Subject Index
Bold face indicates main topic, Italics indicate reference to figure
A-group, medial rectus motoneurons 97–99
Abducens nucleus 102, 105–108
connections 108–114, 133, 138, 144, 145, 186,
212, 213, 215, 220
MIF motoneurons 138, 158
organization of motoneuron subgroups 99
transmitters 114
Abducens internuclear neurons 4–5, 16, 25, 106,
107, 113, 115
Accessory abducens nucleus 107–108
Accessory lateral rectus muscle 46, 54, 108
Accessory optic nuclei 22, 379, 385, 386, 393,
409–443, 411, 413, 421– 423
afferents 415–419
efferents 420–426
functional properties 429–432
lesions 430ff
ontogeny 410
phylogeny 411
precerebellar projections 422
preoculomotor projections 421
relationship to nucleus of the optic tract 417
topography and nomenclature 408–410
transmitters and modulators 424ff
Accessory optic system (AOS) 407–441, 274
pathways and nuclei 408–413
Accomodation 104
Acetylcholine 213
Annulus of Zinn 46–47
Anterior commissure 504
Anterior-posterior commissural line 503–505, 509
Area 7m (Precuneus) 461–489
cortico-cortical connections 482ff, 483, 484
cytoarchitecture 471–472
functional characteristics 463ff, 473, 518–519
functional imaging 470, 503–519
location 462
subcortical connetions 472ff, 476
565
thalamic connections 478ff, 486, 488
Ascending tract of Deiters (see Vestibulo-ocular
pathways)
Ataxia 537
Attention (see also Visual attention) 520,
521–523
Auditory connections 6, 329, 332
Axial muscles 531ff
B-group, medial rectus motoneurons 97–99
Basal ganglia 9, 13, 352–355, 356, 441–457
corticostriate projections 441–452, 472ff, 481
Blinks (see Eyelid) 142, 386, 391, 511
Blip 28
Botulinum toxin 69
Brachium of the superior colliculus 382, 381
Burst neurons 127, 218
excitatory burst neuron 111, 138, 144, 215
histochemistry 135, 144
inhibitory burst neuron 111, 135, 138, 144, 145
vertical 129, 131
Burst-tonic neurons 132, 146
histochemistry 135
Burster-driving neurons 132, 133, 137, 146, 218
C-group, medial and inferior rectus motoneurons
97–101, 98, 99, 101,106, 386, 387, 392
Canal planes 242–243, 286, 556–559
Caudate nucleus (see Nucleus)
Calcitonin gene-related peptide 416, 426
Calcium binding proteins 115
vestibular nuclei 172
Central caudal nucleus (see Levator
palpebrae) 97, 103–104
connections 131, 103
Cenral gray 361
Central mesencephalic reticular formation
(see mesencephalic RF)
566
Cerebellar nuclei 233, 238, 285 301, 481
Cerebellum 10, 12, 14, 19, 23, 81, 178, 218, 220,
231–261, 277, 461, 481
anterior lobe 536
basket cells 245
connections 189, 220, 271, 422
dentate nucleus (see Dentate nucleus)
dorsal paraflocculus 299ff, 300
fastigial nucleus (see Fastigial nucleus)
fastigial oculomotor region 14, 215
flocculus (see Flocculus)
Golgi cells 245
interposed nucleus (see Interposed nucleus)
lobules V,VI and VII (see Oculomotor vermis)
Lugaro cells 246
nodulus (see Nodulus)
petrosal lobule 300
pontine afferents 298–301
sagittal zones (see Climbing fibers)
stellate cells 245
unipolar brush cells 245
uvula (see Uvula, ventral)
ventral paraflocculus 14, 249–256, 259–260, 310
vergence 25
vermis (see Oculomotor vermis)
Cerebral cortex 25, 395, 503–523, 509
Area 2 520
Area 3aV 520
Area 7a 8
Area 7m, precuneus (see Area 7m)
Accessory optic nuclear projections 414–416
cingulate eye field (see Cingulate eye field)
corticotectal-nigrotectal interactions 453–455
corticotectal projections 456
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (see Prefrontal eye
fields)
dorsal prelunate 392, 397
extrastriate cortex 442–457, 443
frontal eye fields (see Frontal eye fields)
inferior temporal 392–393
insular (see posterior insular vestibular cortex)
lateral intraparietal area (LIP) (see also parietal
eye fields) 8, 385, 391–392, 466–490, 487
medial parietal area (MP) 8, 294ff, 296
medial superior temporal visual area (see Medial
superiory)
middle temporal visual area (MT) 11, 385, 416
parietal eye fields (see Parietal eye fields) 13
precuneus (see Area 7m)
prefrontal eye fields (see Prefrontal eye fields)
pupillary light reflex 395
supplementary eye field (see Supplementary
eye field)
superior colliculus projections 356–358
ventral intraparietal complex (VIP, see Parietal
eye fields)
vestibular cortex (see Vestibular cortex)
visual 11, 81, 384, 390–391, 483–484
Ciliary ganglion 104
Cingulate eye field 8, 509, 515, 519–521
Circadian rhythms 383, 394
Climbing fibers 232–233, 269ff, 273, 285
sagittal zones 273, 286, 231, 238
Convergence (see Vergence)
Cortical control of eye movements (see Cerebral
cortex) 461–490, 503–523
Corticospinal tract (CST) 534–537
Corticotrophin releasing factor 279–281
Crossed ventral tegmental tract (CVT) 16, 19, 109
Deiters nucleus (see Lateral vestibular nucleus)
Dentate nucleus 10, 112, 135, 233, 333,
350–352
Descending tracts (see individual tracts) 527–559
functional connections 555–559
lateral v. medial 528, 530ff, 534, 535ff
Descending vestibular nucleus (DVN) 17, 158, 164,
538ff
Disorders in ocular motility 68–70
Dorsal cap (see Inferior olive)
Dorsal terminal nucleus (DTN) 274–275, 381, 385,
409, 412, 421– 423
Dorsal thalamic nuclei 386
afferents 415–419
efferents 420–426
functional properties 427–440
lesions 428ff
ontogeny 410
phylogeny 411
relationship to nucleus of the optic tract
417
topography and nomenclature 408–410
transmitters and modulators 424ff
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (see Prefrontal
eye fields)
Dysmetria, pulse size 10

Edinger-Westphal nucleus 104–105
connections 104–105, 222, 386, 391–392,
421– 422
to pretectal olivary nucleus 395
Efference copy 224
Eighth nerve (see Vestibular nerve)
Electrotonic coupling 286
Epaxial muscles 531–533
Eyelid (see Levator palpebrae) 511
lid movement 131, 136, 137
Eye-head movement 129, 140, 142, 145
Eye muscles 43–70
global layer (see Global layer)
orbital layer (see Orbital layer)
Extraocular motoneurons (see Motoneurons)
Extraocular muscles 43–70
blood flow 60
classification of fiber types 44, 48, 53–59
compartmentalization 44, 50–51
development 50, 65–67
disease 68–70
function 48–50, 60–61
molecular aspects 50–51, 63–65, 70
motor units 60–61
plasticity 44
phylogenetic development 44
recruitment of fibers 63
Facial nucleus 131
connections 392–393, 395
Fastigial nucleus (FN) 10, 301, 350–352, 537
efferents 234–235, 238
Final common pathway 43, 95
Fixation (see Gaze-fixation)
Flocculus (Flocculus region) 12, 14, 19, 24,
231–261
anatomical definition 249–250
connections 146, 178, 189, 209, 212, 215, 220,
249–256, 273, 276
input-output zones
representation of optokinetic space 231
Frontal eyed v. lateral eyed 45, 60
Frontal eye fields (FEF) 7, 13, 135, 215, 385,
392–393, 445, 461–490, 509
cortico-cortical connections 482–488
cytoarchitecture 471–472
functional characteristics 463–466
functional imaging 470, 510–512
567
location 462, 505
projections to pontine nuclei 294–297
subcortical connections 472–475
Talairach coordinate system 506–507
tectal afferents 356–358
thalamic connections 478–482
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
503–523
principles of 505
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) 144, 168,
211ff, 407ff, 408, 424ff
Gap junctions 286
Gaze-fixation 2–4, 140, 335–336, 347, 389
Gaze-holding 3, 23–24, 127ff, 205ff, 223ff, 389
Gaze velocity 14
Gaze palsy 4–5, 136, 137
Global layer 27, 50, 58–59, 60, 82, 85, 90, 98
Globus pallidus 481
Glutamate 144, 165ff, 213
Glycine 144, 168, 212ff, 549
Golgi tendon organs 87–88, 89, 90
Gracillimus orbitis muscle (of Bochdalek) 47
Graves ophthalmopathy 68
Hand movements 515
Head movement 129, 132, 133, 140, 145, 185, 537,
559
Head-tilt 17, 190, 348–350
Hippocampus 427
Hypaxial muscles 531
Intrafascicular nucleus of the preabducens area
(see Paramedian tract neurons)
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) 5, 25, 107
Interposed nucleus 251, 301, 333, 350–352
Interstitial nucleus of Cajal 23–24, 132, 347
connections 132, 135, 136, 137, 146, 215, 223,
395
gaze-holding 23
histochemistry 135, 137
lesion 137
physiology 132
Interstitiospinal tract (IST) 534–537
Inferior oblique muscle 46, 47, 84
Inferior olive 269–287
accessory optic nuclear afferents 417ff
b-nucleus 269, 271ff, 281–284
568
connections 190, 213, 220, 221, 233, 269ff, 271,
273, 275, 282, 385, 392
dorsal cap (of Kooy) (DC) 269–281, 271ff
dorsomedial cell column (DMCC) 269, 271,
281–286
electronic coupling 286
functional interactions 277
lesions and stimulation 276ff
plasticity 279
Inferior rectus muscle 45, 46, 84
Inferior vestibular nucleus (see Descending
vestibular nucleus)
Integrator, neural 3, 17, 23–24, 132, 180, 215, 222,
390
Kearns-Sayre syndrome 68
Labyrinth 15–17, 172
Efferent innervation 16
Laryngeal muscles 53, 55
Lateral-eyed animals 47
Lateral geniculate nucleus (see Nucleus–ventral, or
–dorsal, lateral geniculate)
Lateral intraparietal area (see Cortex, also Parietal
eye fields)
Lateral rectus muscle 84, 45
Lateral terminal nucleus (LTN) 385, 392, 393, 409,
411, 421– 423
afferents 415–419
efferents 420–426
functional properties 427–440
lesions 428ff
ontogeny 410
phylogeny 411
relationship to nucleus of the optic tract 417
topography and nomenclature 408–410
transmitters and modulators 424ff
Lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN, Deiters nucleus)
17, 158, 108 159–162, 163, 538ff
Lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST) 182, 534–537,
538ff
single cell morphology 542–543
Levator palpebrae superioris
motoneurons (see central caudal nucleus) 97,
103–104
muscle 44, 47, 50, 54, 68
Listing’s Law 1, 26–28
Lockwood, check ligaments 45
Locus coeruleus 12, 217, 222, 357–362
Long-lead burst neurons 128, 137, 138, 143
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 503–523
Marginal zone (of eye muscle) 50
Marginal zone (of MVN) 23, 110, 164,
207, 208
histochemistry 207, 214
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) 4, 19, 106,
107, 109, 420, 536, 538
Medial rectus motoneurons (see also A, B,
C-group) 96–101
connections 183
Medial rectus muscle 45, 46, 84
Medial superior temporal visual area (MST)
12, 310, 385, 415–417, 461–490, 509
cortico-cortical connections 482ff, 483, 484
cytoarchitecture 471–472
functional characteristics 463ff, 473
functional imaging 470, 503–523, 516–518
location 462
projections to pontine nuclei 294ff
subcortical connetions 472ff, 476
Talairach coordinates 509
thalamic connections 478ff, 486, 488
Medial terminal nucleus (MTN) 383, 385, 409,
411, 418– 422
afferents 415–419
efferents 420–426
functional properties 427–440
lesions 428ff
ontogeny 410
phylogeny 411
relationship to nucleus of the optic tract 417
topography and nomenclature 408–410
transmitters and modulators 424ff
Medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) 12, 17, 23, 158,
163–164, 277–279, 385–387, 538ff
Medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST) 182,
534–537, 538ff
single cell morphology 542–543, 544– 547
Medullary reticular formation 145ff, 220–221,
350
Mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) 90–91,
222, 330– 331, 361, 386, 392
central mesencephalic reticular formation
(cMRF) 90, 133, 346
connections 91, 113, 133, 223
 569

histochemistry 136 Nucleus

lesion 136–137 accessory optic tract, of the (see Accessory optic
M-group 104, 131 nuclei)
histochemistry 135 anterior pretectal n. 379, 381
lesion 136 anteromedian n. (AM) 104
Mitochondrial myopathies 68 basal interstitial nucleus (BIN) 10
Mossy fibers 231–234, 239ff, 253–256, 282 Bechterew, of 388
Motor units 60–61 caudate n. 9, 442–454
Motoneurons 95–116 corticostriate projections 441–448, 472ff
development 96 Darkschewitsch 132, 135, 386
morphometry 96 dorsal raphé n. 357–362
non-twitch 90, 100 dorsal terminal n.
twitch 100 (see Dorsal terminal nucleus)
Multiply innervated muscle fibres (MIFs) 53, dorsal lateral geniculate n. (LGNd) 339–341,
82, 90 386, 387, 392
global 59, 61 entopeduncular nucleus 448, 455
motoneurons 97, 100–102, 114 fastigial (see Fastigial n.)
orbital 55, 57–58, 61 intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) 385, 391, 392, 394
Muscle fiber types (see also Extraocular muscle) intercalatus 206
extraocular 53–59 – connections 215, 220
skeletal 51–52 interpositus of the cerebellum (see Interposed
species differences 59–60 nucleus) 10, 301
Muscle spindles, in eye muscles 82–85, 90 interstitial, Cajal (see Interstitial nucleus of Cajal)
human 84, 85 interstitial nucleus of the superior fasciculus
sheep 83, 85 409, 411, 419– 421, 430
in skeletal muscles 83 (see also Accessory optic nuclei)
Muscular dystrophy 54, 68 lateral terminal n. (see Lateral terminal nucleus)
Myasthenia gravis 68 limitans 380
Myoblast types 66 locus coeruleus (see Locus coeruleus)
Myogenic development 66 medial pretectal n. 379, 381
Myomyous junctions 62–63 medial terminal n. (see Medial terminal nucleus)
Myosin heavy chains 50–51, 53, 55–58 mesencephalic trigeminal n. 81
Myotendinous cylinder, innervated (see also oculomotor n. (see Oculomotor nucleus)
Palisade ending) 86 of the basal optic root (nBOR) 408ff
of the optic tract (NOT) 22, 113, 274–275,
Near response 104–105, 112, 389, 391, 397, 379–397
421 – connections 215, 223, 338–339, 384ff,
Neck muscles 527–559, 531–534, 553ff 386–391, 416–417
Neuromuscular junction 57, 68, 86 – cortical afferents 414–416
Neuropeptide Y 426 – directionally sensitive neurons 388–390
Neurotrophins 83, 115, 412 – histology 380
Nictitating membrane 47, 107–108 – inferior olive 269ff
Nitric oxide 109, 171, 214 – jerk neurons 389
Nodulus 20, 158 – non-retinal afferents 384–385
anatomy 237–242 – relationship to accessory optic system
connections 179, 189, 276, 237–242 274–275, 381, 385, 386, 408, 416–417
physiology 243–249 – retinopretectal projections 381, 382ff, 383
Non-specific systems 126ff, 357–362 – roles 274–275, 384ff, 388, 389, 390
570

– types of neurons 388–390 supragenualis 206, 222

paramedian tract n. (PMT) 189, 134, 139– 140, trochlear n. (see Trochlear nucleus)
146 ventral lateral geniculate n. (LGNv) 340–341,
parabigeminal n. 338 385, 388–390, 391–394, 407, 417
paragigantocellularis dorsalis 138, 145 vestibular n. (see Vestibular nuclei)
– connections 133, 211, 213, 215, 220, 221 Nystagmus 3–5, 136, 137, 417
– histochemistry 147 upbeat 137
parasolitarius 269, 281–283
pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus 357–362 Ocular following response 295, 307, 390–391
Perlia, of 99 Ocular torsion 1, 26–28
posterior commissure, of the 133–134, Oculomotor cerebellum (see Oculomotor vermis)
347, 379 231–261
– connections 132, 215 Oculomotor development 65–66
– histochemistry 136 Oculomotor internuclear neurons 102–103
– lesion 136, 137 Oculomotor nucleus 96–105
– physiology 135 A,B or C-group (see A-group, B-group or
posterior pretectal nucleus 379, 381 C-group)
pregeniculate n. 385, 386, 388, 390–391, 394 connections 108–114, 129, 132, 135, 137,
prepositus (see prepositus nucleus) 178, 182ff, 215, 221, 386
pretectal olivary n. (see pretectal olivary organization of motoneuron subgroups 96,
nucleus) 98, 99
raphé dorsalis 217 preganglionic neurons 104
raphé interpositus 140, 347–348 transmitter 114, 135, 137
– connections 131, 133, 135, 137, 142, 143 Oculomotor Vermis (dorsal, or posterior,
– connections 137, 144 vermis) 10, 12, 14, 220, 271, 299ff, 300,
– histochemistry 144 301, 537
– lesions 144 anatomy 231ff
– omnipause neuron 128, 131 connections 232–235
– transmitters 211–215 lesions 237
raphé pontis physiology 235
reticularis gigantocellularis 132 (c), 145, 147 Omnipause neurons (see Nucleus raphé
reticularis pontis caudalis 138 interpositus)
– connections 144 Opioid peptides 414, 425
– histochemistry 144 Optokinetic adaptation 279ff
– lesions 144 Optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN)
reticularis pontis oralis 138 21, 247–248, 390
reticular thalamic n. 389, 392 Optokinetic response 20–23, 231, 270–281, 315,
reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) 5, 12– 13, 28, 391, 407, 420ff, 422, 519–520
111, 140, 293–316, 387, 422 accessory optic nuclei 427ff
– afferents 301–304 adaption 279–281
– efferents 232–234, 302, 253ff flocculus and paraflocculus 256–260
– oculomotor role 314–316 inferior olive 269–287
Roller, of 188, 205, 206 nucleus of the optic tract 379ff, 390, 391
rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF pontine nuclei 307
(see Rostral - ) Optic flow 517
spinal trigeminal n. 81, 90, 253, 334ff Optic tract 409, 413–414
subcuneiformis 133 Orbital layer 27, 50, 60, 82, 85, 90, 98
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 384, 394 fiber types 54–58

Oscillations 144
Otoliths 17, 161, 164, 172–179, 189, 242–243,
281–286, 536
projections 110, 111
Oxidative stress 69
Palisade ending 85–87, 88, 90
Parabigeminal nucleus (see Nucleus)
Parabrachial region (see Nucleus,
pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus)
Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
2–6, 138–144, 343–345
histochemistry 144
Paramedian tract neurons (PMT) 102, 107, 138,
146
connections 111, 133, 145, 186, 188, 189, 211, 222
gaze-holding 24
histochemistry 147
lesion 137
Parietal eye fields 356–358, 461–491, 509, 515
cortico-cortical connections 482ff, 485
cytoarchitecture 471–472
functional characteristics 463ff, 471–473
functional imaging 470, 503–523, 514, 515
location 462
projections to pontine nuclei 294ff, 297–298
subcortical connetions 472, 476
Talairach coordinate system 506
thalamic connections 478ff, 486, 488
Parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PVIC) 509, 520
Peripheral patch layer 50, 88, 90
Photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells 383, 384
Pinna control 329
Pontine nuclei 5, 253ff, 293–316, 387, 472ff
cerebropontine projections 294–298
cytoarchitectonic subdivisions 294, 296
dorsolateral (DLPN) 13ff, 389, 294ff, 296, 297,
301, 310
dorsomedial (DMPN) 294ff, 296, 297, 301
lesions 307
ponto-cerebellar projections 232–234, 300
role in saccades 311–314
role in smooth pursuit 304–310
Pontine reticular formation (see also paramedian
PRF) 138–144, 222
Position-vestibular pause neurons (PVP) 18, 111,
191, 217
Positive emmision tomography (PET) 503ff
571
Posterior commissure 132, 137, 384, 504
Precuneus (see Area 7m)
Predorsal bundle 331, 343–348, 360
Prefrontal eye fields 8, 461–491
cortico-cortical connections 482ff, 488, 489
cytoarchitecture 471–472
functional characteristics 463ff, 481
functional imaging 470, 503–523
location 462
subcortical connetions 472ff, 476
thalamic connections 478ff, 486, 488
Prepositus nucleus (hypoglossi) 23, 146, 205–230,
269
connections 112, 132, 133, 178, 209, 211, 212,
213, 215–217, 220–222, 253, 345–346,
338–339, 384, 386– 388, 393
gaze-holding 23
histochemistry 168, 206–208
inferior olive 275–276
lesions 222, 224
morphology 208
physiology 217
proprioception 81
Pretectum 22, 113–114, 223, 379–397, 409
Pretectal nuclei 22, 113–114, 223, 379–397, 409
see Nucleus of the optic tract (NOT)
see Pretectal olivary nucleus (PON)
retinopretectal projections 381, 382ff
Pretectal olivary nucleus (PON) 379–397
accessory optic nuclear afferents 417, 418–419
blinks 397
classes of neurons 394, 396
efferents 387, 392
histology 380
luminance neurons 394
nonretinal afferents 338, 391–392
retinal input 382, 384
Proprioception
in eye muscles 81–91
in oculomotor vermis 235–236
Proximal muscles 536
Ptosis 136
Pulleys 26, 45, 48–49, 60
Pulvinar 341–343, 386, 392
Pupillary reflexes 104–105, 386ff, 389, 394–396,
421
role of cortico-pretectal connections 395
572
Purkinje cells 14, 231–261, 244, 245, 269, 275, 278,
282
Pursuit (see Smooth pursuit)
Putamen 442–458, 521
corticostriate projections 441–448, 472ff
Pyramidalis muscle 108
Quadrate muscle 108
Recruitment of muscle fibers 63
Reticular formation (RF) 127–155, 253, 418– 419,
422, 472ff
(see also Paramedian pontine RF, Mesencephalic
RF)
Reticulospinal neurons 140, 145
Reticulospinal tract (RST) 534–537
single axon morphology 550–552
Retino-pretectal projections 382–385
Retino-accessory optic nuclei projections
413–414
Retractor bulbi muscle 46– 47, 50, 54, 68, 108
Rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF (RIMLF)
5, 129, 346
connections 111–112, 129, 131, 132, 137, 146,
215, 223, 345, 535, 549
histochemistry 135, 137
lesion 136, 137
physiology 129, 136
Rubrospinal tract (RBST) 534–537
S-group 97–101, 98, 99, 10, 106
Saccadic eye movements 2–11, 488, 512–516
antisaccades 7, 465ff
brainstem circuits 4, 10, 343–348
cortical areas 7, 492, 461–483, 512ff
disorders of size 2
different types of 3
functional organization 518–519
memory guided saccades 7, 312
predictive saccades 7
reflexive saccades 7, 512, 516
role of NRTP 315
role of pontine nuclei 311
Talairach coordinate system 506–509
visually guided saccades 7, 465ff, 511ff
Sacculus 160, 164
Scarpa’s ganglion 176
Self motion 431
Semicircular canals 16, 172–177, 182, 242–243,
286, 556–559
Singly innervated muscle fiber (SIF)
global intermediate 58, 61
global red 58, 61
global white 59, 61
motoneurons 97, 100–102
orbital 54–57, 61, 69
Skew deviation 17
Sleep 28, 386
Slow muscle fibers (see Multiply innervated muscle
fibers)
Smooth pursuit eye movements 11–15, 142, 389,
466, 486
cortical control of 309–329, 461–490, 512ff
Functional organization in cortex 518–519
lesions of n.optic tract 379ff, 390
role of NRTP 316
role of pontine nuclei 304–309
Talairach coordinate system 504–506
Spatial cognition 429
Spinal cord 133, 142, 145, 178, 215, 527–559
classification of long descending tracts 527, 529,
535ff
commissural neurons 541–550
interneurons, axonal morphology 552–555
long descending tracts 527–559
organization of motor nuclei 529, 533
tectospinal connections 348–350
Spinal trigeminal nucleus 334
Strabismus 69
Striatum
cortical afferents 441–448
circuitry for eye movement modulation
453
entopeduncular connections 448
matrix and striosome organization 445
nigral connections 448
pallidal connections 448
visual/oculomotor striatum 441ff
Stretch reflex 82
Substantia nigra
pars reticulata 9, 352, 481
pars lateralis 448, 449, 450
Tectal connections 352–356, 448, 452, 453
Subthalamus 386, 392
Superior colliculus 90, 321–362, 360
auditory connections 329, 332
 573

afferents 324–335 single axon morphology 501

cerebral cortex 326–329 Tensor trochleae muscle (of Budge) 47
cell types 322–324, 327 Tensor tympani
connections 131, 133, 135, 137, 142, 144, 215, motoneurons 105
223, 232, 236, 304, 384, 386, 391–392, 445, muscle 53
537, 542–543 Thalamus 9, 13, 223, 389
corticotectal-nigrotectal interactions 453–455 connections 190, 384–385, 388, 398
corticotectal projections 456, 472ff, 481 corticothalamic projections 478ff
efferents intralaminar nuclei 386, 392, 450–457
– to basal ganglia 352–355, 356 tectal projections 339–343, 450ff
– to Brainstem 343–351 thalamostriatal projections 441, 442, 450ff,
– to cerebellum 350–352 452–457
– to Parabigeminal nucleus 338 Tonic neurons 129, 132
– to pontine nuclei 304 Torsional eye movements 26
– to spinal cord 348ff Traversus orbitus muscle 47
functional organization 555–560 Trigeminal ganglion 81, 90
fixation 335–336 Trochlea 46
lamination 322–323 Trochlear nucleus 105
intra- and interlaminar connections 335–337 connections 108–114, 129, 132
pinna control 329 organization of motoneuron subgroups 99
retina 324–327 transmitter 114
role in saccades 6, 314 Trochlear nerve 46
smooth pursuit 13
nigrotectal inputs 448, 452, 453 Utricular activation 111
tectospinal connections 535ff, 553–554 Uvula (ventral) 158, 189, 237–249
tecto-thalamostriatal projections 450 connections 179, 237–242
Superior oblique muscle 46, 84 lesions 246–249
Superior rectus muscle 45, 46, 84 physiology 242ff
Superior vestibular nucleus (SVN) 15, 17, 158, 159, ventral uvula 20
160, 161, 162
Supplementary eye field (SEF) 8, 215, Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 427
385, 392–393, 445, 461–490, 509, Velocity storage 21
356–358 components 21
cortico-cortical connections 482–484 pathway 165, 179, 180
cytoarchitecture 471–472 Ventral thalamic nuclei (see following:
functional characteristics 463–473 nucleus pregeniculate;
functional imaging 470, 503–523 nucleus ventral lateral geniculate;
location 462 nucleus intergeniculate leflet)
projections to pontine nuclei 294ff Ventral tegmental area (VTA) 354, 408,
subcortical connetions 472, 475 421–422
Talairach coordinate system 507 Ventral uvula (see uvula)
thalamic connections 478ff, 486, 488 Vergence eye movements 24–26, 105, 111, 142,
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (see nucleus-) 143, 391
Supraoculomotor area (SOA) 25, 90, 91, 112–113, accommodative 24
348 fusional 24
Vestibular compensation 167
Talairach coordinate system 503–509 Vestibular cortex (see also parietoinsular
Tectospinal tract 535–537 vestibular cortex) 179, 190, 526
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Vestibular development 66 nodulus and uvula 231ff, 237–249

critical period 67 Vestibulo-autonomic pathways 188–189
Vestibular nerve 158, 160, 172–177 Vestibulo-cerebellar pathways 189, 249–253
physiology 177 Vestibulo-collic reflex 182, 536, 550
transmitters 166, 171, 175–177 Vestibulo-ocular adaptation 247, 389, 390, 392,
Vestibular nuclei 15–19, 16, 17, 22, 157–204, 158, 421
166, 167, 169, 540–544 Vestibulo-ocular neurons 15–18, 182–189,
commissural connections 18, 180 216ff
connections 16, 108–111, 132, 136, 137, 159, non-second order 109–110
163, 178, 179, 182ff, 211, 213, 215, 216, 220, second-order 108–109
221, 249–253, 421– 423 Vestibulo-ocular pathways 16, 108–111, 109, 159,
descending vestibular nucleus (see descending 162, 163, 170, 182–189, 548–550
vestibular nuclei) Ascending tract of Deiters 109, 111, 183, 186
e-group 164, 170, 171 Vestibulo-ocular reflex 15–20, 182–189
Group x 165, 241 rotational 15
Group Y (see Y-group) suppression 11
Group z 165 translational 15, 189
histochemistry 172, 213 Vestibulo-oculo-collic neurons 110
innervation of muscle pairs 16, 109 Vestibulo-spinal pathways 182, 537–550
intrinsic connections 180ff Vestibulo-spinal tract (see MVST and LVST) 160,
interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve 165 182, 535–537, 548,
lateral vestibular nucleus (see lateral vestibular Vestibulo-thalamic pathways 190
nucleus) Visual attention 389, 465, 512, 514–516, 515,
magnocellular/parvocellular regions 109, 162–163 521–523
medial vestibular nucleus (see medial vestibular Visual modulation 341–343, 388
nucleus) critical period of muscle 67
physiology 191ff eye muscle development 66
proprioception 81 of oculomotor vermis 231
receptors 166 Visual tegmental relay zone (VTRZ) 408,
superior vestibular nucleus (see Superior 418–424
vestibular nucleus) Visceral nuclei (see Edinger-Westphal)
transmitters 165–172
ultrasttructure 165, 174
Y-group 12, 15, 17, 132, 158, 164, 183, 238, 269,
y-group (see Y-group)
281–284
Vestibular primary afferents 16, 157ff, 172–177,
540–542
Vestibular response 1, 15–20, 218 Zebrin patterns 238–239
inferior olive 269–287 Zona incerta 132, 330, 355, 386, 392