the graph of y= f(r) al exactly one tine sess — | Pestive | nwoint Hence fi) is funtion = Yoni the sketch, the Tine x = « (salen eonatanijoals the graph of y = Way at2 different poluts. Hence eave | fy is mot a function For any one-to-one function, Ex+ R, there is an inverse function that exists, Le fae R, Definition | such that £*(y) «x= y= f(x) forevery x6 X ‘A function EAB is one-one if each horizontal line y = b where b € Ry cuts the graph of'y = fis) wtonly Lpoiat Determine ifthe function fxs Vx is as one-to-one function Tine test ' From the disgrum, any horizontal line where b € Ry cus the graph of y= x) at exuclly one point, Hence Sane 1s one-one, {(x)-yeoxst'(u) To obtain the inverse function F', follow these steps ; 1. Lety= fx) and eyes in terms ofy. | The graphs of Fand fare reletins of each iy Hy other inthe line y= eae: a fei 9 to obtain FCy) a6 | Frc pce finding the solution of fx) = F(x) isthe 3k Replace all 9 with xo obtain FG) as | SAME asthe solution ofthe equation fx) =x o function in x Me) =x 4, State the domain off! using. D,, = Ry Function composition (or composite function) is tite application of one [unchion to the Definition | results of another function. For instance, the composite function gf as gflx) = g(flx)) where Composite. functions | Conditions | Ths composite function gFexists 2 R, cD, | the composite function fy-exisls @ R, boemiene>b—e | Wa>bme>datien ose>bid oe a Trequatties | Matipienion | MC c>Oanda>b thea ac>beand ££, | dana b thenad bem lychee ofc] \. | pao rokorxe-k ~hex 0, cueve ts w shaped. ACL) < 0, curve fv m shaped. ‘Tiememeete con & (cons) = sins (ans) = soc? ‘unetlons ye a cet a ase S eotxy= 2 eosees) = come xcs Gy (een) seeatany sy (Cot) > comer Exponential die Bien Bate Frinton ax! ase ‘Logurithmic 4, 1 J alt Factions al)-5 gen {hee Implicit d fw) = al fw ‘Note: whenever there ts a y function, there will be a Functions dr ay te dls function in the answer, Inverse a f a £% d £Q) * sin f(x) = cow’ (a) = ae ay wan) 0. md IFeoncave downwards f(x) <0 i 4° Iceencaye upwards, (3) > 9. Increase | No Shape! w shape wt = Strictly increasing: No flat points allowed = For decreasing functions, C(x) <0 a) Itconeave downwards, f(x) <0, Decreasing y 4 Iconeave upwards, (3) > Sanctions fxg} ‘Shape: w shape. % Strictly decreasing: No flat points allowed. Graphs of y= Tiorizonial oblique wy. Becomes) = 0, verial aay. remains. S fb ‘Stationary pois at (hk) all become x intercepts at (h. 0) 1 ana ued Frm pats ines aaaH2 Mathematics (0740) {aS O (below x-axis) ix) 20 on ach Als) <0 on feb] finwar Area bounded ’ . ay ote sires * ay A= ffs) dv—[/fhx) dr ais SS (the negative area must be negated) Te) = Oiright of oaniey TS UUeh of main) Wx) 20 on laches) 20 on led] a-fane five Area bounded ren ‘ by curve wire A= ff) d= [thy dy ais (the negative are rst be negated) Nols; Remember to (i) change fa) to fy) ifrequired, (2) change the coordinates (3) wilted For aya), 4 =f" [flx)-g0ay] de For fx) > 200), A= fi) e0o)] dy Always uke top curve—bottom curve Always take right curve ~ left curve Area betweets 2 curves Area with one point of intersection “Area uniler "aya t ta make vdy=[ taste ar curve with x= (andy = it) (Express total area of rectangles in terms oF Wap A= (ARES) H(ADLGI Fo (ADEE, 0) Anis, Aves aso lat (@) Express total area in sigma notation of sum of areas -¥ eechmples A= Dflr, Jax (3) Find limit ofthe stun of rectangles us n A= tin Sts, yhe= ft) de Volume of “any raal"Tnt fo} ae r=af [ayy] a ‘olume of or FLalttnae ; Saale Piste V=x[/[ReP -lacoP de V =f "(of “lel dy graphs Always take top curve bottom curve Always take right curve ~ left curve2 Mathematics (6740) Chaptor 9: Diferentiat Equations ‘Chapter 9: Differential Equations Direct wy af ay i ion ete ye Pande Sprains yer) Separation of _ ayy foidy= verbs abies gens 9 my 4 xt ee ‘By subsieution aR “a dy To obain hack the general solution, member to teplace the new variable back to y Aplications of PP aps [Lape OF tet Fo he yperl DE antag Jpaen [aoe % ar fea faa FS Differentiate wo find FOO and FO 4 Substinute x ~ 0 into the differentiated terms and rereneniaion then apply the formula ‘Only use the standard series from (Iai <1) | MIS if derivation is tit sequired Standart Y Cyr Maclaurin Eats) (all) series Grim ee Lens: e pe. Cp _ cos: Gar tlla) hotane- SS 4 (easy ‘Wiens is small and measured in radians, and x onwards is weligible, the following appresimations are valid Small angle ‘ “approximations sinx=x coar= tans Sin AE y= sin Acon A Fe0w Asin B ‘You exnnat assume xLe © x for some constant Compound “Gon TE A= om Aeon Ein Ani scan assume sinforx) = ax ‘angle formutae ian 1 tan the value of x eloser to if there atm a ta Aton re 2 anwwers.2 Mathematics (9740) Chapter 11: Permutations and Combinations Chapter 11; Permutations and Combinations Addition principle Wi there are two or more mon— Multiplication principle Wf an opermtion A can be Const ‘overlapping categories of ways to perform an | completed in m ways, a second operation # performed on ciples ‘operation, and there are m ways in the first category, ‘nn ways and the fast operation tn & ways, the cal ways in the second category and & ways in the last successive aperations can be completed in category, there are (m+ a + ... +4) to perform it mn A ways, “A permutation is | No_of ways to arrange n distinct objects i a straight fine a unordered Note: there are 2 objects tat cl arrangement af where p of them are Mdentical must be together, treat them as a pl objects mainly = |__| single unit and multiply 2). 10 Peemuations | concemed to find | and g of them are Mdentiead cobjcets must be separated, place | the total muember ‘them between the gaps ofthe row. | ply! of ways 10 arrange objects No. of ways to arrange r-objects aut of m distinct objects in a straight line ' a Tr different balls are: disin » contain any number of balls), then number of oulcomes. Acombinarion ig | Note: When restrictions are given, they must be satisfied first before he number of ‘combinations is selected. This can be done by breaking down into different ing separately an adding subeacting them Conteoanons pe uselultchaigues sane 1. Complementary technique Goma given set. | Grouping webique order must be taken into account) 3, Insertion technique (order must be taken to account ~ use for 3 oF more objects) ‘Note: When subdividing ino groups of equal number, remember to divide by the “aumber of groups. mene So of wa ofan eu ABS oT acirele The positions are indistinguishable 7c i It The positions are distinguishable: y!— ox (r—1)P ‘Noe that seals become distinguishable ifseals are numbered, different colour and differcat shapes/siees ‘Ghaptor 12; Probability Probability of (4) — NO. of outeomes event oscurs WA an event a posable outcomes nt) Complimentary zx ecm Peet) ‘Addition Law Toner y= Poa TA)— Wa and Tach = heya Mutually Tovents ae mutually exclusive if they cannot occur together (within a situation) cexeluxive events Pun m=0 See PA|B)=Oor PA) =O Conditional way PO® | peg) hbOm WA and fare mutually exclusive, Probability PA) PB) Pid | B)-0 (Since # occurs, A wont occur, vice versa) Indepentent events are independent if the occurrence of one docs nol affect the other (between diff situations) Events PAL By= PAD I BA) Pid) Pea) = PADRE * Other angfd Few stages with | Dill. probabilities ‘Small sample | P&C method: Only | Scawences ana hr few outcomes, For dill: events: space: Table of MITHOUT | Series: For turn-by- — Tree dingrum | _Venn diagram outcomes ephicement fur situations Tiow to use a tee Gagan 1, Multiply the probabilities along the branches to get the end results 2. Onany set of branches that meet up ata point the peobabilities must add up a0 1 Treedlagram | '¥. Check that all end results add upto 1 4, Tosanswer any question, find the relevant end results fmore than one satis the requirements, adel these en seals together, RPI Tora ‘Naves (ea2 Mathematics (9740) Chapter 13: Binomial and Possion Distributions Chapter 13; Binomial and Possion Distributions [Use pat for equal, ed for less than or equal Where Wis the random variable, RY ae wxen-("ora Py X~Bin,p) | is the no. of trials and p is the robabilty of success Tofind mode (value of x with highest probabiiiy), wse he TABLE Tanction mC Wo gel Binomial | Conditions for Binomial Disieibution 1, There ate » independent trials,” 2, Lach Lrial has exmetly to possible outcomes; & “success” or a “failure” 3. The probability of a “success”, denoted by p isthe same for each trial * Poison Where) i the mean no. of me Distribution A ~ POA) | accurences. P= = O23 Conditions far poisson distribution 1, Tho events cut af random ancl are independent of each other in given interval of time or xpace*, 2, The average mumber of events per Interval is comstant throughout the interval® [3._“The average number of events pe interval is proportional tothe sizeof the interval The mean value (average) of w dswibution Expectation Rinomial Distritution” FUN) = np Poisson Distribution: F(X) =a ‘Spread of values of Tom is mean paeaaee, ‘Binomial Disibution Vas) = 0° =netl—p) Poisson Distribution. Va) =o" =A hear Sprend of values of Deviation Finomial Pistabution: = fipll-p) Poisson Distribution: = Vi et [CX Poa) and ~ Po(ye), ao and ¥ ane independent, then XY = PoC sa) propertiesChapter 14: Normal Distribution ‘Chapter 14, Normal Distobution: Where jrand crare the mean ptt ae eth 7) ee X—Niie?) | (average) and the variance (specad wooo) ‘of valugs) respective! sr sth ‘Standard pose rooeny normal Z~N(0,1) Where yee Oand or © 1. ~ia% wah distribution pee Mac Xa) =1-P(X pea) PUK pa) agence a ate sta Transforming Yn standard 23H" (used for solving unknown 1 oF o) ~ use invaorm function normal @ Ea)=a Varta) =0 Flax) =aFX) Varta) a? VartX) Tak 2b) aly Ed Vautat £6) =a" VartX) Properties of | F(X, 1+ X,)—FUN) + FUX,) aX) | VanN, +4 -¥,)— Wart Ni) Var) nant XY expectation and Fa + bY) =a F(X) +h RP) Varia | bY) =a? VaniX) |b’ Vart¥) ail Whena=b =1, When a=b=1 HAN LY) = XE LY) Vas X + ¥)~ Vari X)+ Var) ICY and Y are two independent normal variables, then a + 6Y will also be a normal variable. forany sien 17 ¥,.0,-%, arandam sample of ize m aiken froma won-warmal or unknown distibuiion wih mean jr Cnaitinh ac variant, then fi suiccaily large me mnaple idea in F~ Nu = | sgbrsctninaly, Large samples are usually of size $0, XX, pooh X, N(mjno” Japproximately by CLT Using poisson IFA ~ Bin, p), then X~ Po(np) approximately ifm is large (>50) and ap <5 distributions: WA ~ Ben, p), then X~ Nenp, npa) approximately ifr is large, rp > Sand ng > $ Using normal “Continuity correction must be applied. Fg Approximation ‘of binomial and | —_‘éstributians 1S-< N <8)" S$. < VRS) poisson (note: convert to more/less than and equal to before cc.) distributions: crates Redefine Nas X" ~ Bin, q) ~»X"~ Po(g) approximately Tsing normal TP Pod), then VNU 2) approximately Wa> 10 isribusion *Continuity correction must be applied‘Shapter 16: Sampling peared Every member of population has equal chance of being chosen Type Steps Advantages Dinadvanges T. Create a list of the ‘ase population (sampling, #Dificulvimpossible to identify frame) bs every member of the population poser 2, Create a random Free from biax © Nol eble ta got accesso some sample (using rindom ‘members chosen ftom the sample selectson) THis the popaaton some oder Could lead to more precise — | © ‘There could be bins caused by the 2. From the fist k inferences concerning «lect of periodicleyelie patiera Systematic | clements select a Population because the sample | ofthe population sampling | membst randomly. | chosen is spread evenly + Notalvays possible to ist the 3. Select every Ath throughout the entire members of the population in member of tie next A | population. sone order. elements T- Divide the popatation | Types of into a nurnber of non- Tiel waive s semple sampling overlapping ee Stratified po geo (9987 |e Fach strata can be treated | 4 may not he elearly defined, 2 Take ‘separately, hence - sampling | 2. Lake a random Satoping may be more | (PePtapHIng of strata) mem foneh | Seats size propertional to the mccurene, size of the seniumn. ‘Nan-random sampling: Lvety member does wot hive an equal chance of beg chosen Bi ts baice + Not representative of the population as compared to other types of sampling one Inoraticanbecaeted |, Bed nano as 2 aaieny- veyone pln eal chance of” cach stratum are aon — random (hy choice) = _(Nesanpiity fare Papuan Mean “a Point estimation Variance °12 Mathers (6740) Chapter 16: Hypothesis Testing Shapter 16: Hypothesis Testing Thal Particular claim for a value for the population = -_ i hypothests) In hypothesis testing, we try to weject La ean as far as possible as itis a more reliable a een exelodes the value specified | fairy cornpared 10 do not reject fa. Test statistic | Random variable whose valuc 1s caleulated Hom sample dat ‘ange of valucs oF the lest stati that [ead to the refeetion of Hw The value ofc which Conical region | determines the critical region is known as the critical value. Important Probability of rejecting Hy given that Hy ia true. (usually around O05) definitions | Level of ‘© {fa tesull is signitieant at u%, then itis also significant at any level greater than a% significance, a | # [facesutis mot significant at a%, thon itis also mot significant at any level < 0% + The p-value is the smallest level of significance at which /f can be rejccte. Probability of observing a pele a value of the test statisti as prvalue | extreme or more extreme | Test statistic ies inthe ental | FOU is NO than the one obisined, given | region, henge we reject ido cot reject Ite that He is ruc, ‘Leffel tet Wechange in the Righttal text etal test Types liens change inthe | Adifference im either direction. Why jrd pu Yess deerease direction. | inerease dirceuoa_ | Note that a (and p-value) is divided equally 4h Hey between the? tails af the critical region + True when population disuibution is Normal | However, when population variances ‘nd ihe population variance is known this holds | unknown, we use s*instcad of 6? for any sample siz, lage or small . 2 Also tnie when population sizes targe when | Under He, 2 “Mm ra population distpbation is umkmown, When i Uspothesis pest agge >S0, by central Kimi theorem, .. Wade ty, sf approximately, test statistic 7 — approximately), test Tise when a i small and population variance i unknown. Given (or assume) that the population distribution is: normal, Test ( Under Ha, Nm, ) anrowimacy, st sac Toate nen Critical reglon method (it 44 orm is unknown) | p-value metherd T Writs dows Hoand Ty T Write down Thand 1h 2. Determine an appro imate test staistic and its 2. Determine an appro imate est stristic and its distribution. distribution, Genernt | 3. Identify the level of significance, a (orm en) 3. Memtity the evel of significance, a (from qn) lultiply by 2 if ‘Compute the text statistic (using G.C.) yporhexts | 4 Determine te entical region. Find the pevalue (from G.C.), Multiply by 2 if there there is a 2-tail test. procedure | 5 Compute the fest aise (using GC.) isa 2aail test. 4, Pisterming ifthe test static Hes within ke crieical | 6, Pastermine ifthe test stare Hes wishin te critical region, and state conchision In context of the regia ad state eonchusion in context of the problem (since==__()__, we (reject | problem (aincep= (or >)a= _, we(rcject do not reject Hy at 3p of significance andl do not reject Hp at —% of signifieanee and conclude thal there iy sufficient evidence that.) -comelude that there is sufficient evidence that _.) Ha Mathematics Summarised FormsHe Mathematics (8740) Statistics Chapter 17: Correlation and Regression Correlation and Regression ‘A skeieh where each aks rresents a variable and each point repecsens an ebservation, ‘+ There may not be direct enuse-effect relationship between the 2 variables Carved tw Scatter diagrams “ — Positive linear correlation | Negative Inear correlation | Ne linear correleation | —Now-linear covreleation © The product moment correleation coefficient, a D0 denoted by measures the strength and direction Product ‘ofa linear correleation between the 2 variables moment -Isrst correlation | Anomalies are removed fom n set of bivariate data a ‘coeffictent (o calculate an accurate yalue of ze Bal py-Bal] The [ine regression fis a straight ihe ta the seatter diagram Tea squares repression lie of y on.x Least squues 1epresion ine of = ony =F We ¥) where oth regressiot lines intersect at (3.9 4 dly—y) where * pone and On yooincide omega Lo olelde : oe reel -b 2 comple. coniueste roots Mabiple | 9 iow ih Te Leg F.0i" = Ye-heg aii = ‘| Motegi Fat Fundamental Theorem 3 eG =AE =e Ohas m solutions e.,c,...,i Gan be expressed in the form Piz}=(=—aqK2—ai)(2—a,) | ofalgetre _ Diagrams | Argand | = diagram | Conjugate | Represented by /"(x,-»)(eefleetion of # in the real axis) | Movutws-angument form. Since (by Medals (ioe aed Fon 1 A) =rlcawt 4 isin BK) 0, Fora poailive a0. a, a Argument arg(at) = = emis ynosents, parametric form), x= reo, y= sind arg(a)=0 argon | oman E ntertey! ‘Multiplication by & rotates ‘Note mut follow principal argument. =e Operations 2:5) from, 60.7 10K, +09) = Afcoma ~1,)+ imi ~8,)] Mostar 54 argument angle) =arets > are, ea el anglc") = nang) fi Pavers ano{E)-secca-arney | FI foate re =r(c0s0+ isin 0), where 04s in radians Definition | A locus is yet oF pointy that vaiinly given conditions. Note always tke= ‘Notes: ‘The equation [z-~= =r represents a circle with © Check ifthe etrele passes through Oby Circte | Sire at (1,99) and rads comparing the nudius with the distance The Cartesian equation ofthe locus is between the centre of the circle and 0. (a o-yheF # Cheek whether the eitcle crosses the axes by comparing the ative and the distanee Perpendie) he equation | represents the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points (x), y4) lar | ned x,y) The Cartesian equation will be linear equation ayptine | TOE Sston atwl=—2) =O represents aha Tine from A, (eelading A) making an angle O with the positive ral axis. Orhers | Aswumes =x + iy and then deduce its nature. De Moivre'’s | Mt z= r(c0s@+ (sin), then z* = "(cosmid + (sin) for me (rational no.) Theorem Ni roots lie k= 01,23, (0-1) 12 Mathematics Summarised Formuiao Page 18. 10