Index

Index
Note: Exhibits, figures, and tables Accessory male genital gland, ACL. See Anterior cruciate ligament Adductor pollicis, 391
are indicated by italic e, f, 1107, 1117–1121 Acne, 160 Adenitis, 887
and t, respectively, following Accessory genital organ, Acquired immunodeficiency Adenohypophysis. See Anterior
the page reference. 1116–1117f syndrome (AIDS), 882, 884 pituitary
Accessory structure of the eye, Acromegaly, 688 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP),
A 608–611, 609f Acromioclavicular ligament, 290 59, 59f
Ab. See Antibody extraocular muscles, 609–611 Acrosomal reaction, 1162 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
A band, 312 eyelashes and eyebrows, 609 Acrosome, 1112, 1162 58–59, 59f
Abdomen eyelid, 608–609 ACS. See Acute confusional state and anabolic/catabolic
autonomic plexuses of, 555f lacrimal apparatus, 609 ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic reactions, 1001, 1001f
muscles of, 366–367, 367t, Accessory structures of the skin, hormone cardiac muscle production of,
368f–369f 157–163 Actin, 313, 318 746–747
veins of, 826f, 827, 827t –828t, hair, 157–160 Action generation of, 1002–1003, 1010,
828f, 829 nails, 161–163 anterior pituitary, 662t 1011t
AL
Abdominal aorta, 798, 809–810, skin glands, 160–161 antibody, 875–876 and glucose synthesis, 1003
809t–811t, 811f–813f Accommodation (near vision), 618 hormone, 653–655, 653–655 in muscle contraction, 317–318
Abdominal cavity, 18 ACE. See Angiotensin-converting muscle, 346 muscle fiber production of,
RI
Abdominal reflex, 486 enzyme Action potential 325–327, 326f
Abdominal thrust maneuver, 938 Acetabular labrum, 293 and contractile fibers, 744, as neurotransmitter, 452
TE
Abdominal viscera, muscles that Acetoacetic acid, 1016 746, 746f Adenylate cyclase, 654
protect, 366–367, 367t, Acetone, 1016 and electrical excitability, 306 ADH. See Antidiuretic hormone
368f–369f Acetylcholine and electrical signal ADHD. See Attention deficit
Abdominopelvic cavity, 18–19, 21f
Abdominopelvic organs,
splanchnic nerves to, 556
in autonomic nervous
system, 558
MA
and Alzheimer’s disease, 540–541 comparison, 444
generation of, 438–439, 439f
graded potentials vs., 444t
hyperactivity disorder
Adherence phase
(phagocytosis), 860
Abdominopelvic quadrants, 21, 22f in neuromuscular junction, 322 nerve, 143, 430 Adherens junction. See Adhering
Abdominopelvic regions, 21, 22f as small-molecule in neuromuscular junction, 322 junction
D
Abducens (VI) nerve, 504, neurotransmitter, 451 propagation of, 440, 442–443, 443f Adhering junction, 113–114
527–528, 527f Acetylcholine receptor, 322 role of, 422 Adhesion, 145
TE
Abduction, 277–278, 288f, 377 Acetylcholinesterase, 322, 558 and stimulus intensity, 443 Adhesion belt, 114
Abductor digiti minimi, 391, 411 Acetyl coenzyme A, 1004, 1005, types of, 438–439 Adhesion molecule, 709
Abductor hallucis, 411 1007, 1008f, 1020 Activated protein C, 717 Adhesion protein, 129
GH
Abductor pollicis brevis, 391 Acetyl group, 1005 Activation energy, 38, 38f Adipocyte, 127
Abductor pollicis longus, 386 ACh. See Acetylcholine Active cytotoxic T cell, 866, 871 Adipose capsule. See
Abnormal curves of vertebral Achalasia, 995 Active helper T cell, 866, 871 Perinephric fat
column, 225, 237, 238f AChE. See Acetylcholinesterase Active site, 53 Adipose tissue, 132t, 1022, 1028
RI
ABO blood group, 718, 718f, Achilles reflex, 486 Active transport, 68, 74–78, 73t Adiposity, 1028
720t, 721f Achilles tendon. See Calcaneal primary, 74–75, 1061 Adolescence, bone growth during,
Abortion, 1146 tendon secondary, 75, 75f 188–191
PY
ABP. See Androgen-binding Achondroplasia, 192 in vesicles, 75–76 Adoptive cellular therapy, 880
protein Achondroplastic dwarfism, 192 Acupuncture, 577 ADP. See Adenosine diphosphate
Abrasion, 174 ACI. See Autologous chondrocyte Acute confusional state (ACS), 542 Adrenal gland. See Suprarenal
CO
Abscess, 863 implantation Acute inflammation, 863 gland

Absolute refractory period, 440 Acids, 42, 42f Acute leukemia, 723 Adrenergic neuron, 558–559, 558f
Absorption Acid–base balance (acid–base Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 723 Adrenergic receptor, 559, 559t
in digestive system, 943, homeostasis), 42–43, Acute myelogenous leukemia, 723 Adrenocorticotropic hormone,
977–980, 978f, 986–987 1098–1103 Acute normovolemic 658, 661–662
in epithelial tissue, 116 and aging, 1103–1104 hemodilution, 724 Adult hemoglobin (Hb-A), 925
by skin, 164 and buffer systems, 1098–1099 Acute pancreatitis, 966 Adventitia, 956, 1076, 1077, 1134
Absorptive cell, small and carbon dioxide Acute prostatitis, 1150 AED. See Automated external
intestine, 973 exhalation, 1099 Acute renal failure, 1081 defibrillator
Absorptive state, 1021–1023, and fluid/electrolyte AD. See Alzheimer’s disease Aerobics, 756
1022f, 1023t homeostasis, 1087 Adaptation, sensory, 571–573, Aerobic condition, 1004
Abstinence, 1144, 1146 imbalances, 1100–1103 604, 620 Aerobic respiration, 59, 327, 1004
Accessory cephalic vein, 822t kidney excretion of H+, 1100 Adaptive immunity, 847, 864–870, Aerobic training, 330
Accessory digestive organ, 942 mechanisms maintaining body 879t, 881t AF. See Atrial fibrillation
Accessory pancreatic duct, 965 fluid pH, 1101t Addison’s disease, 691 Afferent arterioles, kidney. See
Accessory hemiazygos vein, 825, Acidic solution, 43 Adduction, 277–278, 278f, 377 Afferent glomerular arteriole
825t Acidity, oxygen affinity and, 923 Adductor brevis, 399 Afferent glomerular arteriole, 1048
Accessory ligament, 274 Acidosis, 1016, 1100, 1102f Adductor hallucis, 411 Afferent lymphatic vessel, 854
Accessory (XI) nerve, 504, 535, Acinar gland, 126 Adductor longus, 399 Afferent neuron. See Sensory
535f, 638 Acinus, 676, 965 Adductor magnus, 399 neuron
I-1
I-2 IN D E X
Affinity, 923–925 and tubular reabsorption/ Ampulla of Vater. See ANS. See Autonomic nervous
A fiber, 442 secretion, 1065 Hepatopancreatic ampulla system
AFP. See Maternal alpha- and water/solute loss, 1091, 1092f Amygdala, 516 Antagonist, 348, 453, 560
fetoprotein test Alkalosis, 1100, 1102f Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 588 Antagonistic effect, 655
Afterbirth. See Placenta ALL. See Acute lymphoblastic Anabolic steroid, 334 Anteflexion, 1129
After-hyperpolarizing phase leukemia Anabolism Anterior cardiac veins, 741, 817
(action potential), 436, 440 Allantois, 1171 as basic life process, 7 Anterior cavity (eyeball), 615, 616f
Afterload, cardiac, 753 Allele, 1191 coupling of catabolism and, Anterior cerebral artery, 803t
Ag. See Antigen Allergen, 885 1001, 1001f Anterior chamber (eyeball),
Age Allergic reaction, 885 hormonal stimulation of, 1114 615, 616f
fertilization, 1197 Allograft, 887 synthesis reactions in, 39 Anterior commissure, 514
gestational, 1197 All-or-none principle, 439 Anaerobic condition, 1004 Anterior communicating
metabolic rate and, 1027 Alopecia, 159 Anaerobic glycolysis, artery, 803t
and skin cancer risk, 170 α-Actinin, 314 326–327, 1004 Anterior compartment
and vertebral column Alpha cell, 677 Anaerobic phase of cellular arm, 385, 386
changes, 226 α-Dextrinase, 976 respiration, 59 leg, 406
Age-related macular disease, 613 Alpha motor neuron, 578 Anaerobic training, 330 thigh, 404
Age spot, 156 Alpha (α) receptor, 559 Anal canal, 984 Anterior corticospinal tract,
Ageusia, 533, 643 Alpha wave, 521 Anal column, 984 481, 586
Agglutination, 718 ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral Analgesia, 577 Anterior cruciate ligament, 297–298
Aggregated lymphatic follicle. sclerosis Anal sphincter muscle, 931 Anterior fontanel, 222
See Aggregated lymphoid Alternative pathway, complement Anal triangle, 374, 1135 Anterior gray horn, 466
nodule activation, 878 Anaphase, 98 Anterior interventricular branch
Aggregated lymphoid nodule, 974 Alternative splicing, 94 Anaphylactic shock, 885 of ascending aorta, 801
Aging Alveolar fluid. See Pulmonary Anaplasia, 107 of coronary artery, 739
and acid-base balance, alveolar fluid Anastomosis, 741, 775 Anterior interventricular
1103–1104 Alveolar macrophage, 908 Anastomotic vein, 778 sulcus, 631
and body fluids, 1103–1104 Alveolar pressure, 913–914 Anatomical position, 14, 15f Anterior lobe (cerebellum), 507
and bone tissue, 197–199, Alveolar sac. See Aveolar saccule Anatomic dead space, 917 Anterior median fissure, 465
198t, 199f Aveolar saccule, 907, 909 Anatomy Anterior neck muscles, 362–364,
and cardiovascular system, 839 Alveolar ventilation, 918 basic terminology, 14–21 362f–363f, 363t–364t
and cellular changes, 104–107 Alveolar wall, 909 branches of, 2t Anterior nucleus, 510
and digestive system, 991–992 Alveoli alveolus. See Pulmonary definition of, 2 Anterior pituitary
and electrolytes, 1103–1104 alveolus Anconeus, 382 and adrenocorticotropic
and endocrine system, 687–688 Alveolus. See Pulmonary alveolus Androgen, 672, 675–676, hormone, 661–662
and genital systems, 1149–1150 Alzheimer’s disease, 540–541 681, 1111 cell types of, 657–658, 658t
and homeostasis, 21–22 Amacrine cell, 613 Androgen-binding protein and estrogens, 1141f
and lymphoid system, 881–882 Amblyopia, 643 (ABP), 1114 and follicle-stimulating
and integumentary system, AMD. See Age-related macular Androgenic alopecia, 159 hormone, 661
169–170 disease Andrology, 1108 and growth hormone, 659–661
and joints, 298 Amenorrhea, 1141 Anemia, 722 hormones of, 657–662,
and muscular tissue, 339 Amine hormone, 651 Anemic hypoxia, 930 658t, 662t
and nervous system, 539–540 Amino acid Anencephaly, 1170 and hypophyseal portal
and respiratory system, 933–934 absorption of, 977 Anergy, 870, 880 system, 659
and special senses, 642 and body proteins, 51–53, 52f Anesthesia, 233, 362, 524 hypothalamic control of,
and tissues, 145–146 catabolism of, 1021, 1023 Anesthetic, 442 658–559
and urinary system, 1080 essential, 1017 Aneuploid cell, 1192 and luteinizing hormone, 661
and vertebral column, 226 in Krebs cycle, 1008f, 1018 Aneurysm, 842 and melanocyte-stimulating
Agnosia, 542 as neurotransmitters, 451–452 Angina pectoris, 741 hormone, 662
Agonist, See Prime mover, muscle nonessential, 1019 Angioblast, 838, 1171 and negative feedback
Agranular leukocyte, 708 synthesis of, 1003 Angiogenesis, 105, 772, 1171 regulation, 660f
AICD. See Automatic implantable Aminoacyl (A) site, 94 Angiography, 23t principal actions of, 662t
cardioverter defibrillator Aminopeptidase, 976 Angiotensin I, 674 and prolactin, 661–662
AIDS. See Acquired AML. See Acute myelogenous Angiotensin II, 674, 791, secretion control for, 657–662
immunodeficiency syndrome leukemia 1058, 1065 and thyroid-stimulating
Airway irritation, respiration Amnesia, 595 Angiotensin-converting enzyme hormone, 661
and, 931 Amniocentesis, 1181, 1182f (ACE), 674 Anterior ramus, 470
Airway resistance, 915–916 Amnion, 1166–1167 Angiotensinogen, 674 Anterior root, 464
Airways, from trachea, 902f Amniotic cavity, 1166 Angular movements, at synovial Anterior segment (lens), 615
Alanine, 1020 Amniotic fluid, 1166 joints, 276–278, 277f–278f Anterior spinocerebellar
Alar cartilage, 894 AMP. See Antimicrobial protein Anion, 34, 436 tract, 582
Albinism, 156 Amphipathic bile salt, 977 Ankyloglossia, 951 Anterior surface, heart, 729
Albino, 156 Amphipathic molecule, 66 Annular ligament of the Anterior thoracic muscles, 376
Albumin, 698 Amphipathic phospholipid, 50 radius, 292 Anterior tibial arteries, 814
Alcohol, 980, 1026t, 1197 Ampulla Anococcygeal nerve, 478 Anterior triangle, 366
Aldosterone ductus deferens, 1115 Anopia, 526 Anterior white funiculus, 467
controlling secretion of, 672, ear, 627, 636 Anorexia nervosa, 1037 Anterior white commissure, 464
674, 674f hepatopancreatic, 964 Anosmia, 525, 643 Anterograde axonal transport, 424
in RAA system, 791, 1065 uterine tube, 1127 ANP. See Atrial natriuretic peptide Anterolateral fontanel, 222
I NDEX I-3
Anterolateral pathway to cortex, Aortic arch, 798, 802, 802t-803t, Arcuate veins, 1048 Atherosclerotic plaque,
580, 581f 804f–806f, 806 Areflexia, 488 761–762, 761f
Anti-A antibody, 718 Aortic body, 790, 929 Areola, 1135 Atlas, 229
Anti-B antibody, 718 Aortic hiatus, 370 Areolar connective tissue, 131t Atom
Antibody Aortic insufficiency, 739 ARF. See Acute renal failure defined, 3
of ABO blood types, 718, 718f Aorticorenal ganglion, 550 Arm structure of, 31–32, 31f, 32f
actions, 875–876 Aortic reflex, 789 muscles that move radius and Atomic mass, 33
in adaptive immunity, 864 Aortic stenosis, 739 ulna of, 382–385, 382t, Atomic number, 32–33
in blood plasma, 698 Aortic valve, 734 383f–385f ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate
and complement system, Aortography, 842 skeleton, 246–247 ATP synthase, 1010, 1011f
876–878 AP. See Action potential Arousal from sleep, 506, 592 Atresia, 1124
structure, 875, 875f APC. See Activated protein C Arrector muscle of the hair, 159 Atria, 731, 734, 760
Antibody-mediated immunity, APC. See Atrial premature Arrector pilus. See Arrector Atrial arrhythmias, 765
874–878 contraction muscle of the hair Atrial depolarization, 747
as adaptive immunity, 864 APC. See Antigen-presenting cell Arrhythmia, 765–767, 766f Atrial diastole, 748
activation, 874–875 Apex Arteries, 772, 774–775. See also Atrial fibrillation, 765
antibodies in, 875–878 heart, 728 Systemic circulation Atrial flutter, 765
and B cells, 874–875 lung, 906 elastic, 774, 774f Atrial natriuretic peptide
and immunological memory, 878 Aphasia, 596 muscular, 775 and blood pressure, 791
Anticoagulant, 717, 722 Apical foramen, 953 of pelvis and lower limbs, 814, and body water balance, 1092
Anticodon, 93 Apical membrane, 1060 815f–817f and glomerular filtration
Antidiuretic hormone Apical surface, epithelial Arteriole, 772, 775, 776f rate, 1058
and blood pressure regulation, cell, 115 Arteriosclerosis, 761 and tubular reabsorption/
791, 794 Aplastic anemia, 722 Arthralgia, 302 secretion, 1066–1067
regulation of, 662, 664 Apnea, 594, 931, 938 Arthritis, 300 Atrial premature contraction
shock and, 794 Apo. See Apoprotein Arthrology, 270 (APC), 765
and water reabsorption, Apo B100, 1014 Arthroplasty, 299 Atrial septal defect, 764
1065–1066, 1066f Apo C-2, 1014 Arthroscopy, 275 Atrial systole, 748, 751
and water regulation, 1091f Apocrine gland, 126, 161 Arthroses, 270. See also Joints Atrioventricular bundle, 744
Antigen, 864, 866–868 Apo E, 1014 Articular capsule Atrioventricular canal, 760
of ABO blood types, 717, 718f Apoenzyme, 53 elbow joint, 292 Atrioventricular node, 744
and adaptive immunity, Aponeurosis, 309, 353 hip joint, 293 Atrioventricular valve, 736, 760
866–867 Apoprotein (apo), 1014 knee joint, 295 Atrophy, 107, 146, 309
agglutinating, 876 Apoptosis, 88 shoulder joint, 288 Attachment sites, muscle, 345–346
chemical nature of, 866 Appendages. See Lower limbs; of synovial joints, 273–274 Attention, 506
endogenous, 868, 868f Upper limbs temporomandibular joint, Attention deficit hyperactivity
exogenous, 867–868, 868f Appendicitis, 984 217, 287 disorder, 542
major histocompatibility Appendicular skeleton Articular cartilage, 178, 188, 273 Auditory association area, 520, 633
complex, 867–868 bones of, 203, 203t Articular cavity, 273 Auditory ossicle, 625, 627f
neutralizing, 875 and development of skeletal Articular disc, 274, 298 Auditory pathway, 632–634
precipitating, 876 system, 263–265 Articular fat pad, 273 Auditory receptors, 631f
Antigen-binding site, 875 disorders of, 265 Articulating bones, synovial joints Auditory tube, 626
Antigen presentation, 867 female and male pelves and, 284 Auerbach. See Myenteric neural
Antigen-presenting cell, compared, 255 Articulation. See Joints plexus
867, 868f and homeostasis, 242, 258 Artificial pacemaker, 744 Auricle, 625, 731
Antigen processing, 867–868, joints of, 284t–285t Artificial sweetener, 47 Auscultation, 5, 751
868f, 869f lower limb, 255–263 Arytenoid cartilage, 899 Autoantibody, 886
Antigen receptor, 864, 866–867 pectoral girdle, 243–245 Ascending aorta, 798, 801, 801f Autocrine, 650, 650f
Anti-inflammatory effect, pelvic girdle, 251–253 Ascending colon, 984 Autografts, 887
glucocorticoids and, 675 true and false pelves, 253–255 Ascending limb (nephron loop), Autoimmune disease, 145,
Antimicrobial proteins, 860 upper limb, 246–251 1048, 1069 885–886
Antimicrobial substance, innate Appendix, 984 Ascending lumbar vein, 827t Autoimmune hyperthyroidism.
immunity and, 859–860 Appositional growth, 137, 188 Ascites, 946 See Graves’ disease
Antioxidant, 33, 105 Apraxia, 542 A (aminoacyl) site, 94 Autologous chondrocyte
Antioxidant vitamin, 1033 Aptyalia, 533 Aspartate, 451 implantation, 273
Antiporter, 75 Aquaporin (AQP), 71, 1063, 1065 Asphyxia, 938 Autologous preoperative
Antiresorptive drug, 198 Aquaporin-1, 1063 Aspiration, 938 transfusion, 724
Antithrombin, 717 Aquaporin-2, 1065 Aspirin, 717 Autolysis, 86
Antrum, 1125 Aqueduct of the midbrain, 498 Association area, cerebral cortex, Automated external
Anus, 984 Aqueous humor, 9, 615 517, 520–521 defibrillator, 767
Aorta, 798, 799f, 800 Arachidonic acid, 682 Association tract, 514 Automatic implantable cardioverter
abdominal, 809–810, 809t-811t, Arachnoid granulation, 499 Associative learning, 594 defibrillator, 767
811f–813f Arachnoid mater, 462, 496 Asthma, 936–937 Autonomic control, by higher
arch of, 802, 802t–803t, Arachnoid villus, 498 Astigmatism, 618 centers, 563, 565
804f–806f Arbor vitae, 507 Astrocyte, 425–426 Autonomic dysreflexia, 565
ascending, 801, 801f Arch of foot, 261–262, 263f Asystole, 767 Autonomic ganglion, 549, 550
and principal branches, 798t, Arcuate arteries, 814, Ataxia, 508, 532 Autonomic heart rate regulation,
799f–800f 1048, 1130 Atelectasis, 906 754–755
thoracic, 806, 806t, 808f Arcuate popliteal ligament, 296 Atherosclerosis, 761 Autonomic nerve neuropathy, 566
I-4 IN D E X
Autonomic nervous system (ANS), Axon BCR. See B-cell receptor Blocking of hormone
420, 946 diameter of, 442 Behavioral pattern, hypothalamus receptor, 650
autonomic ganglion, 549, 550 myelinated and unmyelinated, and, 511 Blood
autonomic plexus, 532, 555f 428–429, 429f Bell’s palsy, 354, 531 blood cell formation, 701–703
autonomic tone, 560 in nervous tissue, 143, 423 Belly (muscle), 346 blood groups and types,
blood pressure regulation, 789f Axon bundle, 428–429 Beneficial cell, breastfeeding 717–722
disorders of, 565 Axon collateral, 423 and, 1190 carbon dioxide and oxygen
and homeostasis, 546 Axon hillock, 423 Beneficial molecule, transport in, 922f
and hypothalamus, 510–511 Axon terminal, 322, 423 breastfeeding and, 1190 cholesterol level of, 1014–1015
integration and control of Axoplasm, 423 Benign prostatic hyperplasia components of, 698, 699f
functions, 563, 565 Axosomatic synapse, 444 (BPH), 1150 deoxygenated and
motor pathway of, 549–557 Azotemia, 1083 Benign tumor, 105 oxygenated, 919
neurotransmitter and receptor, Azygos hemiazygos, 825 Beriberi, 1035t development of, 838–839
558–560 Azygos system, 825 Beta-amyloid plaque, 541 disorders of, 722–724
parasympathetic division, 552f, Beta cell, 677 distribution of, 775–777, 781f
557, 561, 561t B Beta-hydroxybutyric acid, 1016 functions of, 697–700
parasympathetic response, 561 Babinski sign, 486 Beta oxidation, 1015 hemostasis, 713–717
postganglionic neurons, 549, Back. See also Vertebral column Beta (β) receptor, 559 and homeostasis, 696, 722–724
550, 553f injuries of, 398 Beta wave, 521 hormone transport in, 651
preganglionic neurons, muscles of, 394–398, 395t–396t, Beverages, caloric content of, for bone, 184–185, 185f
549, 550 397f–398f 1027t for kidneys, 1044, 1047–1048,
somatic nervous system vs., Bacteria, immobilization of, 876 B fiber, 442–443 1047f
547–549, 548f, 549t Bad breath, 995 BHP. See Blood hydrostatic for liver, 969–970, 969f
sympathetic division, 551f, 553f, Ball-and-socket joint, 281, pressure for lungs, 909, 911
554, 556, 561t 282f, 283 Bicarbonate, 1095–1096 occult, 987
sympathetic response, Bariatric surgery, 981 Bicarbonate ion, 925 for pancreas, 678f
560–561 Barium contrast x-ray, 23t Biceps brachii, 382 for parathyroid glands, 670f
visceral effect, 562t–563t Baroreceptor, 754, 789, 930 Biceps femoris, 406 physical characteristics of,
Autonomic plexus, 550, 555f Baroreceptor reflex, 789–790, Bicuspid valve. See Left 697–698
Autonomic reflex, 481, 563 789f, 790f atrioventricular valve platelets, 698, 710–712
Autonomic sensory neuron, 563 Barotrauma, 643 Bilaminar embryonic disc, 1166 red blood cells, 703–707
Autonomic tone, 560 Barr body, 1196 Bile, 970 for skeletal muscle tissue, 309
Autophagosome, 86 Barrett’s esophagus, 995 Bile canaliculus, 968 stem cell transplants, 712–713
Autophagy, 86 Barrier method (birth control), 1146 Bile duct, 968 for synovial joints, 274
Autopsy, 8 Bartholin’s gland. See Greater Bile ductule, 968 for suprarenal glands, 673f
Autoregulation, blood flow, vestibular gland Bile salt, 971, 977, 979 for thyroid gland, 664f, 667
791–792 Basal cell, 603, 605 Bilirubin, 705, 970, 971 as tissue, 138, 138t
Autorhythmic fiber, 742 Basal cell carcinoma, 170 Biliverdin, 705 for uterus, 1132f
Autorhythmicity, 306 Basal decidua, 1165 Binding, in endocytosis, 76 viscosity of, 785
Autosome, 1194, 1194f Basal layer Binge-purge syndrome, 1038 and waste management, 1079
Avascular tissue, 114 endometrium), 1130 Binocular vision, 619 white blood cells, 707–710
AV. See Atrioventricular bundle; skin (stratum basale), 153, 167 Binocular visual field, 624 Blood bank, 724
Atrioventricular node; Basal metabolic rate (BMR), Biofeedback, 547, 566 Blood–brain barrier, 497
Atrioventricular valve 667–668, 1027 Biogenic amine, 452 Blood capillaries. See Capillaries
Awakening, reticular activating Basal nuclei. See Corpus striatum Biopsy, 112 Blood cells. See also specific
system and, 592 Basal state, 1027 Bipolar cell layer, retina, 613 types
Axial muscles, 378 Basal surface, epithelial cell, 115 Bipolar disorder, 458 development, 702f, 839f
Axial skeleton Base (of organs) Bipolar neuron, 424–425 formation of, 701–703
bones of, 205, 203t heart, 728 Bipotential (term), 1147 production of, 178
and bone surface markings, lungs, 906 Birth. See also Labor; Lactation; Blood–cerebrospinal fluid
205–206 Base (chemical), 42, 42f Pregnancy barrier, 498
cranial cavity bones, 207–216 Basement membrane adjustments of infant at, Blood clot, 714, 714f
disorders of, 237–238 of epithelial tissue, 115–116, 116f 1188–1189 Blood clotting, 714–716, 715f. See
and divisions of skeletal system, of filtration membrane, 1055 changes in circulation at, also Hemostasis
203, 204f of thyroid gland, 665 836f–837f Blood colloid osmotic pressure,
facial bones, 216–218 Base triplet, 93 fontanels at, 222f 782, 1056
and homeostasis, 202 Basic solution, 43 Birth control, 1143–1146, 1144t Blood doping, 707
hyoid bone, 223 Basilar artery, 802t 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), 924 Blood flow. See also
joints of, 285t Basilar membrane, 628 Black eye, 207 Hemodynamics
skull, 206–207, 218–223 Basolateral membrane, 1060 Blackhead, 174 and brain, 494, 497
thorax, 233–237 Basophil, 708 Black lung disease, 938 control of, 787–792
and types of bones, 205 BBB. See Blood–brain barrier Blast (blood cell), 702 to coronary arteries, 763f
vertebral column, 223–226 B cell Blastocyst, 1163, 1163f, 1164f factors affecting, 784–787
vertebral regions, 226–233 activation and clonal selection Blastocyst cavity, 1163 velocity of, 786, 787f
Axillary nerve, 473 of, 874–875, 874f Blastomere, 1163 Blood groups
Axis (vertebra), 229 maturation of, 864, 865f Bleaching of photopigment, 620 and blood types, 717–722, 720t
Axoaxonic synapse, 444 B-cell receptor (BCR), 874 Blepharitis, 643 inheritance of, 1193, 1193f
Axodendritic synapse, 444 BCOP. See Blood colloid osmotic Blind spot, 613, 615 Blood hydrostatic pressure, 782
Axolemma, 423 pressure Blister, 174 Blood island, 838, 839f, 1172
I NDEX I-5
Blood plasma Body movements BPG. See 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate Brunner’s gland. See Duodenal
as body fluid, 9, 1098 control of, 584–592 BPH. See Benign prostatic gland
as component of blood, 138, muscular tissue and, 306 hyperplasia Brush border. See Microvillous
698, 700t Body piercing, 157 Brachialis, 382 border
electrolyte and protein anion Body position, 14, 306 Brachial plexus Brush border enzyme. See
concentrations in, 1094f Body surface area, 1103 anterior view of, 474f–475f Microvillous border
Blood pressure (BP) Body temperature, 511, 1029–1032 nerves in, 473–474, 473t enzyme, 931
and aortic arch, 802t Bohr effect, 923 and other plexuses, 470 Buccal cavity. See Mouth
and blood flow, 784–785 Bolus, 953 Brachiocephalic trunk, 802 Buccinator, 353
in cardiovascular system, 784f Bombesin, 991 Brachioradialis, 382 Bud, 167
control of, 787–789 Bone Bradycardia, 755, 765, 792 Buffer, 43
factors that increase, 787f blood and nerve supply for, Bradykinesia, 596 Buffer system, 43–44, 1098–1099
homeostasis of, 12f, 793–796 184–185 Brain Buffy coat, 698
hormonal regulation, and calcium homeostasis, blood-brain barrier, 497 Bulb
790–791, 791t 195–196 and blood flow, 497 hair, 158
and kidneys role, 1044 formation of, 185–192 cerebellum, 507–509 penis, 1118
measurement of, 793, 793f fracture and repair, 192–195 cerebral cortex, 517–522 vestibule, 1035
neural regulation, 789–790, 790f functions, 178 and cerebrospinal fluid, 497–501 Bulbar conjunctiva, 609
and respiration, 931 growth hormone and, 660 cerebrum, 512–517 Bulbospongiosus, 374
Blood reservoir, 164, 781 growth of, 190t development of, 494t, 539f Bulbourethral gland, 1077, 1118
Blood sample, 829t structure of, 178–180 diencephalon, 494, 509–512 Bulbous corpuscle, 575
Bloodshot eyes, 609 surface markings, 205–206, 206t disorders of, 540–542 Bulbus cordis, 760
Blood test, 697 and thyroid hormones, 668 functions of, 518t Bulimia, 995, 1038
for kidney function, 1072–1073 types of, 205, 205 gray and white matter in, 430f Bulk flow, 782
Blood–testis barrier, 1109 Bone-building drug, 198–199 and homeostasis, 493 Bulk-phase endocytosis, 77, 78f
Blood transfusion, 718–720 Bone canaliculus, 137 injuries to, 522–523 Bulla, 174
Blood types, 717–722, 718t, 718f Bone concentric lamella, 181 major parts of, 494, 495f BUN. See Blood urea nitrogen
Blood urea nitrogen, 1072 Bone densitometry scan, 23t planes and sections through, 18f Bundle of His. See Atrioventricular
Blood vessels. See also Circulation Bone deposition, 191 protective coverings of, 496, 496f (AV) bundle
and anastomoses, 775 Bone grafting, 260 Brainstem, 494, 502–507 Bunion, 267
arteries, 774–775 Bone lacuna, 137, 181 medulla oblongata, 502–504, 503f Burn, 170, 171–173, 172f, 173f
arterioles, 775 Bone lamella, 137, 181 midbrain, 504–505 Bursa, 274–275, 289
and blood distribution, Bone marrow, 701, 712–713 and movement, 586 Bursectomy, 302
775–777, 781f Bone marrow examination, 701 pons, 504 Bursitis, 276
capillaries, 780–781 Bone remodeling, 191 reticular formation, 505–507
capillary exchange, 781–783, 783f Bone remodeling phase (bone Brain tumor, 541–542 C
development of, 838–839, 839f repair), 193 Brain wave, 521, 522f Ca2+-ATPase pump, 318–319
features of, 780t Bone resorption, 180–181, 191 Branches, spinal nerve, 470, Ca2+ release channel, 318
and homeostasis, 771 Bone scan, 183 470f, 473 CABG. See Coronary artery bypass
length of, 785 Bone tissue, 137, 137t Breast, 1135, 1136f. See also grafting
for nephrons, 1049f–1051f and aging, 197–199, 198t Mammary entries CAD. See Coronary artery disease
permeability of, 861 blood and nerve supply, Breast augmentation, 1137 Cadherin, 113
structure of, 772–781, 773f 184–185 Breast cancer, 854, 1152–1153 CAH. See Congenital adrenal
veins, 778–779 bone formation, 185–192 Breastfeeding, 1189 hyperplasia
venules, 777–778 and calcium homeostasis, Breast reduction, 1137 cal. See Calorie
Blood volume, 1044 195–196 Breathing Calcaneal tendon, 406
BMR. See Basal metabolic rate compact, 137, 137t, control of, 927–931, 928f Calcaneovalgus, 478
Body (part of structure) 181–183, 182f depth of, 931t Calcaneus, 261
bone, 178 disorders of, 197–199 muscles used in, 369–372, 369t, Calcification, 180, 185
epididymis, 1115 and exercise, 196 370f–371f Calcified cartilage, 188
gallbladder, 966 fracture and repair of bone, patterns and movements, Calcitonin
nail, 161–163 192–195, 193f 916, 916t in calcium homeostasis,
pancreas, 964 functions of, 178 rate of, 931t, 1103 195–196, 196f, 671t
penis, 1118 histology of, 180–184 Breech presentation, 1188, 1197 controlling secretion of, 668–669
rib, 233, 236–237 and homeostasis, 177, 197–199 Broad ligament, of uterus, from C thyrocytes, 671–672
stomach, 960 spongy, 182f, 183–184 1121, 1129 Calcitriol, 195, 669
sternum, 233 structure of bone, 178–180 Broca’s area, 520 Calcium, 1096
uterus, 1128 types of cells in, 181f Bronchus, 904–905 Calcium-ATPase pumps, 318–319
Body buffer, 1078 Bone trabecula, 137 Bronchial tree, 905 Calcium homeostasis, 195–196,
Body cavity, 16–18, 19f Bony callus formation, 193 Bronchial tube, 933f 196f, 671t
Body-contouring technique, 133 Bony labyrinth, 626 Bronchial vein, 825t Calcium ion, 75
Body fluid, 1037. See also Water Bony pelvis, 251, 251f Bronchiectasis, 938 Calcium release channel, 318
and acid-base balance, Borborygmus, 995 Bronchiole, 904, 905, 907 Callus, 154, 174
1098–1103 Botulinum toxin (Botox®), 170 Bronchitis, 936 Calmodulin, 336
and aging, 1103–1104 Bowman’s capsule. See Bronchogenic carcinoma, 934 Calorie (cal), 1026
electrolytes in, 1094–1087 Glomerular capsule Bronchomediastinal trunk, 850 Calorigenic effect, 668, 1027
fluid compartments, 1092–1093 Boxer’s fracture, 250 Bronchopulmonary segment, 907 Calsequestrin, 319
and homeostasis, 9–13, Boyle’s law, 912, 912f Bronchoscopy, 938 cAMP. See Cyclic adenosine
1088–1096, 1097f BP. See Blood pressure Browlifts, 170 monophosphate
I-6 IN D E X
Canaliculus Carbon skeleton, 44 and immunity, 883 Celiac ganglion, 550, 556
bone, 137 Carboxypeptidase, 965 and integumentary system, 171 Celiac plexus, 554
cartilage, 193 Carcinogen, 106 and lymphoid system, 852f, 883 Celiac trunk artery, 810
Canal of Schleem. See Scleral Carcinogenesis, 106 and muscular system, 415 Cells, 4. See also specific types of
venous sinus Carcinoma, 105 and nervous system, 564 cells
Cancer, 105–107 Cardia, 960 and genital systems, 1151 and aging, 104–105
breast, 1152–1153 Cardiac accelerator nerves, 754, 788 and respiratory system, 935 in bone tissue, 181f
causes of, 106 Cardiac arrest, 767 and shock, 793–796 diversity of, 104, 104f
cervical, 1128 Cardiac assist devices/ and skeletal system, 266 glucose movement in, 1003
colorectal, 993 procedures, 758t and urinary system, 1082 and homeostasis, 63
growth and spread, 105–106 Cardiac catheterization, 814 Cardioversion, 766 parts of, 64–65, 64f, 91t–92t
immunotherapy, 880 Cardiac circulation. See Coronary Carina, 904 in pancreatic islet, 677
larynx, 901 circulation Carotene, 156 Cell biology, 64
lung, 934 Cardiac conduction system, 742, Carotid body, 790, 929 Cell body, 143, 422
and mitotic spindles, 99 744, 745f, 746–748 Carotid endarterectomy, 842 Cell cycle, 96–97, 97f, 100t
ovarian, 1153 Cardiac cycle, 748, 750f, 751–752 Carotid pulse, 803t Cell division, 96–103, 97f, 99f
pancreatic, 966 Cardiac muscle fiber, 334–335 Carotid sinus, 789 and cell destiny, 98, 100
prostate, 1150 Cardiac muscle tissue, 141, 142t, Carotid sinus massage, 790 reproductive, 100–101,
skin, 170, 172f 306–307 Carotid sinus reflex, 789 102f–103f
testicular, 1150 ATP production in, 746–747 Carotid sinus syncope, 790 somatic, 96–98
treatment, 106–107 autorhythmic fiber, 742, 744 Carpal, 247–251, 248f Cell-identity marker, 66
types of, 105 and cardiac conduction system, Carpal tunnel, 249, 386 Cell junction, 113–114, 113f
urinary bladder, 1083 742–748 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 249, 391 Cell-mediated immunity, 864,
vaccine, 880 characteristics of, 334–335 Carpus. See Wrist 870–873
Cancer immunology, 880 contraction of contractile fiber, Carrier, of recessive gene, 1192 and cytotoxic T cell, 871
Canine, 953 744, 746 Carrier-mediated facilitated and helper T cells 870–871
Canker sore, 995 histology of, 742, 743f diffusion, 70–71, 71f and immunological
Capacitation, 1118, 1131, 1162 location and function of, 141, 142t Carrier proteins, 66 surveillance, 872
Capillary, 772, 775–777, 776f, 777f skeletal and smooth vs. Cartilage. See also specific types invader elimination, 871–872
Capillary basement 337f–338f and bone growth, 188 and T-cell activation, 870
membrane, 909 Cardiac notch, 907 as supporting connective tissue, Cellular level of organization, 4
Capillary bed, 776 Cardiac output (CO), 134–137, 135t–136t and aging, 104–105
Capillary endothelium, 909 751–755, 756f torn, 275 and cell division, 96–103
Capillary exchange, 781–784, 783f Cardiac plexus, 554 Cartilage model, 187–188 and cytoplasm, 78–89
Capillary loop, 154 Cardiac rehabilitation, 767 Cartilaginous joint, 270, 272, 272f disorders at, 105–107
Capillary plexus of infundibular Cardiac reserve, 753 Cartilaginous neurocranium, 263 diversity at, 104
stalk, 662 Cardiac transplantation, 757f, Cartilaginous viscerocranium, 264 homeostasis at, 63
Capitate carpal, 248 757–758 Castration, 1156 nucleus, 89–92
Capsular decidua, 1165 Cardinal ligament, 1129 Catabolism parts of cells, 64–65, 91t–92t
Capsular hydrostatic Cardiogenic area, of embryo, 759, as basic life process, 7 and plasma membrane, 65–68
pressure, 1056 1171–1173 coupling of anabolism and, protein synthesis at, 93–96
Capsular space, 1050 Cardiogenic cord, 759 1001, 1001f transport at, 68–78, 79t
Capsule (thymus), 852, 854 Cardiogenic mesenchyme, decomposition reactions in, 39 Cellular respiration
Carbamino compound, 925 759, 1173 Catalyst, 38, 39f aerobic and anaerobic phase
Carbaminohemoglobin, 925 Cardiogenic shock, 793 Cataract, 642 of, 59
Carbohydrate, 45–47, 46t Cardiology, 728 Catecholamine, 452, 668 ATP produced in, 1011t
digestion of, 976 Cardiomegaly, 757, 767 Catechol-O-methyltransferase, in carbohydrate metabolism,
disaccharide, 47 Cardiomyopathy, 767 452, 559 1003–1010
and liver, 970 Cardiopulmonary Catheter, 762 glycolysis in, 1004f
monosaccharide, 46 resuscitation, 730 Cation, 34, 755 Krebs cycles in, 1008f
polysaccharide, 46, 47 Cardiovascular adjustments at Cauda equina, 464 overview, 1004f
Carbohydrate loading, 1013 birth, 1188–1189 Caudal anesthesia, 233 principal reactions of, 1012f
Carbohydrate metabolism, Cardiovascular center Caudate lobe, liver, 966 Cellulose, 46
1003–1013 heart rate regulation by, 754 Caudate nucleus, 514 Cement, 953
and fate of glucose, 1003 location of, 503 Caval opening, 370 Centers of transfusion medicine, 724
glucose anabolism, 1010–1013 structure and function of, Caveola, 335 Central arteries, 857
glucose catabolism, 1003–1010 787–789, 788f Cavernous sinus, 819 Central (haversian) canal. See
and movement of glucose, 1003 Cardiovascular system, 6t, 686. Cavity of the larynx, 898 Osteonic canal
Carbon, 32f See also Blood; Blood CBC. See Complete blood count Central chemoreceptor, 929
Carbon dioxide vessels; Circulation; Heart; CCK. See Cholecystokinin Central incisor, 953
exchange of oxygen and, 918–922 Hemodynamics CCK cells, 973 Central line placement, 822t
exhalation, 1098, 1099 and aging, 839 CCTA. See Coronary computed Central nervous system (CNS), 420
in external and internal blood pressure in, 784f tomography angiography neurogenesis in, 455–456
respiration, 920f contributions of, 841 CD. See Collecting duct neuroglia of, 425–427
transport of, 922f, 925–927 development of, 1171–1173 CD8 T cell, 826, 871 neurons of, 425f, 426f
Carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer and digestive system, 994 CD4 T cell, 826, 870 Central retinal artery, 613
system, 43–44, 1099 disorders of, 839–840, 842 Cdk (cyclin-dependent protein Central retinal vein, 613
Carbon monoxide, 453 and endocrine system, 690 kinase), 100 Central sulcus, 513
Carbon monoxide poisoning, 925 homeostasis in, 772, 793, 841 Cecum, 984 Central system, 137
I NDEX I-7
Central tendon, 370 Cervix, 1128 Chloride–bicarbonate Circular muscle. See Sphincter
Central vein, 968 Cesarean section, 1188 antiporters, 1100 pupillae
Centriole, 81 C fiber, 442 Chloride shift, 925 Circulating hormone,
Centromere, 98 CFS. See Chronic fatigue syndrome Chlorine, atomic structure of, 32f 650–651, 651f
Centrosome, 81, 81f cGMP. See Cyclic GMP Choanae, 894 Circulation. See also Systemic
Cephalic periarterial nerves, cGMP-gated channel, 621 Cholecystectomy, 970 circulation
554, 556 cGMP phosphodiesterase, 622 Cholecystokinin, 973 of cerebrospinal fluid, 498–499,
Cephalic phase (digestion), 989 Chalazion, 609 Cholesterol, 66, 1014–1015 499f–500f
Cerebellar artery 802t Chancre, 1155 Cholinergic neuron, 558, 558f checking of, 792–793
Cerebellar cortex, 507 Channel-mediated facilitated Cholinergic receptor, 558, 559t collateral, 741, 775
Cerebellar hemisphere, 507 diffusion, 70, 70f Chondritis, 302 fetal, 836–838, 836f–837f
Cerebellar neuron, 585 Charley horse, 416 Chondrocyte, 135 hepatic portal, 796, 833–834,
Cerebellar nucleus, 507 Cheek, 948 Chondroitin sulfate, 129, 134 833f–834f
Cerebellar peduncle, 507 Chemicals, developmental Chordae tendineae, 734 micro-, 776
Cerebellum defects and, 1180–1181 Chorea, 591 pulmonary, 834–835, 835f
input and output, 591f Chemical bond, 34–37 Chorion, 1168 Circulation time, 786
in movement, 591–592 covalent bond, 35 Chorionic cavity, 1168 Circulatory route, 796, 7957f
and other parts of brain, 494 hydrogen bond, 35–37 Chorionic villus, 1173–1174, 1173f Circumcision, 1119
structure and functions of, ionic bond, 34–35 Chorionic villi sampling, 1182, Circumduction, 277–278, 278f
507–509, 508f Chemical digestion, 943 1182f Circumferential bone
Cerebral aqueduct. See Aqueduct large intestine, 986 Choroid, 611 lamella, 183
of the midbrain in mouth, 953–954 Choroid fissure, 640 Circumflex artery
Cerebral arterial circle, 803t small intestine, 976–977 Choroid plexus, 498 of ascending aorta, 801
Cerebral circulation, 796 stomach, 962–963 CHP. See Capsular hydrostatic of coronary arteries, 739
Cerebral cortex Chemical element, 30, 30t–31t pressure Circumventricular organ, 512
association areas of, 520–521 Chemical energy, 37, 1028 Chromaffin cell, 556, 676 Cirrhosis, 995
and brain waves, 521–522 Chemical heart rate regulation, 755 Chromatid, 91 Cis face, See Entry face saccule
and cerebrum, 512 Chemical level of organization, 3–4 Chromatin, 91 Cistern, 84
control of movement, 585–586 adenosine triphosphate, 58–59 Chromatin fiber, 91 Cisterna chyli, 850, 858
electrical signals in, 431 carbohydrates, 45–47 Chromatolysis, 456 Citric acid cycle. See Krebs cycle
functional organization of, and chemical bonds, 34–37 Chromosomes, 64, 90f, 91f Cl––HCO3– antiporters, 1100
517–523, 519f and chemical reactions, 37–40 homologous, 97 Classical pathway, complement
and hemispheric homeostasis at, 29 sex, 97 activation, 878
lateralization, 521 inorganic compounds and Chronic adrenocortical Claudication, 842
motor areas of, 517, 520 solutions at, 40–44 insufficiency, 691 Claustrum, 515
sensory areas of, 517, 520 lipids, 47–51 Chronic bronchitis, 936 Clavicle, 243–244, 244f
Cerebral hemisphere, 513, 514f nucleic acids, 56–58 Chronic fatigue syndrome, 887 Clavicular head (SCM), 366
Cerebral palsy, 597 organic compounds at, 44–45 Chronic inflammation, 863 Clawfoot, 263
Cerebral peduncle, 504 and organization of matter, 30–32 Chronic leukemia, 723 Clawhand, 474
Cerebral sulcus, 514 proteins, 51–55 Chronic lymphoblastic Cleavage, of zygote, 1162, 1163f
Cerebral white matter, 514, 514f Chemical peel, 170 leukemia, 723 Cleavage furrow, 98
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Chemical protection, Chronic myelogenous Cleft lip, 216
as body fluid, 9 cerebrospinal fluid and, 497 leukemia, 723 Cleft palate, 216
circulation of, 498–499, 499f–501f Chemical reactions, 37–40, 38f Chronic obstructive pulmonary Clitoris, 1135
formation of, 498 energy transfer in, 38–39 disease, 936 Cloaca, 1079, 1175
functions of, 497 and forms of energy, 37–38 Chronic prostatitis, 1150 Cloacal membrane, 991, 1171, 1175
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), 540 types of, 39–40 Chronic renal failure, 1081–1082 Clock gene, 512
Cerebrum, 512–517, 513f. See also Chemical symbol, 30 Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Clock protein, 512
Cerebral cortex Chemical synapse, 445–447, 446f (CTE), 523 Clonal selection
corpus striatum, 514–516 Chemiosmosis, 1008, 1010f Chyle, 850 of B cell, 874–875, 874f
integrative functions of, 592–596 Chemistry Chylomicron, 979, 1014 of cytotoxic T cell, 871, 872f
limbic system, 516–517 definition of, 30 Chyme, 962 of helper T cell, 870–871, 871f
lobe of, 513–514 and homeostasis, 29 Chymotrypsin, 965 principle of, 864–866
and other parts of the brain, 494 Chemoreceptor, 573, 754, Chymotrypsinogen, 966 Clone, 865
Cerumen, 161 928–930, 929f Cigarette smoking, 82, 932, 1181 Cloning, therapeutic, 1164–1165
Ceruminous gland, 161, 625 Chemoreceptor reflex, 790 Cilium, 81–82, 82f, 859 Closed reduction, fractures
Cervical canal, 1128 Chemotaxis, 709, 860 Ciliary body, 611 and, 193
Cervical cancer, 1153 Chemotherapy, hair loss and, 159 Ciliary ganglion, 528, 550 Clot retraction, 716
Cervical cap, 1146 Cheyne–Stokes respiration, 938 Ciliary muscle, 611 Clotting, blood, 714–716, 715f.
Cervical dysplasia, 1153 CHF. See Congestive heart failure Ciliary process, 611 Clotting factor, 714
Cervical enlargement, 462 Chief cell, See Dense principal Ciliated pseudostratified Clubfoot, 267
Cervical mucus, 1131 parathyroid cell columnar epithelium, 120t CNS. See Central nervous system
Cervical plexus, 470, 471–472, Childbirth, oxytocin and, 663 Ciliated simple columnar CO. See Cardiac output
472f, 472t Childhood, bone growth during, epithelium, 119t CoA. See Coenzyme A
Cervical vertebrae 188–189 Cingulate gyrus, 516 Coarctation, of aorta, 764
location and surface features of, Chill, 1037 Circadian rhythm, 511–512, 592 Coccygeal plexus
227, 227f–228f, 229 Chiropractic, 239 Circle of Willis. See Cerebral anterior view of, 478f
lumbar and thoracic vs., 232t Chlamydia, 1154 arterial circle nerves in, 478, 478t–479t
in vertebral column, 223 Chloride, 1095 Circular fold, 974 and other plexuses, 470
I-8 IN D E X
Coccygeal vertebra, 223 activation of, 877–878, 877f supporting, 130, 134–138, Coronary computed tomography
Coccyx, 223, 232f, 233 antimicrobial substances in, 135t–138t angiography scan, 25t, 762
Cochlea, 627, 629f–630f 859–860 Connective tissue proper, 130, Coronary ligament, 966
Cochlear branch, 530 role in immunity of, 876–878 131t–134t Coronary sinus, 741, 796, 817
Cochlear duct, 627 Complete abstinence, 1144 dense, 130, 133t–134t Coronary sulcus, 731
Cochlear nucleus, 504, 632 Complete antigen, 866 loose, 130, 131t–132t Coronary veins, 741
Cochlear window, 625 Complete blood count (CBC), 697 Connexin, 114 Coronavirus disease 2019
Codominant allele, 1193 Complete protein, 1017 Consciousness, 506, 542, 592 (COVID-19), 934
Codon, 93 Complete transection of spinal Conservation of energy, law of, 37 Corpora cavernosa penis, 1118
Coenzyme A (CoA), 1005 cord, 488 Constant (C) region, Cor pulmonale, 767
Coenzyme Q (Q), 1008 Complex inheritance, 1193–1194, antibody, 875 Corpus albicans, 1122
Cofactor, 53 1194f Constipation, 987 Corpus callosum, 513, 514
Cold receptor, 575 Complex regional pain syndrome Constriction of the pupil, 618 Corpuscle of touch, 154, 575
Cold sore, 174 type 1, 566 Contact, at joints, 284 Corpus hemorrhagicum, 1141
Colitis, 995 Compliance, lung, 915 Contact dermatitis, 174 Corpus luteum, 1122, 1141
Collagen fiber, 129 Compound, 33 Contact inhibition, 165 Corpus spongiosum penis, 1118
Collateral circulation, 741, 775 Compound acinar gland, 126 Continuous ambulatory Corpus striatum, 514, 590–591
Collecting duct Compound gland, 126 electrocardiography, 748 Corpus striatum neuron, 585
and countercurrent Compound tubular gland, 126 Continuous capillary, 777 Cortical nephron, 1048
multiplication, 1068–1070 Compound tubuloacinar Continuous conduction, 442 Cortical radiate arteries, 1048
histology of, 1049, 1053t gland, 126 Contraception, 1143 Cortical radiate veins, 1048
and other parts of Compression, for sprains, 302 Contraceptive skin patch, 1145 Corticobulbar pathway,
nephrons, 1048 Compressor urethrae, 374 Contractile fiber contraction, 744, 586, 588f
physiology of, 1053–1056 Computed tomography, 24t 746–747, 746f Corticobulbar tract, 481, 586
and renal tubule, COMT. See Catechol-O- Contractility, 307, 753 Corticospinal pathway, 586, 587f
1050–1051, 1053 methyltransferase Contractions Corticospinal tract, 586
secretion of H+ in, 1101f Concentrated urine formation, abnormal, 340 Corticosterone, 674
tubular reabsorption and 1068–1070, 1069f ATP production for, 326f Corticotrophic cell, 658, 660f
secretion in, 1064, 1067f Concentration (chemical), 38, 42 of skeletal muscle Corticotropin-releasing hormone,
Colloid, 41–42, 667 Concentration gradient, 68, 69 fibers, 316–325, 317f, 659, 675, 1184
Colon, 984 Concentric isotonic contraction, 320f–321f, 324f Cortisol, 674
Colonoscopy, 995 331, 331f twitch, 328–329, 328f Cortisone, 674
Colon polyp, 984 Concentric bone lamella, 181 Contraction cycle, 317–318, 317f Coryza, 909
Colony-stimulating factor, 703 Conceptus, 1197 Contraction period, 329 Costal breathing, 916
Color blindness, 619, 1195, 1195f Concha, 896 Contralateral reflex arc, 486–487 Costal surface (lung), 907
Colorectal cancer, 994 Concussion, 523 Control center, 11 Costimulation, 870
Colostomy, 995 Condom, 1146 Contusion, 174, 523 Coughing, 503
Colostrum, 1189 Conducting zone, 892 Conus medullaris, 462 Countercurrent exchange, 1070
Colposcopy, 1156 Conduction, 1029 Convection, 1029 Countercurrent exchanger, 1070
Column, spinal cord, 223–226 Conduction deafness, 643 Convergence, 454, 619 Countercurrent multiplication,
Coma, 506, 593–594 Condylar joint, 281 Converging circuit, 454 1068–1070
Combined pill (birth control), 1145 Condyloid joint. See Condylar Conversion, of retinal, 620 Countercurrent multiplier, 1069
Comedo, 174 joint COPD. See Chronic obstructive Covalent bonds, 35, 36f
Commissural tract, 514 Cone, 613, 620f pulmonary disease Cowper’s gland. See
Common bile duct, 968 Cone photopigment, 619 Copper atom, 1008 Bulbourethral gland
Common carotid artery, 802 Congenital suprarenal Coracobrachialis, 381 Coxal bone, 251
Common cold, 909 hyperplasia, 676 Coracohumeral ligament, 288, 290 Coxal joint. See Hip joint
Common hepatic artery, 809t Congenital defect, 1197 Cords, brachial plexus, 473 CP. See Cerebral palsy; Cor
Common hepatic duct, 968 Congenital heart defect, Cord-blood transplant, 712–713 pulmonale
Common iliac arteries, 798, 814 764–765, 764f Core muscle, 399 CPR. See Cardiopulmonary
Common integrative area Congenital hypothyroidism, 689 Core temperature, 1029 resuscitation
(cerebral cortex), 520 Congestive heart failure, 767 Corn, 174 Cramps, muscle, 340
Common pathway, 716 Conjoined twins, 1162 Cornea, 611 Cranial base, 206
Common palmar digital Conjunctiva, 609 Corneal abrasion, 643 Cranial bones. See Cranial cavity
artery, 803t Conjunctivitis, 643 Corneal transplant, 643 bones
Common palmar digital vein, 822t Connecting (body) stalk, 1168 Corniculate cartilages, 899 Cranial cavity, 16, 206
Commotio cordis, 767 Connective tissue, 112, Corona, 1118 Cranial cavity bones, 207–216
Communication, in electrical 127–138, 112f Coronal plane, 14 ethmoid bone, 214–215
synapses, 445 classification of, 129–130 Coronal suture, 220 frontal bone, 207
Compact bone tissue, 137, 137t, connective tissue cells, 127, 128f Corona radiata, 1125, 1162 occipital bone, 210–211
181, 182f, 183 covering spinal nerve, 469, 469f Coronary angiography, 762 parietal bones, 207
Compact layer embryonic, 130, 130t Coronary arteries, 739, 741, sphenoid bone, 211–214
(endometrium), 1130 epithelial tissue vs., 763f, 801 temporal bones, 207–208, 210
Compartments, muscle, 351, 114–115, 114f Coronary artery bypass grafting, Cranial meninges, 462, 495
385. See also specific and extracellular matrix, 127–129 762, 802t, 829t Cranial nerve, 420, 524–539
compartments general features of, 127 Coronary artery disease, abducens (VI) nerve, 527–528
Compartment syndrome, 414 liquid, 138, 138t 760–764 accessory (XI) nerve, 535
Compensation, 1101 mature, 130–138, 131t–138t Coronary circulation, 738–739, in equilibrium pathway, 638
Complement system for muscle, 307–309, 308f 740f, 796 facial (VII) nerve, 504, 530
I NDEX I-9
glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve, Current, 432, 621 Decompression sickness, 919 Dentin tubule, 953
531–533 Cushing’s syndrome, 691 Decremental conduction, 437 Dentition, 953, 954f
and homeostasis, 493 Cusp, 734 Decussate, 580 Deoxygenated blood, 919
hypoglossal (XII) nerve, 535 Cutaneous membrane, 139. See Decussation of pyramids, 503 Deoxyribonuclease, 965
oculomotor (III) nerve, 505, also Skin Deep anterior compartment Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
527–528 Cutaneous sensation, 164, 574 muscles, 386 in chromosomes, 97, 98f
olfactory (I) nerve, 524–525 CVA. See Cerebrovascular accident Deep inguinal ring, 1115 nucleic acids in, 56–58, 57f
optic (II) nerve, 525–526 CV center. See Cardiovascular Deep palmar venous arch, recombinant, 96
summary of, 537t center 822t, 829t replication of, 98f
trigeminal (V) nerve, 528–530 CVO. See Circumventricular organ Deep perineal muscles, 374 RNA vs., 58t
trochlear (IV) nerve, 527–528 CVS. See Chorionic villi sampling Deep posterior compartment of and transcription, 95–96
vagus (X) nerve, 533–534 Cyanide, 1010 arm, 386 Deoxyribose, 56
vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve, Cyanosis, 724 Deep transverse perineal, 374 Depilatory, 159
530–531 Cyanotic skin, 156 Deep veins, 778 Depolarization, 744, 749f
Cranial parasympathetic Cyclic adenosine of thigh, 829t Depolarizing graded potential, 436
outflow, 557 monophosphate, 654 Deep vein thrombosis, 842 Depolarizing phase (action
Cranial reflex, 481 Cyclic GMP, 621, 654 Deep wound healing, 165–167, 166f potential), 438, 439, 441f
Craniosacral division, 550 Cyclic Defecation, 859, 943, 987 Depression (psychological
Craniosacral outflow, 550 guanosine monophosphate, 654 Defecation reflex, 987 disorder), 452–453
Craniostenosis, 239 Cyclins, 100 Defensin, 709 Depression, joint, 361, 377
Craniotomy, 239 Cyclin-dependent protein Defibrillation, 766 Dermal filler, 170
Cranium. See Skull kinases, 100 Defibrillator, 766 Dermal papilla, 154
C-reactive protein, 762 Cyst, 174 Deformation, 1197 Dermal root sheath, 158
Creatine, 325 Cystic acne, 160 Degenerative diseases, spinal Dermatan sulfate, 129
Creatine phosphate, 325 Cystic duct (gallbladder), 968, 969 cord, 489 Dermatoglyphics, 155
Creatine supplementation, 325 Cystitis, 1077 Deglutition Dermatology, 150
C region, antibody. See Constant Cystocele, 1083 medulla oblongata and, 503 Dermatomal mesenchyme,
region, antibody Cystoscopy, 1083 muscles assisting in, 362–364, 338, 1171
Cremaster, 1108 Cytochrome, 1008 362f–363f, 363t–364t Dermatome, 471, 471f
Crenation, 72 Cytokine, 702, 868, 869t phases of, 956–958, 957f Dermomytome, 1171
CRF. See Chronic renal failure Cytokinesis, 96, 98, 99f Deglutition center, 503, 956 Dermis, 151, 154–155, 155t
CRH. See Corticotropin-releasing Cytokine therapy, 870, 880 Dehydration, 1066, 1089 Descending colon, 984
hormone Cytolysis, 860, 878 Dehydration synthesis reaction, Descending limb (nephron loop),
Cricoid cartilage, 899 Cytoplasm, 64, 78–89 41, 52f 1048, 1069
Cricothyroid ligament, 899 cytosol, 78, 80 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 675 Desmosome, 114, 742
Cricotracheal ligament, 899 organelles, 81–89 Dehydrogenation, 1009f Detached retina, 615
Crisis (fever), 1037 Cytoplasmic division, 98 Delayed-onset muscle soreness Detrusor, 1076
Crista, 636 Cytoskeleton, 78, 80, 80f (DOMS), 340 Development. See also specific
Cross-bridge, 318 Cytosol Deletion, negative selection systems
Crossed extensor reflex, membrane potential and ions and, 880 adjustments of infant at birth,
485–487, 487f in, 435 Delirium, 542 1188–1189
Crossing-over, 101 and other cell parts, 64 Delta cell, 677 disorders related to, 1196–1197
Cross-matching, blood, 720–722 structure and functions of, Delta wave, 521 embryonic period, 1161–1177
Crown, 953 78, 80 Deltoid, 381 and exercise during
CRP. See C-reactive protein Cytotoxic T cell, 864, 871, Dementia, 542 pregnancy, 1186
Cruciate ligaments, 296–297 872f, 873f Demineralization, 197 fetal period, 1177–1180
Crura, of penis, 1118 Cytotrophoblast, 1166 Denaturation, 53 and homeostasis, 1160
Crying, 609 Dendrite, 143, 152, 422 and labor, 1186–1188
Cryopreserved embryo, 1197 D Dendritic cell, 852 and lactation, 1189–1191
Crypt of Lieberkühn. See DA. See Dopamine, 436 Dendrite spine, 422 and maternal changes during
Intestinal gland Dacryocystitis, 609 Dense body, 335 pregnancy, 1183–1186
Cryptorchidism, 1111 DAG. See Diacylglycerol Dense bone tissue. See Compact prenatal diagnostic tests,
Crystallin, 615 Dalton (unit), 33 bone tissue 1181–1182
CSF. See Cerebrospinal fluid Dalton’s law, 919–920 Dense connective tissue, 130, teratogens, 1180–1181
CSF. See Colony-stimulating factor Dandruff, 154 133t–134t trimesters of, 1161
C thyrocyte cell, 668 Dark adaptation, 620 Dense irregular connective Developmental biology, 1161
CT. See Calcitonin Dark current, 621 tissue, 134t Deviated nasal septum, 218
CT. See Computed tomography Dartos, 1108 Dense principal parathyroid DEXA scan. See Bone
CTE. See Chronic traumatic dB. See Decibel cell, 669 densitometry scan
encephalopathy DBP. See Diastolic blood pressure Dense regular connective Dextran, 992
C thyrocyte, 665 DCT. See Distal convoluted tubule tissue, 133t DHEA. See
Cu. See Copper atom Deafness, 631, 643 Dental anesthesia, 524 Dehydroepiandrosterone
Cuboid bone, 261 Deamination, 1017 Dental caries, 992 DHT. See Dihydrotestosterone
Culdoscopy, 1156 Decarboxylation, 1005 Dental plaque, 992 Diabetes insipidus, 688
Cuneate fasciculus, 503 Decibel, 630 Dental pulp, 953 Diabetes mellitus, 691–692
Cuneate nucleus, 503 Decidua, 1163, 1165f Dentate gyrus, 516 Diabetic kidney disease, 1083
Cuneiform bone, 261 Deciduous teeth, 953 Dentes. See Teeth Diabetic retinopathy, 644
Cuneiform cartilage, 899 Declarative memory, 594 Denticulate ligaments, 462 Diabetogenic effect, of growth
Cupula, 636 Decomposition reaction, 39 Dentin, 953 hormone, 661
I-10 IN D E X
Diacylglycerol, 654 large intestine, 983–988 Dissociation, 42, 42f Dupp sound, 752
Diagnosis, 13 layers of digestive canal, Dissolved carbon dioxide, 925 Dural venous sinuses, 819
reflexes in, 486 943–945 Distal convoluted tubule, 1048, Dura mater, 462, 496
skin color as clue in, 156 liver and gallbladder, 966–971 1064, 1065f Dust cell. See Alveolar macrophage
Dialysis, 1074 and lymphoid system and Distance, diffusion, 69, 921–922 DVT. See Deep vein thrombosis
Diaphragm, 18, 369, 1146 immunity, 883 Distress, 684. See also Stress Dwarfism, 192, 688
Diaphragmatic breathing, 916 mouth, 948–955 response Dynorphin, 453
Diaphysis, 178 and muscular system, 415 Distributing arteries, 775 Dysarthria, 536
Diarrhea, 987 and nervous system, 564 Disuse, of synovial joints, 284 Dysautonomia, 565
Diastole, 748 and neural innervation, 945–946 Diuretics, 1070 Dysmenorrhea, 1156
Diastolic blood pressure, 784, 793 organs of, 942–943, 942f, 988t Divergence, 454 Dyspareunia, 1156
Dicrotic wave, 751 pancreas, 964–966 Diverging circuit, 454 Dysphagia, 995
Diencephalon, 509–512 and peritoneum, 946–948 Diverticula, 993 and muscles that assist in
circumventricular organs 512 pharynx, 955 Diverticular disease, 993 swallowing, 363
development of, 538, 687 phases of digestion, 988–991 Diverticulitis, 993 nerve injuries causing, 533,
epithalamus, 512 processes of, 943, 943f Diverticulosis, 993 534, 536
hypothalamus, 510–512 and respiratory system, 935 Divisions, brachial plexus, 473 Dysplasia, 107
neurulation in, 1171 and skeletal system, 266 Dizygotic twins, 1162 Dyspnea, 938
and other parts of brain, 494 small intestine, 971–983 DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid Dysthymia, 457
thalamus, 509–510 stomach, 958–964 DNA fingerprinting, 58 Dystocia, 1188
Dietary fiber, 987 and urinary system, 1082 Dominant allele, 1192 Dystrophin, 314
Diff. See Differential white blood Digits Dominant ovarian follicle, 1140 Dysuria, 1083
cell count forearm muscles that move, Dominant-recessive inheritance,
Differential white blood cell 385–390, 387f–390f, 1192–1194 E
count, 709 390t–391t DOMS. See Delayed-onset muscle Ears, 625–628, 626f, 639t. See also
Differentiation, 8 palm muscles that move, soreness Hearing
Diffusion 391–392, 392t, 393f–394f Dopamine, 452, 556 cochlea, 629f–630f
in capillary exchange, 781–782 Digitalis, 75 Doppler ultrasound scanning, development of, 641–642, 641f
of neurotransmitters, 449 Digital rectal exams, 1150 24t, 842 external, 625
principle of, 69, 69f Digital tomosynthesis, 1152 Dorsal digital artery, 814t internal, 626–628, 628f
simple and facilitated, 69–73, Dihydrotestosterone, 1113, 1113f Dorsal digital vein, 822t, 829t middle, 625–626, 627f
70f, 71f Dilation (stage of labor), 1187 Dorsal interossei, 391, 411 semicircular canals, 629f–630f
Diffusion distance, 69, 921 Dilation and evacuation Dorsalis pedis artery, 814t vestibule, 629f–630f
Digastric, 362 technique, 1146 Dorsal metatarsal artery, 814t Early distal convoluted
Digestion Dilator pupillae, 612 Dorsal metatarsal vein, 829t tubule, 1064
in large intestine, 986 Dilute urine formation, Dorsal muscles of the foot, 411 Early pregnancy test, 1184
major hormones 1067–1068, 1068f Dorsal respiratory group, 927 Earwax, 625
controlling, 990t Dipeptidase, 976 Dorsal venous arch, 829t Eating, disordered, 1141
mechanical and chemical, 943 Dipeptide, 52, 977 Dorsal venous networks of Eating, regulation of, 511
in mouth, 953–954, 955t Diplegia, 488 hands, 822t EBCT. See Electron beam
in phagocytosis, 861 Diploid (2n) cell, 97 Dorsiflexion, joint, 279 computerized tomography
phases of, 988–991 Diplopia, 528 Double covalent bond, 35 EC. See Emergency contraception
in small intestine, 976–977 Directional term, 14, 16e, 17f Double helix model, 57–58, 57f Eccentric isotonic contraction,
in stomach, 962–963, 963t Direct motor pathway, 481, 586, “Double-jointed” people, 273 331, 331f
Digestion phase (antigen 587f, 588f Down-regulation, 650 Eccrine sweat gland, 160
processing), 867, 868 Disaccharide, 46, 47f Down syndrome, 1197 ECF. See Extracellular fluid
Digestive canal, 942–946 Disease. See also specific diseases Downward rotation, of ECG. See Electrocardiogram
fetal circulation and, 836 and angiogenesis, 772 scapula, 378 Echocardiography, 762
layers of, 945–944, 944f breastfeeding and incidence Drainage route, lymphoid system, Eclampsia, 1186
neural innervation of, 945–946 of, 1190 850f–851f Ectoderm
peritoneal folds and organs of, defined, 13 DRG. See Dorsal respiratory group and endocrine system, 686, 687
947f–948f diagnosis of, 13 Drinking, regulation of, 511 and eye development, 639
volume of fluid in, 980f fats in, 49 Drugs, 762, 842, 971, 1180–1181 and gastrulation, 1169
waste management by, 1079 proteasomes and, 88 Drug tolerance, 84 and integumentary system, 167
Digestive canal reflex, 946 signs and symptome of, 13 DS. See Down syndrome and nervous system, 536
Digestive enzyme, 982t stress and, 686 Dual innervation, 547 and skeletal system, 263
Digestive system, 7t Disease resistance, 846 Ducts, genital system, 1107, Ectopic kidney, 1079
and aging, 991–992 Dislocated knee, 298 1115–117 Ectopic pregnancy, 1165
and cardiovascular system, 841 Dislocated mandible, 302 Duct of epididymis, 1115 Eczema, 174
contributions of, 994 Dislocated rib, 236 Duct of Santorini. See Accessory ED. See Erectile dysfunction
and deglutition, 956–958 Dislocated shoulder, 291 pancreatic duct Edema, 783, 1056, 1095
development of, 991 Dislocation, 302 Duct of Wirsung. See EDV. See End-diastolic volume
digestive enzymes, 982t Dislocation, of radial head, 293 Pancreatic duct EEG. See Electroencephalogram
disorders in, 946, 994 Disordered eating, 1041 Ducts of testis, 1115 EFA. See Essential fatty acid
and endocrine system, 690 Disorders, 13, 591, 689, 691–692, Ductus arteriosus, 837 Effector
esophagus, 955–956 739. See also Homeostatic Ductus deferens, 1077, 1115 in autonomic reflex arc, 547, 563
and genital systems, 1151 imbalances Ductus venosus, 837 and motor function, 425
and homeostasis, 941, 994 Disproportionate dwarfism, 192 Duodenal gland, 974 and motor nerve impulse, 481
and integumentary system, 171 Dissection, 2 Duodenum, 971, 975f role of, 11
I NDEX I-11
Effector cell, 444, 866 Embolus, 717 hormone action mechanisms, and other ANS divisions, 420,
Efferent arteriole (kidneys). See Embryo, 1161, 1163 653–655 547–548
Efferent glomerular arteriole Embryoblast, 1163 and hormone activity, 650–653 Enteroendocrine cell, 944
Efferent duct. See Efferent ductule Embryology, 1161 hormone secretion control, 655 Enterogastric reflex, 990
Efferent ductule, 1115 Embryonic connective tissue, hormones from other organs Enterohepatic circulation, 979
Efferent glomerular arteriole, 1048 129–130, 130t and tissues, 682–684, 683t Enterokinase, 966
Efferent lymphatic vessel, 856 Embryonic folding, 1175, 1176f hypothalamus and pituitary Entry face saccule, 84
Effort, lever system and, 346 Embryonic period of gland, 655–665 Enuresis, 1083
EGF. See Epidermal growth factor development, 1161–1177 and integumentary system, 171 Enzymes
Eicosanoid, 50–51, 682 bone formation in, 185–188 and lymphoid system and function of, 55f
Eicosanoid hormone, 651 changes during, 1179t immunity, 883 as membrane proteins, 66
Ejaculation, 1121 fifth through eighth and muscular system, 415 neurotransmitter degradation
Ejaculatory duct, 1115 weeks, 1177 and nervous system, 564, 648 by, 449
Ejection fraction, 767 first week of development, and ovaries/testes, 681 as proteins, 53, 55
EKG. See Electrocardiogram 1161–1166, 1166f pancreatic islet, 676–681 Enzyme–substrate complex, 55
Elastase, 965 fourth week of development, parathyroid glands, 669–672 Eosinophil, 707–708
Elastic arteries, 774–775 1175–1177 pineal gland and thymus, Ependymal cell, 427
Elastic cartilage, 136t representative events, 1178f 681–682 Ependymal layer, 538
Elastic connective tissue, 134t second week of development, and respiratory system, 935 Epiblast, 1166
Elastic fiber, 129 1166–1169, 1167f–1168f and skeletal system, 266 Epicardium, 730
Elasticity, 155, 307 third week of development, and stress response, 684–686 Epicranial aponeurosis, 353
Elastic membrance, 774 1169–1175 thyroid gland, 665–669 Epidemiology, 13
Elastic recoil, 914 Embryo transfer, 1196 and urinary system, 1082 Epidermal growth factor,
Elbow joint, 292–293, 292f Emergency contraception, 1145 Endocrinology, 649 154, 455
Electrical excitability, 143, Emesis gravidarum, 1197 Endocytosis, 75, 76–77, 76f Epidermal peg, 155
306, 422 Emigration, 708–709, 709f, Endoderm Epidermal ridge, 155
Electrical gradient, 68 862–863 and digestive system, 991 Epidermal stem cell, 153, 1165
Electrical signal, 430–433 Emission, penile, 1121 and ear development, 642 Epidermal wound healing, 165
Electrical synapse, 445 Emmetropic eye, 618 and endocrine system, 686, 687 Epidermis
Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG), Emotional eating, 1029 and gastrulation, 1169 cells in, 152f
747–748, 747f Emotional pattern, and respiratory system, 932 innate immunity from, 859
Electrocardiograph, 747 hypothalamus and, 511 Endodermal layer, primitive keratinization and growth
Electrochemical gradient, 68, 432 Emotional sweating, 161 gut, 991 of, 154
Electrodiagnostic medicine, 319 Emphysema, 936 Endodontics, 953 layers of, 152f, 154t
Electroencephalogram (EEG), Emulsification, 970 Endogenous antigen, 868, 869f in structure of skin, 151,
521, 522f Enamel, tooth, 953 Endolymph, 627 152–154
Electrolysis, 159 Encapsulated nerve ending, 571 Endometriosis, 1152 Epididymis, 1115
Electrolyte, 1089 Encephalitis, 542 Endometrium, 1130, 1164f Epidural block, 490
absorption of, 979 Encephalomyelitis, 542 Endomysium, 309 Epidural space, 462
and aging, 1103–1104 Encephalopathy, 542 Endoneurium, 469 Epigastric region, 21
bicarbonate, 1095–1096 End arteries, 775 Endoplasmic reticulum, 83–84, 84f Epigenesis, 1197
calcium, 1096 End-diastolic volume, 751 Endorphin, 453 Epiglottic cartilage, 899
chloride, 1095 Endergonic reaction, 38 Endoscopy, 25t Epiglottis, 899
concentration of, 1094–1095, Endocardial cushion, 760 Endosome, 76 Epilepsy, 457
1094f Endocarditis, 730 Endosteum, 180 Epimysium, 307
and homeostasis, 1087 Endocardium, 731 Endothelial-capsular membrane. Epinephrine
imbalances in, 1097t Endocervical curettage, 1156 See Filtration membrane in suprarenal medulla, 676
ionic bonds in, 35 Endochondral ossification, 185, Endothelial cell as biogenic amine, 452
magnesium, 1096 186–188, 187f (glomerular), 1055 blood pressure regulation
phosphate, 1096 Endocrine gland Endothelium, 117t by, 791
potassium, 1095 exocrine vs., 648 Endotracheal intubation, 361, splanchic nerves and release
sodium, 1095 glandular epithelium in, 903–904 of, 556
Electromagnetic radiation, 608 124, 125t End piece (sperm), 1113 for thermoregulation, 1030
Electromagnetic spectrum, location of, 649f End-systolic volume, 751 Epineurium, 469
608, 608f Endocrine system, 649, 6t Enemas, 1093 Epiphysis, 178
Electromyography, 319 suprarenal glands, 672–676 Energy Epiphyseal arteries, 184
Electron, 31 and aging, 687–688 and ATP generation, 1002–1003 Epiphyseal cartilage, 272
Electron beam computerized and cardiovascular system, 841 and chemical reactions, 38–39 Epiphyseal line, 189
tomography, 762 chemical class, 651, 652f forms of, 37–38 Epiphyseal plate, 188, 189f
Electron carrier, 1007, 1008 contribution to other body and oxidation–reduction Epiphyseal veins, 184
Electronegativity, 35 systems, 690 reactions, 1002 Episiotomy, 1132
Electron shells, 31 control by nervous system vs., transfer of, 1002–1003 Epistaxis, 938
Electron transport chain, 1003, 648, 648t Energy balance, 1025–1029 Epithalamus, 512
1004, 1007 development of, 686–687, 687f Enkephalin, 453 Epithelial basement
Electrophysiological testing, 767 and digestive system, 994 ENS. See Enteric nervous system membranes, 909
Elevation disorders in, 688–689, 689f Enteric nervous system Epithelial cell, 114–115, 114f,
joint, 279, 280t, 377 endocrine glands, 648–650 and digestive canal innervation, 602–603, 852
for sprains, 302 and genital systems, 1151 945–946 Epithelial membrane, 139
Ellipsoid joint, 281, 282f and homeostasis, 647, 688 organization of, 945f Epithelial root sheath, 158
I-12 IN D E X
Epithelial tissue (epithelium), 112, Excitement (human sexual External abdominal oblique, 367 Fascia, 307
115–127. See also specific response), 1143 External os, 1128 Fascicle
types (e.g.: Covering and Excitotoxicity, 457 External respiration, 892, 919, muscle tissue, 307, 346–347, 348t
lining epithelium) Excretion, skin and, 164 920f, 921 nervous system, 469
classification of, 112 Excretory lacrimal duct, 609 External urethral orifice, 1077, Fasciculation, 340
connective tissue vs., Exercise 1117, 1135 Fasciotomy, 414
114–115, 114f and bone tissue, 196, 198t External urethral sphincter, 374, Fast axonal transport, 424
of digestive canal, 944 and heart, 756–757 1076, 1118 Fast glycolytic fiber, 332
other types of tissue vs., 114–115 and metabolic rate, 1027 Exteroceptor, 571 Fasting, metabolism during,
of urethra, 1077 oxygen consumption after, 327 Extracellular fluid, 9, 435, 1088 1024–1025
Epitope, 866, 866f and pregnancy, 1186 Extracellular matrix, 127–129 Fast oxidative-glycolytic
EPO. See Erythropoietin and respiratory system, 931–932 Extraembryonic coelom, 1168 fiber, 332
Eponychium, 163 and skeletal muscle tissue, 327 Extraembryonic endoblast, 1168 Fast pain, 576
ER. See Endoplasmic reticulum Exercise-induced muscle Extraembryonic mesoblast Fat, 49, 1013
EPSP. See Excitatory postsynaptic damage, 340 mesoderm, 1168 Fat-soluble vitamin, 1033
potential Exergonic reaction, 38 Extrafusal muscle fiber, 578 Fat transplantation, 170
Equilibrium, 634–638 Exhalation, 913f, 914–915 Extraocular muscles, 609–611 Fatty acid, 48, 48f
otolithic organs in, 635–636 Exhaustion, stress response Extremities. See Lower limbs; catabolism of, 1023
semicircular ducts in, 636–637 and, 684 Upper limbs essential, 48–49, 1015
equilibrium pathways, Exit face saccule, 84 Extrinsic muscles saturated and unsaturated,
637–638, 638f Exit site, 94 eye, 355–358, 357f, 358t 48–49
Equilibrium pathway, Exocoelomic membrane, 1168 hand, 386 Fatty streak, 762
637–638, 638f Exocrine gland tongue, 360, 951 Fauces, 897, 948
Equinovarus, 478 classification of, 124, 126 Extrinsic pathway, blood Feces, 943, 986
Erb-Duchenne palsy, 473 endocrine vs., 648 clotting, 715 Feedback system, 10–13, 11f, 12f
Erectile dysfunction, 1152 location and function of, 125t Eyes. See also Vision biofeedback, 547, 566
Erection, 1118, 1119f–1120f multicellular, 125f, 126f accessory structures of, cerebellum in, 591–592
Erector spinae, 396 Exocytosis, 75, 77 608–611, 610f negative. See Negative feedback
Eructation, 995 Exogenous antigen, 867–868, 868f anatomy of eyeballs, systems
ERV. See Expiratory reserve volume Exon, 93 611–613, 612f positive. See Positive feedback
Erythema, 156 Exophthalmos, 689 bloodshoot, 609 systems
Erythrocyte. See Red blood cell Exotropia, 644 development of, 639–641, 640f tubuloglomerular, 1058, 1058f
Erythropoiesis, 706–707, 706f Expiratory area. See Ventral extraocular muscles of, 355–358, Feeding center
Erythropoietin, 702 respiratory group 357f, 358t (hypothalamus), 511
E (exit) site, 94 Expiratory reserve volume interior of eyeballs, 615 Female athlete triad, 1141
Esophageal hemiazygos vein, 825t (ERV), 918 surface anatomy, 609f Female condom, 1146
Esophageal hiatus, 370, 955 Explicit memory, 594 Eyeball Female infertility, 1196–1197
Esophageal stage Explusion (stage of labor), 1187 anatomy of, 611–616, 612f Female pelvis, 255, 256f–257f
(swallowing), 956 Extended cycle birth control interior of, 612–616 Female pronucleus, 1162
Esophageal vein, 825t pill, 1145 muscles that move, 355–358, Female reproductive cycle,
Esophagus Extensibility, 155, 307 357f, 358t 1137–1142, 1139f–1140f
digestive activities in, 958t Extension movements, joints, structure of, 610t hormonal interactions in, 1142f
in digestive system, 955–956 276–277, 277f Eyebrow, 609 hormonal regulation of,
histology of, 956f Extensor carpi radialis brevis, 386 Eyelash, 609 1137–1139
trachea and, 901f Extensor carpi radialis longus, 386 Eyelid, 355–358, 608–609 phases of, 1139–1142
Essential amino acid, 1017 Extensor carpi ulnaris, 386 secretions and physiological
Essential fatty acid, 48–49, 1015 Extensor digiti minimi, 386 F effects of hormones in, 1138f
Estrogens Extensor digitorum, 386 F1 generation, 1194 Female genital system,
and female reproductive cycle, Extensor digitorum brevis, 411 F2 generation, 1194 1121–1137
1138, 1138f Extensor digitorum longus, 406 Facelift, 170 disorders in, 1152–1154
function of, 681 Extensor hallucis brevis, 411 Facial bone, 206, 216–217 homologous structures of, 1135t
positive feedback effects of, Extensor hallucis longus, 406 Facial expression, muscles of, mammary glands, 1135, 1137
1141f Extensor indicis, 386 353–355, 354f–355f, 356t ovaries, 1121–1127
during pregnancy, 1183 Extensor pollicis brevis, 386 Facial (VII) nerve, 504, 530, 531f, perineum, 1135
ESV. See End-systolic volume Extensor retinaculum, 386 607 genital organs and surrounding
Ethmoid bone, 214–215, 214f–215f External acoustic meatus, 625 Facial recognition area (cerebral structures, 1122f–1023f
Eupnea, 916 External anal sphincter, 374, 984 cortex), 520 uterine tubes, 1127, 1029f, 1130f
Eustachian tube. See Auditory tube External auditory canal. See Facilitated diffusion, 69–71, 71f uterus, 1127–1132
Eustress, 684 External acoustic meatus Facultative water vagina, 1132–1134
Euthyroidism, 689 External ear, 625 reabsorption, 1061 vulva, 1134–1135
Evaporation, 1029–1030 External environment, 10f FAD. See Flavin adenine Feminizing adenoma, 692
Eversion, joint, 279 External genitals, 1149f dinucleotide Femoral angiography, 842
Excessive aphasia, 596 External iliac arteries, 814 Falciform ligament, 946 Femoral arteries, 814
Exchange reaction, 39–40 External intercostals, 372 Fallopian tube. See Uterine tube Femoral nerves, 477
Excitable cell, 143–144, 444 External jugular veins, 819 False labor, 1187 Femoral triangle, 399
Excitation-contraction coupling, External mitochondrial Falx cerebelli, 496 Femur
318–329, 320f–321f membrane, 88 Falx cerebri, 496 gluteal muscles that move,
Excitatory postsynaptic potential, External naris. See Nostril Family history, of skin cancer, 170 398–399, 400t, 401f–403f
447, 450 External nose, 894 FAS. See Fetal alcohol syndrome ligament of head of, 293
I NDEX I-13
and patella, 256–258, 258f–259f Filament, muscle tissue, 311, 312, Fontanel, 222, 222f Fulcrum, 346
thigh muscles that move, 312f, 313f Food Fully saturated
404–406, 404t–401t, 401f Filiform papilla, 605 calories in, 1025–1027, hemoglobin, 923
Fenestrated capillary, 777 Filtration, 782 1026t–1027t Functional groups 44, 45t
Fenestration, 777, 1055 Filtration fraction, 1055 ingestion of, 979 Functional layer, 1130
Ferritin, 705 Filtration membrane, 1055–1056, regulation of food intake, 1028 Functional incontinence, 1078
Fertilization, 1161–1162, 1162f 1055f–1055f Food-induced thermogenesis, Functional residual
Fertilization age, 1197 Filtration slit, 1055 1027, 1028 capacity, 918
Fe-S. See Iron–sulfur center Filum terminale, 462 Food poisoning, 995 Fundiform ligament, 1118
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), Fimbriae, 1127 Foot Fundus, 960, 966, 1128
1180, 1197 Fingerprint, 155 arches of, 261, 263f Fungiform papilla, 605
Fetal circulation, 796, 836–838, First-class lever, 346 intrinsic muscles of, 411–413, Fused tetanus, 329
836f–837f First cuneiform bone, 261 412t, 413f Fusion inhibitor, 884
Fetal hemoglobin (Hb-F), 925 First deciduous molars, 953 muscles that move, 406–408,
Fetal period of development First messenger, 653 407f–409f, 410t–411t G
changes during, 1179t–1180t First-order neuron, 580 skeleton of, 261–263, 262f G0 phase, 97
embryonic and, 1161 First permanent molar, 953 Foot drop, 478 G1 phase, 97
events of, 1177–1180, 1178f First polar body, 1126 Foot plate, 264 G2 phase, 97
Fetal surgery, 1179 First premolar, 953 Footprint, 155 GABA. See Gamma-aminobutyric
Fetal ultrasonography, 1181 First trimester of prenatal Foramen ovale, 760, 837 acid
Fetus development, 1161 Foramina (skull), 219 GAG. See Glycosaminoglycan
bone formation in, 185–188 Fissure Forced expiratory volume in one Gallbladder, 964f–965f, 966–971
defined, 1161 cerebral cortex, 512 second, 918 anatomy, 966
embryo vs., 1177 lungs, 907 Forearm, muscles of, 385–390, digestive activities in, 980t
location and position of, 1185f Fixator, 351 387f–390f, 390t–391t function of, 970–971
FEV1. See Forced expiratory Fixed macrophage. See Resting Forebrain, 1171 histology of, 966, 968–969
volume in one second macrophage Foregut, 686, 995, 1175 and pancreas, liver, duodenum,
Fever, 863, 1037 Flaccid muscle, 330 Formed element, 138, 698, 700f, 964f–965f
FG fiber. See Fast glycolytic fiber Flaccid paralysis, 330, 585 711–712t Gallstone, 970
Fiber, dietary, 987 Flagellum, 82, 82f Fornix, 516, 1132 Gamete, 1161
Fibers, extracellular matrix, Flat bone, 205 Forward head posture, 228 Gamete intrafallopian transfer,
128f 129 Flatfoot, 263 Fossa ovalis, 731, 838 1196–1197
Fibrillation, 340, 765 Flatus, 995 Fourth pharyngeal arch, 932 Gamma-aminobutyric acid,
Fibrinogen, 698, 762 Flavin adenine dinucleotide, 1002 Fourth ventricle, 497 451–452
Fibrinolysis, 716 Flavin mononucleotide, 1008 Fovea centralis, 615 Gamma globulin, 724, 887
Fibrinolytic system, 716 Flexion movement, joint, Fracture, 192–195 Gamma motor neuron, 578
Fibroblast, 127 276–277, 277f boxer’s, 250 Ganglion, 422, 428. See also
Fibrocartilage. See Fibrous Flexor carpi radialis, 386 of clavicle, 244 specific types
cartilage Flexor carpi ulnaris, 386 of hip, 265–267 Ganglion cell layer (retina), 613
Fibrous capsule, 1044 Flexor digiti minimi brevis, 391, 411 of metatarsal, 261 Gap junction, 114, 445, 742
Fibrous cartilage, 136t Flexor digitorum brevis, 411 of rib, 236 Gases, exchange and transport of,
Fibrous cartilage callus Flexor digitorum longus, 406 stress, 192 921–922, 922f
formation, 193 Flexor digitorum profundus, 386 treatments for, 193 Gas laws, 918–919
Fibrocystic disease, 1137 Flexor digitorum superficialis, 386 types of, 194t–195t Gastric banding, 981
Fibroids, 1156 Flexor hallucis brevis, 411 of vertebral column, 238 Gastric bypass, 981
Fibromyalgia, 307 Flexor hallucis longus, 406 Fracture hematoma, 192 Gastric emptying, 962
Fibronectin, 129 Flexor pollicis brevis, 391 Frank–Starling law of the Gastric fold, 960
Fibrosis, 144, 166, 309 Flexor pollicis longus, 386 heart, 753 Gastric gland, 961
Fibrous joint, 270–271, 271f Flexor reflex, 485–487, 485f FRC. See Functional residual Gastric juice, 859, 961
Fibrous layer (articular capsule), Flexor retinaculum, 386 capacity Gastric lipase, 963
273, 611 Floating rib, 234 Freckle, 156 Gastric phase (digestion),
Fibrous layer (eyeball), 611 Flocculonodular lobe, Free edge, nail, 162 989, 989f
Fibrous membrane, 273 cerebellum, 507 Free fraction, 651 Gastric pit, 961
Fibrous pericardium, 729 Flu, 909 Free nerve ending, 154, 571 Gastrin, 989
Fibrous protein, 53 Fluid. See Body fluid; Water Free radical, 33, 105, 741 Gastrin-releasing peptide, 991
Fibrous skeleton, heart, Fluid balance (fluid homeostasis), Frequency, of stimulation, Gastrocnemius, 406
735, 735f 1088–1093 329–330, 329f Gastrocolic reflex, 986
Fibrous tunic. See Fibrous layer Fluidity, membrane, 67 Frontal belly Gastroduodenal artery, 809t
(eyeball) Fluid mosaic model, 65, 65f (occipitofrontalis), 353 Gastroenteritis, 995
Fibula FMN. See Flavin mononucleotide Frontal bone, 207 Gastroenterology, 960
muscles that move, 404–406, Foam cell, 762 Frontal eye field area, cerebral Gastroesophageal reflux
404t–401t, 401f FOG fiber. See Fast oxidative- cortex, 520 disease, 958
and tibia, 258–259, 258f, 260f glycolytic fibers Frontal lobe (cerebrum), 514 Gastroileal reflex, 986
Fibular artery, 814 Folium, 507 Frontal plane. See Coronal plane Gastrointestinal tract. See
Fibular collateral ligament, 296 Foliate papilla, 605 Frontal suture, 270 Digestive canal
Fibularis brevis, 406 Follicle-stimulating hormone, 658, Frostbite, 174 Gastroscopy, 995
Fibularis longus, 406 661, 1113 Frozen embryo, 1197 Gastrulation, 1169, 1169f, 1171
Fibularis tertius, 406 Follicular phase (reproductive FSH. See Follicle-stimulating Gated channel, 433f
Fight-or-flight response, 560, 685 cycle), 1122, 1140 hormone Gaze center, 589
I-14 IN D E X
GBHP. See Glomerular blood Glandular alveolus, 1135 metabolism during absorptive Gracile nucleus, 503
hydrostatic pressure Glandular epithelium, 115, state, 1021 Gracilis, 404
GBS. See Guillain-Barré syndrome 124–126, 124t–125t movement into cells of, 1003 Graded potentials
G cell, 961 Glans clitoris, 1135 from proteins and fats, 1013 action potentials vs., 444t
Gene, 56 Glans penis, 1118 release into bloodstream, 1020 electrical signals in, 430
Gene expression, 93, 93f Glaucoma, 643 release of, 1012–1013 generation of, 436–438, 436f–437f
General sense, 570 Glenohumeral joint. storage of, 1010, 1012 graded nature of, 438f
Genetics, 1191. See also Inheritance anatomical components of, structural formula of, 45f summation of, 438f
Genetic code, 93 288–290, 288f–290f Glucose-dependent insulinotropic Graft rejection, 873
Genetic counseling, 1191 injuries, 291 peptide, 973, 990 Granular leukocyte, 707–708
Genetic engineering, 96 muscles that move humerus of, Glucose 6-phosphate, 1020 Granulation tissue, 145, 166
Genetic imprinting, 1192 378–381, 378t, 379f–380f Glucose sparing, 1023 Granulosa cell, 1122
Genetic recombination, 101, 867 Glenohumeral ligament, 288–289 Glucose transporter, 1023 Granulysin, 872
Geniculate ganglion, 530 Glenoid labrum, 289, 291 Glucosuria, 1061 Granzyme, 860, 872
Genioglossus, 360 Gliding movement, synovial joints GLUT. See Glucose transporter Graves’ disease, 689
Geniohyoid, 362 and, 276, 276f GLUT4, 1023 Gravity on the mandible, 359
Genital herpes, 1155 Glioma, 425 Glutamate, 451 Gray commissure, 464
Genital systems, 7t. See also Globin, 703 Gluteal region, muscles of, Gray matter, 429–430, 430f, 466f
Female genital system; Male Globular protein, 53 398–399, 400t, 401f–403f Gray rami, 554
genital system Globulin, 698 Gluteus maximus, 399 Gray communicating ramus, 554
and aging, 1149–11150 Globus pallidus, 514 Gluteus medius, 399 Great cardiac vein, 741, 817
and birth control/abortion, Glomerular blood hydrostatic Gluteus minimus, 399 Greater curvature, stomach, 960
1143–1147 pressure, 1056 Glycerol, 49 Greater omentum, 946
and cardiovascular system, 841 Glomerular capsule, 1048, Glycine, 451 Greater pelvis, 253–255, 254f–255f
contributions of, 1151 1049–1050 Glycocalyx, 66 Greater splanchnic thoracic
development of, 1147, 1148f, 1149 Glomerular diseases, 1081 Glycogen nerve, 556
and digestive system, 994 Glomerular endothelial cell, 1055 in carbohydrate metabolism, 1003 Greater vestibular gland, 1135
disorders of, 1150–1155 Glomerular filtrate, 1055 and glucose-6-phosphate, 1020 Groin pull, 399
and endocrine system, 690 Glomerular filtration. 1054, glucose storage as, 1010 Ground substance, 128–129
and homeostasis, 1106, 1151 1055–1059, 1059f–1060f, as polysaccharide, 46 Growth (life process), 8
and human sexual 1071f structure of, 47f Growth factor, 683, 683t
response, 1143 filtration membrane, Glycogenesis, 1003, 1010, 1012, Growth hormone (GH), 658,
and integumentary system, 171 1055–1056 1012f, 1013f, 1022 659–661, 660f
and lymphoid system and and nephron’s structure, 1054f Glycogenolysis Growth hormone-inhibiting
immunity, 883 net filtration pressure, 1056, in glucose anabolism 1012–1013 hormone, 659
and muscular system, 415 1057f and glycogenesis, 1012f Growth hormone-releasing
and nervous system, 564 rate of, 1057–1059, 1059t as postabsorptive state hormone, 659
and respiratory system, 935 Glomerular filtration rate, reaction, 1023 Growth plate. See Epiphyseal
and skeletal system, 266 1057–1059, 1059t Glycolipid, 66 plate
and urinary system, 1082 Glomerulus, 604, 1048 Glycolysis Growth stage (hair), 159
Genital tubercle, 1149 Glomerulonephritis, 1081 in cellular respiration, 1005f Guanyl cyclase, 621
Genital wart, 1155 Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves and glucose catabolism, Guillain-Barré syndrome, 458
Genome, 91 in baroreceptor reflex, 789 1003–1005 Gustation, 604–607
Genomics, 90 in gustatory pathway, 607 and metabolism, 1020 Gustatory cortex, 520, 607
Genotype, 1191–1192 and medulla oblongata, 504 in muscle tissue, 325–327 Gustatory epithelial cell, 605
Genu valgum, 257, 267 path and function of, reactions in, 1006f Gustatory microvillus, 605
Genu varum, 267 531–533, 533f Glycoprotein, 66 Gustatory nucleus, 504, 607
GERD. See Gastroesophageal Glottis, 899 Glycoprotein hormone, 651 Gustatory pathway, 607
reflux disease GLP. See Glucagon-like peptide Glycosaminoglycan, 128 Gustatory receptor cell, 604–605,
Geriatrics, 104 Glucagon, 677, 679–680, 679f GnRH. See Gonadotropin- 606–607f
Germ cell, 96 Glucagon-like peptide, 990 releasing hormone Gynecology, 1121
Gerontology, 104 Glucocorticoid, 674–676, 675f Goblet cell, 118t, 973 Gynecomastia, 692
Gestational age, 1197 Gluconeogenesis, 1013 Goiter, 689 Gyri, 512
GFR. See Glomerular filtration rate and glucocorticoids, 675 Golfer’s elbow, 386
GH. See Growth hormone in glucose anabolism, 1010, Golgi complex, 84–86, 85f, 86f H
GHIH. See Growth hormone- 1012, 1012f Gomphosis, 270–271 H+ (hydrogen ions), 42
inhibiting hormone as postabsorptive state Gonad, 681, 1107, 1161 Habenular nucleus, 512
Ghrelin, 990, 1028 reaction, 1023 Gonadal arteries, 810 Habituation, 594
GHRH. See Growth hormone- and pyruvic acid, 1020 Gonadal ridge, 1147 Hair, 157–160, 158f, 859
releasing hormone Glucosamine, 129 Gonadotrophic cell, 658 Hair bud, 167
Giantism, 192, 688 Glucose Gonadotropin, 658 Hair bulb, 158
GIFT. See Gamete intrafallopian anabolism of, 1010–1013 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Hair bundle, 636, 637
transfer blood level of, 1044 659, 1113, 1141f Hair cell
Gigantism, 192 catabolism of, 1003–1010 Gonorrhea, 1154 of crista, 636, 637
Gingiva, 952 facilitated diffusion of, 71f Gout, 301 in internal ear, 628
GIP. See Glucose-dependent fate of, 1003 Gouty arthritis, 301 loud sounds and, 631
insulinotropic peptide glucocorticoids and formation G protein, 654 of otolithic organ, 635
Girdle, 203, 243 of, 674–675 Graafian follicle. See Tertiary Hair color, 160
Glands, 114. See also specific growth hormone and uptake ovarian follicle Hair follicle, 157
glands of, 660 Gracile fasciculus, 503 Hair growth, 159
I NDEX I-15
Hair matrix, 158 Heart. See also Cardiac entries Hematocrit, 698 Hip bones
Hair removal, 159 and action potential, 744, 746 Hematology, 697 femurs in relation to, 258f–259f
Hair root, 157 anatomy of, 728–735 Hematoma, fracture, 192 in pelvic girdle, 251–253,
Hair root plexus, 159, 575 arteries supplying, 801f Heme, 703 252f–253f
Hair shaft, 157 and ATP production, 746 Hemiazygos vein, 825 Hip fracture, 265–267, 267f
Haldane effect, 925 and cardiac cycle, 748, 750f, Hemidesmosome, 114 Hip girdle. See Pelvic girdle
Half-life, 32 751–752 Hemiplegia, 488 Hip joint
Halitosis, 995 and cardiac output, 752–755, 756f Hemisection, 488 anatomical components, 293,
Hallux valgus, 267 chambers of, 731–735, 760f Hemispheric lateralization, 294f–295f
Hamate carpal, 248 conduction system of, 742–748, 521, 522t bones, 251–253, 252f–253f,
Hamstring, 406 743f, 745f, 749f Hemochromatosis, 724 258f–259f
Hand and contractile fiber Hemodialysis, 1074 fractures in, 265–267
intrinsic muscles of, 391–392, contraction, 744, 746 Hemodynamics, 772, 784–792 movements at, 293
392t, 393f–394f coronary circulation, Hemoglobin Hippocampus, 516
muscles that move, 385–390, 738–741, 796 functions of, 703 Hip pointer, 252
387f–390f, 390t–391t development of, 759–760, 759f and oxygen, 923–925, 923f–925f Hip replacement, 299
skeleton of, 247–251, 250f digitalis in, 75 recycling of, 705f Hirsutism, 159, 692
Hand plate, 264 disorders, 760–767 saturation of, 923, 923f, 924f Histamine, 862
Hangnail, 163 and electrocardiograms, shape of, 704f Histocompatibility, 873
Haploid (n) cell, 100 747–748 and skin color, 156 Histocompatibility testing, 873
Hapten, 866 and exercise, 756–758 Hemolysis, 72, 718 Histology, 112
Hard palate, 217, 948 fibrous skeleton of, 735, 735f Hemolytic anemia, 722 Histone, 91
H+ ATPases, 1100 heart wall layers, 730–731, 729f Hemolytic disease of the Histotoxic hypoxia, 930
Haustrum, 984 help for failing hearts, 757–759 newborn, 721, 721f HIV. See Human
Haustral churning, 986 and homeostasis, 727 Hemophilia, 723, 1196 immunodeficiency virus
Haversian canal. See Osteonic canal internal anatomy of, 733f–734f Hemopoiesis, 178, 701 Hives, 174
Haversian system. See Ostem location of, 728–729, 728f Hemopoietic growth factor, 702 Holocrine gland, 126
Hb-A. See Adult hemoglobin myocardial thickness and Hemorrhage, 713, 724 Homeostasis, 9–14
Hb–CO2. See Carbaminohemoglobin function, 735 Hemorrhagic anemia, 722 acid–base, 42–43, 1087, 1103–1104
Hb-F. See Fetal hemoglobin nervous system control of, 754f Hemorrhoid, 995 and aging, 21–22
hCG. See Human chorionic partitioning of, 760f Hemospermia, 1118 and appendicular skeleton,
gonadotropin and pericardium, 729–730, 729f Hemostasis, 713–717 242, 266
H chain, antibody. See Heavy sounds, 751–752, 752f Hemothorax, 906 and axial skeleton, 202
chain, antibody surface features of, 731f–734f Henry’s law, 920 and autonomic nervous
hCS. See Human chorionic sympathetic nerves to, 556 Heparin, 717 system, 546
somatomammotropin systemic and pulmonary Hepatic acinus, 969 and blood, 696, 722–723
HD. See Huntington disease circulations, 737–738 Hepatic duct, 968 and blood pressure, 12f
HDLs. See High-density lipoproteins valves and circulation of blood, Hepatic lamina, 968 and blood vessels/
HDN. See Hemolytic disease of the 735–742 Hepatic portal circulation, 796, hemodynamics, 771
newborn Heart block, 765 833–834, 833f–834f and body fluids, 9
Head (area of body) Heartburn, 958, 995 Hepatic portal vein, 827t, and bone tissue, 177
anatomical terminology, 14 Heart cell, regeneration of, 742 829, 833 and brain/cranial nerves, 493
eye and upper eyelid muscles, Heart murmur, 752 Hepatic sinusoid, 968 and cardiovascular system, 696,
355–358, 357f, 358t Heart primordial tube, 759, 1173 Hepatic vein, 834, 968 839–840, 842
facial expression muscles, Heart prominence, 1175 Hepatitis, 993 and cells, 63
353–355, 354f–355f, 356t Heart rate, regulation of, 754–755 Hepatitis A (infectious and chemistry, 29
muscles of, that move tongue, Heart sounds, 751–752, 752f hepatitis), 993 control of, 9–13, 716–717
359–361, 361f, 361t Heart tube, 760, 1173 Hepatitis B, 993 and development/
muscles that move, 364–366, Heart valves, 735–741, 736f–738f Hepatitis C, 993 inheritance, 1160
365f, 366t Heat, 306, 1029, 1031f Hepatitis D, 993 and digestive system, 941, 994
respiratory structures of, Heat cramp, 1038 Hepatitis E, 993 electrolyte, 1103–1104
894f–896f Heat exhaustion, 1038 Hepatocyte, 966 and endocrine system, 647, 690
veins of, 819, 819t, 820f–821f Heat-losing center Hepatopancreatic ampulla, 964 fluid, 1087, 1088–1094
Head (part of structure) (hypothalamus), 1030 Hereditary traits, 1192t and genital systems, 1106, 1151
epididymis, 1115 Heat-promoting center Hermaphroditism, 1156 and heart, 727
femur of, 293 (hypothalamus), 1030 Hernias, 367, 955, 995 and human body, 1
pancreas, 964 Heat prostration, 1038 Herniated disc, 237, 227f imbalances, 13–14
radius, 293 Heatstroke, 1038 Hertz (Hz), 630 and integumentary system, 149,
sperm, 1112 Heat transfer, 1029–1020 Heterozygous trait, 1192 165–167, 170–173
Head fold, 1175 Heavy chain, antibody, 875 Hiatus hernia, 955 and joints, 265–267
Head lice, 174 Height, hormonal abnormalities Hiccupping, 503 and labor contractions, 12f
Healthy eating guidelines, and, 192 High altitude sickness, 921 and lymphoid system/disease
1032–1033. See also Nutrition Heimlich maneuver. See High-density lipoprotein, resistance, 846, 883
Hearing, 625–634. See also Ears Abdominal thrust maneuver 761, 1014 and medical imaging, 22–23,
and auditory pathway, 632–634 Helicotrema, 628 Hilum, 856, 907, 1044, 1121 23t–26t
ear anatomy, 625–628 Helix (ear), 625 Hindbrain, 1171 and metabolism/nutrition, 1000
physiology of, 631–632 Helper T cell, 864, 870–871, 871f Hindgut, 991, 1175 and muscular system, 344
sound transduction, 632 Hemangioblast, 838, 1171 Hinge joint, 281, 282f and muscular tissue, 305
and sound waves, 628, 630–631 Hemangioma, 174 Hinge region (antigen), 875 and nervous tissue, 419
I-16 IN D E X
Homeostasis (continued) glaucoma, 643 thyroid gland disorders, 689 anatomy vs. physiology of, 2
and respiratory system, 891, glomerular disease, 1081 transient ischemic attacks, 540 characteristics of living, 8–9
934–937 hemophilia, 723 traumatic spinal injuries, 488–489 homeostasis in, 1, 9–14, 21–22
and sensory, motor, and hepatitis, 993 tuberculosis, 937 medical imaging for, 22–23,
integrative systems, 569 herniated disc, 237 urinary bladder cancer, 1083 23t–26t
and special senses, 600 hip fracture, 265–267 urinary tract infections, 1081 structural organization of, 3–7, 3t
and spinal cord/spinal hypertension, 839–840, 842 Homocysteine, 762 systems of, 4, 4t–7t
nerves, 461 infectious mononucleosis, 886 Homologous chromosome, 97, 103f Human chorionic gonadotropin,
tissue repair for, 144 infertility, 1196–1197 Homozygous trait, 1192 1141, 1183
and tissues, 111 kidney transplant, 1083 Horizontal cell (retina), 613 Human chorionic
and tubular reabsorption and leukemia, 723–724 Horizontal fissure, 907 somatomammotropin, 1184
secretion, 1059–1067 lung cancer, 934 Hormonal birth control Human growth hormone. See
and urinary system, 1042, 1082 Lyme disease, 301 methods, 1145 Growth hormone
Homeostatic imbalances, 13–14 lymphoma, 886 Hormone Human immunodeficiency virus
abnormal contractions of male genital system disorders, abnormalities, 192 (HIV), 882, 884–885, 882f
skeletal muscle, 340 1150–1151 and absorptive state Human papillomavirus
abnormal curves of vertebral malignant mesothelioma, 937 metabolism, 1023t infection, 1155
column, 237–238 metabolism, 1037–1038 action mechanisms, 653–655 Human sexual response, 1143
acquired immunodeficiency Ménière’s disease, 643 administration of, 651 Humeroscapular joint. See
syndrome, 882, 884 multiple sclerosis, 457 and blood pressure, Shoulder joint
allergic reaction, 885 muscular dystrophy, 340 790–791, 791t Humerus, 246–247
Alzheimer’s disease, 540–541 myasthenia gravis, 339–340 and bone growth, 191–192, 198t muscles that move, 378–381,
anemia, 722 nutrition, 1037–1038 and bone metabolism, 198t 378t, 379f–380f
anorexia nervosa, 1037 obesity, 1038 chemical classes of, 651, 652t scapula, ulna, radius and, 246f
arrhythmia, 765–767 osteomalacia, 199 circulating and local, ulna, radius, carpals and, 248f
asthma, 936–937 osteoporosis, 197–199, 197f 650–626, 650f Huntington disease, 591
attention deficit hyperactivity otitis media, 643 definition of, 648 Hyaline cartilage, 135t
disorder, 542 pancreatic islet disorders, and digestion, 971, 990t Hyaloid canal, 615
autoimmune disease, 885–886 691–692 of digestive system, 971, Hyaluronic acid, 128
autonomic dysreflexia, 565 parathyroid gland disorders, 990–991, 990t Hybridoma, 876
bone scan, 183 689, 691 and female, 1137–1142 Hydration, 1009f
brain tumor, 541–542 Parkinson’s disease, 591, 596 and glomerular filtration Hydration, normal, 1066
burns, 170, 171–173 peptic ulcer disease, 992 rate, 1058 Hydrocarbon, 44
cancer, 105–107 periodontal disease, 992 and hair, 159 Hydrocele, 1108
cataract, 642 pituitary gland disorders, 688 and heart rate, 790–791 Hydrocephalus, 499
cerebrovascular accident, 540 plantar fasciitis, 414 and height, 191–192 Hydrochloric acid, 962f, 963f
chronic obstructive pulmonary pneumonia, 936 and hypothalamus, 511 Hydrogen, 32f
disease, 936 poliomyelitis, 489 interactions of, 655 Hydrogen bond, 35–37, 37f
colorectal cancer, 993 polycystic kidney disease, from kidneys, 1044 Hydrogen ion (H+), 42, 1101
compartment (skeletal 1082–1083 lipid-soluble, 653, 653f, 655, 655f Hydrolysis, 41
muscles), 351 pressure ulcer, 173, 173f and liver, 971 Hydronephrosis, 1083
compartment syndrome, 414 pulmonary edema, 937 and metabolic rate, 1027 Hydrophilic molecule, 41
congenital defect, 1197 Raynaud phenomenon, 565 and ovarian and uterine cycles, Hydrophobic molecule, 41
congenital heart defect, 764–765 renal caliculus, 1081 1142f Hydrostatic pressure, 71
congestive heart failure, 767 renal failure, 1080–1081 and postabsorptive metabolism, Hydroxide ion (OH–), 42
Coronavirus disease 2019 rheumatism and arthritis, 1025t Hydroxyapatite, 180
(COVID-19), 934 300–301 of pregnancy, 1183–1184, 1183f Hymen, 1134
coronary artery disease, rickets, 199 receptors for, 650 Hyoglossus, 360
760–764 running-related injuries, 414 secretion control for, 655 Hyoid bone, 223, 223f
cystoscopy, 1083 severe acute respiratory and spermatogenesis, 1113f Hyperacusia, 626
deafness, 643 syndrome, 937 and synovial joints, 284 Hyperbaric oxygenation, 919
degenerative diseases, 489 severe combined and testes, 1113–1114 Hypercapnia, 929
dental caries, 992 immunodeficiency thyroid, 1030 Hyperemesis gravidarum, 1197
depression, 457 disease, 887 transport in blood, 651 Hyperextension (joints), 277
dislocated mandible, 302 sexually transmitted infections, tropic, 659 Hyperhidrosis, 566
disorders, 145–146 1154–1155 and tubular reabsorption and Hyperinsulinism, 692
diverticular disease, 993 shingles, 489 secretion, 1065–1067, 1067t Hyperopia, 618
Down syndrome, 1197 sickle-cell disease, 722–723 water-soluble, 653–655, 654f Hyperparathyroidism, 691
emphysema, 936 skin cancer, 170 Hormone injection, 1145 Hyperplasia, 107, 337
and endocrine system, spina bifida, 238 Hormone receptor, 650 Hyperpolarizing graded
688–690, 692 spinal cord compression, 489 Horns, spinal cord, 466 potentials, 436
epilepsy, 457 sprain and strain, 301–302 Horner’s syndrome, 556 Hypersecretion, hormone, 688
excitotoxicity, 457 sudden infant death Horseshoe kidney, 1079 Hypersensitivity, 885
exercise-induced muscle syndrome, 937 HPV. See Human papillomavirus Hypersplenism, 887
damage, 340 suprarenal gland disorders, 691 infection Hypertension, 839–840, 842. See
female genital system disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, Human body also Blood pressure
1152–1154 145–146, 886–887 aging of, 21–22 Hypertonia, 330
fever, 1037 tenosynovitis, 302 anatomical terminology for, Hypertonic solution, 72
fractures of vertebral column, 238 testicular cancer, 1150 14–21 Hypertrophic cartilage, 188
I NDEX I-17
Hypertrophic scar, 167 Ileal artery, 809t Inferior cerebellar peduncle, Initial segment (axon), 423
Hypertrophy, 107, 146, 309, 337 Ileal orifice, 972, 984 507, 638 Initiation of movement, 590
Hyperventilation, 929 Ileocecal valve. See Ileal orifice Inferior cervical ganglion, 550, 554 Injury
Hypervitaminosis, 1037 Ileocolic artery, 810t Inferior colliculus, 505, 632 brachial plexus nerve, 473–474
Hypoblast, 1166 Ileum, 972, 975f Inferior extensor retinaculum, 406 brain, 522–523
Hypocapnia, 929 Iliacus, 399 Inferior ganglion, 532, 534 lumbar plexus nerve, 477
Hypocretin, 594 Iliococcygeus, 373 Inferior gemellus, 399 medullary, 504
Hypogastric plexus, 554 Iliocostalis colli, 396 Inferior hypophyseal arteries, 662 phrenic nerve, 472
Hypogastric region, 21 Iliocostalis group of muscles, 396 Inferior interventricular artery, sciatic nerve, 478
Hypoglossal (XII) nerve, 504, Iliocostalis lumborum, 396 639, 641, 801 and stretching, 351
535–536, 536f Iliocostalis thoracis, 396 Inferior lobar bronchus, 907 traumatic spinal cord, 488–489
Hypoglycemia, 692 Iliofemoral ligament, 293 Inferior lobe, lung, 907 Innate immunity, 859–863, 863t
Hypokinesia, 596 Iliopsoas, 399 Inferior mesenteric artery, 810 adaptive vs., 847
Hyponychium, 163 Iliotibial tract, 399 Inferior mesenteric ganglion, 550, internal defenses, 859–863
Hypoparathyroidism, 689, 691 Ilium, 252, 252f 554, 556 skin and mucous membranes,
Hypophyseal arteries, 662 Image formation, 616–619 Inferior mesenteric plexus, 554 171, 859
Hypophyseal portal system, 659 Immune checkpoint inhibitor, 880 Inferior mesenteric vein, 827t Inner circular layer (muscular
Hypophyseal portal veins, 659 Immune system, 864 Inferior nasal concha bone, layer), 1134
Hypophyseal pouch, 686 Immunity, 847 216, 898 Inner cortex (lymph node), 854,
Hypophyseal veins, 659, 662 adaptive, 864–870, 879t Inferior nasal meatus, 897 855f–856f, 856
Hypophysis. See Pituitary gland and aging, 881–882 Inferior oblique, 358, 610 Inner ear. See Internal ear
Hyposecretion, hormone, 688 antibody-mediated, 874–879 Inferior olivary nucleus, 503 Inner layer (retina), 612
Hyposmia, 604 and cardiovascular system, 841 Inferior pancreaticoduodenal Inorganic compound, 40–44
Hypospadias, 1156 cell-mediated, 870–873 artery, 809t acid, base, and salt, 42
Hypotension, 842. See also Blood contributions of, 883 Inferior phrenic arteries, 810 pH scale, 42–44
pressure and digestive system, 994 Inferior rectus, 355, 610 solution, colloid, and
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract, and endocrine system, 675 Inferior sagittal sinus, 819 suspension, 41–42
662, 663f–664f and genital systems, 1151 Inferior salivatory nuclei, 951 water, 40–41
Hypothalamic neurosecretory and glucocorticoids, 674–675 Inferior suprarenal artery, 810t Inositol triphosphate, 654
cells, 660f innate, 859–863 Inferior surface, heart, 729 Inotropic receptor, 447, 448f
Hypothalamic thermostat, 1030 and integumentary system, 171 Inferior vena cava, 796, 817 Insensible perspiration, 160
Hypothalamus, 510–512, 511f and lymphoid system, 847 Infertility, 1196–1197 Insensible water loss, 1030
estrogens and, 1141f and muscular system, 415 Inflammation Insertion (muscle), 345
in gustatory pathway, 607 and nervous system, 564 and complement system, 878 Insoluble fiber, 987
and pituitary gland, 655–665, and respiratory system, 935 in deep wound healing, 166 Insomnia, 594
6f–656–657f and skeletal system, 266 in innate immunity, 861–863 Inspection, 5
Hypothenar eminence, 391 and stress, 880–881 stages of, 862f Inspiratory capacity, 918
Hypothenar muscles, 391 and urinary system, 1082 Inflammatory bowel disease, 995 Inspiratory reserve volume
Hypothermia, 755, 1030 Immunocompetence, 852, 864 Inflammatory phase (deep wound (IRV), 918
Hypotonia, 330 Immunogenicity, 866 healing), 165–166 Insufficiency, heart valve, 739
Hypotonic solution, 72 Immunoglobulin, 875. See also Inflation reflex, 930 Insula, 514
Hypoventilation, 938 Antibody Influenza (flu), 909 Insulin, 677, 679–681, 679f
Hypovitaminosis, 1037 Immunoglobulin G, 875f Infraglottic cavity, 899 Insulin-like growth factor, 659
Hypovolemia, 1095 Immunological memory, 878 Infrahyoid muscles, 362 Insulin shock, 692
Hypovolemic shock, 793, 795f Immunological status, 170 Infraspinatus, 381 Integral protein, 66
Hypoxia, 707, 741, 930 Immunological surveillance, 872 Infundibular stalk, 510, 656, 1127 Integrase inhibitor, 884
Hypoxic hypoxia, 930 Immunology, 864 Ingestion, digestion and, 943 Integrating center, 481, 563
Hysterectomy, 1132 Immunotherapy, 880 Ingestion phase Integration, 420
Hz. See Hertz Impacted cerumen, 162, 625 antigen processing, 867 and homeostasis, 569
H zone, 312 Impacted fracture, 194f phagocytosis, 862 of sensory input, 570
Imperforate hymen, 1134 Inguinal canal, 367, 1115 Integrative functions of cerebrum,
I Impingement syndrome, 380 Inguinal hernia, 367 420, 592–596
I band, 312 Implantation, 1163–1165, 1164f Inguinal ligament, 367 and language, 595–596
IBD. See Inflammatory bowel Implicit memory, 594 Inhalation, 912–914, 913f in learning and memory,
disease Impulse. See Action potential Inheritance, 1191–1196, 1191f, 594–595
IBS. See Irritable bowel syndrome Incisors, 953 1193f, 1194f in wakefulness and sleep,
IC. See Inspiratory capacity Incomplete dominance, 1193 autosomes vs. sex 592–594
Ice, for sprains, 301 Incomplete protein, 1017 chromosomes, 1194–1195 Integrin, 114
ICF. See Intracellular fluid Incontinence, 1078 disorders related to, 1196–1197 Integumentary system, 4t. See
ICSI. See Intracytoplasmic sperm Incretin, 991 genotype and phenotype, also Skin
injection Incus, 625 1191–1192 accessory skin structure, 157–163
IFHP. See Interstitial fluid Indirect motor pathways, 481, and homeostasis, 1160 and aging, 169–170
hydrostatic pressure 588f, 589 sex-linked, 1195–1196 and cardiovascular system, 841
IFN. See Interferon Induction, 1171 variations on dominant- components of, 150f–152f
IFOP. See Interstitial fluid osmotic Infancy, bone growth during, recessive, 1192–1194 contributions of, 171
pressure 188–191 Inhibin, 681, 1114, 1138f, 1039 development of, 167, 168f
Ig. See Immunoglobulin Infectious hepatitis, 993 Inhibiting hormone, 659 and digestive system, 994
IGF. See Insulin-like growth factor Infectious mononucleosis, 886 Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, disorders in, 170–173
IL-2. See Interleukin-2 Inferior (term), 16e 447, 450 and endocrine system, 690
I-18 IN D E X
Integumentary system (continued) Intervals, ECG, 747 Irregular bone, 205 K

and homeostasis, 149, 165–167, Interval training, 330 Irritable bowel syndrome, 996 Karyotype, 1194, 1194f, 1197
170–173 Interventricular foramina, 498 Irritable colon, 996 kcal. See Kilocalorie
and lymphoid system and Interventricular septum, 734 IRV. See Inspiratory reserve volume K cell, 973
immunity, 883 Intervertebral disc, 225 Ischemic hypoxia, 930 Keloid, 174
and muscular system, 415 Intervillous space, 1173 Ischiocavernosus, 374 Keloid scar, 167
and nervous system, 564 Intestinal gland, 973, 984 Ischiococcygeus, 376 Keratan sulfate, 129
and genital systems, 1151 Intestinal juice, 974 Ischiofemoral ligament, 292 Keratin, 121t, 152
and skeletal system, 266 Intestinal phase (digestion), 990 Ischium, 252, 252f–253f Keratinization, 154
skin function, 164 Intestinal trunk, 850 Islet of Langerhans. See Keratinocyte, 152
skin structure, 150–157 Intestinal villus, 974 Pancreatic islet Keratin sulfate, 129
types of skin, 163–164 Intestine. See Large intestine; Isomer, 45 Keratitis, 644
and urinary system, 1082 Small intestine Isomerization, 620, 1099f Keratohyalin, 153
Interatrial septum, 731 Intracapsular ligament, 296–297 Isometric contraction, 331, 331f Keratosis, 174
Intercalated cell, 1051 Intracellular fluid, 9, 1088, 1094f Isotonic contraction, 331, 331f Ketoacidosis, 691, 1016
secretion of H+ by, 1101f Intracytoplasmic sperm Isotonic solution, 72 Ketogenesis, 1016
Intercalated disc, 742 injection, 1196 Isotope, 32 Ketone body, 1016, 1023
Intercellular cleft, 777 Intraembryonic coelom, 1171 Isovolumetric contraction, 751 Ketosis, 1016
Intercostal muscles, 370 Intraepidermal macrophage. See Isovolumetric relaxation, 751 Kidneys. See also Renal entries;
Intercostal nerves, 471 Dendritic cell Isthmus Urine
Interferon, 860 Intrafusal muscle fiber, 577 thyroid gland, 665 anatomy, 1044–1048
Interleukin, 703 Intralaminar nuclei, 510 uterine tube, 1127 basic functions of, 1043–1044
Interleukin-2, 870 Intramembranous ossification, uterus, 1128 blood and nerve supply,
Interlobar arteries, 1048 185–186, 186f Itch sensation, 575 1045–1048, 1047f
Interlobar veins, 1048 Intramuscular injections, 347 IUD. See Intrauterine device evaluation of function by,
Intermediate filament, 80, 335 Intraocular pressure, 615 IVC. See Inferior vena cava 1072–1073
Intermediate layer, skin, 167 Intrapleural pressure, 913 IVF. See In vitro fertilization
excretion of H+, 1098, 1100
Intermediate mesoderm, 1079, Intrauterine device, 1145 IVP. See Intravenous pyelogram
external anatomy of, 1044
1147, 1171 Intravascular clotting, 717
and fetal circulation, 836
Intermediate muscles, 391 Intravenous pyelogram, 1083 J functional development of, 1103
Intermediate saccule, 84 Intravenous solution, 73 Jaundice, 156, 724, 969
and glomerular filtration,
Intermediate urethra, 1077 Intravenous urography, 23t Jejunal artery, 809t
1055–1059
Internal abdominal oblique, 367 Intrinsic muscles Jet lag, 682
internal anatomy of, 1044,
Internal anal sphincter, 984 foot, 411–413, 412t, 413f JG. See Juxtaglomerular cell
1045f, 1046
Internal capsule, 510 hand, 391–392, 392t, 393f–394f JGA. See Juxtaglomerular
and nephrons, 1048–1053
Internal ear, 626–628, 628f tongue, 360, 951 apparatus
physiology of, 1053–1056
Internal environment, 10f Intrinsic pathway, blood Joints. See also Movement;
position and coverings of, 1045f
Internal iliac arteries, 814 clotting, 715 Synovial joints
reabsorption routes, 1060, 1060f
Internal intercostals, 370 Introns, 93 and aging, 298–299
transport mechanisms, 1061
Internal jugular veins, 819 Intubation, 361, 903 of appendicular skeleton,
and tubular reabsorption,
Internal medullary lamina, 510 Inulin, 1073 285t–286t
1059–1067
Internal mitochondrial Invagination, 1169 arthroplasty, 299, 300f
of axial skeleton, 285t and tubular secretion,
membrane, 88 Inversion, joint, 279
cartilaginous, 270, 272, 272f 1059–1067
Internal naris. See Choana In vitro fertilization, 1196
classification of, 270, 283t Kidney lobe, 1048
Internal os, 1128 Involution, 1188
contact and range of motion Kidney stone, 1081
Internal respiration, 892, Iodide, 667
at, 284 Kidney transplant, 1083
920f, 921–922. See also Iodine, 32f
Pulmonary ventilation Ion, 33 disorders impacting, 300–302 Killing phase (phagocytosis), 861
Internal urethral orifice, 1076 age and concentration of, 1103 elbow, 292, 292f Kilocalorie (kcal), 1026
Internal urethral sphincter, 1076 in blood, 1044 fibrous, 270–271, 271f Kinesiology, 270
Interneuron, 425 common, 35t hip, 293, 294f–295f Kinesthesia, 577
Interoceptor, 547, 572 and ionic bond formation, 34f and homeostasis, 269, 300–302 Kinetic energy, 37
Interosseous ligament, 270 in voltage-gated channels, 441f knee, 295–298, 296f–297f Kinetochore, 98
Interosseous membranes, 270 Ion channel shoulder, 288–290, 288f–290f Kinin, 862
Interphase (somatic cell membrane protein as, 66 synovial, 270, 272–284, 273f, Klinefelter’s syndrome, 1197
division), 97 in neuron, 432 276f–280f, 280t, 282f Knee injury, 298
Intersegmental reflex arc, 486 in plasma membrane, 433f temporomandibular, 217, Knee joint, 295–298, 296f–297f
Interspinales, 398 Ionic bond, 34–35, 34f 287–288, 287f Knee replacement, 299
Interstitial endocrine cell, 1111 IP3. See Inositol triphosphate Joint capsule. See Articular capsule Knock-knee, 267
Interstitial fluid, 9, 697, 847, 1088, Ipsilateral reflex, 482 Joint cavity. See Articular cavity Korotkoff sound, 793
1094f IPSP. See Inhibitory postsynaptic Joint disease, 129 Krebs cycle
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic potential Joint kinesthetic receptor, 578 in carbohydrate metabolism,
pressure, 782 Iris, 611, 616f Jugular lymph sac, 858 1004, 1007, 1008f–1009f
Interstitial fluid osmotic Iron-binding protein, 860 Jugular trunk, 850 in protein metabolism,
pressure, 782 Iron-deficiency anemia, 722 Junctional fold, 322 1018f, 1020
Interstitial growth, 136, 188 Iron overload, 706 Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 1051 Kupffer cell. See Stellate
Interstitial bone lamella, 183 Iron–sulfur center, 1008 Juxtaglomerular cell, 1051 reticuloendothelial cell
Interthalamic adhesion, 510 Irradiation, developmental Juxtamedullary nephrons, 1049, Kwashiorkor, 1038
Intertransversarii, 398 defects and, 1181 1069f Kyphosis, 237
I NDEX I-19
L Lateral compartment of the leg, 406 Length, bone growth in, 188–189 Lipase, 977, 1015
Labium majus, 1135 Lateral corticospinal tract, 481, 586 Length–tension relationship, Lipid, 47–51, 48t
Labium minus, 1135 Lateral dorsal nucleus, 510 muscle, 320–321, 322f absorption of, 1021
Labioscrotal swelling, 1149 Lateral flexion movements, joints, Lens, 615 catabolism of, 1021
Labor, 12f, 1186–1188, 1187f 276–277, 277f Lens placode, 639, 1175 digestion of, 976–977
Labrum, 274 Lateral fold, 1175 Lens vesicle, 639 fate of, 1015
Labyrinth, 626 Lateral geniculate nucleus, 510, 624 Lentiform nucleus, 514 fatty acids, 48–49
Laceration, 174, 523 Lateral gray horn, 466 Leptin, 1028 and liver, 970
Lacrimal apparatus, 609, 859 Lateral group of nuclei, 510 LES. See Lower esophageal and lymphoid system, 849
Lacrimal bone, 216 Lateral incisor, 953 sphincter metabolism of, 1013–1017,
Lacrimal canaliculus, 609 Lateral lemniscus, 632 Lesser curvature (stomach), 960 1016f
Lacrimal caruncle, 608 Lateral ligament, 287 Lesser element, 30, 30t–31t phospholipids, 50
Lacrimal fluid, 609 Lateral lobe (thyroid gland), 669 Lesser omentum, 946 steroids, 50
Lacrimal gland, 609 Lateral meniscus, 298 Lesser pelvis, 253–255, 254f–255f synthesis of, 1020
Lacrimal punctum, 609 Lateral nasal cartilage, 894 Lesser thoracic splanchnic triglycerides, 49–50
Lacrimal sac, 609 Lateral patellar retinaculum, 295 nerve, 556 Lipid bilayer, 65–66
Lactase, 976 Lateral plantar artery, 814t Lesser vestibular gland, 1135 Lipid-soluble hormone, 655, 655f
Lactation, 1137, 1188–1191 Lateral plantar vein, 829t Lethal gene, 1197 Lipofuscin, 422
Lacteal. See Lymphatic capillary Lateral plate mesoderm, 1171 Lethargy, 542 Lipogenesis, 1003, 1016–1017, 1023
Lactic acid, 1004, 1020 Lateral posterior nucleus, 510 Leukemia, 105, 723 Lipolysis
Lactiferous duct, 1135 Lateral pterygoid, 359 Leukocyte, 127. See also White glucocorticoids and, 675
Lactiferous sinus, 1135 Lateral rectus, 356, 610 blood cell growth hormone and, 660
Lactose intolerance, 976 Lateral reticulospinal tract, 481, 589 Leukocytosis, 708, 862 in lipid metabolism, 1015–1016
Lacuna Lateral surface (epithelial cell), 115 Leukopenia, 708 as postabsorptive state
cartilage cell in, 135 Lateral ventricle, 497 Leukorrhea, 1156 reaction, 1023
and chronic villus, 1173 Lateral white funiculus, 467 Leukotriene (LT), 51, 651, 682, 862 Lipoprotein (a), 762
in compact bone tissue, Late-stage abortion, 1146 Levator ani, 373 Lipoprotein, 48, 1014f
137, 181 Latissimus dorsi, 379 Levator palpebrae superioris, 353, and atherosclerotic plaques, 761
of osteon, 137 Law of conservation of energy, 37 358, 608 lipid transport by, 1013–1014
in sinusoid development, 1168 L chain, antibody. See Light chain, Levator scapulae, 376 Lipoprotein lipase, 979
Lacunar network, 1168 antibody Lever, 346, 347f Liposuction, 133
LAD. See Left anterior descending LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein Leverage, 346 Liquid connective tissue, 130,
Lambdoid suture, 220 Leak channel, 432 Lever system, 346, 347f 138, 138t
Lamella. See Bone lamella Learning, 594 Leydig cell. See Interstitial Little League elbow, 293
Lamellar corpuscle, 152, 575 Least thoracic splanchnic nerve, 556 endocrine cell Liver, 964f–965f, 966–971. See also
Lamellar granule, 153 Lectin, 878 LH. See Luteinizing hormone Hepatic entries
Lamina propria, 139, 944, 1075, Lectin pathway, complement Lice, 174 anatomy of, 966
1076, 1077 activation, 878 Life process, 8 blood supply of, 969–970, 969f
Laminectomy, 239 Left anterior descending artery, 801 Lifestyle, hypertension and, 840 digestive activities, 980t
Langerhans cell. See Dendritic cell Left ascending lumbar vein, 825t Lifting and back injury, 398 functions of, 970–971
Language, 595 Left atrioventricular valve, 734 Ligaments. See also specific glycogenolysis in, 1023
Language area, 595 Left atrium, 734 ligaments histology of, 966, 968–969, 967f
Lanugo, 159 Left bronchial vein, 825t of female reproductive system, triglyceride transport from, 1022
Large intestine, 983–988 Left bundle branch, heart, 744 1123f and waste management, 1079
absorption and feces formation Left colic artery, 810t and synovial joints, 273, Liver function test, 970
in, 986–987 Left colic flexure, 984 274, 284 LLQ. See Left lower quadrant
anatomy of, 983–984, 983f Left common carotid artery, 802 Ligamentum arteriosum, 734, 838 LMN. See Lower motor neuron
chemical digestion in, 986 Left coronary artery, 739 Ligamentum nuchae. See Nuchal Load, lever systems and, 346
and defecation reflex, 987 Left gastric artery, 809t ligament Lobar bronchi, 904, 905
digestive activities in, 988t Left gastric vein, 827t Ligamentum teres, 838, 966, 1129 Lobe
histology of, 984, 985f–986f, 986 Left gastroomental artery, 809t Ligamentum venosum, 838 cerebrum, 513–514
mechanical digestion in, 986 Left hepatic duct, 968 Ligand, 66 lung, 907
Laryngeal cavity, 898 Left hypochondriac region, 21 Ligand-gated channel, 432, 437f mammary glands, 1135
Laryngeal ventricle, 859 Left inguinal region, 21 Light adaptation, 620 Lobule
Laryngeal vestibule, 900 Left lateral region of abdomen, 21 Light chain, antibody, 875 ears, 625
Laryngitis, 901 Left lobe (liver), 966 Light ray refraction, 616, 617f, 619 lung, 907, 908f, 909
Laryngopharynx, 897 Left lobe, thyroid gland, 665 Limbic lobe, 516 mammary gland, 1135
Laryngotracheal diverticulum, 932 Left lower quadrant (LLQ), 21 Limbic system testi, 1108
Larynx, 897–900, 898f–900f Left main bronchus, 904 breathing regulation by, 931 thymus, 852
Larynx cancer, 901 Left posterior intercostal vein, 825t components of, 516–517, 516f Local anesthetics, 442
Laser hair removal treatments, 159 Left pulmonary artery, 835 in gustatory pathway, 607 Local circuit neuron, 584
Laser resurfacing, 170 Left subclavian artery, 802 Linea alba, 367 Local hormone, 650–651, 651f
LASIK, 618 Left subcostal vein, 825t Lingual frenulum, 948, 951 Lochia, 1188
Late distal convoluted tubule, Left suprarenal vein, 827t Lingual gland, 951 Long bone, 179f, 185f, 205
1064, 1065f Left surface (heart), 729 Lingual lipase, 952 Longissimus capitis, 366, 396
Latent period (twitch Left upper quadrant (LUQ), 21 Lingual papilla, 951 Longissimus cervicis, 396
contraction), 329 Left ventricle, 734 Lingual tonsil, 858, 897 Longissimus group of
Lateral aperture, 498 Leg muscles, that move foot and Linker (protein), 66 muscles, 396
Lateral cerebral sulcus, 514 toes, 406–408, 407f–409f, Linker DNA, 91 Longissimus thoracis, 396
Lateral commissure, 608 410t–411t Lip, 948 Longitudinal arch, 261
I-20 IN D E X
Longitudinal fissure, 512 and pulmonary alveoli, 907, 909 and genital systems, 1151 Mammary duct, 1135
Long-term memory, 594 surface anatomy of, 906f–907f and respiratory system, 935 Mammary gland, 1135–1137, 1136f
Long-term potentiation, 595 sympathetic nerves to, 556 and self-recognition/self- Mammillary body, 510, 516
Long thoracic nerve, 474 volumes/capacities of, 917–918 tolerance, 879–880 Mammillary region
Loop of Henle. See Nephron loop and waste management, 1079 and skeletal system, 266 (hypothalamus), 510
Loose connective tissue, 130, Lung cancer, 934 stress and immunity, 880–881 Mammillothalamic tract, 516
130t–131t Lunula of the nail, 162 and urinary system, 1082 Mammogram, 1152
Lordosis, 237 LUQ. See Left upper quadrant Lymphoid tissue, 847, 851–858, 858f Mammography, 23t, 1152
Loud sound, hair cell damage Luteal phase (ovarian Lymphoma, 105, 886 Mandible
and, 631 cycle), 1141 Lymphotoxin, 872 muscles that move, 359,
Low-density lipoprotein, 76f, Luteinizing hormone Lymph sac, 858 359t, 360f
761, 1014 actions of, 661 Lysis (cell), 72 and other bones of head, 217, 217f
Lower esophageal sphincter and anterior pituitary, 658 Lysosome, 86–87, 87f Mandibular nerve, 530
(LES), 955 estrogens and, 1041f Lysozyme, 609, 709, 859 Mantle layer cell, 538
Lower limb, 203 and testicular function, 1113 Manubrium, 233
anatomical terminology, 14 Lyme disease, 301 M MAO. See Monoamine oxidase
arteries, 814, 815f–817f Lymph plasma MAb. See Monoclonal antibody MAP. See Mean arterial pressure
bones of, 255–263 formation and flow of, 851 Macromolecule, 44 Marasmus, 1038
femur and patella, 256–257 homeostasis in, 9 Macrophage Marginal branch
foot, 261–263 as liquid connective tissue, 138 as agranular leukocyte, 708 ascending aorta, 801
tibia and fibula, 257–259 in lymphoid system, 847 as connective tissue cell, 127 coronary arteries, 741
veins of, 829, 829t–830t, Lymphadenopathy, 887 in epidermis, 154 Marginal layer cell, 538
831f–832f Lymphangitis, 887 in innate immunity, 860 Marrow cavity. See Medullary cavity
Lower limb bud, 264, 1175 Lymphatic capillary, 849–850, in thymus, 853 Mass, 30, 69
Lower motor neuron, 432, 584 849f, 974 Macula, 615, 635 Masseter, 359
Lower respiratory system, 892, Lymphatic duct, 850–851, Macula densa, 1051 Mass number, 32
897–912 850f–851f Macular disease, age-related, 613 Mass peristalsis, 986
bronchi, 904–905 Lymphatic follicle. See Lymphoid Magnesium, 1096 Mass reflex, 566
larynx, 897–900 nodule Magnetic resonance imaging, 24t Mast cell, 127
lungs, 905–911 Lymphatic system. See Lymphoid Main bronchus, 904 Mastication
patency of, 911 system Major calyx, 1047 in digestion, 953
trachea, 901–903 Lymphatic trunk, 850–851, Major depression, 457 muscles of, 359, 359t, 360f
voice production structures, 850f–851f Major duodenal papilla, 964 Mastoiditis, 208
900–901 Lymphatic vessel, 849–851 Major element, 30, 30t–31t Maternal alpha-fetoprotein
LT. See Leukotriene Lymphedema, 887 Major histocompatibility complex test, 1182
LTP. See Long-term potentiation Lymph node, 854–858, 855f–856f antigens, 708, 867 Maternal sinusoid, 1168
Lubb sound, 752 Lymphoblastic leukemia, 723 Major salivary gland, 949, 950f Matrix
Lubricant, water as, 41 Lymphocyte, 708 Major sublingual duct, 949 extracellular, 127–129
Lumbar arteries, 810 Lymphoid nodule, 858 Malabsorption, 996 hair, 158
Lumbar enlargement, 462 Lymphoid organ, 851–858 Male condom, 1146 mitochondrial, 88
Lumbar plexus Lymphoid stem cell, 701 Male infertility, 1196–1197 nail, 163
anterior view of, 476f–477f Lymphoid system Male pelvis, 255, 256f–257f pericentriolar, 81
nerves in, 476–477, 476t and adaptive immunity, Male pronucleus, 1162 Matter, 30–33
and other plexuses, 470 864–870 Male genital system, 1107–1121 atoms, 31–32
Lumbar spine stenosis, 239 and aging, 881–882 accessory genital glands, 1107, chemical elements, 30–31
Lumbar splanchnic nerve, 556 and antibody-mediated 1116f–1117f, 1117–1118 ions, molecules, and
Lumbar trunk, 850 immunity, 874–879 disorders in, 1150–1151 compounds, 33
Lumbar vertebra and cardiovascular system, ducts, 1115–1117 Maturation phase (deep wound
cervical and thoracic vs., 232t 842, 852f homologous structures of, 1135t healing), 166
location and surface features of, and cell-mediated immunity, organs and surrounding Mature connective tissue, 129,
230, 231f 870–873 structures, 1107f–1108f 130, 131t–138t, 134–138
in vertebral column, 223 components of, 847, 848f penis, 1118, 1119f–1120f, 1121 Mature ovarian follicle. See
Lumbricals, 391, 411 contributions of, 883 scrotum, 1108, 1109f Tertiary ovarian follicle
Lumen, 772, 785 development of lymphoid semen, 1118 Maxilla, 217
Lumpectomy, 1152 tissue, 858–859, 858f testes, 1108–1109, 1110f, Maxillary artery, 803t
Lunate carpal, 247 and digestive system, 994 1111–1115 Maxillary nerve, 529
Lungs, 905–911. See also disorders in, 882, 884–887 Male sexual characteristics, Mean arterial pressure, 784
Pulmonary entries drainage route, 850f development of, 1114 Meatus, 896–897
and alveolar saccules, 907, 909 and endocrine system, 690 Malignant melanoma, 170, 172f Mechanical advantage, 346
blood supply to, 909, 911 functions of, 847, 849 Malignant mesothelioma, 937 Mechanical digestion
development of, 933f and homeostasis, 846, 882 Malignant tumor, 105 in digestive system, 943
and fetal circulation, 836 and innate immunity, 859–863 Malleus, 625 in large intestine, 986
fissures of, 907 and integumentary system, 171 Malnutrition, 1038 in mouth, 953, 955f
gas exchange and transport in, lymph vessels and circulation of Malocclusion, 996 in small intestine, 974, 976
926–927, 926f lymph plasma, 849–851 Malrotated kidney, 1079 in stomach, 962–963
lobe of, 907 and muscular system, 415 MALT. See Mucosa-associated Mechanical disadvantage, 346
lobule of, 907, 908f and nervous system, 564 lymphoid tissue Mechanically gated channel,
and pleural membrane, 905f organs and tissues, 851–858 Maltase, 976 432, 437f
I NDEX I-21
Mechanical protection, Membranous labyrinth, 626 Mesovarium, 1121 Middle cervical ganglion, 550, 554
cerebrospinal fluid and, 497 Membranous neurocranium, 262 Messenger RNA, 93 Middle colic artery, 810t
Mechanical ventilation, 903 Membranous urethra. Metabolic acidosis, 1102 Middle ear, 625–626, 627f
Mechanoreceptor, 573 See Intermediate urethra Metabolic alkalosis, 1102 Middle lobar bronchi, 907
Medial cistern. See Intermediate Membranous viscerocranium, 262 Metabolic rate, 1027, 1103 Middle lobe (lung), 907
saccule Memory, 594–595 Metabolic water, 1089 Middle nasal concha, 896
Medial commissure, 608 Memory B cell, 866, 874 Metabolism, 8, 1000, 1021t Middle nasal meatus, 897
Medial compartment of the Memory cell, 866 absorptive state, 1021–1023 Middle piece (sperm), 1112
thigh, 404 Memory consolidation, 595 adaptations of, 1020–1025 Middle suprarenal artery, 810t
Medial forebrain bundle, 516 Memory cytotoxic T cell, 866, 871 and body temperature Midgut, 991, 1175
Medial geniculate nucleus, 510, 632 Memory helper T cell, 866, 871 regulation, 1029–1032 Midline, 14
Medial lemniscus, 503, 580 Memory T cell, 866 carbohydrate, 970, 1003–1013 Midline nucleus, 510
Medial meniscus, 298 Menarche, 1150 chemical reactions in, 37 Midsagittal plane. See Median
Medial nucleus, 510 Ménière’s disease, 643 disorders of, 1037–1038 plane
Medial patellar retinaculum, 295 Meningeal branch, 470 energy balance in, 1025–1029 Mifepristone, 1146
Medial plantar artery, 814t Meninx, 17, 462 energy transfer in, 1002–1003 Migrating motility complex, 974
Medial plantar vein, 829t Meningitis, 490 fasting and starving, 1024–1025 Migratory phase (deep wound
Medial pterygoid, 359 Meningomyelocele, 238f and homeostasis, 1000 healing), 166
Medial rectus, 356, 610 Meniscus. See Articular cartilage key molecules in, 1019–1020, Milk ejection (let-down), 1189
Medial reticulospinal tract, 481, 589 Menopause, 1150 1019f Milk ejection reflex, 1189, 1190f
Medial umbilical ligament, 838 Menorrhagia, 1156 as life process, 8 Milliequivalents per liter (mEq/
Medial vein, 825t Menstrual phase (reproductive lipid, 970, 1013–1017, 1016f liter), 1094
Median aperture, 498 cycle), 1139 metabolic reactions, 1001–1002 Minerals
Median cubital vein, 822t Menstruation, 1139 in muscles, 325–327 and bone growth/remodeling,
Median eminence, 510 mEq/liter. See Milliequivalents postabsorptive state, 1023–1024 191, 198t
Median nerve, 473, 474 per liter protein, 979, 1017–1019 sources and functions of, 1033,
Median nerve palsy, 474 Merkel cell. See Tactile Metabotropic receptor, 447, 448f 1034t
Median plane, 14 epithelial cell Metacarpal, 251 supplements containing, 1037
Median sacral artery, 810 Merkel disc. See Nonencapsulated Metacarpus, 251 Mineral homeostasis, 178
Mediastinal hemiazygos vein, 825t sensory corpuscle Metafemale syndrome, 1197 Mineralocorticoid, 672, 675
Mediastinal surface (lung), 907 Merocrine gland, 126 Metanephric mesoderm, 1079 Minimal volume, 918
Mediastinal vein, 825t Mesangial cell, 1055 Metanephros, 1079 Minipill, 1145
Mediastinum, 17, 728, 728f Mesencephalon, 494, 538, 1171 Metaphase, 98 Minor calyx, 1047
Medical imaging, 22–23, 23t–26t Mesenchymal cell, 859 Metaphase plate, 98 Minor salivary gland, 949
Medulla Mesenchyme Metaphyseal arteries, 184 Minor sublingual duct, 949
lymph node, 854 as embryonic connective tissue, Metaphyseal veins, 184 Minute ventilation, 918
thymus, 853 130, 130t Metaphysis, 178 Miosis, 644
Medulla oblongata eye development from, 641 Metaplasia, 107 MIS. See Müllerian-inhibiting
and brainstem, 502f heart development, 759 Metarteriole, 775 substance
cardiovascular center in, 788f and integumentary system Metastasis, 105, 854 Mitochondrion, 88, 89f, 1011f
internal anatomy of, 503f development, 167 Metatarsal, 261 Mitochondrial crista, 88
movement and, 586 and skeletal system Metatarsus, 261 Mitochondrial matrix, 88
structure and function, 502–504 development, 264 Metencephalon, 494, 538, 1171 Mitosis, 96, 97–98, 99f, 101t, 103f
Medullary cavity, 180, 188 Mesentery, 947 MHC-I molecule, 867, 868 Mitotic phase, 97–98
Medullary respiratory center, 503, Mesoappendix, 984 MHC-II molecule, 867 Mitotic spindle, 98, 99
927–928, 928f Mesocolon, 948 MHC. See Major histocompatibility Mitral cell, 604
Medullary sinus, 856 Mesoderm complex antigens Mitral insufficiency, 739
Megacolon, 566 and blood vessel and blood MI. See Myocardial infarction Mitral stenosis, 739
Megaloblastic anemia, 722 development, 838 Micelle, 979 Mitral valve prolapse, 739
Meibomian gland. See Tarsal gland and endocrine system Microbe, 77, 847 Mittelschmerz, 1140
Meiosis, 100–102, 101t, 102f–103f development, 686 Microcephaly, 542 Mixed nerve, 469, 524
Meiosis I, 100, 101 and gastrulation, 1169 Microcirculation, 776 Mixture, 41
Meiosis II, 100, 101 and heart development, 759 Microdermabrasion, 170 M line, 312
Meissner corpuscle. See Tactile and integumentary system Microfilament, 78, 80 MMC. See Migrating motility
corpuscle development, 167 Microglial cells, 427 complex
Melanin, 152 and lymphoid tissue Microtubule, 80, 422 Modiolus, 627
Melanocortin, 1028 development, 858 Microvillous border, 974 Molar, 953
Melanocyte, 152 and muscle development, 338 Microvillous border enzyme, 974 Molarity, 42t
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and respiratory system Microvillus, 80, 118t, 974 Mole, 42
658, 662 development, 932 Micturition, 1077 Molecular weight, 922
Melanoma, 105, 170, 172f and skeletal system Micturition center, 1077 Molecule, 3, 33, 1019–1020
Melanosome, 156 development, 263 Micturition reflex, 1077 Moles per liter (mol/L), 42, 42t
Melatonin, 512, 681–682 Mesodermal cell, 338 Midbrain Monoamine oxidase, 452, 559
Membrane, 18, 139, 140f. See also Mesodermal layer (primitive development of, 1171 Monoclonal antibody, 876, 880
specific types gut), 991 structure and function of, Monocyte, 708
Membrane attack complex, 878 Mesonephric duct, 1079, 1147 504–505, 505f–506f Monomer, 44
Membrane potential, 68, 432 Mesonephros, 1079 Middle cardiac vein, 741, 817 Mononucleosis, 886
Membrane protein, 65–66, 67f Mesothelioma, 937 Middle cerebellar peduncles, 507 Monoplegia, 488
Membrane vesicle, 86 Mesothelium, 117t Middle cerebral artery, 803t Monosaccharide, 46, 46f, 977
I-22 IN D E X
Monosynaptic reflex arc, 481 Müllerian-inhibiting that move wrist, hand, thumb, regeneration of, 337
Monounsaturated fat, 49 substance, 1147 digits, 385–390, 387f–390f, skeletal muscle fiber types, 332
Monozygotic twins, 1162 Multicellular gland, 124, 125f, 390t–391t skeletal muscle tissue, 141,
Mons pubis, 1135 126, 126f Muscle action potential, 322, 431 141t, 307–315
Morning sickness, 1197 Multifidus, 397 Muscle fatigue, 327 smooth muscle tissue, 141,
Morula, 1163, 1163f Multiple-allele inheritance, Muscle fiber, 307. See also Skeletal 142t, 335–337
Motilin, 991 1193–1194 muscle fiber types of, 306, 337t–338t
Motility, 943 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 457 Muscle protein, 312–314, 314t Muscular venule, 778
Motion sickness, 637 Multipolar neuron, 424 Muscle pull, 416 Musculocutaneous nerves, 473
Motor area. See Motor cortex Multipotent stem cell, 701, Muscle spindle, 482, Musculoskeletal system, 203. See
Motor cortex, 517, 520 839, 1164 577–578, 578f also Skeletal system
Motor end plate, 322 Multi-unit smooth muscle Muscle strain, 416 Mutation, 1191
Motor function, nervous tissue, 335 Muscle tear, 416 MVP. See Mitral valve prolapse
system, 420 Mumps, 951 Muscle tension, 328–331 Myalgia, 341
Motor homunculus, 520 Muscarinic receptor, 558 Muscle tone Myasthenia gravis, 339–340
Motor nerves, 524 Muscles. See also Muscular system and corpus striatum, 591 Mydriasis, 644
Motor neuron, 425, 481, 548f, 563 abdominal, 366–367, 367t, and muscle spindles, 577 Myelencephalon, 494, 538, 1171
Motor output, spinal cord, 368f–369f and muscle tension, 320 Myelination, 428, 429f, 442
467–468, 467f abnormal contractions of, 340 and reticular formation, 507 Myelin sheath, 427
Motor pathway, 548f, 549–557 action potential of, 306, 322 smooth, 336 Myelin sheath gap, 428
Motor tract, 467–468, 467f anterior neck, 362–364, and stretch reflex, 482 Myelitis, 490
Motor unit, 328, 328f 362f–363f, 363t–364t Mucosal fold, 9969, 1076 Myelogenous leukemia, 723
Motor unit recruitment, 330 attachment sites of, 345–346 Muscular arteries, 774 Myeloid stem cell, 701
Mouth, 948–955 for breathing, 369–372, 369t, Muscular atrophy, 309 Myenteric neural plexus, 945
digestive activities of, 955t 370f–371f Muscular dystrophy, 340 Mylohyoid, 362
mechanical and chemical coordination of, 348–351 Muscular hypertrophy, 30 Myocardial infarction, 741
digestion in, 953–954 core, 399 Muscularis. See Muscular layer Myocardial ischemia, 741
and salivary glands, 949–951 development of, 338, 339f Muscularis mucosae, 944 Myocarditis, 730
structures of, 948–949, 949f for facial expression, 353–355, Muscular layer Myocardium, 730, 735, 749f
and teeth, 952–953 354f–355f, 356t digestive canal, 944 Myoepithelial cell, 1135
and tongue, 951–952 glycogenolysis in, 1023 ureter, 1075 Myofibril, 311
Movement, 8. See also Joints of inhalation and urethra, 1078 Myogenic mechanism, 1057
and corpus striatum, 590–591 exhalation, 913f urinary bladder, 1076 Myogenic response, 791
and brain stem, 586, 589 intrinsic foot, 411–413, vagina, 1134 Myoglobin, 309
and cerebellum, 582 412t, 413f Muscular system, 5t. See also Myogram, 328, 328f, 329f
and cerebral cortex, 585–586 intrinsic hand, 391–392, 392t, Muscles Myology, 306
elbow joint, 292, 292f 393f–394f and cardiovascular system, 841 Myoma, 341
hip joint, 293, 294f–295f of mastication, 359–361, contributions of, 415 Myomalacia, 341
knee joint, 295–298, 296f–297f 359t, 360t and digestive system, 994 Myomesin, 314
glenohumeral joint, 288–290, metabolism in, 325–327 disorders in, 414 Myometrium, 1130
288f–290f naming system for, 351, 352t and endocrine system, 690 Myopathy, 339
and skeletal system, 178 pelvic floor, 372–374, 372t, 373f and genital systems, 1151 Myopia, 618
somatic motor pathways perineum, 374–375, 374f, 375t and homeostasis, 344, 414, 415 Myosin, 312, 318
for, 583f and synovial joints, 284 and integumentary system, 171 Myositis, 341
special, 279–280 that move eyeballs and upper and lymphoid system and Myotome, 338, 1171
synovial, 281–283, 282f eyelids, 355–358, 357f, 358t immunity, 883 Myotonia, 340
temporomandibular joint, that move femur, 398–399, 400t, and movement production, MyPlate, 1031–1033, 1032f
217, 287 401f–403f 345–351 Myxedema, 689
M phase, 97–98 that move femur, tibia, fibula, naming, 351–352
MRI. See Magnetic resonance 404–406, 404t–401t, 401f and nervous system, 564 N
imaging that move foot and toes, and respiratory system, 935 NAD. See Nicotinamide adenine
mRNA. See Messenger RNA 406–408, 407f–409f, and skeletal system, 266 dinucleotide
MS. See Multiple sclerosis 410t–411t, 411–413, and urinary system, 1082 Na+–glucose symporter, 1061,
MSH. See Melanocyte-stimulating 412t, 413f Muscular tissue, 112, 141–142. See 1062f
hormone that move head, 364–366, also Skeletal muscle tissue Na+–H+ antiporter, 1061, 1062f
Mucoid connective tissue, 130, 131t 365f, 366t and aging, 339 Na+–K+ ATPase, 74, 74f
Mucosa that move humerus, 378–381, cardiac muscle tissue, 141, 142t, Na+–K+–2Cl– symporter,
digestive canal, 944 378t, 379f–380f 334–335 1063–1064, 1063f
ureter, 1075 that move mandible, 359, contraction and relaxation of Na+ symporter, 1061
urethra, 1077 359t, 360f muscle fibers, 316–325 Nail, 161–163, 162f
urinary bladder, 1076 that move pectoral girdle, development of muscles, 338 Nail bed, 163
vagina, 1133 375–378, 376t, 377f disorders related to, 339–340 Nail matrix, 163
Mucosa-associated lymphoid that move radius and ulna, and exercise, 333–334 Nail plate, 162
tissue, 858, 944 382–385, 382t, 383f–385f functions of, 306 Nail root, 162
Mucous connective tissue. See that move tongue, 359–361, and homeostasis, 305 Na+–K+ ATPases, 74, 74f, 436
Mucoid connective tissue 361f, 361t muscle metabolism, 325–327 Narcolepsy, 594
Mucous membranes, 139, 156, 859 that move vertebral column, and muscle tension control, Nasal bone, 216
Mucous neck cell, 961 394–398, 395t–396t, 328–331 Nasal cavity, 894
Mucus, 859 397f–398f properties of, 306–307 Nasal half (visual field), 624
I NDEX I-23
Nasal septum, 214, 218, 218f, 894 of bone, 184 Neural innervation, digestive Night blindness, 619, 1035t
Nasal septal cartridge, 894 as bundles of axons, 428–429 canal, 945–946 Nipple, 1135
Nasal vestibule, 894, 896 of kidney, 1047–1048 Neural layer (retina), 613 Nissl body, 422
Nasolacrimal duct, 609 in peripheral nervous Neural plate, 536, 1171 Nitric oxide, 453, 651, 703–704
Nasopharynx, 897 system, 420 Neural tube, 494, 536, 1171 Nitric oxide synthase, 453
Natriuresis, 1092 for skeletal muscle tissue, 309 Neural tube defect, 539, 1170 Nitrogen, 32f
Natural blood doping, 707 of synovial joints, 274 Neuritis, 490 Nitrogen narcosis, 919
Natural brainwashing, 541 Nerve action potential, 143, 431 Neuroblastoma, 458 Nitrogenous base, 56
Natural killer cell, 860 Nerve block, 490 Neurocranium, 262 Nitrogenous waste, 1043
Natural pacemaker, 741 Nerve conduction velocity Neurofibril, 422 NK. See Natural killer
Nausea, 996 test, 319 Neurogenesis, 455–456 NMJ. See Neuromuscular junction
Navicular bone, 261 Nerve fiber, 422, 442–443 Neuroglia, 143, 425–427, NNRTI. See Non-nucleoside
NCV test. See Nerve conduction Nerve impulse, 450, 570. See also 427f, 428f reverse transcriptase
velocity test Action potential Neurohypophyseal bud, 686 inhibitor
n (haploid) cell, 100 Nervous system, 5t Neurohypophysis. See Posterior NO. See Nitric oxide
NE. See Norepinephrine and aging, 539–540 pituitary Nociceptor, 573, 575–576
Near point of vision, 618 blood pressure regulation by, Neurolemma, 428 Nocturia, 1084
NEAT. See Nonexercise activity 754–755, 754f Neurolemmocyte. See Nocturnal enuresis, 1084
thermogenesis and cardiovascular system, 841 Schwann cell Node of Ranvier. See Myelin
Nebulin, 314 contributions of, 564 Neurologist, 420 sheath gap
Neck (area of body) control by endocrine system vs., Neurology, 420 Nodular dendritic cell, 852
anatomical terminology, 14 648–649, 648t Neuromuscular disease, 339 Nonassociative learning, 594
anterior, muscles of, 362–364, control of heart by, 754f Neuromuscular junction, 322–325, Nonciliated pseudostratified
362f–363f, 363t–364t development of, 536–539 323f–324f columnar epithelium, 119t
muscles of, that move head, digestion regulation by, 989, 989f Neuron, 422–425, 451t Nonciliated simple columnar
364–366, 365f, 366t and digestive system, 994 central nervous system, 425f epithelium, 118t
muscles of, that move vertebral and endocrine system, 648, 690 classification of, 424, 424f, 426f Nondisjunction, 1192
column, 394–398, 395t–396t, functions of, 420, 422, 431f electrical signal in, 430–433 Nonencapsulated sensory
397f–398f glomerular filtration rate functions of, 143 corpuscle, 575
respiratory structures of, regulation by, 1058 ion channel in, 432, 433f, 434t Nonessential amino acid, 1019
894f–896f and homeostasis, 564 multipolar structure of, Nonexercise activity
veins of, 819, 819t, 820f–821f and integumentary system, 171 423f, 424 thermogenesis, 1028
Neck (part of structure) and metabolic rate, 1027 parts of, 422–424 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 886
gallbladder, 964 and muscular system, 415 structural diversity in, 424 Non-incisional sterilization, 1145
sperm, 1112 organization of, 420, 421f Neuronal cell body, 428 Noninvasive diagnostic
tooth, 953 origin of, 538f Neuropathy, 458 technique, 5
Necklift, 170 and genital systems, 1151 Neuropeptide, 453–452, 452t Noninvasive prenatal test, 1182
Necrosis, 100 and respiratory system, 935 Neuropeptide Y, 1028 Nonmotor process, regulation
Negative feedback system, 11, 12f and skeletal system, 266 Neurosecretory cell, 451, 659, 660f of, 591
in cardiovascular system, 706f, and urinary system, 1082 Neurosyphili, 1155 Non-nucleoside reverse
790f, 795f Nervous tissue, 112, 143, 143t Neurotransmitter, 451–453, 452f transcriptase inhibitor, 884
in digestive system, 989f action potentials in, 438–444 autonomic nervous system, Nonpolar covalent bond, 35
in endocrine system, 660f, collections of, 428–430 558–560 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
675f, 679f disorders related to, 457–458 modifying effects of, 453 drug, 683
in genital system, 1114f electrical signals in neurons, and neuromuscular Nonvolatile acid, 1100
in metabolism, 1031f 430–434 junction, 322 Norepinephrine
in respiratory system, 930f, graded potential in, 436–438 and neuropeptides, in suprarenal medulla, 676
1100f histology of, 422–428 453–454, 454f from adrenergic neuron, 558
in urinary system, 1066f and homeostasis, 419 postsynaptic effects of, 449–450 as biogenic amine, 452
Negative inotropic agent, 753 myelination, 428 removal of, from synaptic cleft, blood pressure regulation
Negative selection, 880 neural circuit, 454–455 447, 448 by, 791
Nephrology, 1043 neuroglia, 425–427 small-molecule, 451–453, 452f splanchic nerves and release
Nephron, 1045, 1048–1053 neuron, 422–425 and synaptic vesicles, 424 of, 556
blood vessels and structure of, neurotransmitter, 451–454 Neurotransmitter receptor for thermoregulation, 1030
1049f–1051f regeneration and repair of, autonomic nervous system, Normal curve (vertebral
filtration, reabsorption and 455–458, 456f 558–560 column), 225
secretion in, 1071f resting membrane potential in, in chemical synapse, 446, 449 Normal sinus rhythm, 765
histology of, 1049–1053 434–436 ionotropic and metabotropic, Normal-tension glaucoma, 643
and other internal structures of signal transmission at synapse, 447, 448f Normotensive (term), 842
kidneys, 1048–1049 444–450 structure of, 447, 448 NOS. Nitric oxide synthase
parts of, 1048–1049 and thyroid hormones, 668 Neurulation, 1171, 1172f Nose, 894, 896–897, 896f
physiology of, 1053–1054 Net filtration pressure, 782, 1056, Neutron, 31 Nosebleed, 938
structure of, 1049f–1051f 1057f Neutrophil, 707, 860 Nostril, 894
Nephron loop, 1048, 1063–1064, Neural circuit, 454–455, 455f, Nevus, 156, 172f Notochord, 264, 1171
1064f, 1069–1070 584, 585f NFP. See Net filtration pressure Notochordal process, 1169, 1170f
Nephropathy, 1084 Neural crest, 538, 686, 1171 NHL. See Non-Hodgkin lymphoma NREM sleep, 593
Nephrotic syndrome, 1081 Neural fold, 536, 1171 Nicotinamide adenine NREM sleep center, 593
Nerves. See also Nervous system; Neuralgia, 490 dinucleotide, 1002 NRTI. See Nucleoside reverse
Nervous tissue Neural groove, 536, 1171 Nicotinic receptor, 558 transcriptase inhibitor
I-24 IN D E X
NSAID. See Nonsteroidal anti- Olfactory bulb, 516, 524, 604 nucleic acid, 56–58 Ovarian vein, 827t
inflammatory drug Olfactory cortex, 520 protein, 51–55 Ovary, 681, 681t, 1121–1126,
NTD. See Neural tube defect Olfactory cilium, 602 Organismal level of organization, 5 1122–1123f, 1129f
Nuchal ligament, 395 Olfactory epithelium, 601, Organ level of organization, 4 histology of, 1122, 1124f
Nuclear division, 97–98 601f–602f, 897 Organ of Corti. See Spiral organ oogenesis and follicular
Nuclear envelope, 89 Olfactory gland, 603 Organogenesis, 1175 development, 1124–1127,
Nuclear pore, 89 Olfactory (I) nerve, 524, 525f, 604 Organs, defined, 4 1125f–1128f, 1128t
Nucleic acid, 56–58, 977, 1020 Olfactory pathway, 601f–602f, 604 Organ transplantation, 873 relative position of, 1123f
Nucleolus, 86 Olfactory sensory neuron, Orgasm, 1143 reproductive cycle phases in,
Nucleosidase, 977 602–603, 604 Origin (muscle), 345 1139, 1040, 1141
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase Olfactory tract, 524, 604 Oropharyngeal membrane, Overflow incontinence, 1078
inhibitor, 884 Olfactory transduction, 603f 991, 1171 Overhydration, 1066
Nucleosome, 91 Oligodendrocyte, 426 Oropharynx, 897 Ovulation, 661, 1122, 1140
Nucleotide, 56, 56f Oligopotent stem cell, 1164–1165 Orthodontics, 191, 953 Ovum, 1126
Nuclei. See also specific types Olive, 503 Orthopedics, 203 Oxidation, 40, 1002, 1018f
of cells, 31, 64, 89–91, 90f Omental appendix, 986 Orthostatic hypotension, 842 Oxidation–reduction reaction,
of medulla, 503 Omohyoid, 362 Os coxa, 251 40, 1002
and movement, 586, 589 Oncogene, 106 Osmolarity, 1044 Oxidative burst, 861
of neuronal cell bodies, 428 Oncogenic virus, 106 Osmoreceptor, 573, 664 Oxidative decarboxylation, 1009f
of sperm, 1112 Oncology, 105 Osmosis, 71–72, 72f Oxidative phosphorylation, 1003
of spinal cord, 464 Oocyte, 1122 Osmotic gradient, 1068, 1069 Oxygen
Nurse cell, 1108 Oogenesis, 1124–1126, 1127f, Osmotic pressure, 71–72 atomic structure of, 33f
Nutrient, energy content of, 1026t 1128t Osseous tissue. See Bone tissue consumption of, after
Nutrient artery, 184 Oogonium, 1124 Ossification, 185–188, 186f, 187f exercise, 327
Nutrient foramen, 184 Oophorectomy, 1156 Ossification center, 185, 188 exchange of carbon dioxide and,
Nutrient store, 1021 Open reduction, 193 Ostem 918–922
Nutrient veins, 184 Ophthalmic nerve, 529 Osteoarthritis (OA), 199, 300–301 in external and internal
Nutrition, 1032–1037 Ophthalmology, 608 Osteoblast, 180 respiration, 920f
healthy eating guidelines, Opponens digiti minimi, 391 Osteoclast, 180 and hemoglobin, 923–925,
1032–1033 Opponens pollicis, 391 Osteocyte, 137, 180 923f–925f
and homeostasis, 1000 Opposition, joint, 280 Osteogenic sarcoma, 105 transport of, 922–925, 922f
and minerals, 1033, 1034 Opsin, 620 Osteology, 178 Oxygenated blood, 919
and vitamins, 1033, 1035t, Opsonization, 877 Osteomalacia, 199, 1035t Oxygen debt, 327
10136t, 1037 Opthalmology, 608 Osteomyelitis, 199 Oxygen diffusing capacity, 931
Nystagmus, 532, 644 Optic chiasm, 525, 623 Osteonic canal, 181 Oxyhemoglobin, 922
Optic cup, 640 Osteon, 137, 181 Oxyphil cell. See Pale principal
O Optic disc. See Blind spot Osteopenia, 199 parathyroid cell
O2 diffusing capacity. See Oxygen Optic groove, 639 Osteoporosis, 197–199, 197f, 1141 Oxytocin, 662, 663
diffusing capacity Optic (II) nerve, 525–526, 526f, 623 Osteoprogenitor cell, 180
OA. See Osteoarthritis Optic radiation, 624 Osteosarcoma, 199 P
Obesity, 1038 Optic stalk, 640 OT. See Oxytocin Pacemaker
Obligatory water reabsorption, 1061 Optic tract, 525, 624 Otalgia, 644 artificial, 744
Oblique fissure, 907 Optic vesicle, 639 Otic ganglion, 532, 550, 557 natural, 742
Oblique plane, 15 Oral cavity, 948. See also Mouth Otic pit, 642 Pacemaker potential, 744
Oblique popliteal ligament, 296 Oral cavity proper, 948 Otic placode, 641, 1175 Pacinian corpuscle. See Lamellar
Obsessive–compulsive Oral vestibule, 948 Otic vesicle, 642 corpuscle
disorder, 591 Ora serrata, 611 Otitis media, 643 Paget’s disease, 191
Obstructive shock, 793 Orbicularis oculi, 353 Otoacoustic emission, 632 PAH. See Para-aminohippuric acid
Obturator externus, 399 Orbit, 219, 219f Otoliths, 636 Pain, 576, 576f, 931
Obturator internus, 399 Orbitofrontal cortex, 520, 604 Otolithic membrane, 636 Pain threshold, 597
Obturator nerve, 477 Orchitis, 1156 Otolithic organ, 635–636 Pain tolerance, 597
Occipital belly Organelle, 64, 81–89 Otorhinolaryngology, 625, 892 Palate, 948
(occipitofrontalis), 353 centrosome, 81, 81f Otoscope, 625 Palatine bone, 216
Occipital bone, 210–211 cilium, 81–82, 82f Outer longitudinal layer Palatine tonsil, 858, 897
Occipital lobe (cerebrum), 514 endoplasmic reticulum, (muscularis), 1134 Palatoglossal arch, 949
Occipitofrontalis, 353 83–84, 84f Outer cortex (lymph node), 854 Palatoglossus, 360
Occlusion, 842 flagellum, 82, 82f Outer ear, 625 Palatopharyngeal arch, 949
Occult blood, 987 Golgi complex, 84–86, 85f Oval window. See Vestibular Pale principal parathyroid cell, 669
OCD. See Obsessive–compulsive lysosome, 86, 87f window Pallor, 156
disorder mitochondrion, 88, 89f Ovarian artery, 810t Palmar digital vein, 822t
Octet rule, 34 peroxisome, 87–88 Ovarian cancer, 1153 Palmar interossei, 391
Oculomotor (III) nerve, 505, proteasome, 88 Ovarian cortex, 1122 Palmar metacarpal artery, 803t
527–528, 527f ribosome, 82–83, 83f Ovarian cycle, 1137, 1142f Palmar metacarpal vein, 822t
Odontoblast, 953 Organic compound, 40, 44–45 Ovarian cyst, 1126, 1158 Palmaris longus, 386
Odorant, 602 adenosine triphosphate, 58–59 Ovarian follicle, 1122, 1124–1126, Palmar venous plexus, 822t
Odor threshold, 604 carbohydrate, 45–47 1125f–1126f, 1128t Palm muscles, that move digits,
OH– (hydroxide ion), 42 carbon skeleton and functional Ovarian ligament, 1121 391–392, 392t, 393f–394f
Oils, 49 groups, 44 Ovarian medulla, 1122 Palpation, 5, 767
Olfaction, 601–604 lipid, 47–51 Ovarian mesothelium, 1122 Palpebral conjunctiva, 609
I NDEX I-25
Palpebral fissure, 608 and regulation of urinary Pelvic girdle, 251–253 Peripheral chemoreceptor,
Palpitation, 767 system, 1067 bones of, 251–252 929, 929f
Pancreas, 964–966 Paraurethral gland, 1135 false and true, 253–255 Peripheral muscular portion
anatomy of, 964–965 Paraventricular nucleus, 662 of females vs. males, 255, 256f (diaphragm), 369
blood supply of, 678f Paraxial mesoderm, 1171 Pelvic inflammatory disease Peripheral nervous system
digestive function of, Parenchyma, 144, 1045 (PID), 1156 damage and repair in, 456, 456f
965–966, 980t Paresthesia, 490 Pelvic splanchnic nerves, 556, neuroglia of, 427, 428f
endocrine function of, 676, Parietal bone, 207 557, 557f neurons in, 426f
677–681 Parietal branch Pelvimetry, 255 organization of, 420, 421f
histology of, 678f, 965 of abdominal aorta, 809 Pelvis Peripheral protein, 66
location of, 678f, 964f–965f of thoracic aorta, 806 arteries of, 814, 815f–817f Perirenal fat capsule fat, 1044
Pancreatic acinus, 965 Parietal cell, 961, 962f autonomic plexuses, 554f Peristalsis, 956, 986
Pancreatic amylase, 965, 976 Parietal decidua, 1165 false and true, 253–255 Peritoneal cavity, 946
Pancreatic artery, 809t Parietal layer muscles that support, 372–374, Peritoneal dialysis, 1074
Pancreatic cancer, 966 of serous membrane, 139 372t, 373f Peritoneum, 19, 139, 946–948
Pancreatic duct, 964 of serous pericardium, 730 veins of, 826f, 827, 827t –828t, Peritonitis, 948
Pancreatic islet, 676–681 Parietal lobe (cerebrum), 514 828f, 829 Peritubular capillaries, 1048
cell types, 677 Parietal peritoneum, 946 Penis, 1118, 1119f–1120f, 1121 Permanent teeth, 953
control of hormone secretion Parietal pleura, 906 Pentose sugar, 56 Permeability, membrane, 67–68
from, 677, 679–681 Parieto-occipital sulcus, 514 Pepsin, 962 Permissive effect of hormones, 655
disorders of, 691–692 Parkinson’s disease, 591, 596 Peptic ulcer, 992 Pernicious anemia, 722
and histology of pancreas, 965 Parotid duct, 949 Peptic ulcer disease, 992 Peroxisome, 87–88
hormones from, 680t Parotid gland, 949, 950f Peptidase, 976 Persistent vegetative state, 594
Pancreatic juice, 965–966 Paroxysmal tachycardia, 767 Peptide, 52, 867, 868 Perspiration, 160–161, 859
Pancreatic lipase, 965 Pars distalis, 657 Peptide bond, 52, 52f PET. See Positron emission
Pancreatic polypeptide, 677 Pars intermedia, 657 Peptide hormone, 651 tomography
Pancreatic polypeptide cell, 677 Pars nervosa, 657 Peptidyl site, 94 Peyer’s patch. See Aggregated
Pancreatitis, 966 Pars tuberalis, 657 Percentage (mass per volume), lymphoid nodule
Paneth cell, 973 Partial hip replacement, 299 42, 42t PG. See Prostaglandin
Papanicolaou test, 124 Partial knee replacement, 299 Percent saturation of P generation, 1194
Papilla Partially saturated hemoglobin, 923 hemoglobin, 923 Phagocyte, 76, 860–861
of hair, 158 Partial pressure, 920f, 921, 923 Perception, 517, 570 Phagocytosis, 76–77, 77f
of tongue, 605, 606f–607f, 951 Passive transport processes, 68, Percussion, 5 and antibody-mediated
Papillary dermis, 154, 155t 69–73, 73t Percutaneous transluminal immunity, 876, 877
Papillary duct, 1047, 1048 diffusion, 69–71 coronary angiography and innate immunity,
Papillary muscle, 734 osmosis, 71–73 (PTCA), 762 860–861, 861f
Papillary region. See Papillary Patella, 256–258, 258f–260f Perforated eardrum, 625 in liver, 971
dermis Patellar ligament, 296, 404 Perforating canal, 183 by white blood cells, 709
Papule, 174 Patellar reflex, 486 Perforating fiber, 180, 183 Phagolysosome, 861
Para-aminohippuric acid, 1074 Patellofemoral stress syndrome, 257 Perforin, 860, 872 Phagosome, 861
Paracellular reabsorption, 1060, Patellotibial ligament, 295–296 Performance, stretching Phalanx, 251, 261
1060f Patency, of respiratory system, 911 and, 351 Phantom limb sensation, 575
Paracrine, 650, 650f Patent ductus arteriosus, 764, 1188 Pericardial cavity, 17, 730 Pharmacology, 13
Parahippocampal gyrus, 516 Pathogens, 847 Pericardial fluid, 730 Pharyngeal arch, 932, 1175, 1177f
Parallel after-discharge Pathological cardiomegaly, 757 Pericardial vein, 825t Pharyngeal groove, 1175, 1177f
circuit, 454 Pathologist, 112 Pericarditis, 730 Pharyngeal pouch
Paralysis, 330, 416, 535, 585 PCL. See Posterior cruciate ligament Pericardium, 19, 139, development of, 1175, 1177f
Paramedian plane, 14 PCT. See Proximal convoluted 729–730, 729f and ear development, 642
Paramesonephric duct, 1147 tubule Pericentriolar matrix, 81 and endocrine system
Paranasal sinus, 220, 221f PD. See Parkinson’s disease Perichondrium, 135, 187 development, 686
Paraplegia, 488 PDA. See Patent ductus arteriosus Periderm, 167 Pharyngeal reflex, 533
Parasagittal plane, See PDGF. See Platelet-derived growth Perilymph, 626 Pharyngeal stage
Paramedian plane 14 factor Perimetrium, 1130. See also (swallowing), 956
Parasympathetic division of Pectinate muscles, 731 Parametrium Pharyngeal tonsil, 858
autonomic nervous system, Pectoral girdle 243–245, 243f Perimysium, 307 Pharynx, 897, 955, 958t
420, 547 clavicle, 243–244, 244f Perinephric fat Phenotype, 1191–1192
adrenergic and cholinergic muscles that move, 375–378, Perineum Phenylketonuria (PKU), 1018,
neurons in, 558f 376t, 377f in female genital system, 1135, 1191, 1191f
effects of, 562t–563t scapula, 244–245, 245f 1136f Pheochromocytoma, 691, 840
structure of, 552f, 557 Pectoralis major, 379 muscles of, 374–375, 374f, 375t Phlebitis, 842
sympathetic division vs., 561t Pectoralis minor, 376 Perineurium, 469 Phlebotomists, 724
Parasympathetic ganglion, 550 Pedicle, 1055 Periodic abstinence, 1146 Phlebotomy, 724
Parasympathetic response, 561 Peg cell, 1127 Periodontal disease, 992 Phosphatase, 977
Parathyroid gland, 669–672, 670f, Pellagra, 1036t Periodontal ligament, 952 Phosphate, 1096
671f, 672t Pelvic arteries, 814, 814t, 815f–816f Periodontics, 953 Phosphate buffer system, 1099
Parathyroid hormone Pelvic bone, 251 Periodontium, 952 Phosphate group, 56
and homeostasis in bone Pelvic cavity, 18 Periorbital fat, 610 Phosphodiesterase, 654
tissue, 195 Pelvic diaphragm, 373 Periosteal arteries, 184 Phospholipid, 50, 50f, 66
and parathyroid glands, Pelvic floor muscles, 372–374, Periosteal veins, 184 Phosphorylation, 1003, 1009f
669–672, 670f, 671f, 672t 372t, 373f Periosteum, 178, 180, 186, 188 Photophobia, 644
I-26 IN D E X
Photophosphorylation, 1003 ion channel in, 433f Popliteus, 406 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 686
Photopigment, 619, 621f passive transport processes for, Portal system, 777 Postural hypotension, 842
Photoreceptor, 573, 613, 619 69–73 Portal triad, 968 Postural reflex, 589
Photoreceptor cell layer permeability of, 67–68 Portal vein, 833 Posture, stretching and, 351
(retina), 613 structure of, 65–66 Portwine stain, 174 Potassium, 32f, 1095
Photosensitivity, 169 transport across, 68–69 Positive feedback system, 11, 12f, 13 Potassium ion, 70f
Phototransduction, 621–622, 622f Plasma protein, 698, 1056 estrogens in, 1141f Potential energy, 37
Phrenic nerve, 472 Plasmin, 716 in lactation, 1190 Power stroke, 318
pH scale, 42–44, 43f, 44t, 1044 Plasminogen, 716 Positive inotropic agent, 753 P–Q interval
Physical activity, 1028, 1028t Plasmocyte, 127, 866, 874 Positive selection, 879 (electrocardiogram), 747
Physiological cardiomegaly, 757 Plasticity, 455, 595 Positron emission tomography, 25t Pre-Bötzinger complex, 927
Physiology, 2, 2t Plateau (action potential), 746 Postabsorptive state Precapillary sphincter, 775
Pia mater, 462, 496 Plateau phase (human sexual absorptive vs., 1021 Precentral gyrus, 514
PID. See Pelvic inflammatory response), 1143 hormonal regulation of, 1025t Precursor cell, 702
disease Platelet, 138, 698, 710 metabolic pathway in, 1024f Predonation, 724
Pigmented layer (retina), 613 Platelet adhesion, 713 metabolism in, 1021 Preeclampsia, 1186
PIH. See Pregnancy-induced Platelet aggregation, 713 Postcapillary venules, 776, 778 Pre-exposure prophylaxis, 885
hypertension Platelet-derived growth factor, 713 Postcentral gyrus, 514, 580 Prefrontal cortex, 520
PIH. See Prolactin-inhibiting Platelet plug formation, Posterior cerebral artery, 802t Preganglionic neuron, 549, 550
hormone 713–714, 714f Posterior chamber (eye), 615, 616f Pregnancy, 1161. See also Labor
Piles, 995 Platelet release reaction, 713 Posterior column, 480, 580 compressed inferior vena
Pineal gland, 512, 681–682 Platelet-rich plasma therapy, 710 Posterior column–medial lemniscus cava, 817
Pinealocyte, 681 Pleura, 19, 139 pathway, 504, 580, 581f early pregnancy tests, 1184
Pinkeye, 643 Pleural cavity, 17, 906 Posterior commissure, 514 ectopic, 1165
Pinna. See Auricle Pleural effusion, 906 Posterior communicating and exercise, 1186
Pinocytosis, 667 Pleural membrane, 905f, 906 artery, 803t hormones of, 1183–1184, 1183f
Piriformis, 399 Pleurisy, 906 Posterior compartment maternal changes during,
Pisiform carpal, 247 Plexus, 470. See also specific plexus arm, 385, 386 1183–1186
Pituicyte, 662 Plexus of Auerbach. See Myenteric leg, 406 normal fetal location and
Pituitary dwarfism, 192, 688 neural plexus thigh, 406 position, 1185f
Pituitary gland. See also Anterior Plexus of Meissner. See Posterior cruciate ligament, 298 prenatal diagnostic test,
pituitary; Posterior pituitary Submucosal neural plexus Posterior fontanel, 222 1181–1182
disorders related to, 688 Plica circularis. See Circular fold Posterior gray horn, 466 Pregnancy-induced
and hypothalamus, 655–665, Pluripotent stem cell, 865f, 1164 Posterior interventricular hypertension, 1186
6f–656–657f PMDD. See Premenstrual sulcus, 731 Preload, cardiac, 753
Pivot joint, 2781, 282f dysphoric disorder Posterior lobe (cerebellum), 507 Premature ejaculation, 1121
PKD. See Polycystic kidney disease PMS. See Premenstrual syndrome Posterior lymph sac, 859 Premature infant, 1189
PKU. See Phenylketonuria Pneumocyte type I, 907 Posterior median sulcus, 464 Premature osteoporosis, 1141
Placenta, 836, 1173–1175, 1174f Pneumocyte type II, 907 Posterior pituitary, 657, 662–665, Premenstrual dysphoric
Placental stage (labor), 1187 Pneumonia, 936 663f–664f. See also Pituitary disorder, 1152
Placenta previa, 1174 Pneumotaxic area. See Pontine gland Premenstrual syndrome, 1152
Placentation, 1173 respiratory group and antidiuretic hormone, 664 Premolar, 953
Plane, 14–15, 18f Pneumothorax, 906 hormones of, 663–665, 665t Premotor area. See Premotor
Plane joint, 281, 282f PNI. See Psychoneuroimmunology and oxytocin, 662, 663 cortex
Plantar aponeurosis, 411 PNS. See Peripheral nervous system secretion control for, 663 Premotor cortex (cerebrum),
Plantar arch, 814 Podocyte, 1049 Posterior ramus, 470 520, 585
Plantar digital artery, 814t Polar covalent bond, 35 Posterior root, 464 Pre-mRNA, 94
Plantar digital vein, 829t Polarized cell, 435 Posterior root ganglion, See Prenatal development, 1114,
Plantar fasciitis, 414 Polar substances, in water, 41f Spinal ganglion, 464 1161. See also Embryonic
Plantar flexion, 279 Poliomyelitis, 489 Posterior segment, 615 period of development;
Plantar flexion reflex, 486 Polycystic kidney disease, Posterior spinocerebellar tract, 582 Fetal period of development
Plantar interossei, 411 1082–1083 Posterior thoracic muscles, 376 Prenatal diagnostic test, 1181–1182
Plantaris, 406 Polycythemia, 698 Posterior tibial arteries, 814 Preoptic area, 1030
Plantar metatarsal artery, 814t Polygenic inheritance, 1193 Posterior triangle, 366 Preoptic region
Plantar metatarsal vein, 829t Polymer, 44 Posterior white funiculus, 467 (hypothalamus), 510
Plantar muscles of the foot, 411 Polyneuritis, 1035t Posterolateral fontanel, 222 Preovulatory phase (reproductive
Plasma. See Blood plasma Polyp, 984, 993 Postganglionic neuron, 549, cycle), 140
Plasma cell. See Plasmocyte Polypeptide, 52 550, 553f PrEP. See Pre-exposure
Plasma creatinine, 1072 Polyribosome, 96 Postovulatory phase prophylaxis
Plasma membrane, 64, 65–78 Polysaccharides, 46, 47, 47f (reproductive cycle), 1140 Prepuce, 1118, 1135
active transport processes for, Polyspermy, 1162 Post-polio syndrome, 489 Presbycusis, 642
73–78 Polysynaptic reflex arc, 481 Postsynaptic cell, 444 Presbyopia, 618
in antigen processing, 867 Polyunsaturated fat, 49 Postsynaptic neuron, 444 Pressure, pulmonary ventilation
fluidity of, 67 Polyuria, 1084 Postsynaptic potential and, 912–916, 914f
function of membrane proteins, Pons, 504 in chemical synapse, 445 Pressure changes, cardiac cycle,
66–67, 65f, 67f Pontine nucleus, 504 excitatory and inhibitory, 447 748, 751
gradients across, 68 Pontine respiratory group, 504, 928 spatial and temporal Pressure recording, 829t
insertion of antigen-MHC-I Popliteal arteries, 814 summation of, 449–450, Pressure reservoir, 774, 774f
complex, 868 Popliteal fossa, 406 449f, 450f Pressure sensation, 575
I NDEX I-27
Pressure ulcer, 173, 173f Progesterone, 681, 1138–1139, Protein buffer system, 1098 Pulmonary veins, 835
Presynaptic neuron, 444 1038f, 1183 Protein hormone, 651 Pulmonary ventilation, 892,
Pretectal nucleus, 624 Projection tract, 514 Protein kinase, 654 912–916, 914f
Prevertebral ganglion, 550 Prolactin, 658, 661, 1189 Protein synthesis, 93–96, 91f Pulmonologist, 905
PRG. Pontine respiratory group Prolactin cell, 657, 658 as absorptive state Pulp cavity, 953
PRH. See Prolactin-releasing Prolactin-inhibiting hormone reaction, 1021 Pulse, 792, 803t
hormone (PIH), 659 and recombinant DNA, 96 Pulse point, 792t
Priapism, 1120 Prolactin-releasing transcription, 93–94 Pulse pressure, 793
PRICE treatment for sprain, 301 hormone, 659 translation, 94, 96 Pulvinar nucleus, 510
Primary active transport, Proliferating cartilage, 188 Proteoglycan, 128 Pump, 74
74–75, 1061 Proliferative phase, 5 Proteome, 93 Punctured vein, 822t
Primary auditory area. See Primary deep wound healing, 166 Proteomics, 107 Punnett square, 1191
motor cortex; Primary in the uterus, 1140 Proton, 31 Pupillary light reflex, 486
somatosensory cortex Promoter sequence, 93, 94f Proton acceptor, 42 Pupil, 611, 613f, 617f, 618
Primary auditory cortex Pronation, joint, 279 Proton donor, 42 Purine, 56, 452
(cerebrum), 520, 633 Pronator quadratus, 385 Proton pump, 962, 1008, 1011f Purkinje fibers, See
Primary brain vesicle, 494, Pronator teres, 385 Protraction, joint, 279 Subendocardial conducting
538, 1171 Pronephric duct, 1079 Provitamin, 1033 network 425
Primary bronchial bud, 932 Pronephros, 1079 Proximal convoluted tubule Pus, 77, 863
Primary bronchus. See Main Prone position, 14 and other parts of Putamen, 514
bronchus Propagation, 440, 441–443, 443f nephron, 1048 P waves.
Primary germ layer, 1169, 1170t Proper hepatic artery, 809t reabsorption and secretion in, Pyelonephritis, 1084
Primary hypertension, 840 Proper palmar digital 1061–1063, 1062f, 1063f Pyloric antrum, 960
Primary lymphoid organ, 851 artery, 803t PRP. See Platelet-rich plasma Pyloric canal, 960
Primary motor cortex, 520, 586 Proper palmar digital vein, 822t therapy Pyloric part of stomach, 960
Primary nail field, 167 Prophase, 97–98 Pruritus, 174 Pyloric sphincter, 960
Primary (first-order) neuron, 580 Proportionate dwarfism, 192 Pseudopod, 76, 861 Pyloric stenosis, 960
Primary oocyte, 1124 Proprioceptive sensation, Pseudounipolar neuron, 425 Pylorspasm, 960
Primary ossification center, 188 576–579 P (peptidyl) site, 94 Pylorus, 960
Primary ovarian follicle, 1124 Proprioceptor, 572, 577, 578f, Psoas major, 399 Pyorrhea, 992
Primary plexus of hypophyseal 754, 930 Psoriasis, 154 Pyramid, 502–503
portal system, 659 Propulsion, 962 Psychoneuroimmunology, 880 Pyramidal cell, 425
Primary response, immunological, Prosencephalon, 538, 1171 PTCA. See Percutaneous Pyramidal pathway. See Direct
878, 878f Prosopagnosia, 542 transluminal coronary motor pathway
Primary somatosensory area. Prostacyclin, 717 angiography Pyrimidine, 56
See Primary somatosensory Prostaglandin, 51, 651, 682, 861 Pterygopalatine ganglion, 530, Pyrogen, 1037
cortex Prostate, 1077, 1117–1118, 1150 550, 557 Pyruvic acid, 1004–1005,
Primary somatosensory cortex Prostate cancer, 1150 PTH. See Parathyroid hormone 1007f, 1020
(cerebrum), 517, 582 Prostatic fluid, 1117 Ptosis, 528, 644
Primary spermatocyte, 1112 Prostatic urethra, 1077, 1116 PTSD. See Post-traumatic stress Q
Primary structure, protein, Protease inhibitors, 884 disorder Q. See Coenzyme Q
52, 54f Proteasome, 88 Puberty, 1149 QRS complex, of
Primary visual cortex (cerebral Protection Pubic lice, 174 electrocardiogram, 747
cortex), 517, 624 by blood, 697 Pubic symphysis, 251 Q–T interval, of
Prime mover, muscle, 348 by skeletal system, 178 Pubis, 253 electrocardiogram, 747
Primitive atrium, 760 by skin, 164 Pubococcygeus, 373 Quadrant, 21, 22f
Primitive gut, 991, 1175 for sprains, 301 Pubofemoral ligament, 293 Quadrate lobe (liver), 966
Primitive node, 1169 Protective coverings, for brain, Puborectalis, 373 Quadratus femoris, 399
Primitive streak, 1169 496, 496f PUD. See Peptic ulcer disease Quadratus plantae, 411
Primitive ventricle, 760 Protein, 51–55, 51t. See also Pudendum. See Vulva Quadriceps femoris, 404
Primordial germ cell, 1108, 1124 specific types Puerperal fever, 1198 Quadriceps tendon, 404
Primordial ovarian follicle, 1124 amino acid, 51–52 Puerperium, 1186 Quadriplegia, 488
Primordium, 1198 anabolism, 1017, 1019 Pulled hamstring, 406 Quaternary structure, protein,
Principal cell, 1051 breakdown, 674 Pulmonary alveolar fluid, 908, 915 53, 54f
Principal piece (sperm), 1112 catabolism, 1017, 1023 Pulmonary alveolus, 907,
PRISH signs of inflammation, 861 digestion, 976 908, 910f R
PRL. See Prolactin elongation during Pulmonary circulation RA. See Rheumatoid arthritis
Procarboxypeptidase, 966 translation, 95f circulatory routes in, 796, RAA pathway. See Renin–
Procedural (implicit) enzymes, 53, 55 834–835, 835f angiotensin–aldosterone
memory, 594 fate of, 1017 and systemic circulation, pathway
Process (vertebral), 225–226 functions of, 51t 737–738, 738f, Rabies, 458
Proctodeum, 991, 1175 glucose from, 1013 Pulmonary edema, 937 Radial arteries, 1130
Proctology, 983 and liver, 970 Pulmonary embolism, 717 Radial collateral ligament, 292
Products of chemical metabolism, 1017–91019 Pulmonary perfusion, 931 Radial muscle. See Dilator
reactions, 37 polypeptide, 51–52 Pulmonary plexus, 554 pupillae
Proelastase, 966 processing and packaging of, 86f Pulmonary respiration. See Radial nerve, 473, 474
Proerythroblast, 706 and structural organization Pulmonary ventilation Radial pulse, 803t
Progenitor cell, 701 levels, 52–53, 54f Pulmonary trunk, 834 Radiation, 33, 608, 1029
Progeny, 107 Protein anion concentration, 1094f Pulmonary valve, 734 Radical mastectomy, 1152
I-28 IN D E X
Radioactive isotope, 32 Referred pain, 576, 576f Repair, bone, 192–195, 193f and oxygen/carbon dioxide
Radio frequency nonsurgical Reflex. See also specific types Reparative phase (bone repair), 193 exchange, 918–922
facelifts, 170 and diagnosis, 486 Reperfusion, 741 patency of, 911
Radiography, 23t and spinal cord, 481–487 Repetitive strain injury, 416 and pulmonary ventilation,
Radionuclide imaging, 762 Reflex arc, 481–487, 482f Repolarization, of heart, 746, 912–916
Radionuclide scanning, 26t Reflex pathway, digestive 716, 749f and respiration process, 892
Radius canal, 946 Repolarizing phase (action and skeletal system, 266
dislocation of radial head, 293 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy potential), 438, 439–440, 441f smoking and, 932
muscles that move, 382–385, (RSD), 566 Reproduction (life process), 8 upper, 892, 894–897
382t, 383f–385f Refraction, of light rays, 616, Reproductive cell division, 96, and urinary system, 1082
and ulna, 246f, 247, 248f–250f 617f, 619 100–101, 102f Respiratory zone, 892
Rales, 938 Refraction abnormalities, 618, 619f Reproductive system. See Genital Response, in feedback system,
Ramus, 470 Refractory period system 11–13
Range of motion, 284 action potential, 440 Residual body, 861 Responsiveness, 8
Raphe, 1108 in cardiac muscle, 746 Residual volume (RV), 918 Rest, for sprain, 301
Rapid depolarization, 744 sexual response, 1143 Resistance, 775 Rest-and-digest activities, 561
Rapidly adapting receptor, 573 twitch contraction, 329 Resistance reaction, 684 Resting cartilage, 188
Rapid ventricular Regeneration Resolution (human sexual Resting macrophage, 708, 860
depolarization, 747 heart cell, 742 response), 1143 Resting membrane potential, 432,
RAS. See Reticular activating muscle tissue, 337 Resorption, 180–181 434–436, 434f, 435f
system nervous tissue, 455 Respiration Resting stage (hair growth), 159
Rathke’s pouch. See Hypophyseal photopigment, 620 cellular. See Cellular respiration Rete testis, 1115
pouch Regeneration tube, 456 internal and external, Reticular activating system,
Raynaud phenomenon, 565 Regional anatomy, 14, 15f 919–922, 920f 506, 594
RBC. See Red blood cell Regression stage (hair growth), 159 steps in, 892, 892f Reticular connective tissue, 132t
RDS. See Respiratory distress Relative refractory period, 440 Respiratory acidosis, 1102 Reticular dermis, 155, 155t
syndrome Relaxation, muscle, 316–325, 320f Respiratory adjustments at Reticular fiber, 129
Reabsorption, 782, 1059–1067, Relaxation period birth, 1188 Reticular formation, 502–507,
1067f, 1071f cardiac cycle, 751 Respiratory alkalosis, 1102 586, 589
Reactant (chemical reaction), 37 twitch contraction, 329 Respiratory area. See Dorsal Reticular nucleus, 510
Reactive phase (bone repair), Relaxin, 681, 1138f, 1139, 1184 respiratory group Reticulocyte, 706
192–193 Relay station, 580 Respiratory bronchiole, 907 Reticulocyte count, 706
Reactivity, 866 Releasing hormone, 658 Respiratory bud, 932 Retina
Receptive aphasia, 596 REM sleep, 593 Respiratory center, 927–928, 927f normal, 613f
Receptors, 10, 66, 650. See also REM sleep center, 593 Respiratory compensation, 1101 processing of visual input in,
specific types Renal arteries, 810, 1047 Respiratory distress 622–623
Receptor agonist, 560 Renal autoregulation, 1057–1058 syndrome, 915 structure of, 612–615, 614f
Receptor antagonist, 560 Renal blood flow, 1047 Respiratory epithelium, 896 Retinaculum, 386
Receptor-mediated endocytosis, Renal caliculus, 1081 Respiratory failure, 938 Retinal, 620
76, 76f Renal capsule. See Fibrous capsule Respiratory membrane, 909 Retinal isomerase, 620
Receptor potential, 571–572 Renal column, 1045 Respiratory pump, 786, 851 Retinoblastoma, 644
Recessive allele, 1192 Renal compensation, 1101 Respiratory system, 6t Retraction, joint, 279
Reciprocal innervation, 483 Renal corpuscle, 1048, 1052f and aging, 933 Retroflexion, 1129
Recombinant, 96 Renal cortex, 1044 and cardiovascular system, 841 Retrograde axonal transport, 424
Recombinant DNA, 96 Renal failure, 1081–1082 components of, 892, 892f, Retroperitoneal lymph sac, 858
Recovery oxygen uptake, 327 Renal fascia, 1044 893f, 911t Retroperitoneal organs,
Rectouterine pouch, 1130 Renal ganglion, 550 contribution to other body 946, 1044
Rectum, 984 Renal hilum, 1044 systems, 935 Retropulsion, 962
Rectus abdominis, 367 Renal lobe. See Kidney lobe and control of breathing, Retrovirus, 882
Rectus femoris, 404 Renal medulla, 1044, 1069, 1070 927–931 Reverberating circuit, 454
Rectus sheath, 367 Renal papilla, 1045 development of, 927–933 Reverse muscle action, 346
Red blood cell, 698, 703–707 Renal pelvis, 1047 and digestive system, 994 Reverse transcriptase, 882
anatomy of, 703, 704f Renal plasma clearance, 1073–1074 disorders of, 934–937 Reverse transcriptase
destruction of, 705f Renal plasma flow, 1074 and endocrine system, 690 inhibitors, 884
and erythropoiesis, 706–707 Renal plexus, 554 and exercise, 931–932 Reversible reaction, 40
formation of, 705f Renal pyramid, 1045 and genital systems, 1151 Reye’s syndrome, 542
as formed element 711–712t Renal sinus, 1047 head and neck structures, Rhabdomyosarcoma, 416
life cycle of, 704–705 Renal tubule, 1050–1051, 1053, 894f–895f Rh blood group, 720
physiology of, 703–704 1053t and homeostasis, 891, 934–937 Rheumatic fever, 739
role of, 138 Renal veins, 1048 and integumentary system, 171 Rheumatism, 300–301
and toxicity, 73f Renin, 674, 791, 1065 lower, 892, 897–912 Rheumatoid arthritis, 301
Red bone marrow, 178, Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone lung volumes and capacities, Rhinitis, 938
701, 865f pathway 917–918 Rhinoplasty, 894
Red–green color blindness, 1195, in blood pressure regulation, 791 and lymphoid system and Rhodopsin, 619
1195f control of aldosterone secretion immunity, 883 Rhombencephalon, 538, 1171
Red nucleus, 586, 589 by, 674, 674f and muscular system, 415 Rhomboid major, 376
Red pulp, 857 and response to shock, 794 and nervous system, 564 Rhomboid minor, 376
Reduction (reactions), 40, 1002 in tubular reabsorption/ and oxygen and carbon dioxide Rhythm method (birth
Reduction (of fractures), 193 secretion regulation, 1065 transport, 922–927 control), 1146
I NDEX I-29
Rib, 233, 235f–236f, 236–237 RSD. See Reflex sympathetic Sclera, 611 Selective serotonin reuptake
Ribonuclease, 965 dystrophy Scleral venous sinus, 611 inhibitors, 458
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 56, 58t, RU 486, 1146 Sclerotome, 338, 1171 Selectivity, of sensory receptors, 570
93–96 Rubrospinal tract, 481, 589 SCM. See Sternocleidomastoid Self-recognition, 879–880, 879f
Ribose, 58 Ruffini corpuscle. See Bulbous muscles Self-tanning lotion, 169
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 93 corpuscle Scoliosis, 237 Self-tolerance, 879–880, 879f
Ribosome, 82–83, 83f Ruga. See Mucosal fold Scotoma, 644 Semen, 1118
Rickets, 199, 1035t Rule of nines, 172, 173f Scrotal septum, 1108 Semicircular canal, 627, 629f–630f
Right ascending lumbar, 825t Running-related injuries, 414 Scrotum, 1108, 1109f Semicircular duct, 627 Semilunar
Right atrioventricular valve, 734 Ruptured spleen, 857 Seasonal affective disorder, (SL) valve, 736–737
Right atrium, 731, 734 RUQ. See Right upper quadrant 458, 682 Semimembranosus, 406
Right bundle branches, heart, 744 RV. See Residual volume Seasonal influenza (flu), 909 Seminal fluid, 1117, 1118
Right colic artery, 810t Sebaceous ciliary gland, 609 Seminal gland, 1077, 1117
Right colic flexure, 984 S Sebaceous gland, 160 Seminal vesicle. See Seminal gland
Right coronary artery, 739 Saccades, 589 Sebum, 160, 859 Seminiferous tubules, 1108, 1111f
Right gastric artery, 809t Saccule, 627, 635–636 Secondary active transport, 75, Semispinalis capitis, 366, 397
Right gastric vein, 827t Sacral parasympathetic outflow, 557 75f, 1061 Semispinalis colli, 397
Right hepatic duct, 968 Sacral plexus Secondary brain vesicle, 494, Semispinalis thoracis, 397
Right hypochondriac region, 21 anterior view of, 478f 538, 1171 Semitendinosus, 406
Right inguinal region, 21 nerves in, 478, 478t–479t Secondary bronchus. See Lobar Sensation. See also Sensory
Right lateral region of abdomen, 21 and other plexuses, 470 bronchus receptors
Right lobe (liver), 966 Sacral vertebra, 230–231, 232f, 233 Secondary hypertension, 840 disorders related to, 596
Right lobe, thyroid gland, 665 Sacrum, 223, 230–231, 232f, 233 Secondary lymphoid organ, 852 and homeostasis, 569
Right lower quadrant (RLQ), 21 SAD. See Seasonal affective Secondary oocyte, 1126, 1161 and integrative functions of
Right lymphatic duct, 850, 850f disorder Secondary ossification center, 188 cerebrum, 592–596
Right main bronchus, 904 Saddle joint, 281f, 282 Secondary ovarian follicle, 1125 process of, 570
Right posterior intercostal Sagittal plane, 14 Secondary plexus of hypophyseal sensory modalities, 570
vein, 825t Sagittal suture, 220 portal system, 659 sensory receptors, 571–573
Right pulmonary artery, 834–835 Saliva, 859, 950–951 Secondary response, somatic motor pathways,
Right subcostal vein, 825t Salivary amylase, 950 immunological, 878, 878f 584–592, 587f
Right suprarenal vein, 827t Salivary gland, 949–951, 950f Secondary sex characteristic, 1114 somatic sensations, 574–579
Right surface (heart), 729 Salivation, 951 Secondary spermatocyte, 1112 somatic sensory pathways,
Right upper quadrant (RUQ), 21 Salpingectomy, 1156 Secondary structure, protein, 580–583
Right ventricle, 734 Salts, 42, 42f 53, 54f Sensible perspiration, 160
Rigidity, muscle, 330 Saltatory conduction, 442 Secondary tubule, 1135 Sensitization, 594
Rigor mortis, 321 Sarcolemma, 309 Secondary tympanic Sensorineural deafness, 643
Rima glottidis, 899 Sarcoma, 105 membrane, 625 Sensory areas of cerebral cortex,
Rima vestibuli, 900 Sarcomere, 311–312, 312f, 313t Second-class lever, 346 517, 520
Ringworm, 174 Sarcoplasm, 309, 311 Second cuneiform bone, 261 Sensory division, 420
RLQ. See Right lower quadrant Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 311 Second deciduous molar, 953 Sensory function, nervous
RLX. See Relaxin SARS. See Severe acute Second messenger, 654 system, 420
RMA. See Reverse muscle action respiratory syndrome Second-order (secondary) Sensory homunculus, 517, 582
RNA. See Ribonucleic acid Sartorius, 406 neuron, 580 Sensory input, integration of, 570
RNA polymerase, 93 Satellite cell, 427 Second permanent molar, 953 Sensory modalities, 570
Rod, 613, 620f Satiety, 1028 Second polar body, 1126 Sensory nerve, 524
ROM. See Range of motion Satiety center (hypothalamus), 511 Second premolar, 953 Sensory neuron, 425, 481, 563
Root Saturated fat, 49 Second trimester of prenatal Sensory output, spinal cord, 467f
brachial plexus, 474 Saturated fatty acid, 48 development, 1161 Sensory overload, 506
hair, 157 Saturation, of hemoglobin, 923, Secretin, 990 Sensory pathway. See Somatic
lung, 907 923f, 924f Secretion sensory pathways
nail, 162 SBP. See Systolic blood pressure and anterior pituitary, 657–662 Sensory receptor, 571–573
penis, 1118 Scalar tympani, 627 control mechanisms for adaptation in, 573
spinal cord, 464 Scala vestibuli, 627 hormone, 655 in autonomic reflex arcs, 563
tooth, 953 Scalene group of muscles, 398 and digestive system, 943 classification of, 573t
Root canal, 953 Scalenus anterior, 398 and epithelial tissue, 116 function of, 420
Root canal therapy, 952 Scalenus medius, 398 of pancreatic islet in reflex arcs, 481
Rootlet, 464 Scalenus posterior, 398 hormones, 680f for somatic sensation, 579t
Rosacea, 169 Scaphoid carpal, 247 of parathyroid hormones, structure and location of, 574f
Rotation, at synovial joints, Scapula, 244–245, 245f, 246f 671–672 types of, 571–573, 571–572f
278–279, 278f Scapular muscles, 379 of thyroid hormones, 665–666, of unipolar neurons, 425
Rotator cuff, 381 Scar, 166–167 667f, 668f Sensory tract (spinal cord),
Rotator cuff injury, 291, 381 SCD. See Sickle-cell disease Secretory phase (uterine 467–468, 467f, 480–481, 481f
Rotatores muscles, 397 S cell, 973 cycle), 1142 Separate cell, sensation and, 571
Rough ER, 83 Schizophrenia, 591 Secretory vesicle, 85 Separated rib, 236
Round ligament (ligamentum Schwann cell, 427 Section, 15, 18f Separated shoulder, 291
teres),1129 Sciatica, 478 Segmental arteries, kidney, 1047 Septal defect, 764
Round window. See Cochlear Sciatic nerve, 478 Segmental bronchi, 904 Septal nasal cartilage, 894
window SCID. See Severe combined Segmentation, 974 Septal nucleus, 516
rRNA. See Ribosomal RNA immunodeficiency disease Selective permeability, 67–68 Septicemia, 724
I-30 IN D E X
Septum pellucidum, 497 and neurotransmitter nerve and blood supply, 309 Small intestine, 971–983
Serosa. See Serous membrane removal, 447 organization of, 307, 308f, absorption in, 977–980, 978f
Serotonin, 452 and spatial/temporal 309, 315t anatomy of, 971–972, 971f
Serous fluid, 139 summation, 449–450 types of muscle fibers, 332 chemical digestion, 976–977
Serous membrane, 18, 139 Signs of disease, 13 Skeletal system, 4t. See also digestive activities in, 980t
Serous pericardium, 730 Silent myocardial ischemia, 741 Appendicular skeleton; Axial histology of, 972–974, 972f–973f
Serratus anterior, 376 Simple acinar gland, 126 skeleton; Bone tissue and intestinal juice/brush-
Sertoli cell. See Nurse cell Simple branched acinar gland, 126 bones of, 203t border enzymes, 974
Serum, 714 Simple branched tubular gland, 126 and cardiovascular system, 841 mechanical digestion in,
Sesamoid bone, 205 Simple coiled tubular gland, 126 contributions of, 266 974, 976
Severe acute respiratory Simple cuboidal epithelium, 118t development of, 263–264, Small-molecule neurotransmitter,
syndrome, 937 Simple diffusion, 69, 70f 264f–265f 451–453, 452f
Severe combined Simple epithelium, 116, 117t–123t and digestive system, 994 Small nuclear
immunodeficiency Simple gland, 126 divisions of, 203, 204f ribonucleoproteins, 94
disease, 887 Simple series circuit, 454 and endocrine system, 690 Smegma, 1156
Sex chromosome, 97, 1194–1195, Simple squamous epithelium, 117t functions of, 177 Smell, sense of. See Olfaction
1194f Simple sugar, 46 and integumentary system, 171 Smoking, 82, 932, 1181
Sex determination, 1147, Simple tubular gland, 126 and lymphoid system and Smooth ER, 83, 84
1194–1195, 1195f Single covalent bond, 35 immunity, 883 Smooth muscle tissue
Sex differentiation, 1147 Single-photon-emission and muscular system, 415 cardiac and skeletal vs. 337f–338f
Sex flush, 1143 computed tomography and nervous system, 564 features of, 142t
Sex hormone, 192 scanning, 26t and genital systems, 1151 structure and function of,
Sex-linked inheritance, 1195 Sinoatrial node. See Sinuatrial and urinary system, 1082 335–337, 336f
Sex-linked trait, 1196 (SA) node Skin Smooth muscle tone, 336
Sexual function, development Sinuatrial (SA) node, 744 accessory structure of, 157–163 Sneezing, 503
of, 1114 Sinuses, 854. See also specific color of, 156, 1193–1194, 1194f SNS. See Somatic nervous system
Sexual intercourse, 1121, 1143 types dermis, 151, 154–155 Sodium, 32f, 10495
Sexually transmitted disease Sinusitis, 222 epidermis, 151, 152–154 Sodium–glucose symporter. See
(STD). See Sexually Sinusoid, 777, 1168 functions of, 164–165 Na+–glucose symporter
transmitted infection (STI) Sinus venosus, 760 and innate immunity, 859 Sodium–hydrogen antiporter. See
Sexually transmitted infection Sixth pharyngeal arch, 932 sensory receptor in, 574f Na+–H+ antiporter
(STI), 1154–1155 Skeletal muscles structure of, 150–157 Sodium–potassium–chloride
Shaft (hair), 157 and movement production, types of, 163, 170 symporter. See Na
Sharpey’s fibers. See Perforating 345–351 wound healing, 165–167, 166 Na+–K+–2Cl– symporter
fibers naming of, 351, 352t Skin cancer, 170, 172f Sodium–potassium pump, 74, 74f
Sheath of Schwann. See principal muscles, 353–354, Skin color, 156 Sodium symporter. See Na+
Neurolemma 354f–355f Skin gland, 160–161, 161t symporter
Shell temperature, 1029 relationship of, to bones, 345f Skin graft, 153 SO. See Slow oxidative
Shingles, 489 Skeletal muscle fiber, 306–325 Skull, 206–221. See also Cranial Soft palate, 897, 948
Shin splint syndrome, 408 ATP production in, 317–318 bones Soft tissue, synovial joints and, 284
Shivering, 1030 characteristics of, 333t anterior view of, 208f Soleus, 406
Shock, 793–794, 795f contraction and relaxation of, components, 206–207 Solitary lymphatic nodule. See
Shock-wave lithotripsy, 1081 316–325 cranial cavity bones, 207–216 Solitary lymphoid nodule
Short bone, 205 and distribution and facial bones, 216–218 Solitary lymphoid nodule, 974
Short gastric artery, 809t recruitment, 332 features of, 207, 218–223 Solubility, of gases, 911
Short-term memory, 594 microscopic organization of, functions of, 206–207 Soluble fiber, 987
Shoulder girdle. See Pectoral girdle 309–312, 310f–311f inferior view of, 212f Solute, 40, 1090–1092
Shoulder joint. See Glenohumeral and neuromuscular junction, medial view of sagittal Solution, 40, 41–42, 69
joint 322–325 section, 210f Solvent, water as, 40–41
Sickle-cell crisis, 723 types of, 332 posterior view of, 211f Somatic cell, 96
Sickle-cell disease Skeletal muscle pump, 785–786, principal foramina, 220t Somatic cell cycle, 96–97, 97t
as blood disorder, 722–723, 723f 786f, 851 superior and right lateral view Somatic cell division, 96–98
inheritance of, 1193, 1193f Skeletal muscle tissue, 141, 141t, of, 209f Somatic motor map, 583f
primary structure of proteins 306, 307–315 SLE. See Systemic lupus Somatic motor neuron, 322
in, 53 abnormal contractions of, 340 erythematosus Somatic motor pathway,
Sick sinus syndrome, 767 cardiac and smooth vs. Sleep, 506, 592–594 584–592, 587f
SIDS. See Sudden infant death 337f–338f Sleep apnea, 594, 938 and homeostasis, 569
syndrome connective tissue components, Sleep disorder, 594 origin of, 582–565
Sigmoid artery, 810t 307, 308f, 309 Sleeve gastrectomy, 981 tracts and locations, 590t
Sigmoid colon, 984 contraction and relaxation of, Sliding filament mechanism, types of, 585–592
Sigmoid sinus, 819 316–325 316–321, 316f Somatic nervous system
Signal transmission at synapses, and exercise, 333–334 Slipped disc. See Herniated disc autonomic vs., 547–549, 549t
444–450, 445f microscopic organization of, Slit membrane, 1055 motor neuron pathways in, 548f
chemical synapse, 445–447 309–311, 310f–311f Slow axonal transport, 424 in peripheral nervous system, 420
electrical synapse, 445 and muscle metabolism, Slowly adapting receptor, 573 Somatic reflex, 481
and excitatory/inhibitory 325–327 Slow oxidative (SO) fiber, 332 Somatic sensation, 574–559
postsynaptic potentials, 447 and muscle proteins, 312–315 Slow pain, 576 pain sensation, 575–576
and neurotransmitter receptor and muscle tension control, SL. See Semilunar valve proprioceptive sensation,
structure, 447 328–331 Small cardiac vein, 741, 817 576–579
I NDEX I-31
receptor for, 579t Spermatic cord, 1115 Spinal reflex, 481 reflex, 481
tactile sensation, 574–575 Spermatid, 1112 Spinal shock, 488 and sensory receptors, 570
thermal sensation, 575 Spermatogenesis, 1108, 1112, 1112f Spinal tap, 464 threshold, subthreshold, and
Somatic sense, 570 Spermatogonium, 1109 Spinothalamic tract, 480, 580, 581f suprathreshold, 438–439
Somatic sensory map, 583f Spermiation, 1112 Spiral arterioles, 1130 STM. See Sympto-thermal method
Somatic sensory pathway, 580–582 Spermicide, 1146 Spiral ganglion, 531, 628 Stomach, 958–964
anterolateral pathway to cortex, Spermiogenesis, 1112 Spiral organ, 628 anatomy of, 959f, 960
580, 581f Sperm maturation, 1115 Spirogram, 917, 917f digestive activities in, 963t
to cerebellum, 582 S phase, 97 Spirometer, 917 histology of, 960–961, 960f–961f
and homeostasis, 569 Sphenoid bone, 211–212, 213f, 214 Splanchnic nerve, 556 hydrochloric acid secretion by,
mapping of, 581–582, 583f Sphenomandibular ligament, 287 Splanchnopleuric mesoderm, 1171 962f, 963f
posterior column–medial Sphincter, 372–373, 373f Spleen, 856–858, 857f mechanical and chemical
lemniscus pathway to Sphincter of hepatopancreatic Splenectomy, 857 digestion in, 962–963
cortex, 580, 581f ampulla, 965 Splenic artery, 809t Stomodeum, 991, 1175
tracts and locations, 583t–584t Sphincter of Oddi. See Sphincter Splenic cord, 857 Storage, 306, 971
trigeminothalamic pathway to of the hepatopancreatic Splenic vein, 827t, 834 Strabismus, 358, 528, 644
cortex, 581 ampulla Splenius capitis, 366, 396 Straight arterioles, 1130
Somatic spine, 422 Sphincter pupillae, 612 Splenius colli, 396 Straight sinus, 819
Somatomedin. See Insulin-like Sphincter urethrovaginalis, 374 Splenius muscles, 396 Straight tubule, 1115
growth factor Sphygmomanometer, 793 Splenomegaly, 887 Strain, 301–302
Somatopleuric mesenchyme, 1171 Spider vein, 778 Spongy bone tissue Stratified columnar
Somatosensory association area Spina bifida, 238, 238f histology of, 137, 137t, 182f, epithelium, 122t
(cerebral cortex), 520 Spinal cord 183–184 Stratified cuboidal epithelium, 122t
Somatostatin, 677, 991 anatomy, 462–468 and osteoporosis, 199f Stratified epithelium, 116,
Somatotrophic cell, 658 compression of, 489 Spongy urethra, 1077, 1117 117t–123t
Somite development of, 539f Sports hernia, 367 Stratified squamous
development of, 1171, 1172f disorders impacting, 488–489 Sprain, 129, 301–302 epithelium, 121t
muscle development from, external anatomy of, Sputum, 938 Stratum basale (epidermis). See
338, 339f 462–464, 465f Squamous cell carcinoma, 170 Basal layer
Sonogram, 1181 gray and white matter in, Squamous suture, 220 Stratum corneum, 153
Soreness, stretching and, 351 430f, 466 SR. See Sarcoplasmic reticulum Stratum functionalis. See
Sound transduction, 632, 633f gross anatomy of, 463f SRY gene, 1147, 1195 Functional layer
Sound wave, 628, 630–631 and homeostasis, 461 SSRIs. See Selective serotonin Stratum granulosum, 153
Spasm, 340, 713 injuries to, 488–489 reuptake inhibitors) Stratum lucidum, 153–154
Spastic colitis, 996 internal anatomy of, 464, Stage of dilation (labor), 1187 Stratum spinosum, 153
Spasticity, 330 466–468, 466f–467f Stage of expulsion (labor), 1187 Strength training, 334
Spastic paralysis, 330, 585 motor output, 467–468, 467f Stapedius, 626 Strep throat, 938
Spatial summation, 449–450, 449f physiology, 480–487 Stapes, 625 Streptokinase, 717
Special movements, at joints, protective structures of, 462 Starch, 46 Stress, 675, 880–881
279–280, 280f reflexes and reflex arcs, 481–486 Starling’s law of capillaries, Stress fracture, 192
Special senses, 570 segment comparison, 468t 782, 783f Stress incontinence, 1078
accessory structures of the eye, sensory and motor tracts, Starvation, metabolism during, Stressor, 684, 685f
608–611 467–468 1024–1025 Stress–relaxation response, 337
and aging, 642 sensory input, 467–468, 467f STD. See Sexually transmitted Stress response, 684–686, 685f
anatomy of eyeball, 611–616 sympathetic division of ANS infection exhaustion, 684
and development of eyes and and, 554 Stellate reticuloendothelial and disease, 686
ears, 639–642 Spinal fusion, 239 cell, 968 and fight-or-flight response, 685
disorders related to, 642–643 Spiral ganglion, 628 Stem cell, 8, 144 and glucocorticoids, 675
and equilibrium, 610–614 Spinalis capitis, 396 Stem cell research, 1164–1165 and immunity, 880–881
gustation, 604–607 Spinalis colli, 396 Stem cell transplant, 712–713 resistance reaction, 685
hearing, 634–638 Spinalis group of muscles, 396 Stem region, antibody, 875 Stress test, 748, 762
and homeostasis, 600 Spinalis thoracis, 396 Stenosis, 739 Stretching, 334, 351
olfaction, 601–604 Spinal meninges, 462 Stent, 763 Stretch mark. See Stria
vision, 607–608, 616–625 Spinal nerve, 468–471, 554 Stercobilin, 705, 970 Stretch reflex, 481–463, 483f
Special sensory nerve, 524 brachial plexus, 473–475 Stereocilium, 628, 1115 Striae, 155
SPECT scanning. See Single- branch of, 470, 470f, 473 Sternal head, 364 Stria medullaris, 516
photon-emission computed cervical plexus, 470, 471–472 Sternocleidomastoid muscles, Stria terminalis, 516
tomography scanning connective tissue coverings, 364, 535 Stricture, 1084
Speech production muscles 469, 469f Sternohyoid, 365 Stroke volume, 751, 752, 753
of anterior neck, 362–364, and dermatome, 471 Sternothyroid, 365 Stroma, 129, 144
362f–363f, 363t–364t distribution of, 470–471 Sternum, 233, 234f–235f Stromal cell, 1124
that move mandible, 359, and homeostasis, 461 Steroid, 50, 51f, 334 Strong oxidant, 709
359t, 360f intercostal nerve, 471 Steroid hormone, 651, 653f Structural organization, levels of,
that move tongue, 359–361, lumbar plexus, 476–477 Sterol, 50 3–5, 3f
361f, 361t in peripheral nervous system, 420 Stimulation frequency, Strychnine, 450
Spenalis capitis, 366 role of, 420 329–330, 329f Strychnine poisoning, 450
Sperm, 1109, 1112–1113, sacral and coccygeal plexuses, Stimulus, 422 S–T segment
1113f, 1161 470, 478–479 and action potential, 441f (electrocardiogram), 747
Sperm cell. See Sperm and spinal cord, 461, 465f intensity of, 443 Stupor, 542
I-32 IN D E X
Sty, 609 Superior mesenteric artery, 810 SVR. See Systemic vascular Synthesis reaction, 39–40, 37f
Styloglossus, 360 Superior mesenteric ganglion, 550 resistance Syphilis, 582, 1154–1155
Stylohyoid, 362 Superior mesenteric plexus, 554 SVT. See Supraventricular System, 4, 4t–7t
Stylomandibular ligament, 287 Superior mesenteric vein, tachycardia Systemic circulation, 737–738,
Subarachnoid space, 462 827t, 834 Swallowing. See Deglutition 738f, 796
Subatomic particle, 31 Superior nasal concha, 896 Sweat gland, 160–161, 1079 abdominal aorta, 809–813
Subcapsular sinus, 854 Superior nasal meatus, 897 Swollen knee, 298 aorta and branches, 798–800
Subclavian arteries, 802 Superior oblique, 355, 610 Sympathetic division of autonomic arch of aorta, 802–806
Subclavian trunks, 850 Superior olivary nucleus, 632 nervous system, 420, 547 arteries of pelvis and lower
Subclavius, 376 Superior rectal artery, 810t adrenergic and cholinergic limbs, 814–817
Subcutaneous layer. See Superior rectus, 355, 610 neurons in, 558, 558f ascending aorta, 801–802
Subcutaneous tissue Superior sagittal sinus, effects of, 561t–562t thoracic aorta, 806–808
Subcutaneous tissue, 151, 307, 574f 498–499, 819 parasympathetic division vs., 562t veins of, 817
Subdural space, 462 Superior salivatory nuclei, 951 and shock, 794 veins of abdomen and pelvis,
Subendocardial conducting Superior suprarenal artery, 810t structure of, 553f, 554–556 827–829
network, 744, 747 Superior vena cava, 796, 817 Sympathetic ganglion, 550, 553f veins of head and neck,
Sublingual gland, 949, 950f Superoxide free radical, 88 Sympathetic nerves, 556 819–821
Subluxation, 302 Supination, joint, 279 Sympathetic nervous system, 547 veins of lower limbs, 829–795
Submandibular duct, 949 Supinator, 385 Sympathetic response, 561 veins of thorax, 825–827
Submandibular ganglion, 530, Supine position, 14 Sympathetic trunk ganglion, veins of upper limbs, 821
550, 557 Support, from skeletal 550, 554 Systemic lupus erythematosus,
Submandibular gland, 949, 950f system, 178 Symphysis, 272 145–146, 886
Submucosa, 945 Supporting cell, 602, 605, 635, 636 Symporter, 75 Systemic vascular
Submucosal neural plexus, 945 Supporting connective tissue, Symptom, 13 resistance, 785
Submucosal neural plexus 130, 135t–137t Sympto-thermal method, 1146 System level of organization, 4
Subscapularis, 381 Supporting structure, genital, Synapse, 322, 424 Systole, 748, 751
Substance P, 453, 991 1107, 1107f–1108f chemical, 445–447, 446f Systolic blood pressure, 784, 793
Substantia nigra, 505 Suppression of unwanted electrical, 445
Substrate, 53, 55 movements, 591 and neurotransmitter receptor T
Substrate-level phosphorylation, Suprahyoid muscles, 362 structure, 447 T3. See Triiodothyronine
1003, 1109f Supraoptic nucleus, 662 and neurotransmitter removal, Tachycardia, 534, 755, 765, 792
Subthreshold stimulus, 438 Supraoptic region 447, 449 Tachypnea, 938
Sucrase, 976 (hypothalamus), 510 and postsynaptic Tactile corpuscle
Sudden cardiac death, 767 Suprarenal arteries, 810 potentials, 447 Tactile disc. See Nonencapsulated
Sudden infant death Suprarenal cortex, 672 signal transmission at, 444–450 sensory corpuscle
syndrome, 937 Suprarenal gland, 672–676, 677f, and spatial/temporal Tactile epithelial cell, 152
Sudoriferous gland, 160–161, 1079 674–676, 677t, 691 summation, 449–450 Tactile sensation, 574–576
Sulci, 512, 731 Suprarenal medulla, 556, 672, 676 Synapsis (meiosis I event), 101 Tail
Summation, of graded potentials, Supraspinatus, 381 Synaptic cleft, 322, 445 embryo, 1175
437, 438f Suprathreshold stimulus, 438 Synaptic delay, 445 epididymis, 1115
Sunblocks, 169 Supraventricular arrhythmia, 767 Synaptic end bulb, 322, 424 pancreas, 964
Sun damage, 169 Supraventricular tachycardia, 767 Synaptic vesicle, 322, 424 sperm, 1112
Sun exposure, 170 Surface area, 69, 921 Synchondrosis, 272 Tail fold, 1175
Sunscreen, 169 Surface epithelium, 115–127, 115f, Synchronization, electrical Talipes equinovarus, 267
Sunstroke, 1038 117t–125t, 125f synapse, 445 Talus, 258, 260f, 261
Superficial anterior cell arrangement in, 116f Syncope, 786 Tarsal bones (tarsals), 261
compartment, 386 cell shapes for, 116f Syncytiotrophoblast, 1166 Tarsal gland, 609
Superficial inguinal ring, 367, 1115 classification, 116 Syndesmosis, 270–271 Tarsal plate, 609
Superficial palmar venous simple epithelium, 116, Synergistic effect, of Tarsus, 261
arch, 822t 117t–123t hormone, 655 Tastant, 605
Superficial perineal muscles, 374 stratified epithelium, 116, Synergist (muscle), 351 Taste. See Gustation
Superficial posterior 117t–123t Synesthesia, 597 Taste aversion, 607
compartment, 386 Surface marking, bone, Syngamy, 1162 Taste bud, 605, 606f–607f
Superficial somatic pain, 576 205–206, 206t Synostosis, 270 Taste pore, 605
Superficial temporal artery, 803t Surface mucous cell, 960 Synovial cavity, 270 Taste threshold, 607
Superficial transverse Surface tension, 36, 915 Synovial fluid, 9, 139, 274 Tattooing, 156–157
perineal, 374 Surfactant, 908, 915 Synovial joint, 270 Tay-Sachs disease, 87
Superficial vein, 780 Surgery, tension lines and, 155 and bursae/tendon sheath, TB. See Tuberculosis
Superior (term), 16e Surgical sterilization, 1144–1145, 274–275 TBG. See Thyroxine-binding
Superior cerebellar peduncle, 507 1144f contact and range of motion globulin
Superior cervical ganglion, 550, 554 Susceptibility, 847 at, 284 TBI. See Traumatic brain injury
Superior colliculus, 505, 586, 624 Suspensions, 41–42 movements at, 276–281, T cell
Superior extensor retinaculum, 406 Suspensory ligament, 1118, 276f–280f, 280t activation of, 870
Superior ganglion, 532, 534 1121, 1035 nerve and blood supply, 274 maturation of, 864, 865f
Superior gemellus, 399 Sustentacular cell. See Nurse cell structure of, 272–274, 273f T-cell receptor, 870
Superior hypophyseal Sutural bone, 205 types of, 281–283, 282f TCR. See T-cell receptor
arteries, 659 Suture, 219–220, 270 Synovial membrane, 139, 273 Tectorial membrane, 628
Superior lobar bronchus, 907 SV. See Stroke volume Synoviocyte, 139 Tectospinal tract, 481, 589
Superior lobe (lung), 907 SVC. See Superior vena cava Synovitis, 302 Tectum, 505
I NDEX I-33
Teeth, 952–953, 954f hormonal control of secretion, muscles of, that assist in Tics, 340, 416
Telencephalon, 494, 538, 1171 1113, 1113f breathing, 369–372, 369t, Tickle sensation, 575
Telomere, 105 negative feedback control of, 370f–371f Tidal volume, 917
Telophase, 98 1114f muscles of, that move humerus, Tight junction, 113
Temperature Tetanus, 329 378–381, 378t, 379f–380f Tinea corporis, 174
and action potential Tetany, 691 muscles of, that move pectoral Tinea cruris, 174
propagation, 442 Tetrad, 101 girdle, 375–378, 376t, 377f Tinea pedis, 174
body, 511, 1029–1032 TF. See Thymic factor; Tissue factor ribs, 233–237 Tinnitus, 532, 644
and chemical reaction, 38 TGB. See Thyroglobulin skeleton of, 234f Tissues, 4
and diffusion, 69 Thalamus, 509–510, 509f, 607 sternum, 233 and aging, 145–146
and oxygen affinity of Thalassemia, 722 veins of, 825–827, 825t, 826f connective, 127–138
hemoglobin, 924, 924f Theca externa, 1125 Thoroughfare channel, 777 epithelial, 114–127
and respiration, 931 Theca folliculi, 1125 Threshold, 438 gas exchange and transport in,
Temporal bone, 207–208, 210 Theca interna, 1125 Threshold stimulus, 438 926–927, 926f
Temporal half (visual field), 624 Thenar eminence, 391 Thrombectomy, 842 growth hormone and, 660
Temporalis, 359 Thenar muscles, 391 Thrombocytopenia, 724 and homeostasis, 111, 144
Temporal lobe (cerebrum), 514 Therapeutic cloning, 1164–1165 Thrombolytic agent, 717 iron overload and, 706
Temporal summation, Thermal properties, of water, 41 Thrombophlebitis, 842 muscular, 141, 141t–142t
449–450, 449f Thermal sensation, 576 Thrombopoietin, 702 nervous, 143, 143t
Temporomandibular joint, 217, Thermogenesis, 306, 1028 Thrombosis, 714, 717 repair, 144
287–288, 287f Thermoreceptor, 573, 575 Thromboxane, 682 types of, 112, 112f
Temporomandibular joint Thermoregulation, 160, 164, 1030 Thrombus, 717 Tissue factor, 715
dysfunction, 217 Thermoregulatory sweating, 160 Thumb, muscles that move, Tissue level of organization, 4. See
Temporomandibular Thermostat, 511 385–390, 387f–390f, also Tissues
joint syndrome. See Theta wave, 521 390t–391t and aging, 145–146
Temporomandibular joint THF. See Thymic humoral factor Thymic corpuscle, 853 and cell junctions, 113–114
dysfunction Thick ascending limb (nephron), Thymic factor, 682 disorders at, 145–146
Tendinous intersection, 367 1049, 1064f, 1069 Thymic humoral factor, 682 excitable cells at, 143–144
Tendons, 309, 371, 398, 399 Thick filament, 313f Thymopoietin, 682 homeostasis at, 111
Tendon organ, 484, 578–579, 578f Thickness, bone growth in, 189, Thymosin, 682 and membranes, 139
Tendon reflex, 483–485, 485f 190f, 191 Thymus, 681–682, 852–854, 853f Tissue plasminogen
Tendon sheath, 274–275 Thick skin, 153, 163t T thyrocyte (thyroid), 665 activator, 717
Teniae coli, 984 Thigh muscles, 404–406, Thyroglobulin, 667 Tissue regeneration, 144
Tennis elbow, 293 404t–401t, 401f Thyrohyoid, 365 Tissue rejection, 146
Tenosynovitis, 302 Thin ascending limb Thyrohyoid membrane, 899 Tissue repair, 144–145
Tension line, 155 (nephron), 1049 Thyroid cartilage, 899 Tissue transplantation, 146
Tensor fasciae latae, 399 Thin filament, 313f Thyroid crisis, 692 Tissue typing, 873
Tensor tympani, 625 Thin skin, 152, 163t Thyroid diverticulum, 686 Titin, 314
Tentorium cerebelli, 496, 507 Third-class lever, 346 Thyroid follicle, 665 TLC. See Total lung capacity
Teratogen, 1180–1181 Third cuneiform bone, 261 Thyroid gland, 665–669, 666f Tm. See Transport maximum
Teratology of Fallot, 765 Third-order (tertiary) Thyroid hormones, 667f, 668f, TMJ. See Temporomandibular
Teres major, 381 neuron, 580 669t, 1030 joint
Teres minor, 381 Third permanent molar, 953 actions of, 667–668 TMJ dysfunction, 217
Terminal bronchiole, 904 Third pharyngeal pouch, 859 calcitonin, 668–699 TMJ syndrome. See
Terminal cistern, 311 Third trimester of prenatal definition of, 665 Temporomandibular joint
Terminal ganglion, 550 development, 1161 formation, storage, and release dysfunction
Terminal hair, 159 Third ventricle, 497 of, 665 TMR. See Total metabolic rate
Terminator sequence, 93, 94f Thirst center, 511, 1089 as lipid-soluble hormones, 651 Toes
Tertiary bronchi. See Segmental Thirst response, 1090f mechanism of, 653f foot muscles that move,
bronchi Thoracentesis, 907 secretion of, 667f, 668, 668f 411–413, 412t, 413f
Tertiary neuron, 580 Thoracic aorta, 798, 806, synthesis of, 667f leg muscles that move, 406–408,
Tertiary ovarian follicle, 1122, 1140 807t, 808f Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 407f–409f, 410t–411t
Tertiary structure (protein), 53, 54f Thoracic bones. See Thorax 658, 661 Tommy John surgery, 293
Testes (testicles), 681, 681t, Thoracic cage, 233 Thyroid storm, 692 Tongue
1108–1115 Thoracic cavity, 17, 18–19, 20f Thyrotrophic cell, 658 in digestive system, 951–952
hormonal control of, 1113–1114 Thoracic duct, 850, 850f Thyrotropin-releasing muscles that move, 359–361,
internal and external anatomy Thoracic outlet syndrome, 474 hormone, 659 361f, 361t
of, 1110f Thoracic segment of spinal Thyroxine, 665 Tonicity, 72, 73f
scrotum and supporting cord, 470f Thyroxine-binding globulin, 667 Tonometer, 644
structures, 1109f Thoracic vertebra TIA. See Transient ischemic attack Tonsil, 858, 897
and sperm, 1112–1114, 1113f cervical and lumbar vs., 232t Tibia Tonsillectomy, 858, 897
spermatogenesis, 1111–1112, location and surface features of, and fibula, 258–259, 258f–259f Tonsillitis, 858
1112f 229–230, 229f–230f muscles that move, 404–406, Topical anti-aging products, 174
Testicular artery, 810t structure of, 226f 404t–401t, 401f Topical medication, 169
Testicular cancer, 1150 in vertebral column, 223 Tibial collateral ligament, 296 Torn cartilage, 275
Testicular vein, 827t Thoracolumbar division, 550 Tibialis anterior, 406 Torn glenoid labrum, 291
Testosterone Thoracolumbar outflow, 550 Tibialis posterior, 406 Torticollis, 416
in development, 1147 Thorax, 233–237 Tibiofemoral joint. See Knee Total hip replacement, 299, 300f
function of, 681 autonomic plexuses, 555f joint Total knee replacement, 299, 300f
I-34 IN D E X
Total lung capacity, 918 Transverse ligament of homeostatic regulation of, Ultrasonography (ultrasound),
Total metabolic rate, 1027 acetabulum, 293 1065–1067 1152, 1181
Totipotent stem cell, 1164 Transverse plane, 15 in nephron loop, 1063–1064 Ultrasound scanning, 24t
Touch sensation, 575–576 Transverse tubule. See T tubule and nephron’s structure, 1054f Umbilical arteries, 837
Tourette syndrome, 591 Transversospinales muscles, 397 in proximal convoluted tubule, Umbilical cord, 837, 1174, 1174f
tPA. See Tissue plasminogen Transversus abdominis, 367 1061–1063 Umbilical region, 21
activator Trapezium carpal, 247 and renal physiology, 1054 Umbilical vein, 837
TPO. See Thrombopoietin Trapezius, 376, 535 routes and transport Umbilical vesicle, 1167–1168
Trabecula, 137, 185, 852, 854 Trapezoid carpal, 247 mechanisms, 1060–1061 Umbilicus, 21, 1174
Trabecular carnea, 734 Traumatic brain injury, 523 Tubular secretion, 1059–1067, UMN. See Upper motor neuron
Trabecular sinus, 856 Traumatic injuries, spinal, 488–489 1067f, 1071f Uncoating (endocytosis), 76
Trace element, 30, 30t–31t Traveler’s diarrhea, 996 homeostatic regulation of, Unfused tetanus, 329
Tracer, 33 Tremor, 340, 596 1065–1067 “Unhappy triad,” 298
Trachea, 901, 902f, 903, 903f–904f TRH. See Thyrotropin-releasing in late distal convoluted tubule Unicellular gland, 124
Tracheal bud, 932 hormone and collecting duct, 1064 Unilateral renal agenesis, 1079
Tracheotomy, 903–904 Triad, muscle tissue, 311 and nephron’s structure, 1054f Unipolar neuron, 425
Trachoma, 644 Triceps brachii, 382 in proximal convoluted tubule, Unipotent stem cell, 1165
Tracts, nervous system, 429, 467. Triceps surae, 406 1061–1063 Unmyelinated axon, 428, 429f
See also specific entries Trichomoniasis, 1154 and renal physiology, 1054 Unsaturated fatty acid, 49
Transanimation, 1019 Tricuspid valve. See Right transport mechanisms, 1060–1061 Untreated hypertension, 840
Transcellular reabsorption, 1060, atrioventricular valve Tubuloacinar gland, 126 Upper esophageal sphincter
1060f Trigeminal ganglion, 529 Tubuloglomerular feedback, 1058, (UES), 955
Transcription, 93–94, 94f Trigeminal (V) nerve, 504, 1058f Upper eyelid, muscles that move,
Transcytosis, 77–78, 782 528–530, 529f Tumor, 105 355–358, 357f, 358t
Transdermal drug Trigeminal neuralgia, 529 Tumor antigen, 872 Upper limbs, 203, 246–251
administration, 165 Trigeminothalamic pathway to Tumor marker, 107 anatomical terminology, 14
Transducin, 622 cortex, 580, 581, 582f Tunica albuginea, 1108, 1118, 1122 hand, 247–251
Transduction, 570 Trigeminothalamic tract, 581 Tunica adventitia. See Tunica humerus, 246–247
olfactory, 603f Trigger zone, nerve, 423, 450 externa ulna and radius, 247
photo-, 621–622, 622f Triglyceride, 49–50 Tunica externa, 774 veins, 821, 822t, 823f–824f
sound, 632, 633f storage of, 178, 1015 Tunica interna. See Tunica intima Upper limb bud, 264, 1175
Transection of spinal cord, 488 synthesis, 48f, 1003 Tunica intima, 772 Upper motor neuron, 432, 585
Trans face, See Exit face saccule 84 transport, 1022 Tunica media, 772, 774 Upper respiratory system, 892,
Transferrin, 705 Trigone, 1076 Tunica vaginalis, 1108 894–897
Transfer RNA, 93 Triiodothyronine (T3), 665 Turner syndrome, 1198 nose, 894, 896–897
Transfer vesicle, 75 Trilaminar embryonic disc, 1169 T wave, of electrocardiogram, 747 pharynx, 897
Transfusion, 718–722 Trimester, prenatal Twins, 1162 Up-regulation, 650
Transient ischemic attack, 540 development, 1161 Twitch contraction, 328–329, 328f Upward rotation, of scapula, 377
Transitional epithelium. See Tripeptide, 52, 977 TX. See Thromboxane Urea, 1070
Urothelium Triple covalent bond, 35 Tympanic membrane, 625 Uremia, 1084
Translation, 94, 96, 94f, 95f Triquetrum carpal, 247 Tympanotomy, 643 Ureter, 1075–1076, 1075f
Translocation, 1192 tRNA. See Transfer RNA Type I allergic reactions, 885 Ureteric bud, 1079
Transmembrane protein, 66 Trochlear (IV) nerve, 505, Type I alveolar cell. See Urethra
Transplantation (transplant), 146 527–528, 527f Pneumocyte type I in males vs. females, 1076f
bone marrow, 712–713 Trophoblast, 1163, 1166 Type 1 diabetes, 691 reproductive functions of,
cardiac, 757f, 757–758 Trophoblastic lacuna, 1168 Type II allergic reaction, 885 1115–1117
cord-blood, 712–713 Tropic hormone, 659 Type II alveolar cell. See and ureters/urinary bladder,
corneal, 643 Tropomyosin, 313 Pneumocyte type II 1075f
fat, 170 Troponin, 313 Type 2 diabetes, 692 urinary functions of, 1077–1078
kidney, 1083 True labor, 1187, 1187f Type III allergic reaction, 885 Urethral fold, 1049
organ, 873 Truncus arteriosus, 760 Type IV allergic reaction, 885 Urethral gland, 1077
stem cell, 712–713 Trunk (body part), 14 Type AB blood, 718 Urethral groove, 1049
Transport Trunk, brachial plexus, 473 Type A blood, 718 Urge incontinence, 1078
across plasma membrane, Trypsin inhibitor, 966 Type B blood, 718 Urinalysis, 1072
68–78 Trypsinogen, 966 Type O blood, 718 Urinary bladder, 1076–1077,
active, 73–78, 74f, 79t TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating Tyrosine iodination, 667 1075f
axonal, 424 hormone Urinary bladder cancer, 1083
by blood, 697 T thyrocyte, 665 U Urinary incontinence, 1078
hormone, 651 T tubule, 309 UES. See Upper esophageal Urinary retention, 1084
in kidneys, 1061 Tubal ligation, 1144 sphincter Urinary stress incontinence, 373
passive, 69–73, 73t Tuberal region Ulcer, 173, 173f, 863, 992 Urinary system, 7t
Transport maximum, 1061 (hypothalamus), 510 Ulna and aging, 1080
Transport protein, 651 Tuberculosis, 937 muscles that move, 382–385, and cardiovascular system, 841
Transudation, 1143 Tubular gland, 126 382t, 383f–385f components, 1043
Transverse arch, 261 Tubular reabsorption, 1059–1067, and radius, 246f, 247, 248f–250f contributions of, 1082
Transverse colon, 984 1067f, 1071f Ulnar collateral ligament, 292 development of, 1079–1080,
Transverse cerebral fissure, 507 in distal convoluted Ulnar nerves, 473, 474 1080f
Transverse humeral ligament, 289 tubule, 1064 Ulnar nerve palsy, 474 and digestive system, 994
I NDEX I-35
disorders in, 1081–1033 V of upper limbs, 821, 822t, Vesicouterine pouch, 1130
and endocrine system, 690 V. See Minute ventilation 823f–824f Vestibular apparatus, 634
and glomerular filtration, VA. See Alveolar ventilation Vellus hair, 159 Vestibular area (cerebral
1055–1059 Vacuum aspiration, 1146 Vena cava, 796, 817 cortex), 638
and homeostasis, 1042, 1082 Vagal neuropathy, 534 Venesection, 724 Vestibular branch
and integumentary system, 171 Vagina, 1132–1134, 1133f Venipuncture, 842, (vestibulocochlear nerve),
kidney anatomy, 1044–1048 Vaginal contraceptive ring, 1145 Venous return, 753, 785–786 530, 637
kidney function evaluation, Vaginal orifice, 1134, 1135 Venous sinus, 857. See also Vestibular fold, 900
1072–1074 Vaginal pouch, 1146 Vascular sinus Vestibular ganglion, 530, 627, 637
kidney functions, 1043–1044 Vaginal ruga, 1133 Ventilation–perfusion coupling, 909 Vestibular membrane, 628
and genital systems, 1151 Vaginal secretion, 859 Ventral anterior nucleus, 510 Vestibular nuclei, 504, 586,
and lymphoid system and Vaginitis, 1153 Ventral group of nuclei, 510 589, 637
immunity, 883 Vagotomy, 566 Ventral lateral nucleus, 510 Vestibular window, 625
and muscular system, 415 Vagus (X) nerve, 533–534, 534f Ventral posterior nucleus, 510, 638 Vestibule, 627, 629f–630f, 1135
and nephrons, 1048–1053 in blood pressure regulation, Ventral respiratory group, 927 Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve
and nervous system, 564 755, 788, 790 Ventricle in equilibrium pathway, 637
organs in female, 1043f in gustatory pathway, 607 brain, 497, 498, 498f path and function of,
renal physiology, 1053–1054 in heart rate regulation, 754–755 heart, 731, 734 530–531, 531f
and respiratory system, 935 and medulla, 504 laryngeal, 900 pontine nuclei and, 504
and skeletal system, 266 Valence shell, 34 primitive, 760 Vestibulospinal tract, 481, 589, 638
summary of, 1078t Vallate papilla, 605 Ventricular arrhythmia, 765 VF. See Ventricular fibrillation
and tubular reabsorption/ Valve Ventricular diastole, 751 V-fib. See Ventricular fibrillation
secretion, 1059–1067 of heart, 735–741, 736f–738f Ventricular ejection, 751 Vibration sensation, 576
urine production, 1067–1072 of veins, 778, 778f Ventricular fibrillation, 766 Villi, 974
urine transportation, storage, Variable region, antibody, 875 Ventricular filling, 751 Villus. See Intestinal villus
elimination, 1075–1078 Varicocele, 1115 Ventricular premature VIP. See Vasoactive intestinal
waste management in other Varicose veins, 779 contraction, 765 polypeptide
systems, 1079 Varicosities, 424, 829t Ventricular repolarization, 747 Virilism, 676
Urinary tract infection, 1081 Vasa recta, 1048 Ventricular septal defect, 765 Virilizing adenomas, 692
Urine, 1043 Vasa vasorum, 774 Ventricular systole, 748, 751 Virus, 76. See also specific viruses
abnormal constituents in, 1073t Vascular circle, 1168 Ventricular tachycardia, 766 and types
blood plasma proteins in, 1056 Vascular layer, 611–612 Venules, 776f, 777–778, 778f Viscera, 18. See also Abdominal
characteristics of normal, 1072t Vascular resistance, 785 Vermis, 507 viscera
concentrated, 1068–1070, 1069f Vascular shock, 793 Vernix caseosa, 167 Visceral branch
dilute, 1067–1068, 1068f Vascular sinus, 778 Vertebra(e), 223. See also specific of abdominal aorta, 809
and innate immunity, 859 Vascular spasm, 713 types of thoracic aorta, 806
substances excreted, filtered, Vascular tunic, 611 parts of, 223 Visceral effectors, 547, 554
reabsorbed in, 1060t Vas deferens. See Ductus structure of, 232f Visceral layer
transportation, storage, and deferens Vertebral arch, 225 serous membrane, 139
elimination of, 1075–1077 Vasectomy, 1144 Vertebral body, 225 serous pericardium, 730
Urobilin, 705 Vasoactive intestinal Vertebral canal, 16–17 Visceral pain, 576
Urobilinogen, 705 polypeptide, 991 Vertebral column, 223–226 Visceral peritoneum, 946
Urogenital fold, 1149 Vasocongestion, 1143 abdominal muscles that move, Visceral pleura, 906
Urogenital ridge, 1079 Vasoconstriction, 774, 791, 1030 366–367, 367t, 368f–369f Visceral reflex, 481, 563
Urogenital sinus, 1079 Vasodilation, 774, 791, 794, 861 abnormal curve, 225, 237, 238f Visceral (autonomic) reflex,
Urogenital triangle, 374, 1135 Vasomotion, 777 age-related changes, 226 481, 563
Urologists, 1043 Vasomotor nerve, 788 anatomy of, 224f, 462 Visceral sense, 570
Urology, 1043, 1107 Vasomotor tone, 788 fractures of, 238 Visceral smooth muscle tissue, 335
Urothelium, 123t, 1075, 1076 Vasopressin. See Antidiuretic intervertebral disc, 225 Viscerocranium, 263
Uterine arteries, 1030 hormone neck and back muscles that move, Visible light, 608
Uterine cavity, 1128 Vastus intermedius, 404 394–398, 395t–396t, 397f–398f Vision, 607–625
Uterine cycle, 1137, 1142f Vastus lateralis, 404 normal curve of, 225 accessory structure of eye,
Uterine milk, 1163 Vastus medialis, 404 parts of vertebra, 223–224 608–587
Uterine prolapse, 1129 VC. See Vital capacity regions of, 226–233 and convergence, 619
Uterine tube, 1127, 1129f, 1130f Veins Vertebral veins, 819 and electromagnetic
Uterine veins, 1130 of abdomen and pelvis, 826f, Vertigo, 532, 644 radiation, 608
Uterosacral ligament, 1129 827, 827t –828t, 828f, 829 Very-low-density lipoprotein, 1014 extraocular muscles, 609–611
Uterus, 1127–1132, 1129f of head and neck, 819, 819t, Vesicles extrinsic muscles of, 355–358,
anatomy of, 1128–1029 820f–821f in antigen processing, 867 357f, 358t
blood supply of, 1132f of lower limbs, 829, 829t– 830t, brain, 494, 538, 1171 eyeball anatomy, 611–615
and cervical mucus, 1131 831f–832f lens, 640 and image formation, 616–619
histology of, 1130–1131, 1130f principal, 818f membrane, 86 photoreceptor function,
at implantation, 1164f punctured, 822t optic, 639 619–623
relative position of, 1123f role of, 772 otic, 642 physiology of, 615–625
reproductive cycle phases in, structure and function of, secretory, 77 and visual pathway, 623–625
1139, 1140, 1141 778–778, 778f synaptic, 322, 424 Visual acuity, 615
UTI. See Urinary tract infection of systematic system, 817, transfer, 75 Visual association area, 520, 65
Utricle, 627, 635–636 817t, 818f transport in, 68, 75–78 Visual field, 624
Uvula, 949 of thorax, 825–827, 825t, 826f umbilical, 15 Visual input (processing), 622–623
I-36 IN D E X
Visual pathway, 623–625, Vomiting center (medulla), 503 Water intoxication, 1093, 1093f Wrist
623f–624f V region, antibody. See Variable Water-soluble hormone, 651, 654f, bones of hand, forearm,
Vital capacity, 918 region, antibody 653–655 and, 250f
Vitamin VRG. See Ventral respiratory Water-soluble vitamin, 1033 muscles that move, 385–390,
absorption of, 979 group Wave summation, 329 387f–390f, 390t–391t
and bone growth, 191, 198t VT. See Tidal volume WBC. See White blood cell Wrist drop, 474
sources and functions of, 1033, VT. See Ventricular tachycardia Weight, 30 Wryneck, 416
1035t–1036t Vulva, 1133f, 1134–1135 Weight discrimination, 577
supplements containing, 1037 Vulvovaginal candidiasis, 1153 Wernicke’s area, 520 X
Vitamin D, 165, 971 Wheeze, 938 X chromosome, 1147
Vitamin K, 716 W Whiplash injuries, 239 X-chromosome inactivation, 1196
Vitiligo, 156 Wakefulness, 592–594 White blood cell Xenograft, 887
Vitreous humor, 615 Wallerian degeneration, 456 emigration of, 708–709, 709f Xenotransplantation, 146
VLDL (very-low-density Wandering macrophage, 708, 860 as formed elements, 698 Xiphoid process, 233
lipoprotein), 1014 Warfarin, 722 functions of, 708–710
Vocal fold, 900, 900f Warm receptor, 575 high and low, 710t Y
Voice production structures, Warts, 174 role of, 138 Y chromosome, 1147
900–901 Waste, excretion of, 1043 types of, 707–708, 708f Yellow bone marrow, 178
Volatile acid, 1099 Waste management, 1079 White coat hypertension, 842 Yolk sac. See Umbilical vesicle
Volkmann’s canal. See Perforating Water, 40–41, 1089–1093. See also White matter
canal Body fluids cerebral, 514, 514f Z
Volkmann’s contracture, 341 absorption of, 979–980 distribution of gray matter and, Z disc, 312
Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, 318, and aging, 1103–1104 429–430, 430f Zona fasciculata, 672
445, 621 body water balance, 1093t in spinal cord, 430f, 466 Zona glomerulosa, 672
Voltage-gated fast Na+ in chemical reactions, 41 White pulp, 857 Zona pellucida, 1125, 1162
channel, 744 formation of, 37f White rami, 554 Zona reticularis, 672
Voltage-gated channel, 432, 441f gain and loss of, 1089, 1089f White communicating Zone of calcified cartilage, 188
Voltage-gated K+ channel, 746 as lubricant, 41 ramus, 554 Zone of hypertrophic
Voltage-gated slow Ca2+ movement of, 1092–1093 Whole blood, 724 cartilage, 188
channel, 746 regulation of, 1089–1092 Winged scapula, 474 Zone of proliferating cartilage, 188
Volume changes, cardiac cycle, salts and polar substances Word blindness, 596 Zone of resting cartilage, 188
748, 751 in, 41f Word deafness, 596 Zonular fiber, 611
Voluntary stage (swallowing), 956 as solvent, 40–41 Wound dehiscence, 144 Zygomatic bones, 217
Vomiting, 503, 859, 963 thermal properties of, 41 Wound healing, 165–167, 166f Zygote, 1126, 1162–1162, 1163f

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Abscess, 863 implantation Acute inflammation, 863 gland

Integumentary system (continued) Intervals, ECG, 747 Irregular bone, 205 K

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