NAME : MOHAMED SAMEH

ID : 88545
COURSE : INF 407.

➢ The slowness of the I/O device can mean that the CPU is
often waiting on I/O. so there are many solutions to the
slowness of I/O devices

1. Define these solutions?

1. solution to the slowness of I/O device is buffering.

Buffering is an attempt to keep both the CPU and I/O device

busy all the time.

The idea is : After data has been read and the CPU is about to
start operating on it
The input device is instructed to begin the next input
immediately. The CPU and input device are then both busy.

Similar buffering can be done for output. In this case, the CPU
creates data which is put into a buffer until an output device can
accept it.

Spooling

2.After a disk systems has became widely available and greatly

improved on offline operation (replace the very slow card
readers (input device) and line printers (output device) with
magnetic tape units, )

it eliminated tape problems by rapidly moving the head from one

area of the disk to another to be read directly.

2. Illustrate Type of Services?

One type of I/O service is the file I/O, which encompasses the
operations related to reading from and writing to files. File I/O is
essential for managing and manipulating data stored in files,
such as text files, image files, and database files. This type of I/O
service enables applications to access and modify files,
facilitating data storage and retrieval.

Another type of I/O service is the network I/O, which involves the
transmission and reception of data over a network. Network I/O
services are vital for enabling communication between
interconnected devices, such as computers, servers, and mobile
devices. These services allow for the exchange of information
over local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs),
and the internet, enabling remote access, data sharing, and
distributed computing.

3. By using Allocation Methods identify that?

• Files are created and deleted frequently during the
operation of a computer system.
• Since there is only a limited amount of disk space, it is
necessary to reuse the space from deleted files for new
files.
• To keep track of free disk space, the file system maintains
a free space list. Which records all disk blocks which are
free (that is, not allocated to some file).
• This space is then removed from the free space list. When
a file is deleted, its disk space is added to the free space
list.
Three major methods of allocating disk space in wide use:
1. contiguous,
2. linked
3. indexed.