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PREFACE iv
1 An Introduction to the Human Body 1
AL
6 The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue 177
RI
7 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 202
TE
8 The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 242
9 Joints 269
MA
10 Muscular Tissue 305
D
12 Nervous Tissue 419
GH
vii
viii BR IE F CO N TE N TS
APPE N D I X A Measurements A-1
GLOSSARY G-1
INDEX I-1
Contents
1 An Introduction to 4 The Tissue Level of
the Human Body 1 Organization 111
1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Defined 2 4.1 Types of Tissues 112
1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body 4.2 Cell Junctions 113
Systems 3 4.3 Comparison Between Epithelial and Connective
1.3 Characteristics of the Living Human Tissues 114
Organism 8 4.4 Epithelial Tissue 115
1.4 Homeostasis 9 4.5 Connective Tissue 127
1.5 Basic Anatomical Terminology 14 4.6 Membranes 139
1.6 Aging and Homeostasis 21 4.7 Muscular Tissue 141
1.7 Medical Imaging 22 4.8 Nervous Tissue 143
Chapter Review 26 / Critical Thinking Questions 28 / 4.9 Excitable Cells 143
Answers to Figure Questions 28 4.10 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 144
4.11 Aging and Tissues 145
2 The Chemical Level of Chapter Review 146 / Critical Thinking Questions 148 /
Answers to Figure Questions 148
Organization 29
2.1 How Matter Is Organized 30 5 The Integumentary System 149
2.2 Chemical Bonds 34
2.3 Chemical Reactions 37 5.1 Structure of the Skin 150
2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 40 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 157
2.5 Overview of Organic Compounds 44 5.3 Types of Skin 163
2.6 Carbohydrates 45 5.4 Functions of the Skin 164
2.7 Lipids 47 5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound
2.8 Proteins 51 Healing 165
2.9 Nucleic Acids 56 5.6 Development of the Integumentary System 167
2.10 Adenosine Triphosphate 58 5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System 169
Chapter Review 59 / Critical Thinking Questions 61 / Chapter Review 175 / Critical Thinking Questions 176 /
Answers to Figure Questions 61 Answers to Figure Questions 176
ix
x CO N T E N TS
11.20 Muscles of the Gluteal Region That Move the 14.9 Olfactory (I) Nerve 524
Femur 398 14.10 Optic (II) Nerve 525
11.21 Muscles of the Thigh That Move the Femur, Tibia, 14.11 Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and
and Fibula 404 Abducens (VI) Nerves 527
11.22 Muscles of the Leg That Move the Foot and 14.12 Trigeminal (V) Nerve 528
Toes 406 14.13 Facial (VII) Nerve 530
11.23 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot That Move the 14.14 Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve 530
Toes 411 14.15 Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve 531
Chapter Review 416 / Critical Thinking Questions 418 / 14.16 Vagus (X) Nerve 533
Answers to Figure Questions 418 14.17 Accessory (XI) Nerve 535
14.18 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve 535
12 Nervous Tissue 419 14.19 Development of the Nervous System 536
14.20 Aging and the Nervous System 539
12.1 Overview of the Nervous System 420 Chapter Review 542 / Critical Thinking Questions 545 /
12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 422 Answers to Figure Questions 545
12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons: An Overview 430
12.4 Resting Membrane Potential 434 15 The Autonomic Nervous
12.5 Graded Potentials 436
12.6 Action Potentials 438
System 546
12.7 Signal Transmission at Synapses 444
15.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous
12.8 Neurotransmitters 451
Systems 547
12.9 Neural Circuits 454
15.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways 549
12.10 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous
15.3 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 558
Tissue 455
15.4 Physiology of the ANS 560
Chapter Review 458 / Critical Thinking Questions 460 /
15.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic
Answers to Figure Questions 460
Functions 563
Chapter Review 566 / Critical Thinking Questions 567 /
13 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Answers to Figure Questions 568
Nerves 461
13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 462
16 Sensory, Motor, and Integrative
13.2 Spinal Nerves 468 Systems 569
13.3 Cervical Plexus 471
13.4 Brachial Plexus 473 16.1 Sensation 570
13.5 Lumbar Plexus 476 16.2 Somatic Sensations 574
13.6 Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses 478 16.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways 580
13.7 Spinal Cord Physiology 480 16.4 Control of Body Movement 584
Chapter Review 490 / Critical Thinking Questions 491 / 16.5 Integrative Functions of the
Answers to Figure Questions 491 Cerebrum 592
Chapter Review 597 / Critical Thinking Questions 598 /
14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 493 Answers to Figure Questions 599
18.1 Comparison of Control by the Nervous and 21 The Cardiovascular System: Blood
Endocrine Systems 648
18.2 Endocrine Glands 648
Vessels and Hemodynamics 771
18.3 Hormone Activity 650
21.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels 772
18.4 Mechanisms of Hormone Action 653
21.2 Capillary Exchange 781
18.5 Control of Hormone Secretion 655
21.3 Hemodynamics: Factors Affecting
18.6 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 655
Blood Flow 784
18.7 Thyroid Gland 665
21.4 Control of Blood Pressure and
18.8 Parathyroid Glands 669
Blood Flow 787
18.9 Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands 672
21.5 Checking Circulation 792
18.10 Pancreatic Islets 676
21.6 Shock and Homeostasis 793
18.11 Ovaries and Testes 681
21.7 Circulatory Routes: Systemic Circulation 796
18.12 Pineal Gland and Thymus 681
21.8 The Aorta and Its Branches 798
18.13 Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs,
21.9 Ascending Aorta 801
Eicosanoids, and Growth Factors 682
21.10 The Aortic Arch 802
18.14 The Stress Response 684
21.11 Thoracic Aorta 806
18.15 Development of the Endocrine System 686
21.12 Abdominal Aorta 809
18.16 Aging and the Endocrine System 687
21.13 Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs 814
Chapter Review 692 / Critical Thinking Questions 695 /
21.14 Veins of the Systemic Circulation 817
Answers to Figure Questions 695
21.15 Veins of the Head and Neck 819
21.16 Veins of the Upper Limbs 821
19 The Cardiovascular System: The 21.17 Veins of the Thorax 825
Blood 696 21.18 Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis 827
21.19 Veins of the Lower Limbs 829
19.1 Functions and Properties of Blood 697 21.20 Circulatory Routes: The Hepatic Portal
19.2 Formation of Blood Cells 701 Circulation 833
19.3 Red Blood Cells 703 21.21 Circulatory Routes: The Pulmonary
19.4 White Blood Cells 707 Circulation 834
19.5 Platelets 710 21.22 Circulatory Routes: The Fetal Circulation 836
19.6 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow 21.23 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 838
and Cord Blood 712 21.24 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 839
19.7 Hemostasis 713 Chapter Review 842 / Critical Thinking Questions 844 /
19.8 Blood Groups and Blood Types 717 Answers to Figure Questions 845
Chapter Review 724 / Critical Thinking Questions 726 /
Answers to Figure Questions 726 22 The Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System
and Immunity 846
20 The Cardiovascular System:
The Heart 727 22.1 The Concept of Immunity 847
22.2 Overview of the Lymphoid System 847
20.1 Anatomy of the Heart 728 22.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 849
20.2 Heart Valves and Circulation of Blood 735 22.4 Lymphoid Organs and Tissues 851
20.3 Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac 22.5 Development of Lymphoid Tissues 858
Conduction System 742 22.6 Innate Immunity 859
20.4 The Cardiac Cycle 748 22.7 Adaptive Immunity 864
CONT ENTS xiii