INDEX
Page numbers followed by f indicate figures; t, tables; b, boxes.
A future directions of, 449
AAGBI. See Association of Anaesthestists of
Great Britain and Ireland
Abbe flaps, 741f, 745, 748f-750f, 752-753,
752f, 754f, 757, 1004-1005, 1006f,
1007-1008, 1010f
Abdominal injuries, maxillofacial trauma
primary care and, 14
Abducens nerve, 140-141, 141f
ABG. See Alveolar cleft bone grafting
Ablative fractional lasers (AFLs), 1297
Ablative surgery. See also Anesthesia
bleeding during, 390
cardiovascular considerations in, 367-369
induced hypotension in, 367-368, 367t
intraoperative monitoring in, 365-366
intravascular access in, 365-366
for jaw tumors, 451-454, 452f-454f
for maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus
tumors
lateral rhinotomy in, 386, 386f-387f
Le Fort I osteotomy for, 387-388,
389f
midfacial degloving in, 386, 388f
resection procedures in, 389-390
transcranial approach in, 389,
389f-390f
transfacial approach and Weber-
Ferguson incision in, 386-387,
388f
transmandibular approach in, 388-389,
389f
transnasal approach in, 385-386
transoral approach in, 385-389, 386f
for OSCC, 375-377
for IAN cancer, 381
lip-split incision in, 376-377, 376f-377f
management for complications in,
381-382, 382b
for mandibular tumors, 378-379, 379f
pull-through technique in, 377,
377f-378f
for retromolar trigone cancer, 381
for tongue cancer, 379-380, 380f
transoral approach in, 376
overview of, 374
patient positioning in, 365-366
perioperative management in, 359-369
postoperative management in, 370, 370t
preoperative management in, 355-359
for skull base tumors, 439-441
adjuvant radiotherapy in, 440-441
anesthesia in, 441-442
Ablative surgery (Continued)
imaging for, 439-440, 439f
instrumentation in, 442
lateral rhinotomy in, 444, 444f
MDTs in, 439
midfacial degloving in, 443
orbit/globe management in, 440,
445f-446f
pitfalls in, 449b
posterolateral approach in, 446-447,
447f-448f
postoperative monitoring in, 442
reconstruction in, 440, 441f
resection and margins in, 440
results and outcomes of, 448-449
superolateral approach in, 447
transcranial approach in, 445-446,
445f-446f
transfacial approach in, 390-393
transnasal approach in, 444-445
transoral approach in, 442-443
stress response in, 366-367
treatment of complications following,
370, 371t
Abscess. See also Orofacial infections
periapical, 1409, 1410f
periodontal, 1409
Absorbable collagen sponge (ACS),
1454-1455
Accelerated fractionation, in radiotherapy,
328-329
Acellular human dermis matrix
(AlloDerm), 515
Acetaminophen, 1277-1278
Acetic acid, 433
Acidic burns, 217
Acinetobacter baumannii, 238-239
Acinic cell carcinoma, 265, 266t, 268, 661,
682
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS), 1420, 1552
ACS. See Absorbable collagen sponge
Actinic cheilitis, 1343, 1343f
Actinic keratosis, 740
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, 1104
Actinomyces israelii, 1414-1415
Actinomycosis, 1414-1415
Active cleft speech characteristics,
1017-1019
Acute atrophic candidiasis, 1416
Acute maxillary sinusitis, 1417-1418, 1418f
Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis
(thrush), 1416
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
Acute ulcerative gingivitis, 1412-1413
Adapalene gel, 1290
Adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified,
268-270, 682, 682f
Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 265, 267-268,
306, 309f, 310, 311f, 661, 662f,
680-681
Adenolymphoma, 310, 660, 679, 680f.
See also Lymphomas
Adenomas, of minor salivary glands,
1352-1353, 1353f
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT),
1331
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 251-252
Adjuvant radiotherapy
in orofacial cancer management, 325
for skull base tumors surgery, 440-441
Adolescent internal condylar resorption
(AICR)
clinical features of, 1103
CT for, 1091f, 1097f-1099f
etiology of, 1102-1103
imaging for, 1103
mandibular advancement and rotation
for, 1089, 1090f-1095f
MRI for, 1090f, 1096f, 1099f, 1101f,
1103
orthognathic surgery outcomes and TMJ
pathologies with, 1099, 1101f,
1102-1103
in TMJ management and double jaw
surgery, 1084-1086, 1085f, 1089-
1095, 1096f-1099f
treatment options for, 1103
Adolescents, VFD in, 846-848
Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), 7,
93, 135-136, 221-222
Advancement/rotation lip repair,
958-964
Aerodigestive tract, 1393-1394
Aesthetic facial surgery. See also specific
procedures
goals of, 1180, 1195-1198, 1196f
initial patient interview for, 1180
photography for, 1180-1181
physical evaluation for, 1180
psychological assessment for,
1179-1180
public perception and acceptability of,
1179
Afatinib, 346-347
AFLs. See Ablative fractional lasers
Africa, maxillofacial trauma etiology in, 2t
Afroze cleft lip repair, 966, 966f
I-1
I-2 INDEX
AFX. See Atypical fibroxanthoma
Age/aging. See also Skin rejuvenation and
resurfacing
blepharoplasty considerations with,
1249
components of, 1287
consent and, 1390
extrinsic, 1287
eyelid and, 1249
facial anatomy and, 1201-1202,
1202f-1203f
forehead and signs of, 1182, 1183f
in orthognathic surgery for TMJ
pathologies, 1102
in OSCC and OPSCC, 263-264
salivary gland cancer malignancy and,
266, 266t
Aging neck. See Neck rejuvenation
AHAs. See Alpha hydroxy acids
AICR. See Adolescent internal condylar
resorption
AIDS. See Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome
AIDS-related complex (ARC), 1420
Airway management. See also Anesthesia
cleft palate repair and, 974, 978, 981
in craniofacial trauma, 135-136, 137f,
147, 147f
for facial space infections, 1411-1412,
1412f
for maxillary osteotomy, 1078-1079
maxillofacial trauma primary care and,
10-11, 11f
maxillofacial trauma primary care for,
9-10
cricothyroidotomy and, 10, 10f
orotracheal/nasotracheal intubation
and, 10
in midfacial fractures, 162
in penetrating neck injuries, 210-211
in Treacher Collins syndrome, 897
AJCC/UICC. See American Joint
Committee on Cancer/Union
Internationale Contre le Cancer
AKT, 249, 249f
Ala. See also Nose; Rhinoplasty
base of
maxillary osteotomy and cinch suture
of, 1078, 1078f
secondary nasal deformity and
correction of, 1008, 1010f
cartilage of, 1262
columellar relationship with, 1261,
1261f
reduction of, 1273-1274, 1273f
Alcohol, radiotherapy and, 330
Aldara. See Imiquimod
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), 247
Alexandrite laser, 507-508, 508f
Alkaline burns, 217
AlloDerm. See Acellular human dermis
matrix
Allograft
facial transplantation design of, 641-643
mineralized bone, 1430-1433
rejection, 643-647, 647t
Alloplastics
for chin augmentation, 1225, 1240, 1315,
1315f
for genioplasty, 1069-1070, 1069f
for mandibular angle implants, 1240-
1243, 1242f-1243f
for mandibular reconstruction, 498-499,
500f
TMJ reconstruction with, 1520-1522,
1521f
Alopecia, 621, 1191
Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), 1291, 1293
Alpha-papillomaviruses, 275-276
Alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA),
250-251
α-blocking agents, 368
ALT flaps. See Anterolateral thigh flaps
Alveolar cleft, orthodontics for, 1040-1041
Alveolar cleft bone grafting (ABG), 1027
assessment for, 984, 984t
autogenous cancellous bone from
anterior iliac crest for, 986, 987f
BCLP and, 986, 988-989, 989f-990f,
991b
in cleft lip repair, 957, 957f-958f
in cleft orthognathic surgery, 991
CT for, 1044f
historical development of, 983
in mixed dentition, 991
operating technique for, 984-989
donor sites in, 985, 985f
orthodontics for CLP and, 1042-1043,
1043f-1044f
premaxillary osteotomy and, 990f,
991b
primary, 985-986
secondary, 986-988, 986f-990f, 988b
tertiary, 991
UCLP and, 986, 988b, 988f-989f
Alveolar fractures, in dentoalveolar surgery,
1394
Alveolar osteitis, 1401-1402
Alveolar process fractures, in children,
194-195, 195f
Alveolar ridge defects, extended, 588,
588f-589f
Alveolitis sicca dolorosa, 1401-1402
Ambulatory anesthesia, 1460-1462, 1460t,
1461b
Ameloblastic fibrodentinoma, 1331
Ameloblastic fibroma, 1331
Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma, 1331
Ameloblastomas, 1329-1331
desmoplastic, 1330
extraosseous/peripheral, 1330
of jaw, 455-457, 457f-458f
solid/multicystic, 1329-1330, 1330f
unicystic, 1330-1331, 1331f
American Joint Committee on Cancer/
Union Internationale Contre le Cancer
(AJCC/UICC)
TNM classification of, 257-259
for OSCC, OPSCC, 257-259, 258t-259t
for salivary gland cancer, 257, 258t
Amifostine, 331
Aminoglycosides, 839
Amputation, 15
AMT flaps. See Anteromedial thigh flaps
Anaplastic thyroid cancer, 422, 422f
Anastomosis. See Microvascular surgery,
anastomosis in
Anchored disc phenomenon, 1473
Anesthesia
in ablative surgery
during anastomosis, wound closure
and recovery, 369
during flap raising, 368-369
during neck dissection and tumor
resection, 367-368
airway management in
fiberoptic endotracheal intubation for,
361-363, 361f-362f
intubation plan for, 361t
LMA and, 360-361, 360f
surgical airway in, 363-367, 364f
tracheostomy and, 364-365
TTJV in, 361-362, 362f
video laryngoscopy for, 363, 363f
anxiolysis in, 359
for blepharoplasty, 1251
blood pressure management in, 367-368,
367t
cardiovascular considerations in, 367-369
controversies with ambulatory, 1460-
1462, 1460t, 1461b
for dentoalveolar surgery, 1388-1389
for facial space infections, 1411-1412
for forehead/brow lifting, 1190
induction of, 359-360, 360f, 361t
for Le Fort I osteotomy, 1142
levels of, 1460, 1460t
liposuction and, 1230
management of difficult intubations in,
359-360, 364, 364f
for mandibular angle implants,
1240-1243
monitoring of, 365-366
for periapical surgery, 1369-1370
pitfalls in, 371b
positioning for, 365-366
premedication in, 359
preoperative assessment for, 355-359
general assessment in, 356-357, 357b
mask ventilation red flags in, 357
MDTs in, 355-356
predictive tests of difficult intubation
in, 357-359, 358f-359f, 359t
respiratory assessment in, 357
in reconstructive surgery, 367-369
regional blocks in, 366-367

Anesthesia (Continued)
for rhinoplasty, 1263, 1264f
for skull base tumor surgery, 441-442
stress response and, 366-367
in submentoplasty, 1231-1232
temperature regulation in, 366
for TMJ ankylosis, 1507
for TMJ arthrocentesis, 1473-1474
Aneurysmal bone cyst, 1333
Angiocatheters, for submentoplasty, 1233,
1234f
Angiogenesis, HNSCCs and, 251
Angiography, for carotid body tumors, 424,
424f
Angioleiomyomas, 1324, 1346-1347, 1347f
Animal bites, 212-213, 212t, 214f
Ankylosis. See Temporomandibular joint
(TMJ) ankylosis
Ann Arbor staging system, 425, 426t
Annulus of Zinn, 175
Anosmia, postoperative, 161
ANS. See Anterior nasal spine
Anterior implant supported hybrid
prosthesis, 1433
Anterior lamellar grafting, 189
Anterior nasal spine (ANS), 951
Anterior plagiocephaly (unilateral coronal
synostosis), 803, 805f, 807-808, 809f,
855-856, 856f-857f, 859, 862f-863f
Anterior platysma-cutaneous ligaments,
1201
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), 562,
563f, 565-566, 566f, 573, 573f
Anterolateral thigh flaps (ALT flaps),
572-576
AMT flap relationship with, 576
flap design in, 574, 574f
flap dissection in, 574-576, 575f
nervous anatomy of, 573-574
overview of, 571
surface location of cutaneous perforators
in, 573, 573f, 574t
thickness of, 574
vascular anatomy of, 572-573, 572f-573f
Anteromedial thigh flaps (AMT flaps),
572-573, 576-577
ALT flap relationship with, 576
operative technique for, 577, 577f
vascular anatomy of, 576, 576f
Antibiotics
for bite wounds, 214
in cleft palate repair, 978, 981
for craniofacial surgery, 839
for CSF leaks, 145-146
for facial cellulitis, 1410-1411
for mandibular fractures, 30
for maxillofacial trauma, 30, 30t
Antioxidants, 1291
Antiresorptive osteonecrosis of the jaws
(ARONJ), 333, 1402, 1402f
Antley-Bixler syndrome, 821-822
Antrocystectomy, 1328, 1329f
Antrocystostomy, 1328, 1329f
Anxiolysis, in anesthesia, 359
AOT. See Adenomatoid odontogenic
tumor
Apert syndrome, 811-814, 812f, 813t, 973
Aphthae, 1552, 1552f-1553f
Apical surgery. See Periapical surgery
Arbutin, 1291
ARC. See AIDS-related complex
Arch bars, 104. See also Intermaxillary
fixation
Arm restrainers. See Splints
Armed conflicts, 4
ARONJ. See Antiresorptive osteonecrosis of
the jaws
Arteriotomy, 481-482, 482f
Arteriovenous malformations, 434, 434t,
435f
Arthritis. See Juvenile idiopathic arthritis;
Reactive arthritis
Arthrocentesis, TMJ, 1473-1474
anesthesia for, 1473-1474
indications of, 1473
patient history in, 1473
role of, 1477
treatment and outcomes of, 1473-1474,
1474f
Arthroplasty
gap, 1509
interpositional, 1509-1510
TMJ ankylosis and, 1509-1512
TMJ disc repositioning and, 1487
Arthroscopic surgery, for TMJ, 1474-1476,
1476f
complications in, 1476
double puncture technique for, 1475-
1476, 1476f
indications for, 1474-1475
instruments for, 1475, 1475f
lysis and lavage in, 1475-1476, 1475f
outcomes of, 1476
patient history for, 1474
role of, 1477
Articular disk displacement, TMJ and,
1084, 1085f-1086f, 1086
Ascorbic acid, 1291
Asian eyelids, 1246, 1248f
ASIS. See Anterior superior iliac spine
ASMA. See Alpha-smooth muscle actin
Aspergillus fumigatus, 1418-1419
Assaults, maxillofacial trauma and, 2t-3t,
3-4
Association of Anaesthestists of Great
Britain and Ireland (AAGBI), 222
AstraZeneca. See AZD6738
Asymmetrical crying faces. See Hypoplasia
of the depressor anguli oris muscle
syndrome
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-3
Asymmetrical mandibular growth, 871
Ataxia telangiectasia, 245, 246t
Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related
inhibitors (ATR inhibitors), 348-349
ATLS. See Advanced Trauma Life Support
ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate
ATR inhibitors. See Ataxia telangiectasia
and Rad3-related inhibitors
Atrophic mandibular fractures. See
Edentulous atrophic mandibular
fractures
Atropine, 359
Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX), 724-725
Augmentin, 1419
Auricular approach, 82, 82f
Auricular cartilage
grafts, 1512
for TMJ disc replacement, 1489
Auricular epithesis, facial reconstruction
and, 784, 784f-785f
Autogenous ear construction, 889
Autoimmune/connective tissue diseases
clinical features of, 1106, 1107f-1108f
etiology of, 1106
imaging for, 1106, 1108f-1109f
MRI for, 1102, 1102f
in orthognathic surgery outcomes and
TMJ pathologies, 1102, 1102f,
1106-1109
treatment for, 1106-1109, 1108f-1109f
AZD6738 (AstraZeneca), 349
B
Babble therapy, 1021
Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, 1413
BAD ACT criteria, 22, 23b
Ballistic injuries. See Military ballistic face
and neck injuries
Balloon compression, 1526
Basal cell adenoma, 660
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
cryotherapy for, 763
curettage for, 763
Eyelid/periorbital tumors and, 729,
731f-735f
5-FU for, 761
imiquimod for, 761-762
immunosuppression reduction for, 764
lip and, 740
radiotherapy for, 763
skin cancer and, 717-719, 717t, 718f-719f,
719b
subtypes of, 761, 762f
vismodegib for, 763-764
Battle sign, 137-138, 139f
Bauer retractors, 1141, 1141f, 1152,
1170f
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
(BSID), 845-846
BCC. See Basal cell carcinoma
I-4 INDEX
BCCC. See Branchial cleft cyst carcinoma
BCLP. See Bilateral cleft lip and palate
BDD. See Body dysmorphic disorder
Beare-Stevenson syndrome, 821
Bell phenomenon, 928, 931f
Benign lymphoepithelial lesions (BLELs),
673-675, 674f, 1352, 1352f
Benzodiazepine, 359
Benzylpotassium (Augmentin), 1419
Beta-blockers, 366-367
β-blocking agents, 368
Bicanalicular tears, 179, 179f
Bicoronal incision, 445-446, 445f-446f
Bilateral circumorbital ecchymosis, 136,
139f
Bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), 943.
See also Cleft lip repair; Cleft palate
repair
ABG and, 986, 988-989, 989f-990f,
991b
anatomy of, 952-954
muscle, 953, 954f-955f
nasal, 953-954, 955f
skin, 952-953, 953f-954f
cleft orthognathic surgery and, 992
morphology of, 972
orthodontics for, 1044-1045
premaxilla in, 1041-1043
repair of, 944-945, 968-970, 969f-970f
secondary lip revision for, 1003-1005,
1005f-1006f
secondary nasal revision for, 1006-1007,
1007f
syndromes associated with, 973
whistle deformity from, 1003-1004,
1005f
Bilateral coronal synostosis (brachycephaly),
803, 805f, 807-808, 809f, 856-857, 857f,
859-863, 864f
Bilateral intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy
(BIVRO), 1155-1156
hemorrhage in, 1160
IAN complications with, 1161
osteotomy placement in, 1169-1170,
1170f
Bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy
(BSSRO), 1071, 1072f-1073f. See also
Sagittal split osteotomy
hemorrhage in, 1159-1160
IAN and lingual nerve complications in,
1160-1161, 1160f-1162f
oral hygiene and, 1156
osteotomy placement in, 1168-1169
reciprocating saw in, 1168-1169, 1168f
retractor for, 1160-1161, 1161f-1162f
third molar presence in, 1049
Binocular single vision (BSV), 173,
178-179, 179f
Biodegradable plating systems, 196
Biofeedback therapy, 1021
Bio-Gide membrane, 1454
Bio-Oss membrane, 1454
Biopsy. See also Fine needle aspiration
biopsy
bone, 1320
controversies with decisions for, 1459,
1460b
excisional, 1320, 1320f
incisional, 1320, 1320f
indications and contraindications for,
1319
in OSCC, 375
salivary gland tumor, 658-659
sentinel lymph node, 260, 264-265
soft tissue, 1319-1320
Bismuth iodoform paraffin paste (BIPP),
1398
Bispectral index (BIS), 365
Bisphosphonates, 1362
Bite. See Occlusion/malocclusion
Bite splints, 1469, 1469f
Bite wounds, 212-214, 212t, 214f
BIVRO. See Bilateral intraoral vertical
ramus osteotomy
Blair approach, 1507
Bleeding. See also Hemorrhage
in ablative surgery, 390
nasal, in maxillary fractures, 98-99
neck rejuvenation and, 1244
after orthognathic surgery, 1171-1172
soft tissue injuries and control of, 201
BLELs. See Benign lymphoepithelial lesions
Bleomycin, 342, 433
Blepharoplasty
advice for, 1256
aesthetics in, 1248-1249
age considerations for, 1249
anesthesia for, 1251
complications with, 1255-1256
for maxillary fractures, 110, 110f
for orbital/periorbital trauma, 180t
overview of, 1246
postoperative care in, 1255
preoperative assessment for, 1249-1250
surgical anatomy for, 1246-1248,
1247f-1249f
surgical procedure for
lower, 1252-1253
planning and markings for, 1250,
1250f
preorbital rhytid treatment and, 1254
selection of, 1250
transconjunctival, 1253-1254,
1253f-1254f
upper, 1251-1252, 1251f-1252f
for zygomatic fractures, 110, 110f
Blindness, blepharoplasty complications
with, 1255
Blink reflex test, 928-929
Blood pressure management, anesthesia
and, 367-368, 367t
Blood vessels, dentoalveolar surgery
complications and, 1398-1399
Bloom syndrome, 245, 246t
Blue nevi, 1321, 1354, 1355f
BMP. See Bone morphogenic protein
BMS. See Burning mouth syndrome
Body armour, 231-232, 232f
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), 1002
Body osteotomies, for Treacher Collins
syndrome, 899
Boley gauge, 1140, 1140f
Bone biopsy, 1320
Bone grafts. See also Skin grafts
calvarial, 145, 145f, 165, 1511
for CLP, 945
for craniofacial surgery in growing
children, 838
in craniofacial trauma
for ethmoid sinus isolation, 145, 145f
primary, 148-149
for facial implants in facial
reconstruction, 788
for high-velocity/high-energy midfacial
fractures, 165-166
iliac crest, 562, 563f
ilium, 165
for Le Fort I osteotomy, 1147, 1148f
for maxillary osteotomy, 1077,
1077f-1078f
for maxillary stability, 1119
mineralized, 1430-1433
for nasoethmoidal fractures, 159
nonvascularized, for mandibular
reconstruction, 499-500, 500t
orbital reconstruction and onlay, 188
porous block hydroxyapatite, 1077,
1077f-1078f, 1119
revascularized, for mandibular
reconstruction, 500-503
fibula in, 501-503, 503f
iliac crest in, 500-501, 502f
scapula in, 501
socket preservation and autogenous,
1453
Bone healing, direct and indirect, 41
Bone malposition, in zygomatic fractures,
125-126, 129f
Bone morphogenic protein (BMP), 655,
769, 983
Bone plates. See Plate fixation
Bone transport, intraoral bidirectional
distraction osteogenesis for, 920-925,
922f-924f
Bone-borne distractors, 904
Bony vaults, in nose, 1261-1262,
1262f-1263f
Borrelia burgdorferi, 1104
Botox, 1244
Botulinum toxin, 1469
Bovine sintered xenograft, 1430
Bowen disease, 728
Brachycephaly (bilateral coronal synostosis),
803, 805f, 807-808, 809f, 856-857, 857f,
859-863, 864f
Brachytherapy, 324, 327-328, 327f-328f

Branchial arches, 405, 406f, 406t
first anomalies of, 408, 408f
fourth anomalies of, 410, 410f
second anomalies of, 408-409, 409f, 409t
third anomalies of, 409-410, 409f
Branchial cleft cyst carcinoma (BCCC),
410-411, 411f, 411t
Branchial cysts
classification of, 407t
congenital neck masses and, 416-417
CT for, 407
diagnosis of, 405-408, 407f
embryology and, 405, 406f, 406t-407t
etiology of, 405
first anomalies of, 408, 408f
fourth anomalies of, 410, 410f
MRI for, 407
overview on, 405
PSF and, 405-407, 410
sclerotherapy and, 410
second anomalies of, 408-409, 409f, 409t
third anomalies of, 409-410, 409f
ultrasound for, 407
Branchial fistula, 405-407, 407f
Brodie syndrome, 904
Brow incision, 107f, 110
Brow lifting. See Forehead/brow lifting
Brown class I, dental rehabilitation of,
766
Brown tumor, of hyperparathyroidism,
467-468
Browpexy, direct, 1189
BSID. See Bayley Scales of Infant
Development
BSSRO. See Bilateral sagittal split ramus
osteotomy
BSV. See Binocular single vision
Buccal advancement flap, 391, 392f
Buccal branch identification, 693
Buccal fat flap, 616-617, 617f
Buccal fat pad, 391, 392f, 1512
Buccal myomucosal flaps, 1027,
1027f-1028f
Bullet wounds, 215, 215f, 217f, 231.
See also Military ballistic face and neck
injuries
Burn injuries, 215-217
chemical, 217
treatment for, 216-217
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS), 1528-
1529, 1529b
Burr hole drainage, of CSDHs, 226, 226f
Buttresses, midfacial, 95-96, 95f, 164
C Carpenter syndrome, 822
CAD. See Computer-aided design
Cadaveric transplant models, for facial
transplantation, 643, 644f-647f
CAFs. See Cancer associated fibroblasts
Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor, 1332
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor
(CEOT), 1331
Calcitonin, 467
Caldwell-Luc approach, 385, 386f
Calipers
Castroviejo, 1140, 1140f
for Le Fort I osteotomy, 1143f
Calvarial bone grafts, 145, 145f, 165, 1511
CAM. See Computer-aided manufacturing
Campylobacter jejuni, 1104
Cancer. See specific types
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs),
250-251
Cancer nurse specialist (CNS), 285-287
Cancrum oris, 1413
Candida-related lesions, 1337-1339,
1339f
Candidiasis, 1416
acute atrophic, 1416
acute pseudomembranous, 1416
chronic atrophic, 1416
chronic hyperplastic, 1416-1417
oral
denture-related, 1551-1552, 1551f
erythematous, 1551, 1551f
HIV/AIDS and, 1552
pseudomembranous, 1551, 1551f
treatment of, 1551
Cannulated screw fixation, 87, 87f
Canthal asymmetry, 158
Canthal detachment, 158, 160
Canthopexy, 160
Capillary malformations, 430, 1349
CAPS-A. See Cleft Audit Protocol for
Speech-Augmented
Capsulitis, 1536
Carboplatin, 345
Carcinogenesis. See also Head and neck
squamous cell carcinomas; Oral
squamous cell carcinoma
basic principles of, 245, 245f
somatic compared to heritable mutations
in, 245-246, 246t
Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, 268,
662, 663f, 681, 681f
Carcinosarcoma, 662
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 356
Caroticocavernous fistula, 190-191, 191f
Carotid artery rupture, radiotherapy and,
333
Carotid body tumors, 424-425
angiography for, 424, 424f
CT scan for, 424, 425f
MRI for, 424, 424f
Carroll-Girard screw, 118-119, 119f
CASS. See Computer-assisted surgical
simulation
Castroviejo calipers, 1140, 1140f
Cat bites, 212
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-5
Cat-scratch disease, 1415
Caucasian eyelids, 1246, 1247f-1248f
Cavernous hemangiomas, 1350
Cayler’s syndrome. See Hypoplasia of the
depressor anguli oris muscle syndrome
1
C-choline PET/CT, 302
CCND1 gene, 248, 248f
CDKN2A gene, 248, 248f
CECT. See Contrast-enhanced computed
tomography
Cell cycle
in jaw tumors, 452, 454, 454f
in radiotherapy for HNSCCs, 347-348,
348f
Cell death, radiation-induced, 348, 348f
Cellular plasticity, 251
Cementoblastomas, 1332
Cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF), 462,
465f
Central giant cell lesions (CGCLs), 466-467,
468f, 1333
CEOT. See Calcifying epithelial odontogenic
tumor
Cephalexin, 1277-1278
Cephalic trim, 1268
Cephalometric analysis
for orthodontic planning, 1133, 1134f
orthognathic surgery and, 1054-1056,
1055f-1056f
Cerebral growth restriction, nonsyndromic
craniosynostosis and, 805
Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), 223
Cerebrospinal fluid leaks (CSF leaks),
137-138, 140f, 143, 440
antibiotics for, 145-146
craniofacial trauma and, 227
fistulas and, 154
frontal sinus fractures and assessment of,
151-153
Cervical lymph nodes. See Lymph nodes
Cervical spine
clinical features of, 135-136
control, 8-9, 9f
Cervicoplasty, 1203, 1204f
Cetuximab (Erbitux), 344-345
CFA. See Craniofacial abnormality
CGCLs. See Central giant cell lesions
CGH. See Comparative genomic
hybridization
CH. See Cluster headache
Champy miniplates, 58-60, 58f-61f
Channel retractors, 1141, 1141f, 1146,
1147f
CHARGE syndrome, 927-928
Cheeks. See also Facial nerve
festoons of, 1256
injuries of, 202-207
normal mucosa of, 1335, 1336f
Cheilorhinoplasty, 1000
Chemical burn injuries, 217
I-6 INDEX
Chemical peels, 1244, 1294-1299
classifications of, 1294t
CROSS in, 1296, 1296f
phenol, 1296-1297
TCA, 1294-1296, 1295f-1296f
Chemical reconstruction of skin scars
(CROSS), 1296, 1296f
Chemoradiotherapy, 325
for lip cancer, 334, 334f
morbidity of
early radiation effects in, 329
late radiation effects in, 329-330
management of, 330
mucositis after, 330-331
for OPSCC, 336
for OSCC, 334
postoperative, 342, 342f
for salivary gland cancer, 335-336, 335f
for sinonasal cancer, 334-335
Chemotherapy, 325. See also Epidermal
growth factor receptor
HNSCCs and cytotoxic, 339-343
induction treatment in, 341-342
meta-analyses of, 340-341
as part of curative treatment regimens,
340-342, 340f
as part of palliative treatment
regimens, 342-343
POCRT and PORT in, 342, 342f
principle sites of, 340f
Cherubism, 1333, 1365, 1365f
Chiari malformations, 813-814
Chicken pox, 1548
Children
alveolar process fractures in, 194-195,
195f
condylar fractures in, 87-89
compound fractures and, 89
functional matrix theory for treatment
of, 88
open reduction and internal fixation
indications for, 89
treatment strategies for, 89
craniofacial surgery in growing, 836-839
adequate cooling for power cutting
instruments in, 837
bone graft placement for, 838
dead space management for, 838-839
incision placement for, 836-837
osteotomy completion for, 837-838
overcorrection in, 838
perioperative management for, 839
plate fixation for, 838, 841
subperiosteal dissection in, 837
fixation methods for injuries in, 195-196,
196f-197f
HFM and skeletal defect in growing,
875-889, 875t
costochondral grafts for, 879-884,
880f-882f
DO for, 876-885, 877f-879f
early orthodontic treatment for, 876
Children (Continued)
free fibular flaps for, 879-884,
883f-884f
functional appliance treatment for, 876
mandibular lengthening and, 876-885
results of, 884-885
mandibular fractures in, 194f-198f,
195-196
maxillary reconstruction for, 489-490,
492f
maxillofacial trauma in, indications of,
193
midfacial fractures in, 196-199, 197f-198f
nasoethmoidal fractures in, 160-161
pitfalls in injuries of, 199b
recurrent parotitis of, 1419-1420
recurrent sialadenitis of, 675, 675f
soft tissue injuries in, 193-194, 194f
teeth injuries in, 194-195
VFD in
behavioral function and, 846
early development of, 845-846
emotional and social functioning and,
846-848, 847f
optimism, social support,
relatedness and coping strategies
for, 849-850
parental factors for, 849
psychosocial adjustment and resilience
of, 848-850
zygomatic fractures in, 196
Chin
augmentation of, 1069-1070, 1069f, 1180
alloplastic, 1225, 1240, 1315, 1315f
neck rejuvenation and, 1240-1243,
1242f-1243f
facial bone sculpting of, 1314-1317
genioplasty technique for, 1315-1317,
1315f, 1317f
horizontal asymmetry and, 1315
macrogenia and, 1315
retrogenia and, 1315, 1315f
vertical excess and, 1314
mandibular widening and aesthetics of,
906
midline, 1051, 1052f
neck rejuvenation and projection of,
1223-1225, 1227f-1228f, 1240-1243,
1242f-1243f
Chisels, pterygomaxillary, 1140, 1141f,
1145
Chk1 inhibitors, 349
Chlamydia pneumoniae, 1104
Chlamydia trachomatis, 1104
Chlamydophila psittaci, 1104
Chondro-osseous grafts, 1511
Chronic atrophic candidiasis, 1416
Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis, 1338,
1416-1417
Chronic maxillary sinusitis, 1418, 1418f
Chronic obstructive sialadenitis, 1419
Chronic sialadenitis, 702
Chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs),
226, 226f
CHs. See Congenital hemangiomas
Circle of knowledge and caution (CKC),
1205, 1206f, 1207-1208, 1208f
Circulation support, in maxillofacial
trauma primary care, 11-12
Cisplatin, 342, 345
CKC. See Circle of knowledge and caution
Clamps
Coker, 1150-1151
in microvascular surgery, 480-481, 480f
Wolford modified upper border, 1142,
1142f
Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech-Augmented
(CAPS-A), 1025, 1034
Cleft lip and palate (CLP), 845-846, 850.
See also Cleft orthognathic surgery;
Isolated cleft palate; Palatal re-repair;
Secondary cleft surgery; Submucous
cleft palate; Velopharyngeal
dysfunction
advancement/rotation, with triangular
flap, 958-964
babies and, 942-943
BCLP and, 968-970, 969f-970f
bilateral, 943
ABG and, 986, 988-989, 989f-990f,
991b
anatomy of, 952-954, 953f-955f
cleft orthognathic surgery and, 992
morphology of, 972
orthodontics for, 1044-1045
premaxilla in, 1041-1043
repair of, 944-945, 968-970, 969f-970f
secondary nasal revision for, 1006-
1007, 1007f
syndromes associated with, 973
whistle deformity from, 1003-1004,
1005f
bone grafts for, 945
classification of, 948-950, 949f, 972
LAHSHAL, 949-950, 950f
primary and secondary, 948-949, 949f
Veau, 948-950, 949f
diagnosis of, 942
embryology and, 948, 949f
etiology of, 973
hearing loss and, 1019
incidence of, 972
incomplete, 952, 953f
repair of, 967-968, 967f-968f
maxillary stability and patients with,
1119
microform, 952, 952f
morphology of, 972
orthodontics for, 1040, 1041f
ABG in, 1042-1043, 1043f-1044f
alveolar cleft and, 1040-1041
appliances in, 1042, 1043f
BCLP and UCLP, 1044-1045
cleft type and, 1040

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) (Continued)
dental anomalies and, 1040
in infancy and neonatal period,
1041-1042, 1042f
in late teenage years and adulthood,
1045-1046, 1046f
mixed dentition and, 1042-1044,
1043f-1044f
permanent dentition and, 1044-1045,
1044f-1045f
primary dentition and, 1042, 1043f
quality of care in, 1046
research for, 1046-1047, 1046f
skeletal pattern and growth in, 1040,
1041f
overview of, 948
repair of, 944
rhinoplasty for, 946
SLT in MDT for, 1014-1015, 1015f,
1015t
treatment of
controversies in, 942-946
EBM for, 941-942
MDT for, 943
RCT for, 942
unilateral, 942
ABG and, 986, 988b, 988f-989f
anatomy and, 950-952, 950f-951f,
952b
cleft orthognathic surgery and, 992,
993f
complete revision of, 1008f, 1010-1012,
1010f
morphology of, 972
orthodontics for, 1044-1045
repair of, 944-945
rhinoplasty and, 1006, 1011f
secondary nasal revision for, 1006,
1007f, 1007t
syndromes associated with, 973
VPI and, 945-946
Cleft lip repair. See also Orthodontics;
Secondary cleft surgery
ABG in, 957, 957f-958f
advancement/rotation lip repair with
triangular flap for, 958-964
Afroze, 966, 966f
anterior hard palate and vomer flaps for,
958, 958f
bilateral cleft lip, 968-970, 969f-970f
cleft palate repair with vomer flap closure
of hard palate at, 974
Delaire, 965, 966f, 1003-1005, 1005f
Fisher, 966-967, 967f
incomplete cleft lip, 967-968,
967f-968f
Millard, 964, 966f
muscle and, 955-956, 955f-956f, 960,
961f-962f
nasal septum and, 956, 956f-957f
INDEX I-7
Cleft lip repair (Continued) Cleft palate repair (Continued)
nose and, 956, 956f-957f, 960-961, 960f, pitfalls of, 981b
962f-964f postoperative care for, 978, 981
overview of, 948 preoperative history and considerations
Pfeiffer, 965, 966f for, 974
philosophy of, 955-958 of SMCP, 978
secondary, 1003-1005 two-flap technique for, 978
for BCLP, 1003-1005, 1005f-1006f Veau-Wardill-Kilner pushback procedure
for major structural deformities, for, 978
1003-1005 Cleft speech characteristics (CSCs),
for minor structural deformities, 1003, 1017-1019, 1018f, 1018t
1003f Clindamycin, 1410-1411, 1419
for UCLP, 1003, 1003f-1005f Clinical Standards Advisory Group (CSAG),
skin in, 955, 964, 965f 1014
South Wales protocol for, 958-964, Closed fractures, 27
959f-965f Closed functional treatment, for condylar
Tennison, 966, 966f fractures, 76-77
Cleft orthognathic surgery, 991, 1044-1045 Closed reduction
ABG in, 991 in edentulous atrophic mandibular
BCLP and, 992 fractures, 67
bimaxillary procedures for, 997 of fractures, 39-40
dental model surgery before, 994 advantages and disadvantages of, 40
DO for, 997 teeth positioning in, 39, 39f
facial appearance, psychology and speech in zygomatic fractures, 118-119,
evaluation for, 991-992 118f-119f
genioplasty for, 997 Closed treatment
indications for, 992 for condylar fractures, 76-78
Le Fort I osteotomy for, 994-997, of Le Fort fractures, 113-114, 114f
995f-996f of maxillary fractures, 113-114, 114f
Le Fort II osteotomy for, 997, 998f Clostridium perfringens, 239
malar maxillary Le Fort III osteotomy Clostridium tetani, 239
for, 997 CLP. See Cleft lip and palate
orthodontic requirements for, 993 Cluster headache (CH), 1538-1540, 1539b
planning, soft tissue effects, and CMV. See Cytomegalovirus
prediction in, 993-994 CNAs. See Copy number alterations
timing for, 991 CNs. See Cranial nerves
UCLP and, 992, 993f CNS. See Cancer nurse specialist
Cleft palate repair, 973. See also Cobra neck deformity, 1244
Orthodontics; Secondary cleft surgery COF. See Cemento-ossifying fibroma
airway management and, 974, 978, 981 Coker clamps, 1150-1151
antibiotics in, 978, 981 Collagen, 1286-1287
complications with, 980-981 Colobomas, in Treacher Collins syndrome,
contraindications to, 973 895
delayed hard palate closure for, 978 Columella
double opposing Z-plasty technique for, alar relationship with, 1261, 1261f
978 secondary nasal deformity and correction
hearing and, 974, 980 of, 1007-1008, 1009f-1010f
neonatal management in, 974 struts, 1271-1272, 1272f
operative approach to, 974-978 Comminuted mandibular fractures, 64,
palate repair in, 974-978, 974f-977f 64f
vomer flap closure of hard palate at lip Commissure, in lip reconstructive surgery,
repair in, 974 758-759, 758f
outcomes of, 978-980 Comparative genomic hybridization
appearance, 980 (CGH), 244
hearing, 980 Compartment syndrome, 15
maxillary growth and arch Complex odontoma, 1332, 1332f
development, 980-981 Complicated fractures, 27
psychological and social well-being, Composite facelift, 1197
980 Compound nevi, 1354, 1354f
SLT and, 979-981, 979f Compound odontoma, 1332
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
I-8 INDEX
Compression plates
for condylar fracture treatment, 85
for mandibular fractures, 56, 56f-57f
clinical applications with, 57, 57f
review of, 57-58
screw placement in, 56-57
Computed tomography (CT). See also
Contrast-enhanced computed
tomography; 18F-FDG PET/CT;
Imaging; Positron emission
tomography/computed tomography
for ABG, 1044f
for AICR, 1091f, 1097f-1099f
for BLELs, 674-675
for branchial cysts, 407
for carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma,
681
for carotid body tumors, 424, 425f
for COF, 465f
for condylar hyperplasia type 1, 1087f
for condylar hyperplasia type 2,
1115f-1118f
for craniosynostosis, 854-855, 855f
for dentoalveolar surgery planning,
1388
for facial reconstruction preoperative
planning, 781
for facial transplantation, 637f, 646f
for FD, 1360, 1361f
for fibrous dysplasia, 464f
for granulomatous disease, 673
for HNSCCs, 292, 293f, 295, 295f-296f,
314, 314f, 331
for LCH, 460-461, 461f
for lymph nodes, 312, 312f
for lymphomas, 425, 425f-426f
for maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus
tumors, 384-385
for medial femoral condyle flaps, 589f,
591f
for military ballistic face and neck
injuries, 234, 234f
MRI compared to, 293-294
for MTP II joint transfer flap, 611f
for mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 680
for NHL, 306, 308f
in OPSCCs, 303, 303f
for ORN, 314, 314f
for orthodontic planning, 1133, 1133f
in OSCCs, 303-304, 303f, 305f
radiologist for, 287
for salivary gland cancer, 309-310
for salivary gland inflammatory
conditions, 669
for salivary gland tumors, 675
for skull base tumors, 439, 439f
static guides for dental implants with,
1437-1438, 1439f, 1441-1443
for TBI, 221-222, 226f
for TMJ ankylosis, 1471, 1471f, 1506
for TMJ dislocation, 1469-1470,
1470f
Computed tomography (CT) (Continued)
in trauma
for condylar fractures, 76, 76f
for craniofacial trauma, 142-143,
143f-144f
for maxillary fractures, 102-103,
104f-105f, 116f
for maxillary sinus, 125
for orbital/periorbital trauma, 176
for zygomatic fractures, 102-103,
104f-105f, 119-122, 121f, 124,
128f
for Treacher Collins syndrome, 895f,
899f, 900
Computed tomography angiography
(CTA), 235-236, 528, 528f, 604
for facial transplantation, 641, 642f
for TMJ ankylosis, 1507
Computer-aided design (CAD), 497
for facial transplantation, 643, 644f
for skull models, 389-390
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM),
497, 1437-1438
for facial transplantation, 643, 644f
for skull models, 389-390
Computer-assisted surgery
for maxillary reconstruction planning,
490-492, 492f-494f
for zygomatic fractures, 119-122,
120f-121f, 123f-126f, 128f
Computer-assisted surgical simulation
(CASS), 1062, 1065-1068, 1067f-1068f,
1068b
Concomitant boost, in radiotherapy, 329
Concomitant TMJ orthognathic surgery
(CTOS)
CASS protocol for, 1065-1068, 1067f-
1068f, 1068b
mandible repositioning for, 1065, 1066f
protocol for, 1065, 1065b, 1066f
VSP for, 1064-1065
Condylar fractures, 90. See also Mandibular
fractures
assessment scores and outcomes after
surgery on, 90
asymmetry and, 90
bilateral, 79-80
in children, 87-89
compound fractures and, 89
functional matrix theory for treatment
of, 88
open reduction and internal fixation
indications for, 89
treatment strategies for, 89
classification of, 74-75, 75f
closed functional treatment for, 76-77
closed treatment for, 76-78
dysfunction and degeneration with, 90
fixation for treatment of, 76, 80, 84-87
bioresorbable devices for, 87, 88f
cannulated screw fixation, 87, 87f
compression plates in, 85
Condylar fractures (Continued)
lag screws for, 85-86, 86f
miniplates in, 45, 45f, 84-85, 84f-85f
pin fixation, 86-87
screw fixation, 87, 87f
hematoma and, 1503
iatrogenic injury and, 90
imaging of, 75-76, 76f
IMF for, 76-77
malocclusion after, 89-90
management strategies for, 76, 80-87
mandibular hypomobility and, 90
miniplate fixation in treatment of, 45, 45f
nonsurgical treatment indications for, 76
open reduction and internal fixation for,
76, 80
open treatment of, 78-79
sagittal, 1503
surgical approaches for panfacial injuries
and, 80-84
endoscopic approach in, 83, 83f
modified Blair approach in, 82
perilobular approach in, 81-82, 81f-82f
preauricular and auricular approach
in, 82, 82f
reduction in, 84
retroauricular approach in, 83, 84f
retromandibular approach in, 80f, 81
rhytidectomy approach in, 82f, 83
submandibular approach in, 80-81, 80f
transoral approach in, 83
TMJ and, 75, 89-90
Condylar hyperplasia type 1, 1100f
classification of, 1109
clinical features of, 1109-1110
CT for, 1087f
maxillary hypoplasia compared to, 1110
open TMJ surgery indications and,
1480-1481, 1481f-1483f
TMJ disorders and, 1471-1472, 1472f
in TMJ double jaw surgery, 1086-1088,
1087f
type 1A, 1110-1112
clinical characteristics of, 1110-1111
imaging for, 1111
treatment protocol for, 1111-1112
type 1B
clinical characteristics of, 1112
imaging for, 1112
treatment protocol for, 1112
Condylar hyperplasia type 2
(osteochondroma), 1112-1116, 1485
classification of, 1109
clinical characteristics of, 1113
CT for, 1115f-1118f
histology of, 1112-1113
imaging for, 1113
in orthognathic surgery outcomes and
TMJ pathologies, 1099-1101
in TMJ double jaw surgery, 1087f, 1088
treatment protocol for, 1113-1116,
1115f-1118f

Condylar resorption, after orthognathic
surgery, 1089, 1092f. See also
Adolescent internal condylar
resorption
Condylar torque, 1088-1089
Condylectomy, ipsilateral, 1114
Condyloma acuminatum, 1321, 1340, 1341f
Congenital germline fusion cyst, 1335
Congenital hemangiomas (CHs), 430
Congenital neck masses, 416-420, 416b
branchial cysts and, 416-417
dermoid cysts and, 417
epidermal cysts and, 417-418, 418f-419f
lymphangiomas and, 419, 419f
thyroglossal duct cysts and, 417, 418f
vascular anomalies and, 419-420, 420f
Congenital oculofacial paralysis. See
Möbius syndrome
Congenital unilateral lower lip palsy
(CULLP), 927
Conjunctiva, 174
Conjunctival incision, 107-108, 107f
Connective tissue diseases. See
Autoimmune/connective tissue
diseases
Consent, for dentoalveolar surgery,
1389-1390
Continental submandibular approach, 80f,
81
Contralateral cross-lip flaps, 743f-744f
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography
(CECT)
for primary infective sialadenitis, 672
for salivary gland inflammatory
conditions, 669
Converse incision, 108-109, 108f
Copy number alterations (CNAs), 244
Coronal approach
in craniofacial surgery for growing
children, 836-837
in forehead/brow lifting, 1186, 1187f
in maxillary fractures, 110-113,
111f-112f
for TMJ ankylosis surgery, 1508
in zygomatic fractures, 110-113,
111f-112f
Coronal scalp flap, 165
Corticosteroids
for CGCLs, 467
for cheek festoons, 1256
for hemangiomas, 428
for oral mucosal lesions, 1546
Cosmeceuticals, for skincare regimens,
1292
Cosmetic surgery. See Aesthetic facial
surgery; Blepharoplasty; Facelift
Costochondral grafts
for HFM skeletal defect in growing child,
879-884, 880f-882f
for TMJ ankylosis, 1510
Coxsackie A virus, 1416
CPP. See Cerebral perfusion pressure
CRABPs. See Cytosolic retinoic acid
binding proteins
Cranial diaphyseal dysplasia, 927
Cranial nerves (CNs)
examination of, 101
HFM and abnormalities of, 872
injuries of, 140-141
Cranial vault, 853
Cranialization, of frontal sinus, 144-146,
145f, 153
Craniofacial abnormality (CFA), 845.
See also Visual facial difference
Craniofacial deformities. See also
Hemifacial microsomia; Treacher
Collins syndrome
with first and second branchial arches,
822-830
nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, 803-810
pitfalls of, 830b
reconstruction staging for, 823-825, 824t,
825f-826f
syndromic craniosynostosis, 811-822
Craniofacial epithetic rehabilitation, 780
Craniofacial microsomia, 973
Craniofacial surgery
antibiotics for, 839
in growing children, 836-839
adequate cooling for power cutting
instruments in, 837
bone graft placement for, 838
dead space management for, 838-839
incision placement for, 836-837
osteotomy completion for, 837-838
overcorrection in, 838
perioperative management for, 839
plate fixation for, 838, 841
subperiosteal dissection in, 837
historical development of, 835
management of complications in,
840-843
intraoperative, 840
postsurgical, 841-843
MDT for, 835
pitfalls of, 843b
principles and treatment plan for,
835-836
for rectus abdominis flaps, 540
Craniofacial trauma. See also Fractures;
Maxillofacial trauma; Midfacial
fractures; Nasoethmoidal fractures;
Skull fractures; traumatic brain injury
airway management in, 135-136, 137f,
147, 147f
anatomical considerations in, 134, 134f
assessment of, 227
classification of, 134-135, 135f-136f
clinical examination in, 136-138
combined repair for
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-9
Craniofacial trauma (Continued)
bone grafts in, 145, 145f
deformities after, prevention of, 146
frontal sinus cranialization in,
144-146, 145f, 153
goals of, 144-146
indications for, 143-144, 144f-145f
three-dimensional accuracy in, 146,
146f
timing of, 146
complications of, 153-154
CSF leakage and, 227
CT scans for, 142-143, 143f-144f
diplopia in, 137, 139f
enophthalmos in, 141, 142f
exophthalmos in, 141, 142f
eye examination in, 137-138
imaging for, 142-143
infections in, 153-154
management of, 146-149
airway considerations in, 147, 147f
bone grafts in, 148-149
minimal brain retraction in, 148,
149f
order of treatment in, 147
rigid fixation in, 148, 150f
subperiosteal exposure in, 147-148,
148f
neurological assessment for, 137
overview of, 133
penetrating injuries with, 153
pitfalls in, 169
signs and symptoms of, 135-136
visual impairment in, 140-142
Craniomaxillofacial trauma.
See Maxillofacial trauma
Craniosynostosis. See also Nonsyndromic
craniosynostosis; Syndromic
craniosynostosis
background of, 853
classification of, 855-858
bilateral coronal, 803, 805f, 807-808,
809f, 856-857, 857f, 859-863,
864f
lambdoid, 809-810, 857-858, 863,
867f
metopic, 803, 804f, 806-807, 808f, 857,
858f, 863, 865f-866f
sagittal, 803, 804f, 806, 807f, 855, 856f,
859, 860f-861f
unilateral coronal, 803, 805f, 807-808,
809f, 855-856, 856f-857f, 859,
862f-863f
CT for, 854-855, 855f
diagnosis of, 854-855, 855f
hydrocephalus and, 854
intracranial hypertension and, 853-854
management of, 858-859
MDT for, 858
neuropsychiatric disorders and, 854
I-10 INDEX
Craniosynostosis (Continued)
positional plagiocephaly compared to,
863-867, 867f
surgical considerations for
advances in, 868
approach for, 859
in bilateral coronal, 859-863, 864f
complications in, 867-868
in lambdoid, 863, 867f
in metopic, 863, 865f-866f
postoperative considerations and, 867
in sagittal, 859, 860f-861f
timing in, 858-859
in unilateral coronal, 859, 862f-863f
syndromic compared to nonsyndromic,
853
visual impairment and, 854
Craniotomy, 224-226
Cricothyroidotomy, 10, 10f, 232-233, 363
CROSS. See Chemical reconstruction of
skin scars
Crossbite, orthodontics for, 1042
Crouzon syndrome, 813t, 814-816, 815f,
918f, 973
Crumple zone, midfacial, 94
Cryer elevator, 1393
Cryotherapy, for non-melanoma skin
cancer, 763
CSAG. See Clinical Standards Advisory
Group
CSCs. See Cleft speech characteristics
CSDHs. See Chronic subdural hematomas
CSF leaks. See Cerebrospinal fluid leaks
CT. See Computed tomography
CTA. See Computed tomography
angiography
CTOS. See Concomitant TMJ orthognathic
surgery
Cul-de-sac resonance, 1016
CULLP. See Congenital unilateral lower lip
palsy
Cupid’s bow markings, 959
Curettage, for non-melanoma skin cancer,
763
Cuzalina and Bailey Cosmetic Neck
Classification, 1229, 1230f
Cystectomy, 1327-1328, 1327f
Cystic ameloblastoma, 456-457, 457f-458f
Cystic lymphoid hyperplasia, HIV and,
665
Cystostomy, 1328, 1328f
Cysts
aneurysmal bone, 1333
classification of, 1324-1327, 1325b
congenital germline fusion, 1335
dentigerous, 1325, 1326f
dermoid, 417, 1335-1336, 1337f
eruption, 1325-1326
fissural, 1326
gingival, 1325-1326
glandular odontogenic, sialo-
odontogenic, polymorphous, 1326
Cysts (Continued)
keratocystic odontogenic tumor, 1325,
1325f, 1331
lateral periodontal, 1326
marsupialization of, 1328, 1328f
nasolabial, 1326
nasopalatine duct, 1326
paradental, 1327
radicular, 1326-1327
simple bone, 1333
surgical management of, 1327-1328
antrocystectomy or antrocystostomy
in, 1328, 1329f
enucleation for, 1327-1328, 1327f
rhinocystostomy in, 1328, 1329f
Cytogenetics, 244-245, 245f
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 641, 1549
Cytosolic retinoic acid binding proteins
(CRABPs), 1288-1290, 1290f
Cytostatic therapy, for hemangiomas, 428
Cytotoxic chemotherapy, in HNSCCs,
339-343. See also Epidermal growth
factor receptor
induction treatment in, 341-342
meta-analyses of, 340-341
as part of curative treatment regimens,
340-342, 340f
as part of palliative treatment regimens,
342-343
POCRT and PORT in, 342, 342f
principle sites of, 340f
D 773f-776f
Data for Head and Neck Oncology
(DAHNO), 289
DBA. See Deep brachial artery
DCIA. See Deep circumflex iliac artery
DCIP flaps. See Deep circumflex iliac
myocutaneous perforator flaps
De Clerk Bollard anchors, 1046f
Death rattle, in final phase of palliative
care, 797
Debilitated dentitions, 1433
Deep brachial artery (DBA), 592
Deep circumflex iliac artery flaps (DCIA
flaps), 500-501, 562-563, 565, 565f,
567-568, 769-770, 772f. See also Iliac
crest flaps
Deep circumflex iliac myocutaneous
perforator flaps (DCIP flaps), 568
Deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps
(DIEP flaps), 533, 571-572, 603-605
advantages and disadvantages of, 605
indications for, 605, 605f-606f
preparation for, 604, 604f
variations of, 604-605
vascular anatomy of, 603-604
Deep lobe tumors, 693
Dehiscence, in mandibular fractures, 65
DEJ. See Dermal-epidermal junction
Delaire cleft lip repair, 965, 966f, 1003-1005,
1005f
Delayed hard palate closure, for cleft palate
repair, 978
Delayed language, 1019
Delayed union, of mandibular fractures,
65
Delirium, in final phase of palliative care,
797
Dental caries, from radiotherapy, 332,
332f
Dental implants
accuracy considerations for, 1441-1442,
1442t
data collection for, 1426-1430
bone thickness in, 1430, 1431f-1432f
cone beam scan for, 1426, 1429f
data collection for, bone height and
width for, 1426
gingival margin established for, 1426
labial bone loss and, 1430
for prosthetic design decisions,
1434-1437
standardized photography for, 1426
tissue thickness for, 1430
debilitated dentitions and, 1433
diagnostic methods for, 1422-1426
mandible landmarks in, 1422-1423,
1423f-1424f
maxilla landmarks in, 1423-1426,
1425f, 1427f-1428f
in fibular flap reconstruction, 528f
in irradiated bone, 773-777, 777t
in mandibular reconstruction, 772-773,
in maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus
reconstruction with obturator
prosthesis, 390-391, 390f-391f
navigation guides for placement of,
1437-1441
comparison of, 1442-1443
dynamic navigation, 1438-1444,
1440f-1441f
indications for, 1443-1444
static guides with CT, 1437-1438,
1439f, 1441-1443
overview of, 1422
prosthetic options for, 1433-1434
radiography for, 1422, 1423f-1424f
in scapular flaps, 543-544
surgical methods for, 1430-1433
graft materials for, 1430-1433
sulcular incisions, 1430
treatment goals for, 1426
treatment planning considerations for,
1434-1437
final tooth locations for, 1434, 1434t,
1435f-1439f
preoperative data for prosthetic design
in, 1434-1437
Dental midline, 1051, 1052f
Dental model surgery
before cleft orthognathic surgery, 994
mandibular, 1056-1057, 1057f

Dental model surgery (Continued)
before orthognathic surgery, 1056-1062
maxillary, 1056-1058, 1057f-1058f
VSP and, 1062-1064, 1063f-1064f
Dental occlusion. See Occlusion/
malocclusion
Dental panoramic tomogram (DPT), 292,
293f
Dental rehabilitation. See also Prosthetic
rehabilitation
after cancer surgery, 765
dental implants in irradiated bone for,
773-777, 777t
of mandibular defects, 769
classification in, 772-773, 773f
dental implants in reconstruction of,
772-773, 773f-776f
free fibular, 769-770, 770f-771f
reconstructive options for, 769-772,
769f-772f
virtual surgical planning for, 770f-771f
of maxillary defects, 766-777
Brown class I, 766
obturator prosthesis for, 766-767
osseointegrated implants for
reconstruction after, 768-769
surgical options for, 767-768
maxillary reconstruction and, 489, 492f
Dentigerous cysts, 1325, 1326f
Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor, 1332
Dentoalveolar surgery
complications in, 1390-1400
alveolar fractures and, 1394
blood vessels and, 1398-1399
facial nerve damage and, 1396-1398,
1397f-1398f
foreign bodies, broken instruments
and, 1399-1400, 1399f
fractured and damaged teeth and,
1391, 1392f
lingual nerve injuries and, 1396,
1398f
mandibular fractures and, 1394, 1394f
mechanical trauma and, 1395, 1395f
soft tissue injuries and, 1395-1399
thermal trauma and, 1395
TMJ dislocation and, 1394-1395
tooth displacement and, 1392-1394,
1392f-1393f
tooth socket fractures and, 1394
wrong tooth extraction and, 1390-
1391, 1391f
overview of, 1387
pitfalls of, 1403b
postoperative complications in,
1400-1403
dry socket and, 1401-1402
osteonecrosis and, 1402-1403, 1402f
pain and swelling in, 1400, 1400f
wound infection in, 1400-1401
Dentoalveolar surgery (Continued)
preoperative assessment and treatment
planning for, 1387-1390
anesthesia for, 1388-1389
CT for, 1388
equipment in, 1388
final checks in, 1390
medical history and resuscitation
training in, 1387-1388
patient consent in, 1389-1390
radiography in, 1388, 1388f
Denture epulis, 1344
Denture-associated stomatitis, 1416
Denture-induced hyperplasia, 1322
Denture-related oral candidiasis, 1551-
1552, 1551f
Deployed hospital setting treatment,
233-235
for facial fractures, 235
for facial soft tissue wounds, 234-235,
234f
for facial vascular injury, 235
initial assessment in, 234, 234f
for PNI, 235-237
assessment in, 236, 236t
mortality and, 235-236, 235t
surgical management in, 236-237,
237f
Depression, radiotherapy and, 333
Depressor anguli oris, 738
Dermal fat grafts, 1511-1512
Dermal graft, for TMJ disc replacement,
1489
Dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ),
1286-1287
Dermis, 1286
Dermis fat graft, for TMJ disc replacement,
1489
Dermis grafts, 1511
Dermoid cysts, 1335-1336, 1337f
congenital neck masses and, 417
Desmarres retractor, 1253-1254
Desmoid-type fibromatosis, 1346
Desmoplastic ameloblastoma, 1330
Desmoplastic fibromas, 466, 466f-467f
Deviated septum, rhinoplasty for, 1267-
1268, 1268f
Deviation in form, 1536
Diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL), 14
DIEP flaps. See Deep inferior epigastric
perforator flaps
Diet. See Nutrition
Dietitian, in MDT for HNSCCs, 289
Digital volume tomography (DVT), 497
Diplopia, 22
blepharoplasty complications with,
1255
classification of, 178, 178t
in craniofacial surgery, 842
in craniofacial trauma, 137, 139f
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-11
Diplopia (Continued)
in orbital/periorbital trauma, 178-179,
179f
in zygomatic fractures, 100
Direct bone healing, 41
Direct browpexy, 1189
Disc derangements, of TMJ. See
Temporomandibular joint
Disc sticking, 1536-1537
Discectomy, for TMJ disc derangements,
1488
Discoplasty, TMJ disc repositioning and,
1486-1487, 1487f
Dish face, 98-99
Distal lateral humerus bone flaps, 592-594
advantages and disadvantages of, 594
indications of, 593-594
variations of, 593, 593f-594f
vascular anatomy of, 592-593, 592f
Distal radial bone flaps, 584-586
advantages and disadvantages of,
585-586
indications for, 585, 586f
variations of, 585
vascular anatomy for, 584-585, 585f
Distally based facial flap, 1283
Distant metastasis, in OSCC and OPSCC,
261
Distraction osteogenesis (DO)
for cleft orthognathic surgery, 997
for HFM skeletal defect in growing child,
876-885, 877f-879f
historical perspective on, 904
intraoral bidirectional, 915-917
bone transport via, 920-925,
922f-924f
horizontal distractor placement in,
915-917
maxillary lengthening and, 917,
918f-921f
vertical distractor placement in, 915
mandibular lengthening and, 910-915,
913f-914f, 916f
mandibular widening and, 904-908,
905f-908f
maxillary widening and, 908-910, 911f
pterygoid muscle and, 1503
stages of, 912
for TMJ ankylosis management, 1512,
1512b
for TMJ reconstruction, 1522
Treacher Collins syndrome and, 897,
897f
DNA damage repair, in radiotherapy for
HNSCCs, 347-348, 348f
DO. See Distraction osteogenesis
Docetaxel, 343
Dog bites, 212-213, 212t, 214f
Dormia baskets, for obstructive
sialadenitis, 671, 672f
I-12 INDEX
Dorsalis pedis skin flaps, 608-612
advantages and disadvantages of, 612
harvesting technique for, 609, 609f
indications for, 612
variations of, 610-612
vascular anatomy of, 608-610
Double jaw surgery, 1059, 1059f-1061f
mandible repositioning for, 1080
maxilla repositioning for, 1080-1081
occlusal plane alteration for, 1081-1083,
1081f-1083f
TMJ management for, 1084-1088
AICR in, 1084-1086, 1085f, 1089-1095,
1096f-1099f
articular disk displacement in, 1084,
1085f-1086f, 1086
condylar hyperplasia type 1 in,
1086-1088, 1087f
condylar hyperplasia type 2 in, 1087f,
1088
tongue assessment for, 1083-1084, 1083f
Double opposing Z-plasty technique, 978
Double puncture technique, for
arthroscopic surgery, 1475-1476, 1476f
Double vision. See Diplopia
Doxycycline, 433
DPL. See Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
DPT. See Dental panoramic tomogram
Dry eye syndrome, 1255
Dry mouth (xerostomia), 332, 332f, 675
Dry socket, after dentoalveolar surgery,
1401-1402
DSQol, 319
Dural tears, repair of, 144-146, 145f-146f
DVT. See Digital volume tomography
Dynamic compression osteosynthesis, 42,
42f
Dynamic muscle reanimation, facial nerve
reconstruction and, 711
Dynamic navigation, for dental implant
placement, 1438-1444, 1440f-1441f
Dysphonia, 1016
Dyspnea, in final phase of palliative care,
797
Dystopia, in orbital/periorbital trauma, 185,
186f
E ELAFs. See Extended lateral arm flaps
Ear. See also Otoplasty
auricular epithesis and, 784, 784f-785f
autogenous construction of, 889
embryology and anatomy of, 1279,
1280f
external examination of, 20
HFM and defects of external, 871-872,
889
in OMENS classification system for
HFM, 828, 829f
protruding, 1279
indications of, 1279-1281, 1281f
rhytidectomy and incision placement for,
1235-1240, 1239f
Ear (Continued)
skin grafts for, 208-210
soft tissue injuries of, 208-210, 213f
Treacher Collins syndrome and
classification of, 896
reconstruction of, 901, 902f
rehabilitation and reconstruction of,
823
Ear flaps. See Superficial temporal artery
composite ear flaps
Earlobe, protruding, 1284
Eastlander flaps, 739, 745, 752, 754f, 757
EBA. See Ethoxy benzoic acid
EBM. See Evidence-based medicine
EBRT. See External beam radiotherapy
EBV. See Epstein-Barr virus
Ecchymosis
bilateral circumorbital, 136, 139f
periorbital
in maxillary fractures, 98-99
in zygomatic fractures, 99, 100f
Eckelt screw, 86, 86f
ECS. See Extra-capsular spread
Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor,
1350-1351
Ectropion, blepharoplasty complications
with, 1255
Edentulous atrophic mandibular fractures.
See also Mandibular fractures
bilateral, 69, 69f
classification of, 66, 66f
closed reduction and fixation of, 67
complications with, 68-69
external pin fixation of, 68
Gunning splint for, 67, 67f
nonunion in, 69
plate fixation for, 68, 68f, 68t
rib grafts for, 68
special considerations in, 29-30
treatment of, 66-68
wire fixation of, 67-68, 67f
EDTA. See Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Efudix. See 5-Fluorouracil
EGFR. See Epidermal growth factor
receptor
EGFR inhibitors. See Epithelial growth
factor receptor inhibitors
Elastin, 1286
Electrical burns, 215-216
Electromyography, 928
for facial nerve injuries, 204
Electroneurography, 928
Electropalatography (EPG), 1021
Elevators, periosteal, 1139, 1140f, 1146,
1146f, 1148-1149
Cryer, 1393
Howarth, 1396, 1398f
Warwick James, 1393
ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay
Emotions, human error and, 1559
Enamel adhesion technique, 194
Encephalofacial angiomatosis, 1349
Endaural approach, 1508
Endemic parotitis, 1419
Endodontics, surgical. See Surgical
endodontics
Endonasal approach, 445
Endoscopic neck dissection, 403
Endoscopy
for condylar fractures, 83, 83f
for forehead/brow lifting, 1189-1190,
1189f, 1203, 1204f, 1211f, 1213f-
1215f, 1217f-1221f
for orbital/periorbital trauma, 180t, 181,
181f
salivary
application and results of, 704, 704t
chronic sialadenitis and, 702
complications of, 705
diagnostic, 701
history of, 700
instrumentation for, 702-703,
702f-703f
stones, 700-701
strictures, 701, 701f
technique for, 703-704
for salivary gland tumor examination,
657-658
TMJ, 700
for zygomatic fractures, 124
Endotracheal intubation, fiberoptic,
361-363, 361f-362f
End-to-end anastomosis, 483
End-to-side anastomosis, 483
Enophthalmos
blepharoplasty complications with,
1255
in craniofacial trauma, 141, 142f
Hertel exophthalmometer for
measurement of, 179, 179f
management of, 185
Medipore in, 188, 188f
in orbital/periorbital trauma, 185, 185f
in zygomatic fractures, 100
Entropion, blepharoplasty complications
with, 1255
Enucleation, of cysts, 1327-1328, 1327f
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA), 265
Eosinophilic granuloma, 459-460
EPF. See External pin fixation
EPG. See Electropalatography
Epicanthus, 154
Epidermal cysts, congenital neck masses
and, 417-418, 418f-419f
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR),
248-249, 249f, 339
HNSCCs and, 343-347, 343f
MABs targeting, 344-345
small molecule TKIs in, 345-347
Epidermal sliding, 1295-1296
Epidermis, 1286

Epinephrine, 1230
Epistaxis, in maxillary fractures, 98-99
Epithelial dysplasia, 1341-1343, 1342f
Epithelial growth factor receptor inhibitors
(EGFR inhibitors), 286
Epithelial tumors, 1321, 1340-1343
Epstein pearls, 1325
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 641, 1549
Epulides, 1322-1323, 1343-1345
epulis fibromatosa/ossifying fibroid
epulis, 1344-1345
epulis fissurata, 1344
epulis granulomatosa, 1323, 1344f
fibrous epulis, 1323
peripheral giant cell granuloma, 1323
pyogenic granuloma, 1323
Epulis congenita, 1345, 1345f
Epulis fibromatosa/ossifying fibroid epulis,
1344-1345
Epulis fissurata, 1344
Epulis granulomatosa, 1323, 1344f
Equal innervation, Herring’s law of, 178
Erbitux. See Cetuximab
Erich arch bars, 104
Ernst ligature, 51-52, 52f
Error. See Human error
Eruption cysts, 1325-1326
Erythematous oral candidiasis, 1551,
1551f
Erythromycin, 1410-1411
Erythroplakia, 1544, 1545f
Erythropoietin, 329
Esmolol, 368
Esophageal fistula, 210-211
Ethanol, for venous malformations
treatment, 432
Ethmoid sinuses, 143
bone graft for, 145, 145f
FD in, 1359, 1360f
isolation of, 144-145, 145f
pneumatization of, 134
Ethoxy benzoic acid (EBA), 1372-1373
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA),
1372
Europe, maxillofacial trauma etiology in, 3t
Evidence-based medicine (EBM), 941-942
Excisional biopsy, 1320, 1320f
Exophthalmos
in craniofacial trauma, 141, 142f
in zygomatic fractures, 99
Expander, Turvey, 1140, 1140f, 1146
Extended alveolar ridge defect
reconstruction, 588, 588f-589f
Extended lateral arm flaps (ELAFs), 592,
593f-594f, 594
Extended multiplanar multivector facelift,
1203, 1204f-1205f
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT),
324-326, 326f
External fixators. See Fixation, external
External pin fixation (EPF), 52-54, 54f
External ventricular drain, 224
Extracapsular dissection parotidectomy,
690-691, 690f-691f
Extra-capsular spread (ECS), 325
Extracardiac rhabdomyomas, 1324
Extraocular muscles, zygomatic fractures
and dysfunction of, 127-128
Extraoral flaps, for palatal fistulae, 1028
Extraosseous/peripheral ameloblastomas,
1330
Extremity trauma, maxillofacial trauma
primary care and, 14-15
Extrinsic aging, 1287
Extubation
following flap reconstruction, 370, 370t
orthognathic surgery plan for, 1171-1172
Eye. See also Vision impairments
disorders of position of, 185
examination of, 20-22
associated injuries in, 18t, 21
in craniofacial trauma, 137-138
findings in, 21-22, 22b, 22f, 23t
in maxillary fractures, 98-99
ocular motility data in, 20-21, 21f
ophthalmic data in, 20, 20f-21f
periocular examination in, 21, 21f
injuries of, in zygomatic fractures,
99-100, 100f-102f, 127-128
laws of movement of, 178-179
orbital/periorbital trauma examination
for movement of, 176
Eyelid. See also Blepharoplasty; Lower eyelid
approach
aesthetics of, 1248-1249
age and, 1249
anatomy of, 154, 1246-1248, 1247f-1249f
Asian, 1246, 1248f
Caucasian, 1246, 1247f-1248f
facelift surgery correcting fat prolapse in,
1212
facial nerve reconstruction and
protection of, 712
facial paralysis surgery complications
with, 930-931, 931f
fullness of, 1246-1248
lacerations of, repair of, 179
orbital reconstruction planning and, 189
ptosis, 1246, 1247f, 1255
Treacher Collins syndrome and surgery
of, 901
Eyelid/periorbital tumors, 728
BCC and, 729, 731f-735f
diagnosis of, 729
nonsurgical treatment for, 735-736
OCT for, 729
pathogenesis and risk factors of, 728-729
pitfalls of, 736b
reconstructive surgery and treatment of,
729, 730f-735f
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-13
F
FA. See Fanconi anemia
Face
aging of, 1201-1202, 1202f-1203f
divisions of, 1050-1052, 1050f, 1130,
1131f
orofacial infections of, 1409-1420
bacterial, 1409-1415
jaws, 1417-1419
salivary glands, 1419-1420
viral, 1415-1416
orthognathic surgery and evaluation of
frontal view for, 1050-1054,
1050f-1052f
lateral view for, 1052, 1052f
transverse balance of, 1051f
venous drainage of, 1405, 1406f
Facebow transfer, 1137, 1137f
Facelift, 1180. See also Rhytidectomy
age and facial anatomy for, 1201-1202,
1202f-1203f
anatomical considerations for, 1198-
1201, 1198f
fasciocutaneous retaining ligaments in,
1201
osteocutaneous retaining ligaments in,
1200-1201
retaining ligaments in, 1200, 1200f
SMAS in, 1199-1200, 1199f
superficial facial fascia in, 1199
chin projection and, 1223-1225,
1227f-1228f
composite, 1197
deeper plane, 1197-1198, 1210-1212
examples of, 1211f, 1213f-1221f
goals of, 1195-1198, 1196f
lunchtime liquid, 1245
neck rejuvenation and, 1223, 1224b,
1224f
SMAS in, 1196-1197
dissection for, 1207-1208, 1208f
flap elevation for, 1207, 1207f
flap traction for, 1208-1210, 1209f
marking incision for, 1206-1207, 1207f
surgical anatomy of, 1199-1200, 1199f
superficial plane, 1196-1197
surgery for, 1203-1210
cervicoplasty in, 1203, 1204f
CKC in, 1205, 1206f, 1207-1208, 1208f
endoscopic browlift in, 1203, 1204f,
1211f, 1213f-1215f, 1217f-1221f
extended multiplanar multivector,
1203, 1204f-1205f
eyelid fat prolapse corrected with,
1212
incision in, 1206-1207, 1206f-1207f
McKinney’s point in, 1205-1206
skin redraping in, 1210, 1210f
SMAS dissection in, 1207-1208, 1208f
I-14 INDEX
Facelift (Continued)
SMAS flap elevation in, 1207, 1207f
SMAS flap traction in, 1208-1210,
1209f
subcutaneous dissection in, 1206,
1207f
technique in, 1205-1210, 1206f-1210f
Facial aesthetic surgery. See Aesthetic facial
surgery
Facial artery musculomucosal flap (FAMM
flap), 474, 493, 626
Facial asymmetry
blepharoplasty complications with, 1255
forehead/brow lifting and, 1191
HFM and progression of, 875
TMJ pathologies and, 1102
Facial bone sculpting
aesthetic examination for, 1302, 1303f
frontal analysis in, 1302-1304, 1303f
profile analysis in, 1304
of chin, 1314-1317
genioplasty technique for, 1315-1317,
1315f, 1317f
horizontal asymmetry and, 1315
macrogenia and, 1315
retrogenia and, 1315, 1315f
vertical excess and, 1314
of forehead, supraorbital ridge and
temporal region, 1304-1305,
1305f-1306f
for mandibular angle augmentation,
1312f, 1313-1314
for mandibular angle reduction,
1311-1313, 1312f-1313f
oral examination for, 1304
overview of, 1302
of piriform rim, 1310-1311
pitfalls of, 1317b
principles of, 1304
radiography for, 1304
of zygomatic arches, 1305-1308
anterior augmentation in, 1308, 1311f
augmentation in, 1305-1307,
1307f-1310f
facial width augmentation in,
1307-1308, 1311f
zygomatic reduction and, 1308-1310,
1311f
Facial cellulitis, 1410-1411, 1410f-1411f
Facial fractures. See Fractures; Military
ballistic face and neck injuries
Facial implants, in facial reconstruction
aesthetic rehabilitation principles of, 780
in augmented bone, 788-789
auricular epithesis and, 784, 784f-785f
biomechanical considerations for, 784
bone grafts for, 788
defect reduction for, 788
epithetic techniques in, 782-784
anaplastologist requirements for
surgeon, 782
general principles for, 782-783
Facial implants, in facial reconstruction
(Continued)
failure rate of, 781-782, 782t
hygiene and, 789
long-term survival after, 789-790
placement of, 781-782, 783f
retention system selection for, 783-784
soft tissue management for, 789
Facial midline, 1051, 1052f
Facial nerve
anatomy of, 686-687, 687f, 707-708, 708f
continuous intraoperative monitoring of,
693
dentoalveolar surgery and damage to,
1396-1398, 1397f-1398f
function of, 708-709
identification techniques for, 693
injuries, 202-207
craniofacial surgery and, 842
direct nerve suture for repair of, 205,
207f
electromyography for, 204
evaluation for, 202-204, 205t
MRI for, 204
nerve grafts for repair of, 205-207,
208f-209f, 710, 710f
surgical principles for, 204-205, 206f
in OMENS classification system for
HFM, 828, 829f
palsy, 696
HFM and, 890-891
reconstruction
anatomy of, 707-708, 708f
assessment for, 709, 709f
conditions for success following, 711
direct repair for, 709-711
dynamic muscle reanimation and, 711
eyelid protection and, 712
functional procedures and, 711-713,
712f
management for, 709
nerve grafts for, 710, 710f
nerve transfer for, 710-711, 711f
overview of, 707
postoperative care for, 713
static sling and, 712-713
reconstruction of, 694, 695f
superficial parotidectomy and, 691-692,
692f
total parotidectomy with preservation of,
693
Facial paralysis
classification of, 205t
differential diagnosis of, 928, 929f
lesion location in, 928-930
overview of, 927-928
surgical management for
approach to, 930-932
eyelid complications in, 930-931, 931f
first-stage operation of two-stage
procedure, 930f, 932-939
goals and results in, 932, 933f-937f
Facial paralysis (Continued)
lip complications in, 931-932
operative care in, 932
principles of, 204-205, 206f
second-stage operation of two-stage
procedure in, 930f, 938
single-stage operation for unilateral
facial paralysis, 938-939
testing methods for, 928
Facial photographs, for orthodontic
planning, 1133, 1134f
Facial reanimation
approach to, 930-932
first-stage operation of two-stage, 930f,
932-938
goals and results of, 932, 933f-937f
latissimus dorsi flaps in, 558-559
operative care in, 932
second-stage operation of two-stage,
930f, 938
single-stage operation for unilateral facial
paralysis in, 938-939
Facial reconstruction
auricular epithesis and, 784, 784f-785f
combined intraoral and extraoral defects
and, 788
craniofacial epithetic rehabilitation and,
780
facial implants in
aesthetic rehabilitation principles of,
780
anaplastologist requirements of
surgeon for, 782
in augmented bone, 788-789
auricular epithesis and, 784,
784f-785f
biomechanical considerations for,
784
bone grafts for, 788
defect reduction for, 788
epithetic techniques in, 782-784
failure rate of, 781-782, 782t
general principles for, 782-783
hygiene and, 789
long-term survival after, 789-790
placement of, 781-782, 783f
retention system selection for,
783-784
soft tissue management for, 789
historical development of, 779-780
nasal and midfacial epithesis and,
787-788
orbital epithesis and, 786, 786f-787f
patient selection in, 780-781
pitfalls in, 790b
preoperative planning for, 781-782
CT for, 781
implant placement and combined
modality therapy in, 781-782
soft tissue evaluation in, 781
retention systems and epithetic design in
combined defects of, 789

Facial rejuvenation. See Neck rejuvenation
Facial space infections, 1410-1411
management of, 1411-1415
actinomycosis and, 1414-1415
acute ulcerative gingivitis and,
1412-1413
airway, 1411-1412, 1412f
anesthesia for, 1411-1412
cancrum oris and, 1413
cat-scratch disease and, 1415
drainage in, 1411-1412, 1412f
Ludwig angina and, 1412
necrotizing fasciitis and, 1413
scarlet fever and, 1413, 1413f-1414f
syphilis and, 1414
TB and, 1413-1414
Facial transplantation
allograft design for, 641-643
CAD for, 643, 644f
cadaveric transplant models for, 643,
644f-647f
CAM for, 643, 644f
classification system for, 643, 643f
CMV and, 641
contraindications for, 639-641, 639f-640f
CT for, 637f, 646f
CTA and MRA for, 641, 642f
EBV and, 641
ethical issues with, 636, 640
history of, 636, 637f, 638t
HIV and, 639
indications for, 637-639
outcomes of, 643-648
functional and psychological results in,
647-648
rejection/immunosuppression in,
643-647, 647t
overview of, 636
patient selection for, 637
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and,
639-640, 639f
PTLD and, 641
Falls, maxillofacial trauma and, 2t-3t, 4
FAMM flap. See Facial artery
musculomucosal flap
Fanconi anemia (FA), 245, 246t
Fasciocutaneous radial flap, 511, 511f
Fasciocutaneous retaining ligaments, in
facelift, 1201
Fat grafts, 1511
Fat pad
buccal, 391, 392f, 1512
malar, 166
FAT1, 249-250
Fatty tissue neoplasms, 1323
FCU. See Flexor capri ulnaris
FD. See Fibrous dysplasia
FDP. See Flexor digitorum profundus
FDS. See Flexor digitorum superficialis
FEH. See Focal epithelial hyperplasia
Femoral condyle flaps. See Medial femoral
condyle flaps
Fentanyl, 796t
Festoons, cheek, 1256
18
F-FDG PET/CT, 297-301
occult primary, 297-298, 299f
other indications for, 299
for radiotherapy planning, 299-301
for recurrent disease, 299, 302f
for residual disease, 298-299
response assessment and, 299
staging and restaging of, 298, 300f-301f
18
F-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT), 301
FFN. See Flexible fibre-optic nasoendoscopy
FH plane. See Frankfort horizontal (FH)
plane
Fiber-handle osteotomes, 1140-1141, 1141f,
1149-1150, 1150f
Fiberoptic endotracheal intubation,
361-363, 361f-362f
Fibrinolytic alveolitis, 1401-1402
Fibroblast growth factors, syndromic
craniosynostosis and, 811
Fibromas, 1322
ameloblastic, 1331
desmoplastic, 466, 466f-467f
giant cell, 1345, 1345f
juvenile ossifying, 462-466
odontogenic, 1332
of oral mucosa, 1345
ossifying, 1332-1333
peripheral ossifying, 1344-1345
Fibromatosis, 1323, 1346
Fibro-osseous lesions (FOLs), 461-466
COF, 462, 465f
desmoplastic fibromas, 466, 466f-467f
fibrous dysplasia, 462, 463f-464f
JOF, 462-466
Fibrous dysplasia (FD), 462, 463f-464f
clinical features of, 1358-1360
diagnosis of, 1360-1362
differential, 1362
histopathology for, 1360-1362
imaging and CT for, 1360, 1361f
in ethmoid sinuses, 1359, 1360f
familial, 1365, 1365f
of jaw, 1333
malignant transformation of, 1365
management of, 1362-1364
medical therapy for, 1362-1363
in orbital nerve, 1364-1365
principles for, 1362
surgical treatment for, 1363-1364,
1363f
in mandible, 1360, 1361f
in maxilla, 1359-1360, 1360f
in orbit, 1359, 1359f
overview of, 1358
pathogenesis of, 1358
prognosis of, 1365
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-15
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) (Continued)
in skull, 1359, 1359f
in sphenoid sinuses, 1360, 1360f
Fibrous epulis, 1323
Fibula, mandibular reconstruction and,
501-503, 503f
Fibular flaps
complications with, 530-532
dental implants in reconstruction of,
528f
in dental rehabilitation of mandibular
defects, 769-770, 770f-771f
for HFM skeletal defect in growing child,
879-884, 883f-884f
historical development of, 526
indications for, 526, 527f-528f
for maxillary reconstruction, 768
operative technique for, 528-529,
529f-530f
postoperative care for, 529-530,
530f-531f
preoperative donor site evaluation for,
528, 528f
relevant anatomy in, 526, 527f
Field cancerization
HPV-mediated HNSCC and, 279
OSCC and, 246
Final phase, in palliative care, 794
cancer-related treatment for, 795-796
death rattle in, 797
delirium in, 797
dyspnea treatment for, 797
management of, 794-795
neuropathic pain treatment for, 796-797
opioid treatment for, 795-796, 796b,
796t
Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB)
disappointing results from, 1320
for salivary gland tumor examination,
658-659
for thyroid cancer, 421, 421t
ultrasound and, 296, 297f, 309
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC),
408
Firearm injuries, 4
Firework-related injuries, 215-216
FISH. See Fluorescent in situ hybridization
Fisher cleft lip repair, 966-967, 967f
Fissural cysts, 1326
Fistulae
caroticocavernous, 190-191, 191f
CSF leaks and, 154
esophageal, 210-211
palatal, 1026-1028
buccal myomucosal flaps for, 1027,
1027f-1028f
closure techniques for, 1029t
extraoral flaps for, 1028
interpositional grafts for, 1027-1028,
1027f
I-16 INDEX
Fistulae (Continued)
repair of, 1026-1027
tongue flaps for, 1028, 1029f
speech affected by, 1019
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) (Efudix), 735, 761,
762f
Fixation. See also Intermaxillary fixation;
Maxillomandibular fixation; Open
reduction; Plate fixation; Wire fixation;
specific fractures
in children, 195-196, 196f-197f
in condylar fracture treatment, 76, 80,
84-87
bioresorbable devices for, 87, 88f
cannulated screw fixation, 87, 87f
in children, 89
compression plates in, 85
lag screws for, 85-86, 86f
miniplates for, 45, 45f, 84-85, 84f-85f
pin fixation, 86-87
screw fixation, 87, 87f
in edentulous atrophic mandibular
fractures, 67
external
maxillofacial trauma treatment and, 45
for military ballistic face and neck
injuries, 238
pin, 52-54, 54f, 68
fracture healing process and, 41
internal
biodegradable plating systems for, 196
in condylar fractures, 76, 80, 89
development of, 40-41
in high-velocity/high-energy midfacial
fractures, 165
interosseous wiring in, 54-55, 55f
in maxillary fractures, 114-117,
115f-116f
in midfacial fractures, 162
principles of, 41
prophylactic, 507, 517-518, 518f, 520t
in zygomatic fractures, 119, 120f, 122,
127f-128f
in mandibular fracture treatment
lag screws for, 42, 43f, 62-64, 62f
macroplates for, 41-42, 42f
miniplates for, 42-43, 44f
teeth and, 51
in maxillary fracture treatment, 114-117,
115f-116f
in maxillofacial trauma treatment, 228
future perspectives on, 36
miniplates for, 43-45, 45f
in midfacial fracture treatment, 45-47,
46f, 162
materials and instrumentation for, 47
pitfalls of, 46
technical aspects of, 47
rigid, 36
in craniofacial trauma management,
148, 150f
for maxillary osteotomy, 1076-1077
Fixation (Continued)
wire fixation for maxillary stability
compared to, 1116-1118
in sagittal split osteotomy, 1150-1152
in zygomatic fracture treatment, 119,
120f, 122, 127f-128f
Flaps
Abbe, 741f, 745, 748f-750f, 752-753, 752f,
754f, 757, 1004-1005, 1006f,
1007-1008, 1010f
Afroze cleft lip repair and design of, 966,
966f
anesthesia and raising of, 368-369
anterolateral thigh, 571-576, 572f-575f,
574t
anteromedial thigh, 572-573, 576-577,
576f-577f
buccal advancement, 391, 392f
buccal myomucosal, 1027, 1027f-1028f
cleft palate repair with two, 978
contralateral cross-lip, 743f-744f
coronal scalp, 165
distally based facial, 1283
dorsalis pedis skin, 608-612, 609f
Eastlander, 739, 745, 752, 754f, 757
extended lateral arm, 592, 593f-594f,
594
extraoral, 1028
facial artery musculomucosal, 474, 493,
626
fasciocutaneous radial, 511, 511f
Fisher cleft lip repair and design of,
966-967, 967f
from forefoot region, 608-612
free osseous, 393, 394f-395f
free soft tissue, 393, 393f
free vascularized
fibular, 526, 528-532, 768-770,
770f-771f, 879-884, 883f-884f
latissimus dorsi, 549-561, 629-630
scapular, 768
gingival periosteal, 1027
groin, 558, 600-602, 601f-603f
iliac crest, 500-501, 502f
Karapandzic, 751f, 752, 757, 757f
lateral arm, 592-594, 593f-594f
local and regional, 616, 617b
axial pattern, 618-625
buccal fat, 616-617, 617f
facial artery musculomucosal, 474,
493, 626
internal mammary artery perforator,
577-579, 578f-580f, 625
latissimus dorsi, 549-561, 629-630
local/random pattern, 616-617
muscle/myocutaneous, 625-632, 626t
nasolabial, 617-618
paramedian forehead, 621-623, 622f
pectoralis major, 630-632, 632f
pitfalls of, 633b
platysma, 626-627
sternocleidomastoid, 627
Flaps (Continued)
submental, 618-619, 620f
supraclavicular artery island, 623-625,
624f
temporalis, 627-628, 1489
temporoparietal fascia, 488, 619-621
tongue, 618, 744f, 1028, 1029f
trapezius, 628-629
maxillary reconstruction and selection
of, 493-496, 494t, 495f-496f
microvascular surgery and insetting, 482
microvascular surgery and selection of,
481
Millard cleft lip repair and design of, 964,
966f
MTP II joint transfer, 608-612, 609f-612f
osteo-adipofascial, 593
palatine island, 391, 391f
parascapular, 543-548, 544f-545f
pedicle, 492, 495f
perforator, 559-560
ALT and AMT flap relationships in,
576
deep inferior epigastric, 533, 571-572
definition of, 571-572
direct and indirect, 571-572
internal mammary artery, 577-579,
578f-580f, 625
ulnar artery, 579-581, 581f-582f
Pfeiffer cleft lip repair and design of, 965,
966f
pharyngeal, 391-392, 392f, 1030-1032,
1032f
postauricular fascial, 1283
reconstruction of
extubation following, 370, 370t
treatment of complications following,
370, 371t
reperfusion of, 369
rhytidectomy and elevation of, 1235-
1240, 1239f
saphenous soft tissue, 587
Schuchardt, 755f, 757
small and thin soft tissue, upper-
extremity, 594-600
thenar, 596-600
ulnar forearm, 594-596
small bone, 584-594
distal lateral humerus, 592-594
distal radial, 584-586
medial femoral condyle, 587-592
SMAS, 1207-1210, 1207f, 1209f
superficial inferior epigastric artery,
600-602, 603f
superficial temporal artery composite ear,
605-608, 606f-608f
temporal, 392-393, 392f-393f
temporoparietal fascia, 488, 619-621
Tennison cleft lip repair and design of,
966, 966f
thoracodorsal artery perforator,
559-560

Flaps (Continued)
transverse rectus abdominis
myocutaneous, 533, 538, 571-572,
603
triangular, 958-964, 960f
vomer, 944-945, 958, 958f, 961, 964f, 972,
974
von Langenbeck, 1027
Webster Bernard, 753, 758
Flexible fibre-optic nasoendoscopy (FFN),
297-298
Flexor capri ulnaris (FCU), 580-581, 581f
Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP),
580-581
Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS),
580-581
Flexor pollicis longus muscle cuff
preservation, in osteocutaneous radial
flaps, 516, 516f-517f
Floor of mouth
compartmental subdivisions of, 1407,
1407f
injuries, 201-202, 204f
reconstructive surgery for, 475-476
rectus abdominis flaps for, 538-540,
539f-540f
Flucloxacillin, 1419
Fluid resuscitation, in trauma patients,
11-12
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH),
244, 269f-270f
FNAB. See Fine needle aspiration biopsy
FNAC. See Fine needle aspiration cytology
Focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH), 1321,
1340-1341, 1341f
Focal fibrous hyperplasia/peripheral
ossifying fibroma, 1344-1345
Follicular thyroid cancer, 421-422
FOLs. See Fibro-osseous lesions
Forceps, in microvascular surgery, 480, 480f
Fordyce granules, 1336, 1337f
Forefoot region flaps, 608-612
Forehead
facial bone sculpting for, 1304-1305,
1305f-1306f
paramedian flaps, 621-623, 622f
rhytides, 1182, 1183f
Forehead/brow lifting
anesthesia for, 1190
case studies for, 1192, 1192f-1193f
complications in, 1190-1192
alopecia, 1191
facial asymmetry, 1191
infections, 1190-1191
lagophthalmos, 1191
sensory changes, 1191-1192
tissue necrosis, 1191
endoscopic browlift, 1189-1190, 1189f,
1203, 1204f, 1211f, 1213f-1215f,
1217f-1221f
INDEX I-17
Forehead/brow lifting (Continued) Free vascularized flaps. See Flaps, free
gender in, 1183 vascularized
historical development of, 1182 Freer elevator, 122, 124f, 1139, 1140f, 1143
indications and preoperative evaluation Frey’s syndrome, 665, 665f, 696, 696f-697f
for, 1182-1184, 1184f-1185f Frontal facial view, in orthognathic surgery
pitfalls in, 1194b evaluation, 1050-1054, 1050f-1052f
postoperative care for, 1190 Frontal sinus, 143, 144f
surgical techniques for, 1184-1190 cranialization of, 144-146, 145f, 153
coronal approach, 1186, 1187f development and applied anatomy of,
direct browpexy, 1189 150-151
endoscopic approach, 1189-1190, fractures of
1189f anterior wall, 150
mid approach, 1188-1189 bone injury assessment in, 151-152
pretrichial and tricophyllic, 1186-1188, classification of, 151, 151f
1188f CSF assessment in, 151-153
Foreign bodies evidence for intervention in, 152-153
dentoalveolar surgery and, 1399-1400, floor, 150
1399f posterior wall, 150
soft tissue injuries and removal of, 201, risk versus benefits of intervention in,
202f-204f 152
Fractures. See also specific sites and types surgical complications in healing of,
atrophic, 27 152, 152f
blow-out/blow-in, 28 injury patterns of, 151
classification of, 27-29 isolation of, 144-145, 145f
closed, 27 management of, 149-153, 228
closed reduction of, 39-40 alternative strategies for, 153
advantages and disadvantages of, 40 anterior wall fractures in, 150
teeth positioning in, 39, 39f complications in, 151
complicated, 27 controversy with, 149-150
craniofacial surgery and inadvertent, floor fractures in, 150
840 posterior wall fractures in, 150
deployed hospital setting treatment for, meningitis and, 149
235 obliteration of, 153
direct/indirect, 28 pneumatization of, 134
etiology of, 39 Frontonasal duct injury, 152-153
fixation and healing process with, 41 Full arch crown and bridge prosthesis,
greenstick, 27 1434
impacted, 27 Functional matrix theory, for condylar
open, 27 fracture treatment in children, 88
open reduction of, 40-45 Fungal sinusitis, 1418-1419
development of, 40-41 Furlow palatoplasty, 1030, 1031f, 1035
principles of, 41 Furnas otoplasty technique, 1282-1283,
pathological, 27 1283f
sites of, 28-29
surgical planning for, 31-34, 32f, 33t G
imaging in, 31 Gap arthroplasty, 1509
timing in, 31-32, 31f Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),
treatment of, 38 812, 818
types of, 27 Gauge, Boley, 1140, 1140f
zygomatic fracture treatment and GCS. See Glasgow Coma Score
accompanying sites of, 122 GDP. See General dental practitioner
Franceschetti-Zwahlen-Klein syndrome. See Gefitinib (Iressa), 345-347
Treacher Collins syndrome Gender
Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane, 1223- in forehead/brow lifting, 1183
1225, 1227f in OSCC and OPSCC, 263-264
in lateral facial view evaluation, 1052, salivary gland cancer malignancy and,
1052f 266, 266t
for orthognathic surgery, 1054, 1055f Sjögren syndrome and, 673
Free osseous flaps, 393, 394f-395f General dental practitioner (GDP), 288
Free soft tissue flaps, 393, 393f Geniomandibular groove, 1314
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
I-18 INDEX
Genioplasty
for chin facial sculpting, 1315-1317,
1315f, 1317f
for cleft orthognathic surgery, 997
hemorrhage in, 1160
mental nerve complications with,
1161-1163, 1162f-1164f
for orthognathic surgery, 1069
alloplastic, 1069-1070, 1069f
complications of, 1070
osseous, 1069, 1069f
osseous, 1315f, 1316
osteotomy placement in, 1170-1171,
1170f
sagittal split, 1316-1317, 1317f
for Treacher Collins syndrome, 899-900
GERD. See Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Giant cell epulis. See Peripheral giant cell
granuloma
Giant cell fibroma, 1345, 1345f
Gillies’ approach, 113, 113f, 118, 122
Gilmer technique, of IMF, 52, 52f
Gingival cancer, 381
Gingival cysts, 1325-1326
Gingival fibromatosis, 1323
Gingival grafting, 1061
Gingival periosteal flaps, 1027
Gingivobuccal sulcus (sublabial) incision,
107, 107f
Gingivo-perioplasty (GPP), 943, 945
Glandular fever, 1415-1416, 1549
Glandular odontogenic cysts, 1326
Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), 13, 13t, 17,
18t, 135, 137, 221-222, 229, 229f
Glenoid fossa fractures, 112-113, 112f
Globe, skull base tumor surgery and
management of, 440, 445f-446f
Glossectomy, 538-539, 539f, 1083-1084,
1083f
Glucose transporter (GLUT1), 251
GLUT1. See Glucose transporter
Glycerol injection, 1526
Glycoproteins, 1286
Glycopyrrolate, 359
Glycosaminoglycans, 1286
GOS.SP.ASS. See Great Ormond Street
Speech Assessment
GPP. See Gingivo-perioplasty
Grafts. See specific types
Granular cell tumors, 1324, 1348, 1350f
Granulomatous disease, 672-673
Great Ormond Street Speech Assessment
(GOS.SP.ASS), 1016
Greenstick fractures, 27
Groin flaps, 558, 600-602
advantages and disadvantages for, 602
indications for, 602
preparation of, 601, 601f-603f
variations of, 602
vascular anatomy of, 600-601
Gross tumor volume (GTV), 299-301
Growth factors, skincare regimens, 1292
GTR. See Guided tissue regeneration
GTV. See Gross tumor volume
Guarded osteotomes, 1140-1141, 1141f,
1144-1145, 1144f
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR), 1374
Gunning splints
for edentulous atrophic mandibular
fractures, 67, 67f
for midfacial fractures, 168, 168f
Gunshot injuries, 215, 215f-217f, 221,
922f-923f
Gustatory sweating, 696, 696f-697f
H MDTs for management of
HADS. See Hospital Anxiety and
Depression Scale
Hagar dilator, 492, 495f
Hairpins, radioactive iridium, 327, 327f
Hamartomas, 1323-1324, 1324f
Hand, foot, and mouth disease, 1416,
1548
Hand-Schüller-Christian disease, 459
Hard palate. See also Palate
cleft lip repair and anterior, 958, 958f
in cleft palate repair
delayed closure and, 978
with vomer flap closure, 974
Hargis J stripper, 1141, 1141f
HBOT. See Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
HC. See Hemicrania continua
Head and Neck Cancer–Specific QOL
instrument, 320
Head and Neck Radiotherapy
Questionnaire, 320
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
(HNSCCs). See also 18F-FDG PET/CT;
Oral squamous cell carcinoma;
Oropharyngeal squamous cell
carcinoma; Salivary gland cancer
angiogenesis and, 251
cytotoxic chemotherapy in, 339-343
induction treatment in, 341-342
meta-analyses of, 340-341
as part of curative treatment regimens,
340-342, 340f
as part of palliative treatment
regimens, 342-343
POCRT and PORT in, 342, 342f
principle sites of, 340f
EGFR-targeted therapies for, 343-347,
343f
MABs targeting, 344-345
small molecule TKIs in, 345-347
epigenetics and, 252
HPV in, 263, 263t, 275
epidemiology in subsites of, 280
global epidemiology of positive, 280
hypoxia and, 251
imaging in, 719
CT, 292, 293f, 295, 295f-296f, 314,
314f, 331
DPT, 292, 293f
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
(HNSCCs) (Continued)
MRI, 293-294, 294f-295f, 331
overview of, 292-293
PET/CT, 297-302, 298f, 331
for post inversion neck, 313-314,
313f-314f
ultrasound, 295-297, 296f-297f
immunotherapy for, 349-351, 350f
clinical experience with checkpoint
inhibitors in, 350-351
radiotherapy combined with
checkpoint inhibitors in, 351
CNS in, 287
dietitian in, 289
extended team members in, 290
GDP, restorative dentist, hygienist for,
288
health education and prevention in,
290
oncologist in, 286
palliative care physician in, 287-288
pathologist in, 286-287
psychological services in, 290
radiologist in, 287
reconstructive scientist in, 288-289
research nurse in, 289
SLT in, 289-290
surgeon in, 286
metabolism and, 251-252
molecular determinants of metastasis in,
250-251
metastatic cascade and, 250
tumor-stroma interactions in
malignant progression and,
250-251
next generation sequencing in, 244-245
oncogenes in, 248-250
EGFR, 248-249, 249f
FAT1, 249-250
JaK, STAT, 250
NOTCH1, 249
PI3KCA, AKT, mTOR, 249, 249f
Ras, Raf, MEK, MAPK, 250
oncogenes in HPV-mediated, 277-280
E6 and E7 viral, 277-278, 277f
field cancerization and, 279
host innate immunity in, 278
pathological determination of tumor
status in, 279-280
positive compared to negative tumors
in, 278-279, 278t
overview of, 243
prognostic genetic changes in, 264
radiotherapy for, 347-349
ATR inhibitors and, 349
cell cycle control and DNA damage
repair in, 347-348, 348f
Chk1 inhibitors and, 349
pain in, 331-332
QOL and, 333

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
(HNSCCs) (Continued)
radiation-induced cell death and
synthetic lethality in, 348, 348f
recurrence in, 336
Wee1 kinase inhibitors, 349
risk factors in, 719b
skin cancer and, 719-721, 719b,
720f-721f
somatic compared to heritable mutations
in, 245-246, 246t
TSGs in, 247-248
CCND1 gene, 248, 248f
CDKN2A gene, 248, 248f
TP53, 247-248
tumor heterogeneity in, 246-247, 247f
Head and neck surgery
HRQOL for
PCI for, 320, 321f, 322
PROMs and, 319-320
questionnaires for, 318, 319b, 320-322,
321f
Head injuries, maxillofacial trauma primary
care and, 12-14, 12f-13f
assessment for, 13, 13t
clinical examination for, 14
level of response for, 14
pupil response for, 14
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL),
317-318. See also Quality of life
DSQol for, 319
future of, 322
gap theory of, 317
HADS for, 319
Head and Neck Cancer–Specific QOL
instrument, 320
for head and neck surgery
PCI for, 320, 321f, 322
PROMs and, 319-320
questionnaires for, 318, 319b, 320-322,
321f
measuring
clinical methodology for, 317-318,
318b
problems and pitfalls in, 318
purpose of, 317
Medical Outcome Survey SF36 for,
318-319
OHIP for, 318-322
PROMs and, 317
for head and neck surgery, 319-320
questionnaires for, 318, 319b
SIP for, 318-319
skull base tumor surveys for, 322
Hearing
cleft palate repair and, 974, 980
isolated cleft palate and, 973
loss
Apert syndrome and, 814
Crouzon syndrome and, 816
Hearing (Continued)
Muenke syndrome and, 820
Pfeiffer syndrome and, 818-819
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and, 821
Treacher Collins syndrome and
clinical features of, 896
rehabilitation and reconstruction of,
823
Hearing loss, CLP and, 1019
Heerfordt syndrome, 672
Helkimo dysfunction score, 90
Hemangiomas
classification of, 427-430, 428t
congenital, 430
corticosteroids for, 428
cytostatic therapy for, 428
imaging for, 682
infantile, 419-420, 420f, 662-663
classification of, 427-430
clinical appearance of, 427, 428t
local therapy for, 428-429
nonsurgical therapy for, 428
surgical therapy for, 429-430, 429f
interferon therapy for, 428
laser therapy for, 428-429
latissimus dorsi flaps and, 558f
propranolol therapy for, 428
Hemangiomatosis, 427
Hematoma. See also Bleeding
blepharoplasty complications with,
1255
condylar fractures and, 1503
extradural, 221
intra-articular, 1503
intracranial, 13, 221, 224
parotidectomy and, 694-697, 696f-697f
periorbital
in maxillary fractures, 98-99
in zygomatic fractures, 99, 100f
retrobulbar, 21, 22f
subdural, 221, 226, 226f
Hemicrania continua (HC), 1538-1540,
1540b
Hemifacial microsomia (HFM), 825-830,
827f, 894, 927
classification of, 872-874, 873f
Kaban system for, 872-873
OMENS system for, 825-826, 828,
829f, 873
Pruzansky system for, 872-873
clinical features of, 871-872
CN abnormalities and, 872
demographics, genetics and etiology of,
825-827
epidemiology of, 870
etiology of, 870-871
external ear defects and, 871-872,
889
facial asymmetry progression in, 875
facial nerve palsy and, 890-891
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-19
Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) (Continued)
lessons learned with, 891
macrostomia and, 871, 889
mandibular growth in, 874
in orthognathic surgery outcomes and
TMJ pathologies, 1105-1106
overview of, 870
pathogenesis of, 871
pitfalls of, 830b
reconstruction staging for, 828-830
skeletal defect in
features of, 871
treatment for end-stage, in non-
growing patients, 875t, 885-889,
886f-888f
treatment for growing child with,
875-889, 875t, 877f-884f
skin tags and, 871
soft palate deviation and, 872
soft tissue defects and
correction of, 889-890, 890f
features of, 871-872
temporalis and pterygomasseteric muscle
deficit and, 872
type I, 872-874, 885-888
type IIA, 873-874, 885-888
type IIB, 873-874, 888-889
type III, 873-874, 888-889
Hemisection
definition of, 1376-1378
indications and contraindications for,
1376, 1376t-1377t
prerequisites for, 1376-1378,
1377f-1378f
prognosis following, 1378
Hemitransfixion incision, in rhinoplasty,
1265-1266, 1265f
Hemorrhage. See also Bleeding
in BIVRO, 1160
in BSSRO, 1159-1160
craniofacial surgery and, 840
in genioplasty, 1160
in Le Fort I osteotomy, 1159
orthognathic surgery complications and,
1158-1160
Hemostatic dressings, for PNI, 232-233
Heparinized lactated Ringer’s solution, 484,
484f
HER2 inhibition, 286
in SDC, 270, 270f
Hernias, after Iliac crest flap closure, 566,
568
Herpangina, 1416, 1547
Herpes simplex, 1415, 1415f, 1547-1548
Herpes zoster, 1415, 1529-1530, 1548-1549,
1549f
Herpetic gingivostomatitis, 1547
Herring’s law of equal innervation, 178
Hertel exophthalmometer, 179, 179f
Hess Chart, 141, 141f, 178-179, 179f
I-20 INDEX
Heterotopias, 1335
Hillocks of His, 1279
Histoplasmosis, 1417
HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus
HNSCCs. See Head and neck squamous cell
carcinomas
Hockey stick incision, 401-403, 1507
Hodgkin lymphoma, 306
Holdaway line, lips and, 1130-1131, 1132f
Honig pharyngoplasty, 1030
Horner’s muscle, 155-157
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
(HADS), 319
Hour glass deformity, 912
House-Brackman Index, 204
Howarth periosteal elevator, 1396,
1398f
HPV. See Human papillomavirus
HRAX screw. See Hygienic rapid expansion
(HRAX) screw
HRQOL. See Health-related quality of life
Human bites, 212-213
Human error, 1556
in airplanes, 1556, 1557f, 1559, 1560f
circumstances leading to, 1558-1559,
1558b-1559b
classification of, 1556-1558, 1557b,
1557f
organizational compared to personal,
1558
outside operating room, 1560-1561
overview on, 1556-1561
team briefing for avoiding, 1559-1560,
1560b
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
1413-1414, 1420, 1552
cystic lymphoid hyperplasia and, 665
facial transplantation and, 639
oral candidiasis and, 1552
sialopathy, 674-675, 674f
xerostomia and, 675
Human papillomavirus (HPV), 243, 728,
1548
associated lesions with, 1321
biology of, 275-277
classification of, 275-276
LCR in, 276
viral life cycle in, 276-277
viral structure, format and relevant
genes in, 276, 276f, 276t
epithelial tumors associated with,
1340-1341
in HNSCC, 263, 263t, 275
epidemiology in subsites of, 280
global epidemiology of positive, 280
oncogenes in HNSCC mediated by,
277-280
E6 and E7 viral, 277-278, 277f
field cancerization and, 279
host innate immunity in, 278
pathological determination of tumor
status in, 279-280
Human papillomavirus (HPV) (Continued)
positive compared to negative tumors
in, 278-279, 278t
in OPSCC, 263, 263t, 275
clinical-translational advances in
treatment of, 280-281
epidemiology in subsites of, 280
epidemiology of high-risk, 280
global epidemiology of, 280
in OSCC, 263, 263t
Hyaluronidase (Vitrase), 1256
Hydration, human error and, 1558-1559
Hydrocephalus, craniosynostosis and, 854
Hydrocodone, 1277-1278
Hydromorphine, 796t
Hydroquinone cream, 1293
Hygiene, facial reconstruction and, 789
Hygienic rapid expansion (HRAX) screw,
1136
Hygienist, in MDT for HNSCCs, 288
Hynes pharyngoplasty, 1033-1034
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT),
773-774, 1403
Hyperfractionation, in radiotherapy, 329
Hypernasality, 1016, 1016f
Hyperostosis corticalis generalisata, 927
Hyperparathyroidism, brown tumor of,
467-468
Hyperpigmentation, 1244
Hypertelorism, traumatic, 142, 142f
Hypertension, operative considerations in,
367-368, 367f
Hypertonic saline, 433
Hyperventilation, TBI and, 223-224
Hypoglobus, in orbital/periorbital trauma,
185
Hypomobility, condylar fractures and
mandibular, 90
Hyponasality, 1016, 1017f
Hypopharyngeal carcinoma, 399, 400t
Hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris
muscle syndrome (Cayler’s syndrome),
927
Hypoplastic maxilla, 1130, 1130f
Hypotension, induced, 367-368, 367t
Hypoxia
HNSCCs and, 251
radiotherapy and, 329
I PET/CT, 297-302, 298f, 331
IAN. See Inferior alveolar nerve
ICP. See Intracranial pressure
IEDs. See Improvised explosive devices
IGRT. See Image-guided radiotherapy
IHC. See Immunohistochemistry
IHs. See Infantile hemangiomas
Iliac crest
ABG and autogenous cancellous bone
from anterior, 986, 987f
mandibular reconstruction and, 500-501,
502f
Iliac crest bone grafts, 562, 563f
Iliac crest flaps
advantages and disadvantages of, 568
complications and donor site morbidity
with, 567-568, 568f
hernia after closure of, 566, 568
historical development of, 562
indications and contraindications for,
563
for mandibular reconstruction, 569,
569f
for maxillary defects, 569, 569f
prefabrication of, 569
surgical anatomy for, 562-563, 563f
surgical technique for, 563-567
anastomosis and, 566-567
bone harvest in, 565-566, 566f
internal oblique muscle exposure and
incision in, 563-564, 564f
muscle flap raised in, 564, 564f
patient positioning and landmarks for,
563, 563f
pedicle dissection in, 564-565, 565f
pedicle division and site closure in,
566, 567f
plate fixation in, 566-567, 567f
postoperative care in, 567, 568f
variations and innovations with,
568-569
Ilium grafts, for midfacial fractures, 165
Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), 347
Imaging. See also specific techniques and
disorders
for AICR, 1103
for autoimmune/connective tissue
diseases, 1106, 1108f-1109f
of condylar fractures, 75-76, 76f
for condylar hyperplasia type 1A, 1111
for condylar hyperplasia type 1B, 1112
for condylar hyperplasia type 2, 1113
for craniofacial trauma, 142-143
for FD, 1360, 1361f
for fractures and surgical planning, 31
for hemangiomas, 682
in HNSCCs, 719
CT, 292, 293f, 295, 295f-296f, 314,
314f, 331
DPT, 292, 293f
MRI, 293-294, 294f-295f, 331
overview of, 292-293
for post inversion neck, 313-314,
313f-314f
ultrasound, 295-297, 296f-297f
for lymph nodes, 311-313
CT for, 312, 312f
MRI for, 307f, 312
PET/CT for, 312-313
ultrasound for, 312, 313f
for lymphoma, 683, 683f
for mandibular fractures, 30
for maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus
tumors, 384-385, 385f, 389f

Imaging (Continued)
for midfacial fractures, 102-103
of nasoethmoidal fractures, 158
for neck masses, 400, 415
for OPSCC, 260, 302-306
CT scans for, 303, 303f
MRI for, 303-304, 303f, 306f-308f
for orbital/periorbital trauma
examination, 176-178, 177f,
178t
for OSCC, 260, 302-306
CT scans for, 303-304, 303f, 305f
MRI for, 303-304, 303f-305f
radiologist for, 287
for reactive arthritis, 1104
for salivary gland cancer, 306-311
CT for, 309-310
malignancy, 269f-270f
MRI for, 309-311, 309f-311f
ultrasound for, 309
for salivary gland inflammatory
conditions, 668-675
CECT for, 669
CT for, 669
granulomatous disease, 672-673
Kikuchi disease, 675
Kimura disease, 675, 676f
MRI for, 669
primary infective sialadenitis, 672
sialography for, 669
sialolithiasis and obstructive
sialadenitis, 670-672, 670f-672f
sialosis, 673-675, 674f-675f
Sjögren syndrome, 673, 673f-674f
ultrasound for, 668-669, 669f
for salivary gland tumors
acinic cell carcinoma, 682
adenocarcinoma not otherwise
specified, 682, 682f
adenoid cystic carcinoma, 680-681
carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma,
681, 681f
choice and role of, 675-678, 677f
hemangiomas, 682
lipoma, 683
lymphangiomas, 682
lymphoma, 683, 683f
mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 679-680,
680f
pleomorphic adenoma, 678-679,
678f-679f
Warthin tumor, 679, 680f
for skull base tumor ablative surgery,
439-440, 439f
IMAP flaps. See Internal mammary artery
perforator flaps
IMF. See Intermaxillary fixation
Imiquimod (Aldara), 761-762, 762f
Immunohistochemistry (IHC), 263,
265
Immunotherapy, for HNSCCs, 349-351,
350f
clinical experience with checkpoint
inhibitors in, 350-351
radiotherapy combined with checkpoint
inhibitors in, 351
Improvised explosive devices (IEDs)
mandibular fractures and, 235
military ballistic face and neck injuries
from, 231, 231f
IMRT. See Intensity-modulated radiation
therapy
Incisional biopsy, 1320, 1320f
Incisor angulation, 1055, 1055f
Incomplete cleft lip and palate, 952, 953f,
967-968, 967f-968f
Index of Orthognathic Functional
Treatment Need, 1127, 1128b
Indirect bone healing, 41
Infantile hemangiomas (IHs), 419-420,
420f, 662-663
classification of, 427-430
clinical appearance of, 427, 428t
local therapy for, 428-429
nonsurgical therapy for, 428
in oral cavity, 1348-1350
surgical therapy for, 429-430, 429f
Infectious mononucleosis, 1415-1416, 1549
Infectious/inflammatory neck masses, 416,
416b
Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN)
BIVRO complications with, 1161
BSSRO complications with, 1160-1161,
1160f-1162f
in mandibular fractures, 65-66
OSCC ablative surgery for cancer of, 381
Inferior dental canal, 1393
Inflammation, of injuries, 1336-1340
Inflammatory arthritis. See Reactive
arthritis
Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, 1344
Inflammatory neck masses. See Infectious/
inflammatory neck masses
Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia,
1336-1337, 1338f
Infracartilaginous incision, in rhinoplasty,
1265, 1265f
Infraorbital incision, 180t
Input-modeling, 1021
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy
(IMRT), 286, 324, 326-327, 327f, 347,
675
Intentional replantation, 1378-1381
definition of, 1378
indications and contraindications for,
1378, 1379t
prerequisites for successful, 1378-1381,
1379f-1380f
prognosis in, 1381
success of, 1381
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-21
Intercanthal distance, 158, 1051, 1051f
Intercartilaginous incision, in rhinoplasty,
1265, 1265f
Interferon therapy
for CGCLs, 467
for hemangiomas, 428
Intermaxillary fixation (IMF), 39-40,
39f-40f. See also Fixation
for condylar fractures, 76-77
Ernst ligature in, 51-52, 52f
Gilmer technique of, 52, 52f
for mandibular fractures, 51-52, 52f-53f
for maxillary fractures, 104, 106f-107f,
114, 114f
for midfacial fractures, 167
Schuchardt arch bars in, 52, 53f
for zygomatic fractures, 104, 106f-107f
Intermediate restorative material (IRM),
1373
Intermittent positive pressure ventilation
(IPPV), 368
Internal derangement, 1536-1537
Internal fixation. See Fixation
Internal mammary artery perforator flaps
(IMAP flaps), 577-579, 578f-580f, 625
Internal oblique muscle, Iliac crest flaps
and exposure of, 563-564, 564f
Interpositional arthroplasty, 1509-1510
Interpositional grafts, for palatal fistulae,
1027-1028, 1027f
Interpupillary distance, 158, 1051, 1051f
Intra-articular hematoma, 1503
Intracranial hematoma, 13, 221, 224
Intracranial hypertension, craniosynostosis
and, 853-854
Intracranial pressure (ICP)
Crouzon syndrome and raised, 815
Muenke syndrome and raised, 820
nonsyndromic craniosynostosis and
increase of, 804-805
Pfeiffer syndrome and raised, 818
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and raised,
821
TBI management and, 223, 223f-225f
TBI neurosurgery and monitoring of,
224
Intraoral bidirectional distraction
osteogenesis, 915-917
bone transport via, 920-925, 922f-924f
horizontal distractor placement in,
915-917
maxillary lengthening and, 917,
918f-921f
vertical distractor placement in, 915
Intraoral bone transport, 920-925,
922f-924f
Intraoral vestibular approach, for midfacial
fractures, 165
Intraorbital osteocutaneous ligaments, 1201
Inverted V deformity, 1274, 1274f
I-22 INDEX
IPPV. See Intermittent positive pressure
ventilation
Ipsilateral condylectomy, 1114
Iressa. See Gefitinib
IRM. See Intermediate restorative material
Irradiated bone, dental implants in,
773-777, 777t
Isolated cleft palate, 972. See also Cleft
palate repair
etiology of, 973
hearing and, 973
incidence of, 972
vomer flaps in, 972
J Kimura disease, 675, 676f
J stripper, 1141, 1141f, 1149-1150, 1151f,
1152
Jackson-Weiss syndrome, 821
Jaffe-Lichtenstein syndrome, 462
JaK, 250
Jaw. See also Cysts; Odontogenic tumors
ameloblastoma of, 455-457,
457f-458f
antiresorptive osteonecrosis of, 1402,
1402f
double jaw surgery, 1059, 1059f-1061f
mandible repositioning for, 1080
maxilla repositioning for, 1080-1081
occlusal plane alteration for, 1081-
1083, 1081f-1083f
TMJ management for, 1084-1095,
1085f-1087f, 1090f-1099f
tongue assessment for, 1083-1084,
1083f
FD of, 1333
myxomas of, 457-459, 458f-459f
nonodontogenic tumors, 1332, 1333b
orofacial infections of, 1408-1409, 1409f,
1417-1419
Pindborg tumor of, 459, 460f
tissue engineering for defects in, 652-654,
653f
tumors of
ablative surgery for aggressive benign,
451-454, 452f-454f
cell cycle in, 452, 454, 454f
FOLs, 461-466, 463f-467f
giant cell, 466-468, 468f
LCH, 459-461, 461f
neurofibromas, 469-470, 469f, 470b
schwannomas, 468
zygomatic fractures and limited
movement of, 100
JIA. See Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
JOF. See Juvenile ossifying fibroma
Johnson-McMillen syndrome, 927
Joint Theater Trauma Registry (JTTR),
230
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 1107-
1108, 1107f
Juvenile ossifying fibroma (JOF), 462-466
Juxtaoral organ, 1336, 1338f
Laryngeal mask airway (LMA), 360-361,
K 360f
Kaban classification system, for HFM, Laryngoscopy. See also Anesthesia
872-873 management of difficult intubations in,
Kaban Type III mandible, 823, 824t, 359-360
825f-826f predictive tests for difficulties in,
Kaposi sarcomas, 1549, 1550f 357-359, 358f-359f, 359t
Karapandzic flaps, 751f, 752, 757, 757f video, 363, 363f
Karyotyping, 244 Lasers
Al-Kayat and Bramley approach, 1507-1508 for hemangiomas, 428-429
Kenalog, 1256 for periapical surgery, 1373
Keratocystic odontogenic tumor, 1325, for skin resurfacing, 1297-1299, 1298f
1325f, 1331 Lateral arm flaps (LAFs), 592-594,
Kikuchi disease, 675 593f-594f
Lateral canthal ligament, zygomatic
Kirschner wire (K-wire), 87, 87f fractures and displacement of, 99-100,
in Le Fort I osteotomy, 1143, 1143f, 102f
1146-1147 Lateral facial view, in orthognathic surgery
for nasotracheal intubation, 1158, 1159f evaluation, 1052, 1052f
Kissing disease, 1549 Lateral gap arthroplasty, 1509
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, 430 Lateral periodontal cysts (LPCs), 1326
Kojic acid, 1291 Lateral pterygoid muscle, 1503
Kolenda Salivary Access Introducer Set, 702, Lateral rhinotomy
703f for maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus
Küttner tumor, 665, 670 tumors, 386, 386f-387f
K-wire. See Kirschner wire for skull base tumor surgery, 444, 444f
Latissimus dorsi flaps, 629-630
L advantages and disadvantages of, 555,
Lacerations 630
of eyelid, repair of, 179 blood supply to, 630
with nasoethmoidal fractures, 161 clinical use of, 555-557, 557f-558f
scalp, 211-212 description of, 549
Lacrimal apparatus design for, 551, 552f, 553
anatomy of, 154-155 developments and refinements of,
management of, 179 557-560, 559f
in nasoethmoidal fractures surgical donor site management and
treatment, 160 complications with, 554-555, 557f
repair of, 160 in facial reanimation, 558-559
LAFs. See Lateral arm flaps flap elevation in, 630
Lag screw fixation with groin flaps, 558
for condylar fractures, 85-86, 86f hemangiomas and, 558f
Eckelt screw, 86, 86f historical development of, 549
for mandibular fractures, 42, 43f, 62, mandibular reconstruction and, 551
62f for neck defects, 558
indications for, 62-63, 62f pitfalls in, 560b
operative technique for, 63 ribs and, 555, 558
review of, 63-64 with scapular flaps, 554f, 555, 558,
Lagophthalmos, 1191 559f
LAHSHAL classification, of CLP, 949-950, surgical anatomy for, 549-551, 550f
950f surgical landmarks for, 551, 552f
Lambdoid craniosynostosis (posterior surgical technique for, 551-554, 552f-
plagiocephaly), 809-810, 857-858, 863, 554f, 556f
867f thoracodorsal artery and, 549-551, 550f,
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), 554, 557-558
459-461, 461f in tongue reconstructive surgery,
Language. See Speech and language 555-556
therapist LCH. See Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Lanolin, 1299 LCR. See Long control region
Lapatinib, 345-346 Le Fort fractures. See also Maxillary
Laryngeal carcinoma fractures; Midfacial fractures
classification of, 400t classification of, 41, 45, 94, 161
spread of, 399 closed treatment of, 113-114, 114f

Le Fort fractures (Continued)
examination of, intraoral, 24, 25f-27f
maxillary, 103, 106f
plate fixation for, 114-115, 115f-116f
maxillary fractures and, 113-117,
113f-115f
severity at side of impact in, 95, 95f
Le Fort I osteotomy
anesthesia for, 1142
bone grafts for, 1147, 1148f
calipers for, 1143f
for cleft orthognathic surgery, 994-997,
995f-996f
designs for, 1074-1076, 1075f
down fractured maxilla and, 1166-1167,
1167f
growth impact of, 1077-1078
guarded osteotomes in, 1144-1145, 1144f
hemorrhage in, 1159
high, 1075
incisions for, 1142-1143
instruments for, 1139-1142, 1140f-1142f
K-wire in, 1143, 1143f, 1146-1147
for maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus
tumors, 387-388, 389f
nasal wall and, 1163-1166, 1165f
neurological complications in, 1160
palatine bone in, 1145, 1145f
pharyngoplasty challenges for, 994
posterior interferences after, 1167-1168,
1168f
pterygomaxillary chisels for, 1145
pterygomaxillary osteotomy and,
1163-1166, 1166f
reciprocating saw in, 1143, 1144f
reference holes in, 1143, 1143f
segmentalization in, 1145-1148,
1146f-1148f
for skull base tumors, 442-443
technique of, 1142-1148
toe-in/out retractors for, 1145
tooth root apices and, 1163-1166, 1164f
VPD and, 997
Le Fort II osteotomy, for cleft orthognathic
surgery, 997, 998f
Le Fort lines of weakness, 94, 94f
Leiomyomas, 1324, 1346-1347, 1347f
Lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM),
728-729
Letterer-Siwe disease:, 459
Leukoplakia, oral, 1321-1322, 1322f,
1341-1343
LeVasseur-Merrill retractor. See Merrill-
LeVasseur ramus retractor
Levator labii superioris, 738
Levator palati muscle bundle, cleft palate
repair and, 976-977, 977f
Lichen planus, 1339-1340, 1340f
Licorice extract, 1291
LiDCO. See Lithium dilution cardiac output
Lidocaine, 1230, 1240-1243
Lifestyle lift, 1197
Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 245, 246t, 452-454
Lignocaine, 362-363
Linea alba in TMJ disorder signs, 1466,
1466f
Lingual nerve injuries
BSSRO and, 1160-1161, 1160f-1162f
dentoalveolar surgery complications and,
1396, 1398f
intraoral soft tissue injuries and, 201-202,
204f
Lip. See also Cleft lip and palate; Cleft lip
repair
anatomy of, 737-739, 738f-739f
cancer
classification of, 400t
management of, 740-741, 741f
radiotherapy for, 334, 334f
spread of, 399
surgical planning for, 741-742, 741f
disease conditions affecting, 739-740
actinic keratosis, 740
BCC, 740
melanoma, 740
SCC, 740, 741f
facial paralysis surgery complications
with, 931-932
Holdaway line for, 1130-1131, 1132f
reconstructive surgery for, 474-475,
742-759
Abbe flaps in, 741f, 745, 748f-750f,
752-753, 752f, 754f, 757, 1004-
1005, 1006f
commissure in, 758-759, 758f
concurrent compared to delayed, 741
contralateral cross-lip flaps in,
743f-744f
Eastlander flaps in, 739, 745, 752, 754f,
757
Karapandzic flaps in, 751f, 752, 757,
757f
lower lip, 752-758, 753f-757f
pitfalls of, 759b
postoperative care after, 759
Schuchardt flaps in, 755f, 757
tongue flaps in, 744f
upper lip, 744-752, 745f-752f
vermillion and, 742-744, 742f-745f
Webster Bernard flaps in, 753, 758
secondary deformity key features of,
1001, 1001t
soft tissue injuries of, 207-208, 210f-211f
teeth relationship with, 1051, 1051f,
1056, 1056f
upper, length of, 1051, 1051f, 1056,
1056f
Lip midline, 1051, 1052f
Lip repair. See Cleft lip repair
Lipoma, 663, 664f, 683
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-23
Liposuction
anesthesia and, 1230
complications from, 1231, 1231f
neck rejuvenation and, 1230-1231,
1231f-1232f
platysmal banding and, 1225
smooth result from, 1231, 1232f
submentoplasty and, 1223-1225,
1226f-1227f
Lip-split incision, 376-377, 376f-377f
Lithium dilution cardiac output (LiDCO),
365, 366f
Liverpool Oral Rehabilitation
Questionnaire (LORQ), 320
LLCs. See Lower lateral cartilages
LMA. See Laryngeal mask airway
LMM. See Lentigo maligna melanoma
Local and regional flaps. See Flaps, local
and regional
Local osteitis, 1417
Locking plates, for mandibular fractures,
64-65, 64f
Lockwood suspensory ligament, 99-100
LOH. See Loss of heterozygosity
Long control region (LCR), 276
LORQ. See Liverpool Oral Rehabilitation
Questionnaire
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH), 244-245,
245f
Loupes, for microvascular surgery, 479
Lower anterior dental height, 1056,
1056f
Lower blepharoplasty, 1252-1253
Lower eyelid approach
for maxillary fractures, 97f, 107-109,
107f-109f
for midfacial fractures, 165
for zygomatic fractures, 97f, 107-109,
107f-109f
Lower incisor angulation, 1055, 1055f
Lower lateral cartilages (LLCs), 1262,
1262f, 1268
Lower lip reconstruction, 752-758,
753f-757f
LPCs. See Lateral periodontal cysts
Ludwig angina, 1412
Lumbar perforators, 571
Lunchtime liquid facelift, 1245
Lymph nodes
anatomy of, 687
imaging for, 311-313
CT for, 312, 312f
MRI for, 307f, 312
PET/CT for, 312-313
ultrasound for, 312, 313f
levels of, 398-399, 399f, 414, 415b
tumor spread in, 399
ultrasound for assessment of, 296, 312,
313f
Lymphangiomas, 419, 419f, 682, 1350
I-24 INDEX
Lymphatic drainage, of head and neck,
1406, 1406f
Lymphatic malformations, 432-434, 432f,
433t, 1350
Lymphomas
adenolymphoma, 310
Ann Arbor staging system for, 425, 426t
CT scan for, 425, 425f-426f
Hodgkin, 306
imaging for, 683, 683f
MRI for, 683, 683f
neoplastic neck masses and, 415f,
425-426, 425f-426f
NHL, 306, 308f
of salivary glands, 663
of thyroid, 422
Lynch frontoethmoidectomy, 443
Lynch syndrome, 245, 246t
M 1099f-1100f
MAB. See Monoclonal antibody
MACH-NC. See Meta-analysis of
chemotherapy on head and neck
cancer
MacPhee incision, 401-403
Macrogenia, chin facial sculpting and, 1315
Macroglossia, tongue and, 1083-1084, 1083f
Macroplate fixation, in mandibular fracture
treatment, 41-42, 42f
Macrostomia, HFM and, 871, 889
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA),
528, 641, 642f
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
for adenocarcinoma not otherwise
specified, 682f
for adenoid cystic carcinoma, 306, 309f,
310, 311f, 668
for AICR, 1090f, 1096f, 1099f, 1101f, 1103
for autoimmune/connective tissue
diseases, 1102, 1102f
for BLELs, 674-675
for branchial cysts, 407
for carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma,
681, 681f
for carotid body tumors, 424, 424f
for condylar fractures, 76
for condylar resorption, 1092f
CT compared to, 293-294
for facial nerve injuries, 204
for HNSCCs, 293-294, 294f-295f, 331
for LCH, 460-461
for lymph nodes, 307f, 312
for lymphoma, 683, 683f
for mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 680,
680f
for neck dissection, 403, 403f
for neurofibromas of jaw, 469f
for OPSCCs, 303-304, 303f, 306f-308f
for OSCCs, 303-304, 303f-305f
of paranasal sinuses, 134, 134f
for perforations in TMJ, 1101f
for pleomorphic adenoma, 679, 679f
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
(Continued)
for primary infective sialadenitis, 672
radiologist for, 287
for reactive arthritis, 1101f
for salivary gland cancer, 309-311,
309f-311f
for salivary gland inflammatory
conditions, 669
for salivary gland tumors, 675-677
scanning techniques for, 294
for sialosis, 673-674, 674f
signal intensity for, 293
for Sjögren syndrome, 673, 673f-674f
for skull base tumors, 439-440, 439f
for TBI, 222
for TMJ disorders, 1467, 1467f-1468f
for TMJ pathologies and orthognathic
surgery outcomes, 1095-1097,
for Warthin tumor, 679
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC),
278
Major trauma centers (MTCs), 221
MAL. See Methyl aminolevulinate
Malar fat pad, reattachment of, 166
Malar hypoplasia, in Treacher Collins
syndrome, 895, 895f
Malar maxillary Le Fort III osteotomy, for
cleft orthognathic surgery, 997
Malar reconstruction, for Treacher Collins
syndrome, 899f, 900-901
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH),
725
Malignant mixed tumor, 661-662, 663f
Malignant nonepithelial tumors, 663
Mallampati test, 357, 358f
Malocclusion. See Occlusion/malocclusion
Malunion, mandibular body osteotomy
and, 1073
Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma
(MASC), 265
Mandible
anatomy of, 51
bone and soft tissue relationship in,
1133, 1133t
CTOS and repositioning of, 1065, 1066f
dental implant landmarks in, 1422-1423,
1423f-1424f
dental model surgery and, 1056-1057,
1057f
double jaw surgery and repositioning of,
1080
FD in, 1360, 1361f
growth of
in HFM, 874
normal, 874
Kaban Type III, 823, 824t, 825f-826f
in OMENS classification system for
HFM, 828, 829f
open TMJ surgery and recurrent
dislocation of, 1485
Mandible (Continued)
ORN and, 314, 314f
OSCC invasion of, 261-262, 262f
Treacher Collins syndrome and, 896
Mandibular angle
alloplastic implants for, 1240-1243,
1242f-1243f
facial bone sculpting and
augmentation of, 1312f, 1313-1314
reduction of, 1311-1313, 1312f-1313f
Mandibular canal, 51
Mandibular defects
asymmetrical mandibular growth, 871
dental rehabilitation of, 769
classification in, 772-773, 773f
DCIA flaps in, 769-770, 772f
dental implants in reconstruction of,
772-773, 773f-776f
free fibular, 769-770, 770f-771f
reconstructive options for, 769-772,
769f-772f
virtual surgical planning for, 770f-771f
Mandibular depth, 1054, 1055f
Mandibular external fixator II (MEF II),
238
Mandibular fractures, 50-51. See also
Condylar fractures; Edentulous
atrophic mandibular fractures;
Fractures; Maxillofacial trauma
antibiotics for, 30
biomechanical considerations with, 51,
51f
in children, 194f-198f, 195-196
classification of, 41
comminuted, 64, 64f
delayed union of, 65
dental root damage in, 65
dentoalveolar surgery complications and,
1394, 1394f
EPF for, 52-54, 54f
operative technique in, 53-54
fixation in treatment of
lag screws for, 42, 43f, 62-64, 62f
macroplates for, 41-42, 42f
miniplates for, 42-43, 44f
teeth and, 51
IAN injury in, 65-66
IEDs and, 235
imaging for, 30
IMF for, 51-52, 52f-53f
interosseous wiring of, 54-55, 55f
lag screw fixation for, 42, 43f, 62, 62f
indications for, 62-63, 62f
operative technique for, 63
review of, 63-64
malocclusion after, 65
osteomyelitis in, 65
perioperative treatment for, 65-66
plate fixation for, 55-64
compression plates, 56-58, 56f-57f
locking, 64-65, 64f
miniplate, 58-62, 58f-61f

Mandibular fractures (Continued)
removal of material in, 66
three-dimensional titanium miniplate,
60-62, 61f
postoperative pain treatment for, 65
preliminary treatment panning for, 31f,
33, 34t
pseudoarthrosis of, 65
sites of, 28-29, 29f
special considerations in, 29-30, 29f
surgical approaches to, 54
suture dehiscence in, 65
teeth in fracture line of, 30, 66
third molar removal and prevention of,
1448
treatment trends with, 50-51
types of, 50
wound infection in, 65
Mandibular hypomobility, condylar
fractures and, 90
Mandibular hypoplasia, 823, 824t
Mandibular lengthening
DO and, 910-915, 913f-914f, 916f
HFM skeletal defect in growing child
and, 876-885
important points for, 910
intraoral bidirectional distraction
osteogenesis for, 915-917
Treacher Collins syndrome and, 897-899
Mandibular osteocutaneous ligaments,
1200-1201
Mandibular osteotomy. See also Bilateral
intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy;
Bilateral sagittal split ramus
osteotomy; Sagittal split osteotomy
advancement stability and, 1088-1095,
1090f-1095f
body, 1072-1074, 1075f
historical development of, 1155, 1156b
inverted L, 1071-1072, 1074f
maxillary osteotomy combined with,
1153
sagittal split, 1071, 1072f-1073f,
1148-1152
setback, 1109-1116
subapical, 1070-1071
anterior, 1070, 1070f
posterior, 1070
total, 1070-1071
vertical oblique, 1071, 1074f
wound closure for soft tissue injuries
and, 1171, 1173f
Mandibular ramus. See also Bilateral
intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy;
Bilateral sagittal split ramus
osteotomy; Sagittal split osteotomy
mandibular body osteotomy
simultaneous with, 1074
osteotomies for, 898-899, 899f
instruments for, 1140-1141, 1141f
Mandibular ramus (Continued)
inverted L, 1071-1072, 1074f
sagittal split, 1071, 1072f-1073f,
1148-1152
vertical oblique, 1071, 1074f
vertical subsigmoidal, 1152-1153,
1152f
Mandibular reconstruction, 475, 476t
alloplastics for, 498-499, 500f
defect types and localizations in, 498,
498t
dental implants in, 772-773, 773f-776f
diagnostics for, 497
iliac crest flaps for, 569, 569f
latissimus dorsi flaps and, 551
nonvascularized bone grafts for, 499-500,
500t
overview of, 497
planning for, 498, 499f
plating fixation for, 503-504
primary compared to secondary, 503
prosthodontic rehabilitation after, 504
revascularized bone grafts for, 500-503
fibula in, 501-503, 503f
iliac crest in, 500-501, 502f
scapula in, 501
scapular flaps for, 547-548
Mandibular tumors, OSCC ablative surgery
for, 378-379, 379f
Mandibular widening
chin aesthetics in, 906
DO and, 904-908, 905f-908f
interdental osteotomy in, 906
Mandibulofacial dysostosis. See Treacher
Collins syndrome
Mandibulomaxillary fixation. See
Intermaxillary fixation
MAPK, 250
Marginal gingival (sulcular) incision, 107,
107f
Marginal mandibular branch identification,
693, 1230
Marsupialization, of cysts, 1328, 1328f
MASC. See Mammary analogue secretory
carcinoma
Mask ventilation, anesthesia and red flags
for, 357
Masseteric fasciocutaneous ligaments,
1201
Mastication, 95-96, 95f
Masticator space, 1407-1408, 1408f
Masticatory forces, distribution of, 95-96,
95f
Mastoid tip removal, 693
Maxilla, 93-95
bone and soft tissue relationship in,
1133, 1133t
cleft palate repair and growth of, 980-981
dental implant landmarks in, 1423-1426,
1425f, 1427f-1428f
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-25
Maxilla (Continued)
dental model surgery and, 1056-1058,
1057f-1058f
double jaw surgery and repositioning of,
1080-1081
down fractured, 1166-1167, 1167f
FD in, 1359-1360, 1360f
hypoplastic, 1130, 1130f
rectus abdominis flaps and, 540
segmentalization of, 1076
soft tissue injuries to, 207
stabilization of, 1116-1121
bone grafts for, 1119
in CLP patients, 1119
maxillary advancement and, 1118
maxillary inferior repositioning and,
1118-1119
multiple maxillary osteotomies and,
1119-1121, 1121f-1122f
wire compared to rigid fixation for,
1116-1118
Treacher Collins syndrome and, 896
Maxillary advancement
maxillary stability in orthognathic
surgery and, 1118
VPD management after, 1020-1021
Maxillary buttresses, 95-96, 95f
reconstruction of, 114
Maxillary defects
classification for, 488, 489f-490f, 489t,
766
clinical decision making for, 488-489,
490f-491f, 490t
dental rehabilitation of, 766-777
Brown class I, 766
obturator prosthesis for, 766-767
osseointegrated implants for
reconstruction after, 768-769
surgical options for, 767-768
iliac crest flaps for, 569, 569f
Maxillary depth, 1054, 1055f
Maxillary fractures, 93-94. See also
Fractures; Maxillofacial trauma;
Midfacial fractures
anatomical considerations for, 94-95,
94f-95f
biomechanics of, 94-95, 94f-95f
buttress reconstruction for, 114
classification of, 103, 106f
clinical examination of, 100-102
extraoral, 100-102, 103f
intraoral, 102
CT scans for, 102-103, 104f-105f, 116f
epistaxis in, 98-99
eye examination in, 98-99
healing of, 98
IMF for, 104, 106f-107f, 114, 114f
Le Fort fractures and, 113-117,
113f-115f
plate fixation for, 114-115, 115f-116f
I-26 INDEX
Maxillary fractures (Continued)
maxillary buttress concept and, 95-96,
95f
nasal bleeding in, 98-99
open reduction and internal fixation for,
114-117, 115f-116f
periorbital ecchymosis/hematoma in,
98-99
sagittal, 115, 116f
signs and symptoms of, 98-99, 99f
sinus drainage in, 116-117
sites of, 27f, 28
soft tissue injuries and, 97-98
surgical approaches for, 106-113
brow incision in, 107f, 110
coronal approach in, 110-113,
111f-112f
existing lacerations in, 107
Gillies’ approach in, 113, 113f
intraoral approach in, 107, 107f
lower eyelid approach in, 97f, 107-109,
107f-109f
preauricular approach in, 112f, 113
timing of, 104-106
transconjunctival lateral canthotomy
approach in, 109-110, 110f
upper eyelid blepharoplasty approach
in, 110, 110f
treatment of, 104-129
closed, 113-114, 114f
for combined fractures, 115-116, 116f
observation for, 113, 113f
Maxillary hypoplasia, condylar hyperplasia
type 1 compared to, 1110
Maxillary lengthening, intraoral
bidirectional DO for, 917, 918f-921f
Maxillary osteotomy, 1074-1080. See also Le
Fort I osteotomy
age for, 1078
airway management for, 1078-1079
alar base cinch suture and, 1078, 1078f
bone grafts for, 1077, 1077f-1078f
cleft orthognathic surgery and malar Le
Fort III, 997
growth impact of, 1077-1078
historical development of, 1155, 1156b
horseshoe, 1075-1076, 1076f, 1078
mandibular osteotomy combined with,
1153
maxillary stabilization and multiple,
1119-1121, 1121f-1122f
mobilization and, 1163-1166, 1167f
pterygomaxillary osteotomy and,
1163-1166, 1166f
rigid fixation for, 1076-1077
segmentalization in, 1076
interdental osteotomy in, 1145-1148,
1146f-1148f
septoplasty and, 1078, 1079f
small spatula osteotomes in, 1163-1166,
1165f-1166f
splints for, 1077, 1077f
Maxillary osteotomy (Continued)
step, 1075, 1076f
turbinoplasty and turbinectomy for,
1078-1079, 1079f-1080f
V-Y closure for, 1078, 1079f
wound closure for soft tissue injuries
and, 1171, 1172f
Maxillary reconstruction, 488. See also
Reconstructive surgery
computer-assisted surgery for planning,
490-492, 492f-494f
defect classification for, 488, 489f-490f,
489t
defect clinical considerations for,
488-489, 490f-491f, 490t
dental rehabilitation and, 489, 492f
fibular flaps for, 768
flap selection for, 493-496, 494t,
495f-496f
insetting tips for, 492, 495f
orbit management in, 496
osseointegrated implants in, 768-769
pitfalls in, 496b
radial forearm flaps for, 768
scapular flaps for, 768
Maxillary sinus
acute maxillary sinusitis, 1417-1418,
1418f
chronic maxillary sinusitis, 1418, 1418f
CT scans for, 125
dentoalveolar surgery with tooth
displacement into, 1392, 1392f
drainage of, 116-117
periapical surgery complications with,
1375-1376
Maxillary widening
DO and, 908-910, 911f
occlusograms for, 909-910
teeth positioning in, 909-910
Maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus tumors
ablative surgery for
lateral rhinotomy in, 386, 386f-387f
Le Fort I osteotomy for, 387-388, 389f
midfacial degloving in, 386, 388f
resection procedures in, 389-390
transcranial approach in, 389,
389f-390f
transfacial approach and Weber-
Ferguson incision in, 386-387,
388f
transmandibular approach in, 388-389,
389f
transnasal approach in, 385-386
transoral approach in, 385-389, 386f
classification of, 400t
CT for, 384-385
imaging for, 384-385, 385f, 389f
preoperative considerations for, 384,
385f
reconstructive surgery for, 390-393
buccal fat pad, buccal advancement
flap in, 391, 392f
Maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus tumors
(Continued)
free soft tissue flaps in, 393, 393f
obturator prosthesis with dental
implants in, 390-391, 390f-391f
palatine island flap in, 391, 391f
pharyngeal flap in, 391-392, 392f
spit thickness skin graft in, 391
temporal flaps in, 392-393, 392f-393f
spread of, 399
Maxillofacial trauma. See also Craniofacial
trauma; Fractures
antibiotics for, 30, 30t
in children, indications of, 193
classification of, 27-29
clinical diagnosis of, 16-27, 17b, 17f
emergency treatment of, 128-129
etiology of, 1
assaults in, 2t-3t, 3-4
falls in, 2t-3t, 4
RTAs in, 1-3, 2t-3t
sports injuries in, 2t-3t, 4-5
work-related accidents in, 2t-3t, 5
external examination in, 17-23, 18b,
18f-19f
of ear, 20
of eye, 20-22, 20f-22f, 22b, 23t
of facial soft tissues, 23
of nose, 23, 24f
eyewitness reports of, 17
future perspectives on, 34-36
diagnosis and treatment planning in,
36
exposure in, 36
fixation in, 36
intraoral examination in, 23-24, 24b,
24f-27f
military ballistic injury management and
rehabilitation for, 237-240
hard tissue reconstruction in, 238
infection in, 238-239
nutrition and SLT for, 239
prosthetic rehabilitation in, 239
psychological support in, 239
rehabilitation and late sequelae in,
239-240
soft tissue reconstruction in,
237-238
mortality rates and, 7
open reduction and fixation of, 228
operative repair for, 227-228
primary care in, 7
abdominal injuries and, 14
airway management and, 9-10, 10f
breathing and, 10-11, 11f
cervical spine control and, 8-9, 9f
circulation support for, 11-12
extremity trauma and, 14-15
head injuries and, 12-14, 12f-13f, 13t
hospital, 8, 8f
neurological assessment for, 12, 17,
8t

Maxillofacial trauma (Continued)
prehospital, 7-8, 8f
secondary survey for, 12
radiological evaluation of, 25-27, 28f-29f
scapular flaps for, 547-548
TBI and, 226-227, 226f-227f
treatment of
emergency treatment in, 128-129
miniplate fixation for, 43-45, 45f
timing of, 39, 47-48
Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA),
1089-1095
Maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), 39,
39f. See also Fixation
orthognathic surgery complications with,
1156, 1157f-1158f
Maxillomandibular reconstruction,
Treacher Collins syndrome and,
824-825
Maximum stimulation test, 928
MCA. See Middle collateral artery
MCC. See Merkel cell carcinoma
McComb nasal dissection, 960-961, 962f
McCune-Albright syndrome, 462, 463f
McGregor patch, 1200, 1206
McKinney’s point, in facelift surgery,
1205-1206
MDTs. See Multidisciplinary teams
Measles, 1416, 1548
Medial canthal ligament
anatomy of, 155-158, 155f-156f
nasoethmoidal fractures and detached,
160
reattachment of, 142, 142f
reconstruction of, 156
Medial femoral condyle flaps, 587-592
advantages and disadvantages of,
589-592
CT for, 589f, 591f
indications of, 588-589
extended alveolar ridge defect
reconstruction for, 588,
588f-589f
skull defects for, 588, 590f
in orbital exenteration and
reconstruction, 588-589, 590f-591f
preparation of, 588
variations of, 588
vascular anatomy of, 587, 587f
Medial maxillectomy, 443-444
Median rhomboid glossitis, 1338-1339,
1339f
Medical Outcome Survey SF36, 318-319
Medication related osteonecrosis of the
jaws (MRONJ), 497
Medipore, in enophthalmos, 188, 188f
Medrol dose pack, 1277-1278
Medullary thyroid cancer, 422
MEF II. See Mandibular external fixator II
MEK, 250
Melanoma, 721-724, 721f
adjuvant treatment for, 724
detection of, 722
distant metastasis screening for, 723
lentigo maligna, 728-729
lip and, 740
prognosis for, 724
reconstruction for, 723
SNB for, 723
spread of, 399
staging of, 721-722
subtypes of, 722, 722f-723f
surgical management principles for,
722-723, 723t
MEN. See Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Meningitis, frontal sinus and, 149
Meniscus problems, 1470, 1503
Mental nerve, 54
genioplasty complications with, 1161-
1163, 1162f-1164f
Mental workload, human error and, 1559
Menton, soft tissue thickness of, 1056, 1056f
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), 724, 731f
Merrill-LeVasseur ramus retractor, 1141,
1141f, 1152, 1169-1170, 1170f
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), 1503-1504
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), 244
Meta-analysis of chemotherapy on head
and neck cancer (MACH-NC),
340-341
Metabolism, HNSCCs and, 251-252
Metastatic cascade, 250
Metastatic niche, 251
Metatarsal head, 1510-1511
Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) II joint
transfer flaps, 608-612
advantages and disadvantages of, 612
CT scan for, 611f
harvesting technique for, 609-610,
609f-611f
indications for, 612
for TMJ reconstruction, 610, 611f-612f,
612
variations of, 610-612, 611f-612f
vascular anatomy of, 608-610
Methyl aminolevulinate (MAL), 763
Metopic synostosis (trignocephaly), 803,
804f, 806-807, 808f, 857, 858f, 863,
865f-866f
Metronidazole, 1410-1411
MFH. See Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
MHC. See Major histocompatibility
complex
Microarray technology, 244
Microcannulas, 1244
Microform cleft lip and palate, 952, 952f
Micrognathia, 910-912, 913f
Microscope, for microvascular surgery,
479-480, 480f
MicroSelection system, 328, 328f
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-27
Microthermal treatment zones (MTZs),
1297
Microvascular decompression (MVD),
1526-1527
Microvascular surgery, 217
anastomosis in, 483-485
end-to-end compared to end-to-side,
483
iliac crest flaps and, 566-567
patency test for, 483-484
postoperative course and monitoring
of, 484-485, 485f-486f
setting up, 482
suture technique for, 483
thrombosis of, 484, 484f
equipment for
clamps in, 480-481, 480f
forceps, needle holders and scissors in,
480, 480f
loupes in, 479
operating microscope in, 479-480,
480f
sutures in, 481
flap insetting for, 482
flap selection in, 481
operation room preparation for, 481
overview of, 479
preoperative planning for, 479
recipient artery selection for, 481-482,
482f
recipient vein selection for, 482
recipient vessel selection for, 481
vein grafts in, 482
vessel preparation in, 482-483
Mid forehead/brow lifting, 1188-1189
Middle collateral artery (MCA), 592
Midface hypoplasia
Apert syndrome and, 811
Crouzon syndrome and, 815
Muenke syndrome and, 819
Pfeiffer syndrome and, 817-818
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and, 821
Midface translocation, 443
Midfacial buttresses, 95-96, 95f, 164
Midfacial degloving
in maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus
tumors, 386, 388f
in skull base tumor surgery, 443
Midfacial epithesis. See Nasal and midfacial
epithesis, facial reconstruction and
Midfacial fractures, 93-94. See also
Fractures; Maxillary fractures;
Maxillofacial trauma
airway management in, 162
anatomical considerations in, 94-98
in children, 196-199, 197f-198f
classification of, 103-104
clinical examination of, 100-102
extraoral, 100-102, 103f
intraoral, 102
I-28 INDEX
Midfacial fractures (Continued)
clinical features of, 163, 163b
deformities in, 163
displacement in, 163
Gunning splints for, 168, 168f
healing of, 98
high-velocity/high-energy, 162-164
bone grafting in, 165-166
characteristics of, 163b
internal fixation in, 165
open reduction in, 165
soft tissue reattachment in, 166
three-dimensional skeletal
reconstruction in, 166, 166f
treatment of, 164-166
ilium grafts for, 165
imaging for, 102-103
IMF for, 167
intraoral vestibular approach for, 165
low-energy, 163, 163b
lower eyelid approach for, 165
occlusion in, 167
open reduction and fixation in treatment
of, 45-47, 46f, 162
materials and instrumentation for, 47
pitfalls of, 46
technical aspects of, 47
preliminary treatment planning in,
31-33
projection and width in, 166-168
lower, 167-168
upper, 166-167
rib grafts for, 165-166
signs and symptoms of, 98-100
soft tissue injuries and, 97-98, 98f
surgical plan for, 32-33, 32f, 33t
surgical timing for, 162
treatment of, 104-129
sequence of, 169
wire suspension for, 162
zygomatic arches in reconstruction for,
46
Midtarsal incision, 109, 109f
for orbital/periorbital trauma, 180t
Migraines, 1537-1538, 1537b
Military ballistic face and neck injuries
body armour and, 231-232, 232f
CT scans for, 234, 234f
external fixation for, 238
future developments of, 240
historical incidence of, 230, 231t
IEDs and, 231, 231f
maxillofacial trauma management and
rehabilitation from, 237-240
hard tissue reconstruction in, 238
infection in, 238-239
nutrition and SLT for, 239
prosthetic rehabilitation in, 239
psychological support in, 239
rehabilitation and late sequelae in,
239-240
soft tissue reconstruction in, 237-238
Military ballistic face and neck injuries
(Continued)
modern patterns of, 230-232
overview of, 230-233
pathophysiology of, 232
pathways of care for, 232-233, 233f, 233t
surgical training for, 233
treatment in deployed hospital setting
for, 233-235
for facial fractures, 235
for facial soft tissue wounds, 234-235,
234f
for facial vascular injury, 235
initial assessment in, 234, 234f
for PNI, 235-237, 235t-236t, 237f
Military Operational Surgical Training
(MOST), 233
Millard cleft lip repair, flap design in, 964,
966f
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), 1373
Mineralized bone allograft, 1430-1433
Minilift, 1196
Miniplate fixation
in condylar fracture treatment, 45, 45f,
84-85, 84f-85f
for lip-split incision, 377, 377f
in mandibular fractures, 58, 58f
clinical applications in, 59, 60f-61f
placement in, 59, 59f
plates and screws for, 58-59
review of, 60
three-dimensional titanium plates in,
60-62, 61f
in maxillofacial trauma treatment, 43-45,
45f
Minor oral surgery, 1387. See also
Dentoalveolar surgery
Mitek suture anchor, 1084, 1085f, 1096f
Mixed nasality, 1016
Mixed ranulae, 698-699
MMA. See Maxillomandibular
advancement
MMF. See Maxillomandibular fixation
MMS. See Mohs micrographic surgery
Mobilizers, Tessier, 1140, 1140f, 1145
Möbius syndrome (congenital oculofacial
paralysis), 927-928
Modified Blair approach, 82
Modified mandibular condylotomy, for
TMJ disc derangements, 1489-1490
Modified transoral approach, 1508, 1508f
Modiolus, 737
Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), 718,
719b, 742
Molars. See Teeth, third molars
Molt periosteal elevator, 1139, 1140f
Monoclonal antibody (MAB), 339
EGFR therapies for HNSCCs targeted by
in curative setting, 344-345
in palliative setting, 345
Monro-Kellie doctrine, 223, 223f-225f
Morphine, 796t
MOST. See Military Operational Surgical
Training
Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs), 94.
See also Road traffic accidents
Mouth, orofacial infections of, 1409-1420
bacterial, 1409-1415
jaws, 1417-1419
salivary glands, 1419-1420
viral, 1415-1416
Mouth gag, modified, 974, 975f
MRA. See Magnetic resonance angiography
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging
mRNA. See Messenger ribonucleic acid
MRON. See Medication related
osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ)
MSCs. See Mesenchymal stem cells
MTA. See Mineral trioxide aggregate
MTCs. See Major trauma centers
mTOR, 249, 249f
MTP. See Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) II
joint transfer flaps
MTZs. See Microthermal treatment zones
Mucoceles, 1333
in salivary glands, 1351
extravasation type, 1351, 1351f
retention type, 1351
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 265-266,
267b, 267f, 661, 661f, 679-680, 680f
Mucositis, after radiotherapy, 330-331
Muenke syndrome, 813t, 819-820
Multicystic ameloblastoma, 455-456
Multidisciplinary teams (MDTs)
for anesthesia planning, 355-356
for CLP treatment, 943
CNS in, 287
for craniofacial surgery, 835
of craniosynostosis management, 858
development of, 1014-1015
dietitian in, 289
extended team members in, 290
GDP, restorative dentist, hygienist for,
288
health education and prevention in,
290
for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis,
806
oncologist in, 286
palliative care physician in, 287-288
pathologist in, 286-287
psychological services in, 290
radiologist in, 287
reconstructive scientist in, 288-289
research nurse in, 289
in skull base tumor ablative surgery, 439
SLT in
for CLP, 1014-1015, 1015f, 1015t
for HNSCCs, 289-290
surgeon in, 286
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), 421
Multiple suture synostosis, 808
Mumps, 1419
Musculus uvulae, 973

Mustardé otoplasty technique, 1282-1283,
1282f
MVCs. See Motor vehicle collisions
MVD. See Microvascular decompression
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, 1414
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 1413-1414
Mycoplasma fermentans, 1104
Mycoplasma genitalium, 1104
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 1104
Mycotic infections, 1551-1552
Myoepithelioma, 660
Myofibroma, 1346, 1346t
Myofibromatosis, 1346, 1346t
Myogenic tumors, 1346-1347
Myxomas, 457-459, 458f-459f, 1332
N Nasolabial flap, 617-618
N stage, in OSCC, 260, 260f-261f
Nager syndrome, 894, 896
Nail shot wounds, 215, 216f
NAM. See Nasoalveolar molding
Nasal airflow disorders, 1016-1017, 1018t
Nasal anatomy, 154-155
Nasal and midfacial epithesis, facial
reconstruction and, 787-788
Nasal bleeding, in maxillary fractures, 98-99
Nasal dorsum
correction of, 1266-1267, 1266f-1267f
secondary cleft surgery for, 1009
Nasal emission, 1016, 1017f
Nasal floor reconstruction, 961, 964f
Nasal intubation, in soft tissue injuries,
200-201
Nasal midline, 1051, 1052f
Nasal projection angle, 1053-1054, 1054f
Nasal reconstruction, Treacher Collins
syndrome and, 825
Nasal resonance disorders, VPD and, 1016
Nasal root (radix), 1259
Nasal septum, cleft lip repair and, 956,
956f-957f
Nasal septum osteotome, 1163-1166, 1165f
Nasal sinus tumors. See Maxillary/nasal/
paranasal sinus tumors
Nasal symmetry, 1259, 1259f
Nasal turbulence, 1016-1017, 1018f
Nasal valves, 1262-1263
Nasal wall osteotomy, 1163-1166, 1165f
Nasoalveolar molding (NAM), 943
Nasoendoscopy, 1019, 1026, 1030-1032
Nasoethmoidal fractures, 154-159. See also
Fractures; Maxillofacial trauma;
Midfacial fractures
applied anatomy in, 154-155
in children, 160-161
clinical examination of, 158
complications of, 161
imaging of, 158
lacerations with, 161
secondary deformity in, 161
Nasoethmoidal fractures (Continued)
surgical treatment of
bone grafting in, 159
detached medial canthal ligament in,
160
for hard tissue injuries, 159
lacrimal apparatus in, 160
for soft tissue injuries, 160
steps in, 159-160
treatment of, 159
sequence of, 169
nasoethmoid-orbital trauma (NEO
trauma), 21f, 22
Nasogastric intubation, 14, 330
Nasolabial angle, 1053-1054, 1054f
Nasolabial cysts, 1326
Nasomaxillary buttresses, 95-96, 95f, 164
reconstruction of, 114
Nasometry, 1019, 1025-1026
Nasopalatine duct cysts, 1326
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
classification of, 400t
spread of, 399
Nasotracheal intubation, 10
K-wire for, 1158, 1159f
orthognathic surgery complications
with, 1156-1158, 1158f-1159f
National Facial and Oral Research Centre
(NFORC), 289
National Institute for Health and Care
Excellence (NICE), 222-223, 245
Natural moisturization factor (NMF),
1286
NCircle Tipless Salivary Stone Extractor,
702-703, 703f
Neck. See also Head and neck squamous
cell carcinomas; Military ballistic face
and neck injuries
airway management in penetrating
injuries of, 210-211
Cuzalina and Bailey Cosmetic Neck
Classification and, 1229, 1230f
latissimus dorsi flaps for defects in, 558
lymphatic drainage of, 1406, 1406f
soft tissue injuries and, 210-211
surgical zones of, 236-237, 236t
Neck dissection. See also Lymph nodes
classification system for, 398-399, 399f
endoscopic and robot-assisted, 403
goals of, 399-400
historical development of, 398
management of complications in,
403-404
MRI for, 403, 403f
operative technique for, 400-403,
401f-402f
postoperative care after, 403
radical parotidectomy and, 694
salvage surgery and, 403, 403f
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-29
Neck masses
assessment of, 414-415, 415b
categorization of, 416, 416b, 417f
congenital, 416-420, 416b
branchial cysts and, 416-417
dermoid cysts and, 417
epidermal cysts and, 417-418,
418f-419f
lymphangiomas and, 419, 419f
thyroglossal duct cysts and, 417, 418f
vascular anomalies and, 419-420, 420f
diagnosis of, 400, 400t
imaging for, 400, 415
infectious/inflammatory, 416, 416b
landmarks of, 414, 415b, 415f
neoplastic, 416b, 420-426
lymphomas and, 415f, 425-426,
425f-426f
paragangliomas and, 424-425,
424f-425f
parathyroid, 422-424, 423f
thyroid, 420-422, 420b, 420f, 421t,
422f
overview of, 414, 415f
spread of, 399
Neck rejuvenation
anatomical considerations for, 1229-1230
bleeding and, 1244
complications of, 1243-1244
Cuzalina and Bailey Cosmetic Neck
Classification and, 1229, 1230f
facelift and, 1223, 1224b, 1224f
historical development of, 1223
liposuction and, 1230-1231, 1231f-1232f
mandibular angle and chin implants for,
1240-1243, 1242f-1243f
marginal mandibular branch
identification for, 1230
patient assessment for, 1223-1225
chin projection in, 1223-1225,
1227f-1228f
platysmal banding in, 1225
submandibular gland and, 1225,
1229f
subplatysmal fat in, 1223-1225,
1225f-1227f
rhytidectomy and, 1233-1240,
1234f-1241f
submentoplasty and, 1231-1233,
1232f-1234f
surgery for, 1244-1245
treatment options for, 1223, 1224f
Neck surgery. See Head and neck surgery
Necrotizing fasciitis, 1413
Necrotizing sialometaplasia, 665
in salivary glands, 1352, 1353f
Needle holder, in microvascular surgery,
480, 480f
Negative pressure wound dressing
(NPWD), 513, 513f, 515-516
I-30 INDEX
NEO trauma. See nasoethmoid-orbital
trauma
Neoplastic neck masses, 416b, 420-426
lymphomas and, 415f, 425-426,
425f-426f
paragangliomas and, 424-425, 424f-425f
parathyroid, 422-424, 423f
thyroid, 420-422, 420b, 420f, 421t, 422f
Nerve damage, mandibular body osteotomy
and, 1073
Nerve grafts, for facial nerve injuries,
205-207, 208f-209f, 710, 710f
Nerve transfer, for facial nerve
reconstruction, 710-711, 711f
Nettleship dilator, 702, 702f
Neural tumors, 663, 1323
Neuralgia
pre-trigeminal, 1525-1527
secondary trigeminal, 1527
trigeminal, 1524-1527, 1525b
Neurectomy, 1527
Neurilemomas. See Schwannomas
Neuritis, 1529-1531
Neurofibromas
in jaw, 469-470, 469f, 470b
in mouth, 1348, 1349f
Neurogenic tumors, 1347-1348
Neurological assessment
for craniofacial trauma, 137
for maxillofacial trauma primary care,
12, 17, 18t
Neuropathic orofacial pain (NOP),
1524
BMS and, 1528-1529, 1529b
neuritis and, 1529-1531
PIFP and, 1528-1529, 1528b
PPTTN and, 1527-1528, 1527b
TN and, 1524-1527, 1525b
Neurosensory disturbance, craniofacial
surgery and, 842-843
Neurosurgeons, for TBI, 223
Neurovascular pain, 1537-1540, 1538b
Nevi, 1321, 1335-1336, 1337f, 1354,
1354f-1355f
Nevus flammeus, 430
Next generation sequencing, 244-245
Next generation sequencing (NGS),
278-279
NFORC. See National Facial and Oral
Research Centre
NGage nitinol basket, 702-703, 703f
NGS. See Next generation sequencing
NHL. See Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
NICE. See National Institute for Health and
Care Excellence
NICHs. See Noninvoluting congenital
hemangiomas
NMF. See Natural moisturization factor
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 306,
308f
Noninvoluting congenital hemangiomas
(NICHs), 430
Nonmalignant mucosal lesions, 1321-1322
epithelial tumors, 1321, 1340-1343
nevi, 1321
precancerous lesions, 1321-1322, 1322f
Non-melanoma skin cancer. See Skin
cancer, non-melanoma
Nonodontogenic tumors, of jaw, 1332,
1333b
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), 370, 1173, 1469
Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, 803-810
cerebral growth restriction and, 805
classification of, 806-810
anterior plagiocephaly, 803, 805f,
807-808, 809f, 855-856,
856f-857f
brachycephaly, 803, 805f, 807-808,
809f, 856-857, 857f, 859-863, 864f
multiple suture synostosis, 808
posterior plagiocephaly, 809-810,
857-858, 863, 867f
scaphocephaly, 803, 804f, 806, 807f,
855, 856f, 859, 860f-861f
trignocephaly, 803, 804f, 806-807, 808f,
857, 858f, 863, 865f-866f
developmental delay in, 803-804
diagnosis for, 806
etiology of, 803
ICP increase in, 804-805
MDT for, 806
pitfalls of, 830b
surgical timing for, 806
syndromic craniosynostosis compared to,
853
vision impairments with, 805-806
Nonunion
in edentulous atrophic mandibular
fractures, 69
mandibular body osteotomy and, 1073
Nonvascularized bone grafts, for
mandibular reconstruction, 499-500,
500t
NOP. See Neuropathic orofacial pain
Noradrenaline, 223
Nose. See also Ala; Rhinoplasty
alar cartilage of, 1262
alar-columellar relationship in, 1261,
1261f
anatomy of, 1257, 1258f-1259f
BCLP and anatomy of, 953-954, 955f
bony vaults in, 1261-1262, 1262f-1263f
cartilage in, 1261-1262, 1262f-1263f
cleft lip repair and, 956, 956f-957f,
960-961, 960f, 962f-964f
dorsum of, 1259-1260, 1260f
augmentation of, 1274-1275,
1274f-1275f
hump reduction for, 1266-1267,
1266f-1267f
inverted V deformity and, 1274, 1274f
examination of, 23, 24f
length of, 1260f
Nose (Continued)
McComb dissection of, 960-961, 962f
orthognathic surgery and evaluation of,
1053-1054, 1054f
root of, 1259
saddle deformity of, 1274-1275, 1275f
secondary cleft surgery for deformity of,
1006-1009
Abbe flaps and, 1007-1008, 1010f
alar bases correction for, 1008,
1010f
BCLP and, 1006-1007, 1007f
cartilage repair and reshaping for,
1008-1009, 1011f-1012f
nasal dorsum and, 1009
short columella correction for,
1007-1008, 1009f-1010f
timing of, 1009
treatment of, 1007, 1008f
UCLP and, 1006, 1007f, 1007t
secondary deformity key features of,
1001, 1001t
septum of, 1262-1263, 1263f
deviated, 1267-1268, 1268f
skin grafts for, 208
soft tissue injuries of, 208, 212f
tip of, 1260-1262, 1260f, 1263f
augmentation of, 1271-1273,
1272f-1273f
modification of, 1268
reduction of, 1268, 1269f-1270f
rotation alteration of, 1268,
1270f-1271f
suture techniques for, 1269-1271,
1271f-1272f
Treacher Collins syndrome and, 895
UCLP and anatomy of, 951-952, 951f,
952b
vascular supply to, 1261, 1261f
NOTCH1, 249
NPWD. See Negative pressure wound
dressing
NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs
Nutrition
human error and, 1558-1559
for military ballistic maxillofacial trauma,
239
radiotherapy and, 330
O
OARs. See Organs at risk
Obagi Skin Classification, 1287, 1288t
Obstructive sialadenitis, 670-672,
670f-672f
Obstructive sleep apnea. See Sleep apnea
Obturator prosthesis
for dental rehabilitation of maxillary
defects, 766-767
for maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus
reconstruction with dental implants,
390-391, 390f-391f

Obwegeser retractors, 1139-1141,
1140f-1141f
Occlusal plane
angulation of, 1054-1055, 1055f
double jaw surgery and alteration of,
1081-1083, 1081f-1083f
high, 1082-1083, 1082f, 1089
low, 1081-1082, 1081f
Occlusion/malocclusion
after condylar fractures, 89-90
after mandibular fractures, 65
in midfacial fractures, 167
Occlusive membranes, socket preservation
and, 1453-1454
Occlusograms, for maxillary widening,
909-910
Oceania, maxillofacial trauma etiology in,
3t
OCT. See Optical coherence tomography
Ocular abnormalities, 806
Apert syndrome and, 811-812
Crouzon syndrome and, 815
Muenke syndrome and, 819
Pfeiffer syndrome and, 818
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and, 821
Oculomotor nerve, 22, 22f, 140-141, 175
Odonto-ameloblastoma, 1332
Odontogenic fibroma, 1332
Odontogenic tumors, 454-459
adenomatoid, 1331
ameloblastic fibrodentinoma and
ameloblastic fibro-odontoma,
1331
ameloblastic fibroma, 1331
ameloblastomas, 455-457, 457f-458f,
1329-1331
desmoplastic, 1330
extraosseous/peripheral, 1330
solid/multicystic, 1329-1330, 1330f
unicystic, 1330-1331, 1331f
aneurysmal bone cyst, 1333
calcifying cystic, 1332
calcifying epithelial, 1331
cementoblastomas, 1332
CGCLs, 1333
cherubism, 1333, 1365, 1365f
classification of, 1328-1333, 1330b
complex odontoma, 1332, 1332f
compound odontoma, 1332
dentinogenic ghost cell tumor, 1332
fibrous dysplasia of jaw, 1333
keratocystic, 1325, 1325f, 1331
myxomas, 457-459, 458f-459f, 1332
odonto-ameloblastoma, 1332
odontogenic fibroma, 1332
osseous dysplasias, 1333
ossifying fibromas, 1332-1333
Pindborg tumor, 459, 460f
simple bone cysts, 1333
squamous, 1331
INDEX I-31
Office-based surgery controversies Open reduction (Continued)
ambulatory anesthesia and, 1460-1462, in midfacial fractures, 162
1460t, 1461b in zygomatic fractures, 119, 120f, 122,
concomitant periodontal procedures and, 127f-128f
1458 Open TMJ surgery
overview of, 1447 absolute indications for, 1480-1485
pitfalls with, 1462b ankylosis, 1480
prophylactic removal of wisdom teeth, condylar hyperplasia type 1 and,
1448 1480-1481, 1481f-1483f
PRP and, 1450-1452 condylar hyperplasia type 2 and, 1485
socket preservation and, 1452-1455 growth disturbances and, 1480-1481
surgical endodontics efficacy, 1455-1458 synovial chondromatosis, 1484-1485,
surgical procedures and, 1458-1459 1485f
access in, 1459 trauma, 1480
biopsy decisions in, 1459, 1460b tumors and lesions, 1481-1485, 1481b,
third molars, prophylactic removal of, 1484f
1448-1449 approaches to, 1490-1491
United Kingdom National Third Molar preauricular, 1490, 1491f
Project and, 1449-1450 retroauricular, 1490
OHIP. See Oral Health Impact Profile retromandibular, 1491
OLP. See Oral lichen planus submandibular, 1491
OMENS classification system, for HFM, transoral, 1491
825-826, 828, 829f, 873 overview of, 1480
OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox), 1244 pitfalls of, 1492b
Oncogenes relative indications for, 1485-1490
in HNSCC, 248-250 (See also Human arthritis of TMJ, 1485
papillomavirus) disc derangements of TMJ, 1485-1490
EGFR, 248-249, 249f recurrent mandibular dislocation,
FAT1, 249-250 1485
JaK, STAT, 250 Open treatment, of condylar fractures,
NOTCH1, 249 78-79
PI3KCA, AKT, mTOR, 249, 249f Operating microscope, for microvascular
Ras, Raf, MEK, MAPK, 250 surgery, 479-480, 480f
in HPV-mediated HNSCC, 277-280 OPG. See Orthopantomogram
E6 and E7 viral, 277-278, 277f Ophthalmic artery, 175
field cancerization and, 279 Opioids, for final phase in palliative care,
host innate immunity in, 278 795-796, 796b, 796t
pathological determination of tumor OPSCC. See Oropharyngeal squamous cell
status in, 279-280 carcinoma
positive compared to negative tumors Optic canal trauma, 140-141, 140f
in, 278-279, 278t Optic nerve, 175
Oncologist, in MDT for HNSCCs, 286 FD in, 1364-1365
One-step nucleic acid amplification injuries of, 140-141
(OSNA), 264-265 traumatic neuropathy of, 190-191, 190f
Onlay tip grafts, 1272-1273, 1273f Optical coherence tomography (OCT), 729
Open fractures, 27 Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP),
Open reduction, 38. See also Fixation 318-322
in condylar fractures, 76, 80 Oral leukoplakia, 1321-1322, 1322f,
in children, 89 1341-1343, 1544, 1545f
of fractures, 40-45 Oral lichen planus (OLP), 1545-1546,
development of, 40-41 1547f
principles of, 41 Oral melanotic macule, 1321
in high-velocity/high-energy midfacial Oral mucosa
fractures, 165 cleft palate repair and incision at, 975,
in maxillary fractures, 114-117, 115f-116f 975f
of maxillofacial trauma, 228 fibromas of, 1345
in midfacial fracture treatment, 45-47, 46f tissue engineering and, 654
materials and instrumentation for, 47 Oral mucosal lesions
pitfalls of, 46 aphthae, 1552, 1552f-1553f
technical aspects of, 47 complications of, 1549-1551
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
I-32 INDEX
Oral mucosal lesions (Continued)
mycotic infections and, 1551-1552
potentially malignant, 1544-1545
treatment for, 1553-1554
treatment options for, 1545-1546
corticosteroids in, 1546
intervention compared to placebo in,
1545-1546
viral, 1546-1549
Oral mucosal neuromas, 1347, 1348f
Oral papillomas, 1548
Oral ranulae, 697-698, 698f
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
See also Salivary gland cancer
ablative surgery for, 375-377
for IAN cancer, 381
lip-split incision in, 376-377,
376f-377f
management for complications in,
381-382, 382b
for mandibular tumors, 378-379,
379f
pull-through technique in, 377,
377f-378f
for retromolar trigone cancer, 381
for tongue cancer, 379-380, 380f
transoral approach in, 376
age, gender, race in, 263-264
AJCC/UICC TNM classification of, 257,
258t
pitfalls of, 258-259, 259t
recent changes to, 257-258
biology principles in, 245, 245f
biomarkers in, 264
expressed markers of prognosis and,
265
prognostic genetic changes and,
264-265
source of sampled tissue for, 265
biopsy in, 375
chemoradiotherapy for, 334
classification of, 400t
distant metastasis in, 261
field cancerization and, 246
histological grading of, 261, 261t
history in, 374-375
HPV in, 263, 263t
imaging for, 260, 302-306
CT scans for, 303-304, 303f, 305f
MRI for, 303-304, 303f-305f
mandibular invasion of, 261-262, 262f
molecular techniques for, 243-245
cytogenetics, 245, 245f
cytogenetics, CGH, FISH, 244
microarray technology, 244
microsatellites, 244
next generation sequencing, 244-245
SNPs, 244
N stage in, 260, 260f-261f
overview of, 243, 374
physical examination in, 374-375
radiochemoradiotherapy for, 334
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) Orbital/periorbital trauma, 140-141.
(Continued) See also Orbital reconstruction;
somatic compared to heritable mutations Zygomatic fractures
in, 245-246, 246t anatomical considerations for,
spread of, 399 173-175
subsite of, 259-260, 260f intraorbital, 175
surgical margins in, 262, 263t skeletal, 173-174, 174f
T stage of, 259, 259f soft tissue, 174-175
tumor heterogeneity in, 246-247 diplopia in, 178-179, 179f
Oral squamous papilloma, 1340 dystopia in, 185, 186f
Oral submucous fibrosis, 1343 enophthalmos in, 185, 185f
Orbicularis oculi muscle, 174-175, 1246, examination of, 175-177
1248f, 1253-1254, 1253f CT scan for, 176
Orbicularis oris muscle, 737-738 for eye movement, 176
repair of, 961, 965f imaging for, 176-178, 177f, 178t
Orbit for neurosensory defects, 176
anatomy of, 173-175 for pupil, 176, 176f
intraorbital, 175 for skeletal frame, 176
skeletal, 173-174, 174f for visual acuity, 176
soft tissue, 174-175 fractures in, 175
FD in, 1359, 1359f acute symptoms of, 175
maxillary reconstruction and diagnostic process for, 175
management of, 496 pediatric, 183-184
medial femoral condyle flaps in hypoglobus in, 185
exenteration and reconstruction of, overview of, 173-175
588-589, 590f-591f preliminary treatment planning in,
in OMENS classification system for 31-33
HFM, 828, 829f proptosis in, 185
skull base tumor surgery and soft tissue injuries and, 210, 213f
management of, 440, 445f-446f surgical repair of, 179-183
Orbital apex syndrome, 190, 190f acute injuries in, 179
Orbital compartment syndrome, dissection for, 181-182, 182f
189-190 endoscopic assisted exploration for,
Orbital epithesis, facial reconstruction and, 181, 181f
786, 786f-787f exposure in, 180, 180t
Orbital fat herniation, craniofacial surgery incisions for, 97f, 107-109, 107f-109f,
and, 840 180, 180t, 181f
Orbital fractures. See Orbital/periorbital materials for, 182-183
trauma multidisciplinary team for, 178
Orbital reconstruction. See also Orbital/ navigation technology for, 189
periorbital trauma for orbital floor and medial wall, 180,
materials used in, 182-183 181f
autogenous, 182-183 for orbital roof, 180-181, 181f
custom-made prosthesis, 183, 185f orthoptic assessment for, 178
non-autogenous, 183 perforated globe and, 189
non-resorbable, 183 secondary revision for, 184-185,
protocol for, 183 185f-186f
rationale for, 183 Organ of Chievitz, 1336, 1338f
resorbable, 183 Organs at risk (OARs), 324, 326
titanium sheet, 183, 184f ORN. See Osteoradionecrosis
navigation technology for, 189 Orobose, 331
treatment planning for, 185-188, 187f Orofacial cancer, radiotherapy in
lower eyelid revision in, 189 management of
Medipore use in enophthalmos and, adjuvant, 325
188, 188f chemoradiotherapy, 325
orbital floor in, 188 overview of, 324
soft tissue redraping in, 189 palliative, 325
synthetic or bone onlay grafts in, 188 primary radical, 324
Orbital septum, 1246 Orofacial infections
Orbital tubercle. See Whitnall’s tubercle applied anatomy for, 1405-1409
Orbital volume, assessment of, 177-178, jaws, 1408-1409, 1409f, 1417-1419
177f, 178t lymphatic drainage, 1406, 1406f

Orofacial infections (Continued)
teeth, 1408-1409, 1409f
tissue spaces and compartments,
1406-1408, 1407f-1408f
venous drainage, 1405, 1406f
classification of, 1405
in immunocompromised hosts, 1420,
1420f
of mouth and face, 1409-1420
bacterial, 1409-1415
jaws, 1417-1419
salivary glands, 1419-1420
viral, 1415-1416
pitfalls of, 1421b
Orofacial pain
anatomical considerations for,
1540-1541
migraines and, 1537-1538, 1537b
neuropathic, 1524
BMS and, 1528-1529, 1529b
neuritis and, 1529-1531
PIFP and, 1528-1529, 1528b
PPTTN and, 1527-1528, 1527b
TN and, 1524-1527, 1525b
neurovascular, 1537-1540, 1538b
overview of, 1534
TACs and, 1538-1540, 1539b-1540b
TMD and, 1534-1537
TTHs and, 1538
vascular, 1540
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
(OPSCC). See also Salivary gland
cancer
age, gender, race in, 263-264
AJCC/UICC TNM classification of, 257,
258t
pitfalls of, 258-259, 259t
recent changes to, 257-258
biomarkers in, 264
expressed markers of prognosis and,
265
prognostic genetic changes and,
264-265
source of sampled tissue for, 265
chemoradiotherapy for, 336
classification of, 400t
distant metastasis in, 261
HPV in, 263, 263t, 275
clinical-translational advances in
treatment of, 280-281
epidemiology in subsites of, 280
epidemiology of high-risk, 280
global epidemiology of, 280
imaging for, 304-306
CT scans for, 303, 303f
MRI for, 303-304, 303f, 306f-308f
imaging of, 302-306
radiotherapy for, 336
spread of, 399
Orotracheal intubation, 10
Orthodontics
cleft orthognathic surgery requirements
with, 993
for CLP, 1040, 1041f
ABG in, 1042-1043, 1043f-1044f
alveolar cleft and, 1040-1041
appliances in, 1042, 1043f
BCLP and UCLP, 1044-1045
cleft type and, 1040
dental anomalies and, 1040
in infancy and neonatal period,
1041-1042, 1042f
mixed dentition and, 1042-1044,
1043f-1044f
permanent dentition and, 1044-1045,
1044f-1045f
primary dentition and, 1042, 1043f
quality of care in, 1046
research for, 1046-1047, 1046f
skeletal pattern and growth in, 1040,
1041f
for crossbite, 1042
HFM skeletal defect in non-growing
patients and, 885
before orthognathic surgery, 1049,
1058-1059
pitfalls of, 1138b
post-surgical, 1137-1138
for premaxilla retraction, 1042, 1043f
third molar removal and relapse
prevention of, 1448
Treacher Collins syndrome and, 901
treatment planning for, 1127
aligning and leveling in, 1135, 1135f
arch coordination in, 1136
cephalometric analysis for, 1133, 1134f
decompensation in, 1135-1136, 1135f
definitive surgical planning in, 1136
dental history and intraoral
examination in, 1129
extraoral examination in, 1130-1133,
1130f-1132f
facial photographs in, 1133, 1134f
medical history in, 1129
patient assessment in, 1127-1129
photometrics and, 1134
radiography and CT scans for, 1133,
1133f
study model assessment in, 1129-1130,
1130f
surgical workup in, 1136-1137, 1137f
Orthognathic surgery. See also Cleft
orthognathic surgery; Genioplasty; Le
Fort I osteotomy; Mandibular
osteotomy; Maxillary osteotomy;
Sagittal split osteotomy
bleeding after, 1171-1172
complications in, 1155-1174
common, 1174b
hemorrhage and, 1158-1160
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-33
Orthognathic surgery (Continued)
with MMF, 1156, 1157f-1158f
with nasotracheal intubation,
1156-1158, 1158f-1159f
neurological, 1160-1163
osteotomy patterns, vascular
compromise, segment
repositioning in, 1163-1171
postoperative, 1171-1174
preoperative, 1155-1156
rare and unusual, 1174b
with soft tissue injuries and wound
closure, 1171, 1171f
splints and, 1156, 1157f-1158f
condylar resorption following, 1089,
1092f
CTOS
CASS protocol for, 1065-1068,
1067f-1068f, 1068b
mandible repositioning for, 1065,
1066f
protocol for, 1065, 1065b, 1066f
VSP for, 1064-1065
definitive treatment plan for, 1060-1061
dental model surgery before, 1056-1062
mandibular, 1056-1057, 1057f
maxillary, 1056-1058, 1057f-1058f
VSP and, 1062-1064, 1063f-1064f
diagnosis in, 1049
diagnostic list before, 1059
double jaw surgery and, 1059,
1059f-1061f
mandible repositioning for, 1080
maxilla repositioning for, 1080-1081
occlusal plane alteration for, 1081-
1083, 1081f-1083f
TMJ management for, 1084-1095,
1085f-1087f, 1096f-1099f
tongue assessment for, 1083-1084,
1083f
evaluation for, 1049-1054
facial, 1050-1054, 1050f-1052f
nasal, 1053-1054, 1054f
oral examination in, 1053
patient concerns in, 1049-1050
patient preparation in, 1050, 1050f
periodontal evaluation in, 1053, 1061,
1069
physical examination in, 1050
TMJ in, 1053
extractions and, 1061-1062
extubation plan for, 1171-1172
genioplasty procedures for, 1069
alloplastic, 1069-1070, 1069f
complications of, 1070
osseous, 1069, 1069f
goals of, 1049
historical development of, 1155, 1156b
Index of Orthognathic Functional
Treatment Need for, 1127, 1128b
I-34 INDEX
Orthognathic surgery (Continued)
instruments for, 1139-1142, 1140f-1142f
mandibular ramus osteotomy and
inverted L, 1071-1072, 1074f
sagittal split, 1071, 1072f-1073f
vertical oblique, 1071, 1074f
mandibular setback and, 1109-1116
mandibular subapical osteotomy for,
1070-1071, 1070f
maxillary stability and, 1116-1121
bone grafts for, 1119
in CLP patients, 1119
maxillary advancement and, 1118
maxillary inferior repositioning and,
1118-1119
multiple maxillary osteotomies and,
1119-1121, 1121f-1122f
wire compared to rigid fixation for,
1116-1118
orthodontics prior to, 1049, 1058-1059
overview of, 1048-1088
pitfalls of, 1121b
procedures for, 1068-1080
radiographic evaluation for, 1054-1056
cephalometric, 1054-1056,
1055f-1056f
clinical diagnosis compared to, 1054
FH plane and, 1054, 1055f
risk factors in, 1049
simultaneous rhinoplasty and, 1088
skeletal relapse following, 1089, 1093f
soft tissue changes and, 1059-1060,
1062f
stability following, 1088-1121
mandibular advancement and,
1088-1095, 1090f-1095f
STO for, 1056-1057, 1059-1060
TMJ pathologies and outcomes of,
1095-1109, 1127-1128
age and, 1102
AICR and, 1099, 1101f, 1102-1103
autoimmune/connective tissue diseases
in, 1102, 1102f, 1106-1109
condylar hyperplasia type 2 and,
1099-1101, 1101f
facial asymmetry and, 1102
HFM and, 1105-1106
MRI evaluation for, 1095-1097,
1099f-1100f
nonsurgical and closed treatments for,
1102
perforations in, 1101-1102, 1101f
postoperative dysfunction, 1173
reactive arthritis and, 1101, 1101f,
1103-1104
silent, with disc displacement,
1097-1099, 1100f
symptoms of, 1051, 1114
TMJ ankylosis and, 1105
trauma and, 1104-1105
for Treacher Collins syndrome, 899f,
901
Orthognathic surgery (Continued)
VSP for, 1062-1065
dental models and, 1062-1064,
1063f-1064f
splint construction in, 1064, 1064f
wound infection after, 1172
Orthopantomogram (OPG), 143, 984, 1388,
1391f, 1397f-1398f, 1402f
Orthotic helmet therapy, 867, 867f
OSCC. See Oral squamous cell carcinoma
OSNA. See One-step nucleic acid
amplification
Osseous dysplasias, 1333
Ossifying fibroid epulis, 1344-1345
Ossifying fibromas, 1332-1333
Osteitis, local, 1417
Osteo-adipofascial flaps, 593
Osteochondroma. See Condylar hyperplasia
type 2
Osteocutaneous radial flaps, 393, 394f-395f,
509-510, 510f
donor site management in, 517
flexor pollicis longus muscle cuff
preservation in, 516, 516f-517f
morbidity management at donor site in,
518-520, 518f, 519t-520t
osteotomy technique for, 516, 517f
PIF in, 517-518, 518f, 520t
radial aspect dissection in, 516
skin flap elevation in, 516
surface markings of, 516, 516f
Osteocutaneous retaining ligaments, in
facelifts, 1200-1201
Osteodistraction. See Distraction
osteogenesis
Osteomyelitis
mandibular body osteotomy and, 1073
in mandibular fractures, 65
suppurative, 1417
Osteonecrosis, dentoalveolar surgery and,
1402-1403, 1402f
Osteoradionecrosis (ORN), 775, 777
CT for, 314, 314f
mandible and, 314, 314f
radiotherapy and, 333
Osteosynthesis. See Fixation
Osteotomes
fiber-handle, 1140-1141, 1141f
guarded, 1140-1141, 1141f, 1144-1145,
1144f
nasal septum, 1163-1166, 1165f
for sagittal split osteotomy, 1149-1150,
1150f
small spatula, 1140, 1141f, 1146, 1146f,
1149-1150, 1163-1166, 1165f-1166f
Osteotomy. See also Le Fort I osteotomy;
Mandibular osteotomy; Mandibular
ramus, osteotomies for; Maxillary
osteotomy
BIVRO and placement of, 1169-1170,
1170f
BSSRO and placement of, 1168-1169
Osteotomy (Continued)
craniofacial surgery in growing children
and completion of, 837-838
genioplasty and placement of, 1170-1171,
1170f
interdental, 1145-1148, 1146f-1148f,
1166-1167
orthognathic surgery complications and
patterns with, 1163-1171
osteocutaneous radial flaps and, 516,
517f
pterygomaxillary, 1163-1166, 1166f
rhinoplasty and, 1275-1276, 1276f-1277f
for Treacher Collins syndrome
body, 899
mandibular ramus, 898-899, 899f
vertical subsigmoidal, 1152-1153, 1152f
zygomatic, treatment planning for,
185-188, 187f-188f
Otoplasty
cartilage scoring/excisional, 1283-1284,
1283f-1284f
cartilage-sparing, 1282
distally based facial flap for, 1283
Furnas technique for, 1282-1283,
1283f
Mustardé technique for, 1282-1283,
1282f
postauricular fascial flap for, 1283
complications in, 1284-1285
embryology and anatomy for, 1279,
1280f
goals of, 1281
indications and planning for, 1279-1281,
1281f
protruding earlobe and, 1284
Otorrhea, 137-138, 140f
Otten hooks, 104, 106f
Oxycodone, 796t
Oxymetazoline, 1277-1278
P
Packed cell volume (PCV), 369
Paclitaxel, 343
Pain. See Orofacial pain
Pain and thermal activity (PATH), 201
Palatal expander, Turvey, 1140, 1140f, 1146
Palatal fistulae, 1026-1028
buccal myomucosal flaps for, 1027,
1027f-1028f
closure techniques for, 1029t
extraoral flaps for, 1028
interpositional grafts for, 1027-1028,
1027f
repair of, 1026-1027
tongue flaps for, 1028, 1029f
Palatal lift appliance, 1020, 1021f
Palatal re-repair, 1028-1034. See also
Palatoplasty; Pharyngoplasty
Furlow approach to, 1030, 1031f
pharyngeal flap for, 1030-1032, 1032f
Sommerlad approach to, 1029-1030

Palatal re-repair (Continued)
sphincter pharyngoplasty and, 1032-
1033, 1033f
velopharyngeal augmentation for,
1033-1034
Palate. See also Cleft lip and palate; Cleft
palate repair; Hard palate; Isolated
cleft palate; Submucous cleft palate
anatomy of, 973
cleft lip repair and anterior, 958, 958f
cleft types of, 972
embryology and, 972
morphology of, 972
soft tissue injuries to, 207
Palatine bone, in Le Fort I osteotomy,
1145, 1145f
Palatine island flap, 391, 391f
Palatoglossus muscles, 973
Palatomaxillary reconstructive surgery,
476-477
Palatopharyngeus, 973
Palatoplasty, 1019. See also Palatal
re-repair
failure and redo of, 1036
Furlow, 1030, 1031f, 1035
Sommerlad, 1029-1030
Palisaded encapsulated neuroma, 1347
Palliative care
cooperation with or referral to, 798-800,
799f
delivery of, 793-794
emergencies and foreseeable crises in,
797-798
final phase in, 794
cancer-related treatment for, 795-796
death rattle in, 797
delirium in, 797
dyspnea treatment for, 797
management of, 794-795
neuropathic pain treatment for,
796-797
opioid treatment for, 795-796, 796b,
796t
multi-professional approach to, 800
overview of, 793
physician in MDT for HNSCCs,
287-288
place of, 800
QOL assessment for, 793, 798
rehabilitation in, 794
sedation, 798-800
standards for, 793-794
symptoms for, 794
terminal phase in, 794
Palliative care units (PCUs), 798-800
Palliative Prognostic Index (PPI), 794
Palliative Prognostic Score (PaP-S), 794
Palliative radiotherapy, 325
Palpebral fissure, 154, 1051, 1051f
Pamidronate, 1362-1363
Panfacial fractures. See also Condylar
fractures; Maxillofacial trauma
operative management of, 33-34, 35f
surgical repair of, 32, 33t
Panitumumab (Vectibix), 344-345
Pape Gerlach plates, 64, 64f
Papillary thyroid cancer, 421, 422f
Papillomas, 1352-1353, 1416, 1548. See also
Human papillomavirus
PaP-S. See Palliative Prognostic Score
PAR. See Peer Assessment Rating
Paradental cysts, 1327
Paragangliomas, neoplastic neck masses
and, 424-425, 424f-425f
Paramedian forehead flaps, 621-623, 622f
Paranasal sinuses. See also Maxillary/nasal/
paranasal sinus tumors
infections of, 1417
MRI for, 134, 134f
pneumatization of, 134, 134f
Parapharyngeal space, 1408, 1408f
tumors, 693-694
Parascapular flaps, 543-548, 544f-545f
Parathyroid, neoplastic neck masses,
422-424, 423f
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 467
Paratonsillar space, 1408
Parkes-Weber syndrome, 430
Parotid cutaneous ligaments, 1201
Parotid gland, 694, 695f
anatomy of, 686-687
in rhytidectomy, 1233-1234, 1235f
tumor management in, 720
Parotid space, 1408
Parotidectomy, 689
complications of, 694-697, 696f-697f
extracapsular dissection, 690-691,
690f-691f
facial nerve identification techniques for,
693
hematoma and, 695
positioning and preparation for, 689
radical, 694
reconstruction following, 694, 695f
superficial, 691-692, 691f-693f, 694
total, with preservation of facial nerve,
693
tumor spillage management in, 693
Parotitis, childhood recurrent, 1419-1420
Paroxysmal hemicrania (PH), 1538-1540,
1539b
Parry-Romberg syndrome, 605f
Partial superficial parotidectomy, 692
Partsch I, 1328, 1328f
Partsch II, 1327-1328, 1327f
Passavant’s ridge, 1026
Passive cleft speech characteristics, 1017
PATH. See Pain and thermal activity
Pathologist, in MDT for HNSCCs,
286-287
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-35
Patient Concerns Inventory (PCI), 320,
321f, 322
Patient reported outcome measures
(PROMs), 317
developing tools for, 318
DSQol for, 319
HADS for, 319
Head and Neck Cancer–Specific QOL
instrument, 320
Head and Neck Radiotherapy
Questionnaire, 320
HRQOL and, 317
for head and neck surgery, 319-320
Medical Outcome Survey SF36 for,
318-319
OHIP for, 318-322
PCI, 320, 321f, 322
QLQ, 319
SIP for, 318-319
S-SECEL, 320
UW-QOL v4, 319-320
PCI. See Patient Concerns Inventory
PCMO. See Programmable cells of
monocytic origin
PCNA. See Proliferating cell nuclear
antigen
PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction
PCUs. See Palliative care units
PCV. See Packed cell volume
PDL. See Pulsed dye laser
PDLLA. See Poly-DL-lactic acid
PDS. See Pleomorphic dermal sarcoma
PDT. See Percutaneous dilatational
technique; Photodynamic therapy
Pectoralis major flaps, 630-632, 632f
Pediatric patients. See Children
Peer Assessment Rating (PAR), 1046
PEG. See Percutaneous endoscopic
gastrostomy
Penetrating neck injury (PNI). See also
Military ballistic face and neck
injuries
deployed hospital setting treatment for,
235-237
assessment in, 236, 236t
mortality and, 235-236, 235t
surgical management in, 236-237,
237f
hemostatic dressings for, 232-233
surgical zones for, 236-237, 236t
Penicillin, 839, 1410-1411
Penrose drain, 492, 495f
Percutaneous dilatational technique (PDT),
364
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
(PEG), 330, 364-365, 497, 795
Perforated globe, surgical repair and
management of, 189
Perforations, in orthognathic surgery and
TMJ pathologies, 1101-1102, 1101f
I-36 INDEX
Perforator flaps, 559-560. See also
Anterolateral thigh flaps; Anteromedial
thigh flaps
ALT and AMT flap relationships in,
576
deep inferior epigastric, 533, 571-572,
603-605
advantages and disadvantages of,
605
indications for, 605, 605f-606f
preparation for, 604, 604f
variations of, 604-605
vascular anatomy of, 603-604
definition of, 571-572
direct and indirect, 571-572
internal mammary artery, 577-579,
578f-580f
ulnar artery, 579-581, 581f-582f
Periapical abscess, 1409, 1410f
Periapical surgery, 1368-1376
algorithm for, 1457f
complications in, 1375-1376
histological assessment of removed tissue
in, 1374
indications and contraindications for,
1369, 1369t-1370t
lasers for, 1373
maxillary sinus complications with,
1375-1376
postoperative care in, 1374
preparation of site, anesthesia and
hemostasis for, 1369-1370
retrograde cavity in, 1371-1373,
1372f
root canal filling and, 1371, 1373
success in
evaluation of, 1374-1375
factors associated with, 1456-1457,
1458b
surgical access for, 1370-1371,
1370f-1371f
sutures for, 1373, 1373f
treatment of defects in, 1373-1374
Pericoronal inflammation/infection,
1409-1410
Perilobular approach, 81-82, 81f-82f
Perimeatal approach, 1508
Periodontal abscess, 1409
Periodontal evaluation, for orthognathic
surgery, 1053, 1061, 1069
Periorbital ecchymosis/hematoma
in maxillary fractures, 98-99
in zygomatic fractures, 99, 100f
Periorbital rejuvenation. See Blepharoplasty
Periorbital trauma. See Orbital/periorbital
trauma
Periorbital tumors. See Eyelid/periorbital
tumors
Periosteal elevators, 1139, 1140f, 1146,
1146f, 1148-1149
Periosteoplasty, 983
Peripheral giant cell granuloma, 1323
Peripheral painful trigeminal traumatic
neuropathy (PPTTN), 1527-1528,
1527b
Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR),
367-368
Permanent wound tract (PWT), 232
Peroneal artery, 527f
Persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP),
1528-1529, 1528b
PET/CT. See Positron emission
tomography/computed tomography
Pfeiffer cleft lip repair, 965, 966f
Pfeiffer syndrome, 813t, 816-819, 817f,
818b, 1549
PH. See Paroxysmal hemicrania
Pharyngeal flap, 391-392, 392f, 1030-1032,
1032f
Pharyngoplasty
failure and redo of, 1036
Honig, 1030
Hynes, 1033-1034
Le Fort I osteotomy challenges with, 994
sphincter, 1032-1033, 1033f
Phenol peels, 1296-1297
Phlebothrombosis, 431, 432f
PHN. See Post herpetic neuralgia
Photoaging, 1244
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), 763
Photography. See also Imaging
advancements in, 1181
for aesthetic facial surgery, 1180-1181
dental implants and standardized, 1426
orthodontic planning with facial, 1133,
1134f
Photometrics, orthodontic planning with,
1134
Physical workload, human error and, 1559
PI3KCA, 249, 249f
Picinabil, 433
Pierre Robin sequence, 944, 973
PIF. See Prophylactic internal fixation
PIFP. See Persistent idiopathic facial pain
Pigmented lesions, of oral cavity, 1353-
1354, 1354f-1355f
Pin fixation
in condylar fracture treatment, 86-87
external, 52-54, 54f
of edentulous atrophic mandibular
fractures, 68
Pindborg tumor, 459, 460f
Pinna. See Ear
Piriform rim, facial bone sculpting of,
1310-1311
Pitch deformities, 886
Plate fixation. See also Fixation
biodegradable plating systems for, 196
for condylar fractures, compression
plates for, 85
for craniofacial surgery in growing
children, 838, 841
for edentulous atrophic mandibular
fractures, 68, 68f, 68t
Plate fixation (Continued)
for glenoid fossa fractures, 112-113, 112f
for iliac crest flaps, 566-567, 567f
for mandibular fractures, 55-64
compression plates, 56-58, 56f-57f
locking, 64-65, 64f
miniplate, 58-62, 58f-61f
removal of material in, 66
three-dimensional titanium miniplate,
60-62, 61f
for mandibular reconstruction, 503-504
for maxillary Le Fort fractures, 114-115,
115f-116f
miniplate
in condylar fracture treatment, 45, 45f,
84-85, 84f-85f
for lip-split incision, 377, 377f
in mandibular fractures, 58-62, 58f-61f
in maxillofacial trauma treatment,
43-45, 45f
three-dimensional titanium plates in,
60-62, 61f
Platelet rich fibrin (PRF), 653-654
Platelet rich plasma (PRP), 653-654
clinical application of, 1451
controversies with, 1450-1452
mechanism of action in, 1451
preparation for, 1451
research validation of, 1451
therapeutic effect of, 1451-1452
Platysma auricular fasciocutaneous
ligaments, 1201
Platysma flaps, 626-627
Platysmal banding, in neck rejuvenation
evaluation, 1225
Pleomorphic adenoma, 659-660, 660f,
678-679, 678f-679f
Pleomorphic dermal sarcoma (PDS), 725
PLGAC. See Polymorphous low grade
adenocarcinoma
Plunging ranulae, 670, 698-699
PNAM. See Pre-surgical nasoalveolar
moulding
Pneumothorax, 10, 11f
PNI. See Penetrating neck injury
POCRT. See Postoperative
chemoradiotherapy
Pogonion projection, 1055f, 1056
Poiseuille-Hagen formula, 369
Poly-DL-lactic acid (PDLLA), 47
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 244
Polymorphous cysts, 1326
Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma
(PLGAC), 268
Polytetrafluoroethylene graft (PTFE graft),
237
PONV. See Postoperative nausea and
vomiting
Porous block hydroxyapatite bone graft,
1077, 1077f-1078f, 1119
PORT. See Postoperative radiotherapy
Port wine stains (PWS), 430, 1349

Positional plagiocephaly, 810-811, 810f-
811f, 863-867, 867f
Positron emission tomography/computed
tomography (PET/CT). See also
Computed tomography
1
C-choline, 302
18
F-FDG, 297-301
occult primary, 297-298, 299f
other indications for, 299
for radiotherapy planning, 299-301
for recurrent disease, 299, 302f
for residual disease, 298-299
response assessment and, 299
staging and restaging of, 298,
300f-301f
18
F-FLT, 301
for HNSCCs, 297-302, 298f, 331
for LCH, 460-461
for lymph nodes, 312-313
radiologist for, 287
tracers, 301
Post herpetic neuralgia (PHN), 1530-1531
Postauricular approach, 1508
Postauricular fascial flap, 1283
Postcondylar grafts, for Treacher Collins
syndrome, 898
Posterior implant supported prosthesis,
1433
Posterior plagiocephaly (lambdoid
craniosynostosis), 809-810, 857-858,
863, 867f
Posterolateral approach, 446-447,
447f-448f
Postoperative chemoradiotherapy
(POCRT), 342, 342f
Postoperative nausea and vomiting
(PONV), 1158, 1172
Postoperative radiotherapy (PORT), 342,
342f
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease
(PTLD), 641
Power Doppler ultrasound, 296-297, 297f,
312, 313f
PPI. See Palliative Prognostic Index
PPTTN. See Peripheral painful trigeminal
traumatic neuropathy
Preauricular approach, 82, 82f, 112f, 113,
1490, 1491f, 1507-1508
Precancerous lesions, 1321-1322, 1322f
Premaxilla
in BCLP, 1041-1043
retraction of, orthodontics for, 1042,
1043f
Premaxillary osteotomy, ABG and, 990f,
991b
Preorbital rhytids, 1254
Preparation rich in growth factor (PRGF),
653-654
Pre-surgical nasoalveolar moulding
(PNAM), 1041
Pre-surgical orthopedics, cleft palate repair
and, 974
Pretrichial forehead/brow lifting, 1186-
1188, 1188f
Pre-trigeminal neuralgia (PTN), 1525-1527
PRF. See Platelet rich fibrin
PRGF. See Preparation rich in growth factor
Primary alveolar cleft bone grafting,
985-986
Primary infective sialadenitis, 672
Primary radical radiotherapy, 324
Programmable cells of monocytic origin
(PCMO), 650-651
Projectiles. See Military ballistic face and
neck injuries
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA),
454
Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL),
1544-1545, 1545f
Prominauris. See Ear, protruding
PROMs. See Patient reported outcome
measures
Prophylactic internal fixation (PIF),
512-513, 517-518, 518f, 520t
Prophylactic removal of wisdom teeth,
1448
Propofol, 360-361
Propranolol therapy, for hemangiomas, 428
Proptosis, in orbital/periorbital trauma, 185
Propylene glycol, 1299
Prosthetic rehabilitation. See also Dental
rehabilitation
after cancer surgery
factors influencing, 766, 766t
goals of, 765
multidisciplinary approach to, 766
for military ballistic maxillofacial trauma,
239
Prosthodontics, 288
mandibular reconstruction and, 504
Proteoglycans, 1286
Protruding ear. See Ear, protruding
Protruding earlobe, 1284
PRP. See Platelet rich plasma
Pruzansky classification system, for HFM,
872-873
Pseudoarthrosis, of mandibular fractures,
65
Pseudomembranous oral candidiasis, 1551,
1551f
Pseudo-Möbius syndrome, 927
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, facial
transplantation and, 639-640, 639f
Pseudotelecanthus, 159
PSF. See Pyriform sinus fistula
Psychological assessment
for cleft orthognathic surgery, 991-992
for secondary cleft surgery, 1001-1002
Psychosocial morbidity, radiotherapy and,
333
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-37
Pterygoid muscle
DO and, 1503
fissure, 447
Pterygomasseteric muscle, HFM and, 872
Pterygomaxillary buttresses, 95-96, 95f, 114,
164
Pterygomaxillary chisels, 1140, 1141f, 1145
Pterygomaxillary osteotomy, 1163-1166,
1166f
PTFE graft. See Polytetrafluoroethylene
graft
PTH. See Parathyroid hormone
PTLD. See Posttransplant
lymphoproliferative disease
PTN. See Pre-trigeminal neuralgia
Ptosis, 1246, 1247f, 1255
Pull-through technique, for OSCC ablative
surgery, 377, 377f-378f
Pulsed dye laser (PDL), 1299
Pupillary mydriasis, 141, 141f
Pupils
head injuries and response in, 14
orbital/periorbital trauma examination
for, 176, 176f
PVL. See Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
PVR. See Peripheral vascular resistance
PWS. See Port wine stains
PWT. See Permanent wound tract
Pyogenic granuloma, 1323
Pyogenic/telangiectatic granuloma, 1323
Pyriform sinus fistula (PSF), 405-407, 410
Q
Quality of life (QOL), 317. See also
Health-related quality of life
palliative care assessment of, 793, 798
radiotherapy for HNSCCs and, 333
Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ), 319
Quicklift, 1197
R
Race, in OSCC and OPSCC, 263-264
Radial collateral artery (RCA), 592-594
Radial forearm flaps. See also
Septocutaneous flaps
historical development of, 507
indications for, 507
for maxillary reconstruction, 768
osteocutaneous, 393, 394f-395f, 509-510,
510f
donor site management in, 517
flexor pollicis longus muscle cuff
preservation in, 516, 516f-517f
morbidity management at donor site
in, 518-520, 518f, 519t-520t
osteotomy technique for, 516, 517f
PIF in, 517-518, 518f, 520t
radial aspect dissection in, 516
skin flap elevation in, 516
surface markings of, 516, 516f
I-38 INDEX
Radial forearm flaps (Continued)
soft-tissue, 507-509, 508f-509f
subfascial donor site morbidity in, 515t
vascular anatomy in, 510-513, 511f-512f
donor site management, 513, 513f
fasciocutaneous flap, 511, 511f
flap design in, 511
flap detachment, 512-513
flap mobilization, 512
incision, 511f-512f
pedicle elevation, 512, 513f
pedicle identification, 512, 512f
Radiation bath, 327
Radiation-induced sialadenitis, 675
Radical parotidectomy, 694
Radicular cysts, 1326-1327
Radioactive iridium hairpins, 327, 327f
Radiofrequency thermal lesioning, 1526
Radiography. See also Imaging
for COF, 465f
for dental implants, 1422, 1423f-1424f
for dentoalveolar surgery planning, 1388,
1388f
for desmoplastic fibromas, 466f-467f
for facial bone sculpting, 1304
for maxillofacial trauma, 25-27, 28f-29f
for odontogenic myxomas, 458f-459f
for orthodontic planning, 1133, 1133f
for orthognathic surgery, 1054-1056
cephalometric, 1054-1056,
1055f-1056f
clinical diagnosis compared to, 1054
FH plane and, 1054, 1055f
for root fractures, 1166-1167, 1167f
for TMJ ankylosis, 1506-1507
Radiological tumor thickness (RTT), 259
Radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG),
330
Radiologist, in MDT for HNSCCs, 287
Radiotherapy. See also Chemoradiotherapy
accelerated fractionation in, 328-329
alcohol and, 330
carotid artery rupture after, 333
concomitant boost in, 329
conformal, 325-326
delivery methods for, 325-329
brachytherapy, 324, 327-328, 327f-328f
EBRT, 324-326, 326f
IGRT, 347
IMRT, 286, 324, 326-327, 327f, 347
depression and psychosocial morbidity
after, 333
dose and fractionation in, 328
18
F-FDG PET/CT for, 299-301
for HNSCCs, 347-349
ATR inhibitors and, 349
cell cycle control and DNA damage
repair in, 347-348, 348f
Chk1 inhibitors and, 349
immunotherapy combined with, 351
pain in, 331-332
QOL and, 333
Radiotherapy (Continued)
radiation-induced cell death and
synthetic lethality in, 348, 348f
recurrence in, 336
Wee1 kinase inhibitors, 349
hyperfractionation in, 329
hypoxia and, 329
for lip cancer, 334, 334f
loss of taste after, 332-333
morbidity of
early radiation effects in, 329
late radiation effects in, 329-330
management of, 330
mucositis after, 330-331
for non-melanoma skin cancer and
BCC, 763
nutrition and swallowing with, 330
for OPSCC, 336
ORN after, 333
in orofacial cancer management
adjuvant, 325
chemoradiotherapy, 325
overview of, 324
palliative, 325
primary radical, 324
for OSCC, 334
postoperative, 342, 342f
for salivary gland cancer, 335-336,
335f
simultaneously integrated boost in, 329
for sinonasal cancer, 334-335
skin reaction after, 331, 331f
skull base tumor surgery and adjuvant,
440-441
smoking and, 330
thyroid dysfunction associated with,
333
trismus after, 332
xerostomia and dental caries from, 332,
332f
Radix, 1259
Raf, 250
Ramsey Hunt syndrome, 1530
Ramus. See Mandibular ramus
Ramus pusher, 1141, 1141f
Randomized controlled trial (RCT), 942
RANKL. See Receptor activator of nuclear
factor kappa-B ligand
Ranulae, 670, 697-698, 698f, 1333-1334
Rapidly involuting congenital hemangiomas
(RICHs), 430
RAREs. See Retinoic acid response elements
RARs. See Retinoid acid receptors
Ras, 250
RBA. See Recurrent benign aphthosis
RCA. See Radial collateral artery
RCRI. See Revised cardiac risk index
RCT. See Randomized controlled trial
Reactive arthritis
clinical features of, 1104
etiology of, 1103-1104
imaging for, 1104
Reactive arthritis (Continued)
in orthognathic surgery and TMJ
pathologies, 1101, 1101f, 1103-1104
TMJ and, 1521
treatment for, 1104
Receptor activator of nuclear factor
kappa-B ligand (RANKL), 467
Reciprocal innovation, Sherrington’s law of,
178
Reciprocating saws. See Saws, reciprocating
Reconstructive scientist, in MDT for
HNSCCs, 288-289
Reconstructive surgery. See also specific
indications and procedures
anesthesia in, 367-369
approach to, 474
blood pressure management in, 367-368,
367t
complications and treatments following,
370, 371t
for eyelid/periorbital tumors, 729,
730f-735f
for floor of mouth, 475-476
goals on, 473
for lip, 474-475, 742-759
Abbe flaps in, 741f, 745, 748f-750f,
752-753, 752f, 754f, 757, 1004-
1005, 1006f
commissure in, 758-759, 758f
concurrent compared to delayed, 741
contralateral cross-lip flaps in,
743f-744f
Eastlander flaps in, 739, 745, 752, 754f,
757
Karapandzic flaps in, 751f, 752, 757,
757f
lower lip, 752-758, 753f-757f
pitfalls of, 759b
postoperative care after, 759
Schuchardt flaps in, 755f, 757
tongue flaps in, 744f
upper lip, 744-752, 745f-752f
vermillion lesions and, 742-744,
742f-745f
Webster Bernard flaps in, 753, 758
for maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus
tumors, 390-393
buccal fat pad, buccal advancement
flap in, 391, 392f
free osseous flaps, osteocutaneous flaps
in, 393, 394f-395f
free soft tissue flaps in, 393, 393f
obturator prosthesis with dental
implants in, 390-391,
390f-391f
palatine island flap in, 391, 391f
pharyngeal flap in, 391-392, 392f
spit thickness skin graft in, 391
temporal flaps in, 392-393, 392f-393f
overview on, 473
for palatomaxillary defects, 476-477
for skull base tumors, 440, 441f

Reconstructive surgery (Continued)
for tongue, 475-476
latissimus dorsi flaps in, 555-556
VSP for, 477, 770f-771f
Rectus abdominis flaps
advantages and disadvantages of, 538
clinical applications of, 538-540
for craniofacial surgery, 540
for tongue and floor of mouth,
538-540, 539f-540f
donor site closure in, 537-538, 537f
donor site complications with, 538
facial reanimation and, 540-541
historical development of, 533-534
maxilla and, 540
overview of, 533-534
pitfalls of, 541b
surgical anatomy for, 534, 534f
surgical technique for, 536-538, 536f-537f
vascular supply in, 534-536
flap planning and design for, 535-536,
536f
nerve supply and, 535
for rectus abdominis muscle, 534-535,
535f
subdermal plexus and, 535, 535f
Rectus abdominis muscle, 534-535,
534f-535f
Rectus sheath, 534, 534f, 536-538, 536f
Recurrent benign aphthosis (RBA), 1553
Recurrent herpes simplex, 1548
Recurrent sialadenitis of childhood, 675,
675f
Relaxed skin tension lines (RSTLs), 107
Remifentanil, 368
Research nurse, in MDT for HNSCCs, 289
Restorative dentist, in MDT for HNSCCs,
288
Resuscitation, in trauma patients, 11-12
Retinaldehyde, 1290
Retinoic acid, 1290
Retinoic acid response elements (RAREs),
1288-1290, 1290f
Retinoid acid receptors (RARs), 1288-1290,
1290f
Retinoids, for skincare regimens, 1287-
1291, 1288f, 1290f
Retractors
Bauer, 1141, 1141f, 1152, 1170f
for BSSRO, 1160-1161, 1161f-1162f
channel, 1141, 1141f, 1146, 1147f
Desmarres, 1253-1254
Merrill-LeVasseur ramus, 1141, 1141f,
1152, 1169-1170, 1170f
Obwegeser, 1139-1141, 1140f-1141f
Terry modified channel, 1141, 1141f
toe-in/out, 1139-1140, 1140f, 1145
Retroauricular approach, 83, 84f, 1490
Retrobulbar hematoma, 21, 22f
Retrodiscitis, 1536
Retrogenia, chin facial sculpting and, 1315,
1315f
Retrograde cavity, periapical surgery and,
1371-1373, 1372f
Retromandibular approach, 80f, 81, 1491
Retromolar trigone, OSCC ablative surgery
for cancer of, 381
Reverse question mark incision, 1507-1508
Revised cardiac risk index (RCRI), 356,
357b
Rhabdomyomas, 1324, 1347, 1347f
Rheumatoid arthritis, 1470, 1470f
Rhinocystostomy, 1328, 1329f
Rhinoplasty, 1180
alar reduction in, 1273-1274, 1273f
alar-columellar relationship in, 1261,
1261f
anatomical considerations for, 1261-1263
blood and nerve supply in, 1261,
1261f
cartilage and bony vaults in, 1261-
1262, 1262f-1263f
septum, turbinates and nasal valves in,
1262-1263
skin in, 1261
anesthesia for, 1263, 1264f
approaches for, 1263-1266
closed approach, 1265, 1265f
delivery approach, 1265, 1265f
open approach, 1266, 1266f
closure in, 1276, 1277f
for CLP, 946
for deviated septum, 1267-1268, 1268f
facial assessment for, 1257-1259,
1258f-1259f
incisions for, 1263-1266
hemitransfixion incision, 1265-1266,
1265f
infracartilaginous incision, 1265,
1265f
intercartilaginous incision, 1265, 1265f
rim incision, 1265f, 1266
transcolumellar incision, 1265f-1266f,
1266
nasal dorsum in, 1259-1260, 1260f
augmentation of, 1274-1275,
1274f-1275f
hump reduction for, 1266-1267,
1266f-1267f
nasal root in, 1259
nasal symmetry analysis for, 1259, 1259f
nasal tip in, 1260-1262, 1260f, 1263f
augmentation of, 1271-1273,
1272f-1273f
modification of, 1268
reduction of, 1268, 1269f-1270f
rotation alteration of, 1268,
1270f-1271f
suture techniques for, 1269-1271,
1271f-1272f
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-39
Rhinoplasty (Continued)
osteotomy and, 1275-1276, 1276f-1277f
overview of, 1257
patient selection for, 1257
pitfalls of, 1278b
postoperative care for, 1276-1278,
1277f
primary cleft
methods and complications of, 1001
timing of, 1009
UCLP and, 1006, 1011f
simultaneous orthognathic surgery and,
1088
techniques for, 1266-1276
Rhizotomy, for TN, 1526-1527
Rhytidectomy. See also Facelift
condylar fractures and, 82f, 83
dissection in, 1235-1240, 1236f-1238f
ear incision placement in, 1235-1240,
1239f
flap elevation in, 1235-1240, 1239f
incisions in, 1235-1240, 1235f,
1237f-1238f
neck rejuvenation and, 1233-1240,
1234f-1241f
parotid gland in, 1233-1234, 1235f
positive outcomes with, 1240f-1241f
preoperative marking for, 1234-1235
Rib grafts. See also Bone grafts
for edentulous atrophic mandibular
fractures, 68
for midfacial fractures, 165-166
Ribs, latissimus dorsi flaps and, 555, 558
RICHs. See Rapidly involuting congenital
hemangiomas
RIG. See Radiologically inserted
gastrostomy
Rigid fixation, 36
in craniofacial trauma management, 148,
150f
for maxillary osteotomy, 1076-1077
wire fixation for maxillary stability
compared to, 1116-1118
Rim incision, in rhinoplasty, 1265f, 1266
Ringer’s solution, heparinized lactated, 484,
484f
Risdon approach, 80-81, 80f
Road traffic accidents (RTAs), 1-3, 2t-3t
Robot-assisted neck dissection, 403
Root canal filling, periapical surgery and,
1371, 1373
Root fractures, 1166-1167, 1167f
Root resection
definition of, 1376-1378
indications and contraindications for,
1376, 1376t-1377t
prognosis following, 1378
Roseola, 1548
RSTLs. See Relaxed skin tension lines
RTAs. See Road traffic accidents
I-40 INDEX
RTT. See Radiological tumor thickness
Rubella, 1548
S sialadenoma papilliferum of minor, 1353
Saddle nose deformity, 1274-1275, 1275f
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, 813t, 820-821,
820f
Sagittal maxillary fractures, 115, 116f
Sagittal split genioplasty, 1316-1317, 1317f
Sagittal split osteotomy, 1071, 1072f-1073f,
1148-1152. See also Bilateral sagittal
split ramus osteotomy
historical development of, 1148
incision for, 1148-1149
J stripper in, 1149-1150, 1151f
osteotomes for, 1149-1150, 1150f
reciprocating saws in, 1149
stabilization and fixation in, 1150-1152
Sagittal synostosis (scaphocephaly), 803,
804f, 806, 807f, 855, 856f, 859,
860f-861f
Saline nasal spray, 1277-1278
Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC), 268
HER2 inhibition in, 270, 270f
Salivary endoscopy
application and results of, 704, 704t
chronic sialadenitis and, 702
complications of, 705
diagnostic, 701
history of, 700
instrumentation for, 702-703, 702f-703f
stones, 700-701
strictures, 701, 701f
technique for, 703-704
Salivary fistula, 696
Salivary glands, 24
adenomas of, 1352-1353, 1353f
benign tumors of, 1351-1353
BLELs in, 1352, 1352f
imaging for inflammatory conditions of,
668-675
CECT for, 669
CT for, 669
granulomatous disease, 672-673
Kikuchi disease, 675
Kimura disease, 675, 676f
MRI for, 669
primary infective sialadenitis, 672
sialography for, 669
sialolithiasis and obstructive
sialadenitis, 670-672, 670f-672f
sialosis, 673-675, 674f-675f
Sjögren syndrome, 673, 673f-674f
ultrasound for, 668-669, 669f
infarction of, 665
lesions of, 1333
lymphomas of, 663
mucoceles in, 1351
extravasation type, 1351, 1351f
retention type, 1351
necrotizing sialometaplasia in, 1352,
1353f
Salivary glands (Continued)
orofacial infections of, 1419-1420
papillomas of minor, 1352-1353
Sjögren syndrome in, 1352
tissue engineering and, 654-655
Salivary gland cancer, 257, 258t. See also
Oral squamous cell carcinoma;
Oropharyngeal squamous cell
carcinoma
adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified
and, 268-270
chemoradiotherapy for, 335-336, 335f
classification of, 400t
imaging for, 306-311
CT for, 309-310
MRI for, 309-311, 309f-311f
ultrasound for, 309
malignancy in, 265-268
age and gender and, 266, 266t
FISH for, 269f-270f
genetics for treatment and prognosis
of, 269-270, 270t
histological distribution of, 265,
265t
histology and grading for, 266, 266t,
267b, 267f
imaging in, 269f-270f
site of, 265-266
TNM for, 268-269, 269t
radiotherapy for, 335-336, 335f
spread of, 399
Salivary gland tumors, 657
classification of, 659-665, 659b, 660t, 686,
687b
benign, 659-661
malignant, 661-662
nonepithelial, 662-663
secondary, 663-664
tumorlike lesions, 664-665
examination of, 657-659
biopsy and FNAB for, 658-659
clinical, 657
endoscopy for, 657-658
ultrasound for, 657, 658f
imaging for
acinic cell carcinoma, 682
adenocarcinoma not otherwise
specified, 682, 682f
adenoid cystic carcinoma, 680-681
carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma,
681, 681f
choice and role of, 675-678, 677f
hemangiomas, 682
lipoma, 683
lymphangiomas, 682
lymphoma, 683, 683f
mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 679-680,
680f
pleomorphic adenoma, 678-679,
678f-679f
Warthin tumor, 679, 680f
Salvage surgery, neck dissection and, 403,
403f
Saphenous soft tissue flap, 587
SARPE. See Surgically assisted rapid palatal
expansion
Saws, reciprocating
in BSSRO, 1168-1169, 1168f
in Le Fort I osteotomy, 1143, 1144f
in sagittal split osteotomy, 1149
Stryker, 1168f
Scaffolds, 651, 651f
SCAI flaps. See Supraclavicular artery island
flaps
Scalp
lacerations, 12, 12f, 211-212
skin grafts for, 211-212
soft tissue injuries of, 211-212
Scaphocephaly (sagittal synostosis), 803,
804f, 806, 807f, 855, 856f, 859,
860f-861f
Scapula, mandibular reconstruction and,
501
Scapular flaps
dental implants in, 543-544
donor site management in, 547
historical development of, 543, 544f
latissimus dorsi flaps with, 554f, 555, 558,
559f
for mandibular reconstruction, 547-548
for maxillary reconstruction, 768
for maxillofacial trauma, 547-548
parascapular flap and, 543-548, 544f-545f
pitfalls in, 548b
surgical anatomy for, 543-544, 544f-545f
surgical landmarks in, 544-545, 545f
surgical technique for, 545-547,
545f-547f
Scarlet fever, 1413, 1413f-1414f
Scarring
blepharoplasty complications with, 1255
skin resurfacing and, 1299
SCC. See Squamous cell carcinoma
Schobinger-incision, 401-403
Schuchardt arch bars, 52, 53f
Schuchardt flaps, 755f, 757
Schuchardt wire acrylic arch bars, 104
Schwannomas
in jaw, 468
in mouth, 1348, 1349f
SCIA. See Superficial circumflex iliac artery
Scissors, in microvascular surgery, 480, 480f
Sclerotherapy
branchial cysts and, 410
for venous malformations, 432
SCM flaps. See Sternocleidomastoid flaps
Screw fixation. See also Lag screw fixation
in condylar fracture treatment, 87, 87f
for glenoid fossa fractures, 112-113, 112f
for zygomatic fractures, 118-119, 119f
SDC. See Salivary duct carcinoma
SDS. See Sodium tetradecyl sulphate
Sebaceous carcinoma, 725

Secondary alveolar cleft bone grafting,
986-988, 986f-990f, 988b
Secondary cleft surgery, 1000
BDD screening for, 1002
deformity evaluation for, 1000-1001,
1001t
lip revision in, 1003-1005
for BCLP, 1003-1005, 1005f-1006f
for major structural deformities,
1003-1005
for minor structural deformities, 1003,
1003f
for UCLP, 1003, 1003f-1005f
nasal revision in, 1006-1009
Abbe flaps and, 1007-1008, 1010f
alar bases correction for, 1008, 1010f
BCLP and, 1006-1007, 1007f
cartilage repair and reshaping for,
1008-1009, 1011f-1012f
nasal dorsum and, 1009
short columella correction for,
1007-1008, 1009f-1010f
timing of, 1009
treatment of, 1007, 1008f
UCLP and, 1006, 1007f, 1007t
pre-surgery psychological assessment for,
1001-1002
Secondary trigeminal neuralgia (STN),
1527
Seldon periosteal elevator, 1139, 1140f,
1148-1149
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs), 1230
Self-Evaluation of Communication
Experiences after Laryngeal Cancer
(S-SECEL), 320
Sella-Nasion line, 1133, 1134f
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), 260,
264-265
Sentinel node biopsy (SNB), 723
Septal grafts, 1267-1268, 1268f
Septocutaneous flaps, 513-516. See also
Radial forearm flaps
distal pedicle dissection in, 514, 514f
donor site wound dressing for, 515-516,
515t
subfascial donor site morbidity in,
514-515, 515f, 515t
suprafascial dissection plane in, 513, 514f
suprafascial donor site morbidity in, 515,
515t
Septoplasty, 957, 957f, 961, 963f
maxillary osteotomy and, 1078, 1079f
Septum, nasal, 1262-1263, 1263f, 1267-
1268, 1268f
Seroma, 1244
Sevoflurane, 361-362
Sherrington’s law of reciprocal innovation,
178
Shield grafts, 1272-1273, 1273f
INDEX I-41
Short tandem repeats (STRs), 244 Skin (Continued)
Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform rhytides, laxity and photodamage
headache attacks (SUNHAs), 1538- grading for, 1287, 1289t
1540, 1539b structure of, 714-715, 715f
Sialadenitis, 1419 surgical anatomy of facial, 716-717,
Sialadenoma papilliferum, of minor salivary 716f
glands, 1353 types of, 717
Sialadenosis, 664-665 wound healing and, 715-716
Sialendoscopy, 704-705 Skin cancer
SialoCath, 702, 702f AFX, 724-725
Sialocele, 675, 696, 1244 basic science for, 714-716
Sialography, 669, 673, 673f BCC and, 717-719, 717t, 718f-719f,
Sialolithiasis, 670-672, 670f-672f 719b
Sialo-odontogenic cysts, 1326 HNSCC and, 719-721, 719b, 720f-721f
Sialoplasty, for obstructive sialadenitis, 671 MCC, 724, 731f
Sialosis, 673-675, 674f-675f melanoma, 721-724, 721f
Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), 318-319 adjuvant treatment for, 724
SIDS. See Sudden infant death syndrome detection of, 722
SIEA flaps. See Superficial inferior distant metastasis screening for, 723
epigastric artery flaps lip and, 740
Simple bone cysts, 1333 prognosis for, 724
Simultaneously integrated boost, in reconstruction for, 723
radiotherapy, 329 SNB for, 723
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), spread of, 399
244 staging of, 721-722
Single-photon emission computerized subtypes of, 722, 722f-723f
tomography (SPECT), 292-293 surgical management principles for,
Sinonasal cancer, radiotherapy for, 722-723, 723t
334-335 MFH, 725
SIP. See Sickness Impact Profile non-melanoma, 728, 1298-1299
Situational awareness, human error and, cryotherapy for, 763
1559 curettage for, 763
Sjögren syndrome, 673, 673f-674f, 1352 field change in, 761, 762f
Skeletal defect, in HFM 5-FU and, 761, 762f
features of, 871 imiquimod and, 761-762, 762f
treatment for end-stage, in non-growing immunosuppression reduction for,
patients, 875t, 885-889 764
orthodontic management in, 885 PDT for, 763
surgical correction in, 885-889, radiotherapy for, 763
886f-888f vismodegib for, 763-764
treatment for growing child with, PDS, 725
875-889, 875t pitfalls in, 725b
costochondral grafts for, 879-884, rare, 724-725
880f-882f SCC and, 719-721, 719b, 720f-721f
DO for, 876-885, 877f-879f sebaceous carcinoma, 725
early orthodontic, 876 Skin grafts. See also Bone grafts
free fibular flaps for, 879-884, for ear, 208-210
883f-884f microvascular, 217
functional appliance, 876 for nose, 208
mandibular lengthening and, 876-885 for scalp, 211-212
results of, 884-885 spit thickness, 391
Skin tissue engineering and, 654
anatomical structure and function of, Skin rejuvenation and resurfacing,
1286-1287 1292-1299
classification for, 1287, 1288t-1289t chemical peels for, 1244, 1294-1299
cleft lip repair and, 955, 964, 965f classifications of, 1294t
facelift surgery and redraping of, 1210, CROSS in, 1296, 1296f
1210f phenol, 1296-1297
rhinoplasty and considerations with, TCA, 1294-1296, 1295f-1296f
1261 complications of, 1299
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
I-42 INDEX
Skin rejuvenation and resurfacing
(Continued)
laser resurfacing for, 1297-1299, 1298f
medical and social history for, 1292-1294
Obagi Skin Classification and, 1287,
1288t
overview of, 1286-1287
rhytides, laxity and photodamage
grading for, 1287, 1289t
scarring and, 1299
wound infection and, 1299
Skin slough, 1244
Skin tags, HFM and, 871
Skincare regimens, 1287-1292
growth factors and newer cosmeceuticals
for, 1292
retinoids for, 1287-1291, 1288f, 1290f
sunscreens for, 1292
Skull
anatomical development of, 134
CAD/CAM models of, 389-390
FD in, 1359, 1359f
medial femoral condyle flap indications
and defects of, 588, 590f
Treacher Collins syndrome and, 895,
895f
Skull base tumors
ablative surgery for, 439-441
adjuvant radiotherapy in, 440-441
anesthesia in, 441-442
future directions of, 449
imaging for, 439-440, 439f
instrumentation in, 442
lateral rhinotomy in, 444, 444f
MDTs in, 439
midfacial degloving in, 443
orbit/globe management in, 440,
445f-446f
pitfalls in, 449b
posterolateral approach in, 446-447,
447f-448f
postoperative monitoring in, 442
reconstruction in, 440, 441f
resection and margins in, 440
results and outcomes of, 448-449
superolateral approach in, 447
transcranial approach in, 445-446,
445f-446f
transfacial approach in, 390-393
transnasal approach in, 444-445
transoral approach in, 442-443
CT scans for, 439, 439f
HRQOL surveys for, 322
Le Fort I osteotomy for, 442-443
MRI for, 439-440, 439f
overview on, 438
Skull fractures. See also Craniofacial
trauma
classification of, 135, 136f-137f
depressed, 226
growing, 144
skull base, 135-136, 137f-139f, 158
Sleep apnea
Apert syndrome and, 812-813
Crouzon syndrome and, 815-816
micrognathia and, 913f
Pfeiffer syndrome and, 818
Treacher Collins syndrome and,
901-902
SLNB. See Sentinel lymph node biopsy
SLT. See Speech and language therapist
Small spatula osteotomes, 1140, 1141f,
1146, 1146f, 1149-1150, 1163-1166,
1165f-1166f
SMAS. See Superficial musculo-aponeurotic
system
SMCP. See Submucous cleft palate
Smile, evaluation of, 1051-1052
Smith border splitters and spreaders,
1141-1142, 1142f, 1150f
Smoking, radiotherapy and, 330
SNB. See Sentinel node biopsy
Snellen chart, 176
SNPs. See Single nucleotide polymorphisms
Socket preservation
autogenous bone grafts and, 1453
controversies with, 1452-1455
non-autogenous graft materials and,
1454-1455
occlusive membranes and, 1453-1454
technique for, 1453-1455, 1453f
SOCRATES pain assessment, 1465-1466
Sodium tetradecyl sulphate (SDS), 410
Soft palate deviation, HFM and, 872
Soft tissue biopsy, 1319-1320
Soft tissue injuries
bite wounds and, 212-214, 212t, 214f
bleeding control in, 201
burn, 215-217
in children, 193-194, 194f
dentoalveolar surgery complications and,
1395-1399
deployed hospital setting treatment for
facial, 234-235, 234f
ear injuries and, 208-210, 213f
foreign bodies in, 201, 202f-204f
gunshot, 215, 215f-217f, 221,
922f-923f
HFM and
correction of, 889-890, 890f
features of, 871-872
intraoral, 201-217
cheek injuries, 202-207
facial nerve injuries, 202-207
tongue, floor of mouth, lingual nerve
injuries, 201-202, 204f
lip injuries and, 207-208, 210f-211f
maxilla, palate injuries and, 207
maxillary fractures and, 97-98
microsurgery for, 217
midfacial fractures and, 97-98, 98f
nasal intubation in, 200-201
neck and, 210-211
nose injuries and, 208, 212f
Soft tissue injuries (Continued)
overview of, 200-201
periorbital trauma and, 210, 213f
pitfalls in, 217b
reconstruction of, for military ballistic
maxillofacial trauma, 237-238
scalp and, 211-212
secondary corrections for, 217
stab and cut, 214-215
wound closure for, 207, 210f
mandibular osteotomy complications
and, 1171, 1173f
maxillary osteotomy complications
with, 1171, 1172f
orthognathic surgery complications
with, 1171, 1171f
zygomatic fractures and, 97-98, 98f,
124-125, 128f
Soft-tissue radial flaps, 507-509,
508f-509f
Solar elastosis, 1244
Solid ameloblastoma, 455-456
Solid/multicystic ameloblastomas, 1329-
1330, 1330f
Solitary fibrous tumor, 1346
Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs),
201
Sommerlad palatoplasty, 1029-1030
Sommerlad technique, 943-944
SOT. See Squamous odontogenic tumor
South Wales protocol, for cleft lip repair,
958-964, 959f-965f
SPECT. See Single-photon emission
computerized tomography
Speech and language therapist (SLT),
285-286. See also Velopharyngeal
dysfunction
assessment role of, 1015-1016
clinical, 1016
after maxillary advancement,
1020-1021
perceptual and instrumental, 1019
systemic, 1015
for VPD, 1015
biofeedback therapy used by, 1021
cleft palate repair and, 979-980, 979f
CSCs and, 1017-1019, 1018f, 1018t
delivery of therapy from, 1021
input-modeling used by, 1021
in MDT
for CLP, 1014-1015, 1015f, 1015t
for HNSCCs, 289-290
for military ballistic maxillofacial
trauma, 239
nasal airflow disorders and, 1016-1017,
1018t
nasal resonance disorders and, 1016
overview of, 1014
standards for, 1022, 1022t
training for, 1021-1022
Speech outcome factors, VPD and, 1019
Speech-bulb obturator, 1020, 1021f

Sphenoid sinuses
FD in, 1360, 1360f
isolation of, 144-145
pneumatization of, 134
Sphincter pharyngoplasty, 1032-1033, 1033f
Spit thickness skin graft, 391
Splints, 39, 39f, 978, 981
bite, 1469, 1469f
Gunning
for edentulous atrophic mandibular
fractures, 67, 67f
for midfacial fractures, 168, 168f
for maxillary osteotomy, 1077, 1077f
orthognathic surgery complications and,
1156, 1157f-1158f
VSP for orthognathic surgery and
construction of, 1064, 1064f
Splitters, Smith border, 1141-1142, 1142f,
1150f
Sports injuries, maxillofacial trauma and,
2t-3t, 4-5
Spreader grafts, 1274, 1275f
Spreaders, Smith border, 1141-1142, 1142f,
1150f
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 243, 246,
761, 762f. See also Head and neck
squamous cell carcinomas
lip and, 740, 741f
risk factors in, 719b
skin cancer and, 719-721, 719b, 720f-721f
Squamous cell papilloma, 1321
Squamous odontogenic tumor (SOT), 1331
S-SECEL. See Self-Evaluation of
Communication Experiences after
Laryngeal Cancer
SSEPs. See Somatosensory evoked potentials
SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors
Stab and cut injuries, 214-215
Staphylococcus aureus, 1104, 1410
STAT, 250
Static guides, for dental implant placement,
1437-1438, 1439f, 1441-1443
Static sling, facial nerve reconstruction and,
712-713
Stem cells, 650-651, 652f
Stereotactic radiosurgery, 1526
Sternoclavicular grafts, 1510
Sternocleidomastoid flaps (SCM flaps), 627
Sternocleidomastoid muscle, 623
Stickler syndrome, 944, 973
STN. See Secondary trigeminal neuralgia
STO. See Surgical treatment objective
Stout wiring, 104
Strabismus, 806
Streptococcus mitis, 1104
Streptococcus pyogenes, 1413
Stress
human error and, 1559, 1559b
surgery and response of, 366-367
Stripper, J, 1141, 1141f, 1149-1150, 1151f,
1152
Stromeyer’s hook, 118, 118f, 122
STRs. See Short tandem repeats
Stryker reciprocating saws, 1168f
Students’ disease, 1549
Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), 430, 1349
Stylomandibular tunnel, 678
Subciliary incision, 108-109, 108f
Subcutis, 1286
Subdermal plexus, rectus abdominis flaps
and, 535, 535f
Sublabial approach, 444
Sublingual gland, 697-698
Submandibular approach, 80-81, 80f, 1491,
1508
Submandibular gland. See also Salivary
glands
anatomy of, 687-689, 688f
neck rejuvenation assessment and, 1225,
1229f
removal of, 687-689, 688f-689f
submentoplasty and inspection of,
1232-1233
Submental flaps, 618-619, 620f
Submentoplasty
anesthesia in, 1231-1232
angiocatheters for, 1233, 1234f
liposuction and, 1223-1225,
1226f-1227f
neck rejuvenation and, 1231-1233,
1232f-1234f
smooth result from, 1231-1232, 1233f
submandibular gland inspection for,
1232-1233
techniques for, 1231-1232, 1233f
Submucous cleft palate (SMCP), 972.
See also Cleft lip and palate
cleft palate repair of, 978
etiology of, 973
incidence of, 972
morphology of, 972
Subperiosteal dissection, 837
Subplatysmal fat, neck rejuvenation and,
1223-1225, 1225f-1227f
Sucralfate, 331
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 854,
943
Sulcular incisions, dental implants and,
1430
Sun burns, 216
SUNHAs. See Short-lasting unilateral
neuralgiform headache attacks
Sunscreens, for skincare regimens, 1292
Superficial circumflex iliac artery (SCIA),
500
preparation and dissection of, 601,
601f-602f
vascular anatomy of, 600-601
Superficial compartment, 1407
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-43
Superficial facial fascia, facelift and, 1199
Superficial inferior epigastric artery flaps
(SIEA flaps), 600-602
advantages and disadvantages for, 602
indications for, 602
preparation of, 601-602, 603f
variations of, 602
vascular anatomy of, 601
Superficial musculo-aponeurotic system
(SMAS), 619, 950-951, 951f, 1007
in facelift, 1196-1197
dissection for, 1207-1208, 1208f
flap elevation for, 1207, 1207f
flap traction for, 1208-1210, 1209f
marking incision for, 1206-1207,
1207f
surgical anatomy of, 1199-1200,
1199f
historical discovery of, 1199
Superficial parotidectomy, 691-692,
691f-693f, 694
Superficial temporal artery composite ear
flaps, 605-608
advantages and disadvantages of,
607-608
harvesting technique for, 606, 606f
indications for, 607
variations of, 607, 607f-608f
vascular anatomy of, 605-608
Superior orbital fissure syndrome, in
craniofacial surgery, 842
Superolateral approach, 447
Suppurative arthritis of TMJ, 1417
Suppurative osteomyelitis, 1417
Supraclavicular artery island flaps (SCAI
flaps), 623-625, 624f
Supraorbital ridge, facial bone sculpting for,
1304-1305, 1305f-1306f
Surgeon, in MDT for HNSCCs, 286
Surgery. See specific types and disorders
Surgical endodontics, 1368. See also
Hemisection; Intentional
replantation; Periapical surgery;
Root resection
efficacy of, 1455-1458
preoperative planning for, 1455-1456
tooth fractures and cracks and, 1457-
1458, 1458f-1459f
Surgical treatment objective (STO),
1056-1057, 1059-1060
Surgical wafers, 1137, 1137f
Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion
(SARPE), 909, 1121, 1136
Suspensory ligament of Lockwood, 175
Sutures
alar base cinch, 1078, 1078f
dehiscence of, in mandibular fractures,
65
facial nerve and direct nerve, 205, 207f
for microvascular anastomosis, 483
I-44 INDEX
Sutures (Continued)
in microvascular surgery, 481
Mitek anchor, 1084, 1085f, 1096f
multiple suture synostosis, 808
oral ranulae and modified, 698, 698f
for periapical surgery, 1373, 1373f
for rhinoplasty of nasal tip, 1269-1271,
1271f-1272f
for transverse nasalis, 961, 964f
Swallowing
radiotherapy and, 330
SWS. See Sturge-Weber syndrome
Syndactyly, 812
Syndromic craniosynostosis, 811-822
Apert syndrome and, 811-814, 812f,
813t
Beare-Stevenson syndrome, 821
Carpenter syndrome, 822
Crouzon syndrome, 813t, 814-816, 815f,
918f
fibroblast growth factor family and,
811
Jackson-Weiss syndrome, 821
Muenke syndrome, 813t, 819-820
Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis
compared to, 853
Pfeiffer syndrome, 813t, 816-819, 817f,
818b
pitfalls of, 830b
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, 813t,
820-821, 820f
Thanatophoric dysplasia, 822
Synovial chondromatosis, 1476, 1484-1485,
1485f
Synovitis, 1536
Synthetic lethality, radiotherapy for
HNSCCs and, 348, 348f
Syphilis, 1339
congenital, 1414
facial space infections and, 1414
primary, 1414
secondary, 1414
tertiary, 1414
T 1393f
T stage, of OSCC, 259, 259f
TA. See Temporal arteritis
TACs. See Trigeminal autonomic
cephalalgias
TAP flaps. See Thoracodorsal artery
perforator flaps
Taste, radiotherapy and loss of, 332-333
Taxanes, 343
Taylor mandibular angle implants, 1240,
1242f
Tazarotene, 1290
TB. See Tuberculosis
TBI. See traumatic brain injury
TCA peels. See Trichloroacetic acid (TCA)
peels
Team briefing, for human error avoidance,
1559-1560, 1560b
Teeth. See also Dental implants;
Hemisection; Intentional replantation;
Periapical surgery; Root resection
closed reduction of fractures and
positioning of, 39, 39f
in CLP
mixed dentition and, 1042-1044,
1043f-1044f
permanent dentition and, 1044-1045,
1044f-1045f
primary dentition and, 1042, 1043f
cracks, 1457-1458, 1458f-1459f
dental implants and final location of,
1434, 1434t, 1435f-1439f
dentoalveolar surgery complications with
extraction of wrong tooth, 1390-1391,
1391f
fractures and damages, 1391, 1392f
tooth displacement, 1392-1394,
1392f-1393f
extraction of, 1378
fixation in mandibular fracture treatment
and, 51
in fracture lines of mandibular fractures,
30, 66
fractures, 1457-1458, 1458f-1459f
injuries of
in children, 194-195
in mandibular fractures, 65-66
lip relationship with, 1051, 1051f, 1056,
1056f
mandibular body osteotomy and loss of,
1073
maxillary widening and positioning of,
909-910
orofacial infections of, 1408-1409, 1409f
root apices, Le Fort I osteotomy and,
1163-1166, 1164f
root fractures and, 1166-1167, 1167f
socket fractures, 1394
third molars
BSSRO and, 1049
dentoalveolar surgery with tooth
displacement into, 1392-1393,
disease prevention and removal of,
1448-1449
mandibular fracture prevention in
removal of, 1448
orthodontics relapse prevention and
removal of, 1448
prophylactic removal of, 1448-1449
removal of, 1079-1080
United Kingdom National Third
Molar Project and removal of,
1449-1450
wisdom teeth, prophylactic removal of,
1448
Telangiectasias, 1349
Telecanthus, 142, 142f
Temazepam, 359
Temperature regulation, in anesthesia, 366
Temporal arteritis (TA), 1540
Temporal flaps, 392-393, 392f-393f
Temporal region, facial bone sculpting for,
1304-1305, 1305f-1306f
Temporal superficial artery (TSA),
605-608
Temporal superficial vein (TSV), 605-608
Temporalis flaps, 627-628, 1489
Temporalis muscle deficit, HFM and, 872
Temporalis myofascial grafts, 1511
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs),
1534-1537
arthrogenous, 1535-1537
deviation in form and, 1536
inflammatory conditions in, 1536
internal derangement and, 1536-1537
myogenous, 1534-1535
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 45.
See also Hemifacial microsomia;
Open TMJ surgery
acute trauma to, 1470
anatomical perspective of, 1496
arthritis of, 1485
arthrocentesis of, 1473-1474
anesthesia for, 1473-1474
indications of, 1473
patient history in, 1473
role of, 1477
treatment and outcomes of, 1473-
1474, 1474f
arthroscopic surgery for, 1474-1476,
1476f
complications in, 1476
double puncture technique for,
1475-1476, 1476f
indications for, 1474-1475
instruments for, 1475, 1475f
lysis and lavage in, 1475-1476, 1475f
outcomes of, 1476
patient history for, 1474
role of, 1477
bioengineering for, 1513
condylar fractures and, 75, 89-90
condylar torque and, 1089
CTOS
CASS protocol for, 1065-1068,
1067f-1068f, 1068b
mandible repositioning for, 1065,
1066f
protocol for, 1065, 1065b, 1066f
VSP for, 1064-1065
dentoalveolar surgery and dislocation of,
1394-1395
disc derangements of, 1485-1490
classification of, 1486t
controversies of, 1486b
discectomy for, 1488
discoplasty and, 1486-1487, 1487f
modified mandibular condylotomy for,
1489-1490
postoperative management for, 1490
repair of, 1487-1488

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
(Continued)
replacements for, 1488-1489, 1488b
repositioning and, 1486-1487, 1487f
double jaw surgery and management of,
1084-1088
AICR in, 1084-1086, 1085f, 1089-1095,
1096f-1099f
articular disk displacement in, 1084,
1085f-1086f, 1086
condylar hyperplasia type 1 in,
1086-1088, 1087f
condylar hyperplasia type 2 in, 1087f,
1088
dysfunction syndrome, 1468-1469,
1469f
endoscopy, 700
MTP II joint transfer flap for
reconstruction of, 610, 611f-612f,
612
orthognathic surgery and evaluation of,
1053
orthognathic surgery outcomes and
pathologies of, 1095-1109,
1127-1128
age and, 1102
AICR and, 1099, 1101f, 1102-1103
autoimmune/connective tissue diseases
in, 1102, 1102f, 1106-1109
condylar hyperplasia type 2 and,
1099-1101, 1101f
facial asymmetry and, 1102
HFM and, 1105-1106
MRI evaluation for, 1095-1097,
1099f-1100f
nonsurgical and closed treatments for,
1102
perforations in, 1101-1102, 1101f
postoperative dysfunction, 1173
reactive arthritis and, 1101, 1101f,
1103-1104
silent, with disc displacement,
1097-1099, 1100f
symptoms of, 1051, 1114
TMJ ankylosis and, 1105
trauma and, 1104-1105
reactive arthritis and, 1521
reconstruction of, 1518-1521
alloplastic, 1520-1522, 1521f
autogenous, 1518-1520, 1519f-1520f
DO for, 1522
indications for, 1521-1522
tissue engineering for, 1522
suppurative arthritis of, 1417
treatment for diseases of, 1476
tumors of, 1472, 1472f
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis,
916f, 1105, 1471, 1471f
arthroplasty for, 1509-1512
auricular cartilage grafts for, 1512
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis
(Continued)
autogenous disc replacement for, 1511
autogenous reconstruction for, 1510
bioengineering for, 1513
buccal fat pad and, 1512
calvarial bone grafts for, 1511
chondro-osseous grafts for, 1511
classification of, 1504, 1504b
clinical features of, 1504-1506, 1504f-
1506f, 1505b
costochondral graft for, 1510
CT scans for, 1506
CTA for, 1507
dermal fat grafts for, 1511-1512
dermis grafts for, 1511
etiology of, 1502, 1503b
fat grafts for, 1511
incidence of, 1502
management of, 1507-1509, 1507b,
1509b
anesthesia for, 1507
DO for, 1512, 1512b
patient history for, 1507
surgical approach for, 1507-1509,
1508f
timing of surgery for, 1507
VSP for, 1507
molecular biomarkers for, 1513-1514
navigation guided surgery for,
1512-1513
open surgery indications and, 1480
orthognathic surgery outcomes and
pathologies of, 1105
overview of, 1502
pathogenesis of, 1503-1504
postoperative physiotherapy for, 1513,
1513b
radiography for, 1506-1507
recurrent, 1521
sternoclavicular grafts for, 1510
temporalis myofascial grafts for, 1511
X-ray chest, 1507
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
dislocation, 1469-1470, 1470f
anatomical perspective for, 1496
clinical presentation of, 1495, 1496f
definition of, 1495
etiology of, 1496
hyperfunction and, 1497
laxity of, 1497
management of, 1497-1500
acute dislocations, 1497-1498
chronic dislocations, 1499-1500
recurrent dislocations, 1498-1499,
1499f
pitfalls of, 1500b
precipitating factors of, 1495-1497,
1496b, 1496t
types of, 1497
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-45
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders
classification of, 1467-1468
condylar hyperplasia type 1 and,
1471-1472, 1472f
dysfunction syndrome, 1468-1469,
1469f
examination for, 1466
linea alba in, 1466, 1466f
tongue scalloping in, 1466, 1467f
wear facets in, 1466, 1466f
MRI for, 1467, 1467f-1468f
overview for, 1465
patient history for, 1465-1466
structural, 1469-1472
acute trauma, 1470
ankylosis of, 1471, 1471f
infections in, 1471
inflammatory, 1470, 1470f
meniscus problems and, 1470
TMJ dislocation, 1469-1470, 1470f
tumors and, 1472, 1472f
Temporoparietal fascia flap (TPF), 488,
619-621
Tennison cleft lip repair, 966, 966f
Tenon capsule, 175
Tension-type headaches (TTHs), 1538
Tensor palati muscle, 973
Terminal phase, in palliative care, 794
Terry modified channel retractors, 1141,
1141f
Tessier mobilizers, 1140, 1140f, 1145
TGFα. See Transforming growth factor
alpha
TGFβ1. See Transforming growth factor
beta 1
Thanatophoric dysplasia, 822
Thenar flaps, 596-600
advantages and disadvantages of, 600
indications for, 598-600
pedicle types in, 598
preparation of, 597-598, 597f-598f
variations of, 598, 598f-600f
vascular anatomy of, 597
TheraBite, 1471, 1471f
Thomas approach, 1507
Thoracodorsal artery, latissimus dorsi flaps
and, 549-551, 550f, 554, 557-558
Thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps (TAP
flaps), 559-560
Threadlift, 1197
Thrombosis, in microvascular surgery, 484,
484f
Thrush, 1416
Thyroglossal duct cysts, 417, 418f
Thyroid
cancer
classification of, 400t
FNAB for, 421, 421t
follicular, 421-422
medullary, 422
I-46 INDEX
Thyroid (Continued)
neoplastic neck masses and, 420-422,
420b, 420f, 421t, 422f
papillary, 421, 422f
spread of, 399
ultrasound for, 420b
lymphoma of, 422
radiotherapy associated dysfunction of,
333
TILs. See Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
Timing of Primary Surgery for Cleft Palate
(TOPS) trial, 1034
Tiredness, human error from, 1558
Tissue engineering
aim of, 650
approaches for, 650-651
cell based, 650-651, 652f
growth factor based, 651
future perspectives for, 655
surgical applications for, 651-655
bone and, 652-654, 653f
cartilage tissue and, 654
fat, muscle, nerve and, 655
jaw defects and, 652-654, 653f
oral mucosa and, 654
salivary glands and, 654-655
skin grafts and, 654
for TMJ disc replacements, 1489
for TMJ reconstruction, 1522
Tissue necrosis, forehead/brow lifting and,
1191
Tissue spaces and compartments,
orofacial infections in, 1406-1408,
1407f-1408f
Titanium sheet, in orbital reconstruction,
183, 184f
TIVA. See Total intravenous anesthesia
TKIs. See Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
TMDs. See Temporomandibular disorders
TMJ. See Temporomandibular joint
TN. See Trigeminal neuralgia
TNM. See Tumor node metastasis
Toe-in/out retractors, 1139-1140, 1140f,
1145
Tongue
double jaw surgery and assessment of,
1083-1084, 1083f
ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor
of, 1350-1351
glossectomy for, 1083-1084, 1083f
injuries of, 201-202, 204f
macroglossia and, 1083-1084, 1083f
OSCC ablative surgery for cancer of,
379-380, 380f
reconstructive surgery for, 475-476
latissimus dorsi flaps in, 555-556
rectus abdominis flaps for, 538-540,
539f-540f
scalloping, 1466, 1467f
Tongue flaps, 618, 744f
for palatal fistulae, 1028, 1029f
Tooth-borne distractors, 904
TOPS trial. See Timing of Primary Surgery
for Cleft Palate (TOPS) trial
TORS. See Transoral robotic surgery
Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA),
361-362
TP53. See Tumor protein 53
TPA. See Transpalatal arch
TPF. See Temporoparietal fascia flap
Tracheostomy, anesthesia and, 364-365
TRAM flaps. See Transverse rectus
abdominis myocutaneous flaps
Transcaruncular incision, 107f, 108
for orbital/periorbital trauma, 180t
Transcolumellar incision, in rhinoplasty,
1265f-1266f, 1266
Transconjunctival blepharoplasty, 1253-
1254, 1253f-1254f
Transconjunctival incision, 107, 107f, 180,
180t, 181f
Transconjunctival lateral canthotomy
approach, 109-110, 110f
Transcranial approach
in maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus
tumors, 389, 389f-390f
for skull base tumor surgery, 445-446,
445f-446f
Transcutaneous incision, 107, 107f
Transfacial approach, 386-387, 388f,
390-393
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα),
248
Transforming growth factor beta 1
(TGFβ1), 251
Transmandibular approach, for Maxillary/
nasal/paranasal sinus tumors, 388-389,
389f
Transnasal approach
for maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus
tumors, 385-386
for skull base tumor surgery, 444-445
Transoral approach
for condylar fractures, 83
in craniofacial surgery for growing
children, 837
in maxillary/nasal/paranasal sinus tumor
ablative surgery, 385-389, 386f
for open TMJ surgery, 1491
for OSCC ablative surgery, 376
in skull base tumor surgery, 442-443
Transoral robotic surgery (TORS), 324
Transpalatal arch (TPA), 985-986, 985f-986f
Trans-septal approach, 445
Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, 444
Transtracheal jet ventilation (TTJV),
361-362, 362f
Transversalis muscle, 566, 567f
Transverse nasalis, sutures for, 961, 964f
Transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous
flaps (TRAM flaps), 533, 538, 571-572,
603
Trapezius flap, 628-629
Trapezius muscle, 623
Trauma. See Fractures; Maxillofacial trauma
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
admission and observation of patient
with, 222-223
classification of, 220
clinical, 221
pathological, 220-221
radiological, 221
CT scans for, 221-222, 226f
diffuse, 221
epidemiology of, 220
focal, 221
initial assessment of, 221-222
intensive care management of, 223-226
CPP in, 223
hyperventilation and, 223-224
ICP and Monro-Kellie doctrine in,
223, 223f-225f
intubation and ventilation for, 222
maxillofacial trauma and, 226-227,
226f-227f
MRI for, 222
neurosurgeons for, 223
neurosurgical procedures for, 224-226
burr hole drainage of CSDHs and,
226, 226f
craniotomy in, 224-226
depressed skull fractures and, 226
ICP monitor and external ventricular
drain in, 224
overview of, 220
recovery from, 228-229, 229f
systems of care for, 221
Traumatic optic neuropathy, 190-191, 190f
Treacher Collins syndrome, 822-825,
927-928, 973
airway management in, 897
clinical features of, 823, 823t, 895-896,
895f
of ear and hearing, 896
of mandible, 896
of maxilla, 896
of mental development, 896
of nose and facial soft tissue, 895
of ophthalmic features, 895
of skull, 895, 895f
colobomas in, 895
craniofacial reconstruction staging for,
823-825, 824t, 825f-826f
CT scans for, 895f, 899f, 900
demographics, genetics and etiology of,
822-823, 822f
diagnosis of, 896
ear and hearing rehabilitation and
reconstruction in, 823
genetics and pathogenesis of, 894-895
malar hypoplasia in, 895, 895f
management of, 896-897, 896b
body osteotomies for, 899
DO and, 897, 897f
ear reconstruction for, 901, 902f
eyelid surgery for, 901

Treacher Collins syndrome (Continued)
genioplasty for, 899-900
malar reconstruction for, 899f,
900-901
mandibular lengthening and, 897-899
mandibular ramus osteotomies for,
898-899, 899f
orthodontics for, 901
orthognathic surgery for, 899f, 901
pinna reconstruction for, 901, 902f
postcondylar grafts for, 898
sleep apnea and, 901-902
surgical procedure for, 897-898, 898f
total joint reconstruction for, 899,
899f-900f
maxillomandibular reconstruction and,
824-825
nasal reconstruction and, 825
overview of, 894
pitfalls of, 830b, 902b
zygomatic-malar reconstruction and,
824
Treponema pallidum, 1339, 1414
Tretinoin emollient cream, 1290
Triamcinolone (Kenalog), 1256
Triangular flaps, 958-964, 960f
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peels, 1294-
1296, 1295f-1296f
Tricophyllic forehead/brow lifting, 1186-
1188, 1188f
Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs),
1538-1540, 1539b-1540b
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), 1525-1527
classification of, 1524-1525, 1525b
incidence of, 1525
management of, 1526
pathophysiology of, 1525-1526, 1525f
rhizotomy for, 1526-1527
secondary symptomatic, 1527
Trignocephaly (metopic synostosis), 803,
804f, 806-807, 808f, 857, 858f, 863,
865f-866f
Trismus, after radiotherapy, 332
Trismus screw, 1471, 1471f
Trochlear nerve, 140-141, 141f
TSA. See Temporal superficial artery
TSG. See Tumor suppressor gene
TSV. See Temporal superficial vein
TTHs. See Tension-type headaches
TTJV. See Transtracheal jet ventilation
Tuberculosis (TB), 672-673
facial space infections and, 1413-1414
Tuberosity, fibromatosis of, 1323
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), 278
Tumor node metastasis (TNM)
AJCC/UICC classification of, 257-259
for OSCC, OPSCC, 257-259, 258t-259t
for salivary gland cancer, 257, 258t
of salivary gland cancer malignancy,
268-269, 269t
Tumor protein 53 (TP53), 247-248
Tumor suppressor gene (TSG), 244
in HNSCC, 247-248
CCND1 gene, 248, 248f
CDKN2A gene, 248, 248f
TP53, 247-248
Turbinates, 1262-1263
Turbinectomy, 1078-1079, 1079f-1080f
Turbinoplasty, 1078-1079, 1079f-1080f
Turvey palatal expander, 1140, 1140f,
1146
22q11DS. See Velocardiofacial syndrome
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), 248-249
EGFR therapies for HNSCCs targeted by
small molecule, 345-347
in curative setting, 345-346
in palliative setting, 346-347
U 1007t
UAP flaps. See Ulnar artery perforator
flaps
UCLP. See Unilateral cleft lip and palate
UICC. See American Joint Committee on
Cancer/Union Internationale Contre le
Cancer
ULCs. See Upper lateral cartilages
Ulnar artery perforator flaps (UAP flaps),
579-581, 581f-582f
Ulnar forearm flaps, 594-596
advantages and disadvantages of, 596
indications of, 596, 596f-597f
preparation of, 594-595, 595f
variations of, 595-596
vascular anatomy of, 594
Ultrasound
for branchial cysts, 407
FNAB and, 296, 297f, 309
for granulomatous disease, 673
for HIV sialopathy, 674f
for HNSCCs, 295-297, 296f-297f
for lymph nodes assessment, 296, 312,
313f
for mucoepidermoid carcinoma,
679-680, 680f
for obstructive sialadenitis, 670f
for pleomorphic adenoma, 678, 678f
power Doppler, 296-297, 297f, 312,
313f
for recurrent sialadenitis of childhood,
675, 675f
for salivary gland cancer, 309
for salivary gland inflammatory
conditions, 668-669, 669f
for salivary gland tumor examination,
657, 658f
for salivary gland tumors, 675-676
for thyroid cancer, 420b
for Warthin tumor, 679, 680f
Unicystic ameloblastoma, 456-457,
457f-458f, 1330-1331, 1331f
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-47
Unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), 942.
See also Cleft lip repair; Cleft palate
repair
ABG and, 986, 988b, 988f-989f
anatomy of, 950-952
muscle, 950-951, 951f
nasal, 951-952, 951f, 952b
skin, 950, 950f
cleft orthognathic surgery and, 992, 993f
complete revision of, 1008f, 1010-1012,
1010f
morphology of, 972
orthodontics for, 1044-1045
repair of, 944-945
rhinoplasty and, 1006, 1011f
secondary lip revision for, 1003,
1003f-1005f
secondary nasal revision for, 1006, 1007f,
syndromes associated with, 973
Unilateral coronal synostosis (anterior
plagiocephaly), 803, 805f, 807-808,
809f, 855-856, 856f-857f, 859,
862f-863f
Union Internationale Contre le Cancer. See
American Joint Committee on Cancer/
Union Internationale Contre le Cancer
United Kingdom National Third Molar
Project, 1449-1450
United States, maxillofacial trauma etiology
in, 2t
Upper blepharoplasty, 1251-1252,
1251f-1252f
Upper eyelid blepharoplasty approach, 110,
110f
Upper incisor angulation, 1055, 1055f
Upper lateral cartilages (ULCs), 1262,
1262f, 1266-1268, 1266f, 1274, 1275f
Upper lip reconstructive surgery, 744-752,
745f-752f
Ureaplasma urealyticum, 1104
Uveoparotid fever, 672
UW-QOL v4, 319-320
V
Vacuum assisted closure (VAC), 515-516
Valacyclovir, 1293-1294
Van der Woude syndrome, 973
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 1529-1530,
1548-1549
Vascular lesions, 430-434. See also
Hemangiomas; Infantile hemangiomas
classification of, 427, 428t, 430,
1348-1350
congenital neck masses and, 419-420,
420f
high-flow malformations, 434
arteriovenous malformations, 434,
434t, 435f
low-flow malformations, 430-434
I-48 INDEX
Vascular lesions (Continued)
capillary malformations, 430, 1349
lymphatic malformations, 432-434,
432f, 433t, 1350
venous malformations, 430-432,
431f-432f, 1350
Vascular origin tumors, 1323-1324, 1324f
Vascular pain, 1540
Vascularized composite allotransplantation
(VCA), 240, 636. See also Facial
transplantation
VE-821, 349
VE-822, 349
Veau classification, for CLP, 948-950, 949f
Veau-Wardill-Kilner pushback procedure,
978
Vectibix. See Panitumumab
Vein grafts, in microvascular surgery, 482
Velocardiofacial syndrome, 973
Velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11DS),
1025-1026, 1025f
Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD), 1014
augmentation for, 1033-1034
CSCs and, 1017-1019, 1018f, 1018t
examination of, 1024-1025
Furlow palatoplasty for, 1030, 1031f
Le Fort I osteotomy and, 997
management of, 1019-1021
after maxillary advancement,
1020-1021
prosthetic, 1020, 1021f
surgical, 1019-1020, 1020f
therapy for, 1021
nasal airflow disorders and, 1016-1017,
1018t
nasal resonance disorders and, 1016
nonsurgical treatment for, 1034
overview of, 1024-1025
pharyngeal flap for, 1030-1032, 1032f
SLT and assessment of, 1015
Sommerlad palatoplasty for, 1029-1030
speech outcome factors with, 1019
surgery for
choice of, 1034-1036, 1035t
failure and redo of, 1036
pitfalls of, 1036b
tailoring operation in, 1035-1036
timing of, 1035
symptoms of, 1024
velocardiofacial syndrome and, 1025-
1026, 1025f
Velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI),
945-946, 973
Venous drainage, of face, 1405, 1406f
Venous malformations, 430-432, 431f-432f,
1350
Vermillion, lip reconstruction and, 742-744,
742f-745f
Verruca vulgaris, 1340
Verruciform xanthoma, 1341
Vertical subsigmoidal osteotomy, 1152-
1153, 1152f
VFD. See Visual facial difference
Video laryngoscopy, 363, 363f
Videoconferencing, 285
Videofluoroscopy, 1019, 1025-1026
Virtual surgical planning (VSP)
CASS for, 1062, 1065-1068, 1067f-1068f,
1068b
for CTOS, 1064-1065
for orthognathic surgery, 1062-1065
dental models and, 1062-1064,
1063f-1064f
splint construction in, 1064, 1064f
for reconstructive surgery, 477,
770f-771f
for TMJ ankylosis, 1507
Vision impairments. See also Eye
Apert syndrome and, 811-812
in craniofacial trauma, 140-142
craniosynostosis and, 854
with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis,
805-806
orbital/periorbital trauma examination
for, 176
Vismodegib, 763-764
Visual facial difference (VFD)
in adolescents
behavioral function and, 846
emotional and social functioning and,
846-848
in adults, 848, 848f
psychosocial adjustment and resilience
of, 848-850
in children
behavioral function and, 846
emotional and social functioning and,
846-848, 847f
infant and early development of,
845-846
optimism, social support, relatedness
and coping strategies for,
849-850
parental factors for, 849
psychosocial adjustment and resilience
of, 848-850
clinical implications of, 850-851
overview of, 845
Vitamin C, 1291
Vitamin E, 1291
Vitrase, 1256
Vomer flaps, 944-945, 972
in cleft lip repair, 958, 958f
in cleft palate repair, 974
in nasal floor reconstruction, 961, 964f
Von Langenbeck technique, 974, 974f, 977f,
1027
Von Recklinghausen disease of skin,
469-470
VPD. See Velopharyngeal dysfunction
VPI. See Velopharyngeal incompetence
VSP. See Virtual surgical planning
V-Y closure, 1007-1008, 1078, 1079f
VZV. See Varicella-zoster virus
W
Wafers, surgical, 1137, 1137f
Warfare injuries, 4
Warthin tumor (adenolymphoma), 310,
660, 679, 680f
Warwick James elevators, 1393
Wear facets, in TMJ disorder signs, 1466,
1466f
Weber-Ferguson incision, for maxillary/
nasal/paranasal sinus tumors, 386-387,
388f
Webster Bernard flaps, 753, 758
Wee1 kinase inhibitors, 349
Weekend Facelift, 1197
Whistle deformity, 1003-1004, 1005f
White sponge nevus, 1321, 1335-1336,
1337f
Whitnall’s tubercle, 98-100, 102f
Wilson Risk Score, 358, 359t
Wire fixation, 104. See also Fixation
of edentulous atrophic mandibular
fractures, 67-68, 67f
of mandibular fractures, 54-55, 55f
rigid fixation for maxillary stability
compared to, 1116-1118
Wire suspension, for midfacial fractures,
162
Wisdom teeth, prophylactic removal of,
1448
Wolford modified upper border clamp,
1142, 1142f
Wolford surgical protocol, 1111-1112
Woodson periosteal elevator, 1139, 1140f,
1146, 1146f
Work-related accidents, maxillofacial
trauma and, 2t-3t, 5
Wound closure, for soft tissue injuries, 207,
210f
mandibular osteotomy complications
and, 1171, 1173f
maxillary osteotomy complications with,
1171, 1172f
orthognathic surgery complications with,
1171, 1171f
Wound dehiscence, in mandibular
fractures, 65
Wound infection
blepharoplasty complications with,
1255
dentoalveolar surgery and, 1400-1401
mandibular body osteotomy and, 1073
in mandibular fractures, 65
orthognathic surgery and, 1172
skin resurfacing and, 1299
W-Y method, 1007-1008, 1009f
X
XeQoLS. See Xerostomia-Related Quality of
Life Scale
Xeroderma pigmentosum, 245, 246t
Xerostomia. See Dry mouth

Xerostomia-Related Quality of Life Scale
(XeQoLS), 320
X-ray chest, for TMJ ankylosis, 1507
X-ray fistulography, 408
Y ocular, 127-128
Yaw deformity, 886
Yersinia enterocolitica, 1104
Y-incision, 401-403
Z diplopia in, 100
Zalutumumab, 344-345
Zygoma, 93, 96-97, 1142-1143
Zygomatic arches, 108-109
coronal approach and, 110-113,
111f-112f
facial bone sculpting for, 1305-1308
anterior augmentation in, 1308, 1311f
augmentation in, 1305-1307,
1307f-1310f
facial width augmentation in,
1307-1308, 1311f
isolated fracture of, 117, 117f
in midfacial reconstruction, 46
reconstruction of, 125f, 126
Zygomatic buttresses, 95-96, 95f, 108-109,
164
reconstruction of, 114
Zygomatic fractures, 93-94. See also
Fractures; Maxillofacial trauma;
Orbital/periorbital trauma
anatomical considerations in, 96-97,
96f-97f
biomechanics of, 96-97, 96f-97f
in children, 196
classification of, 104
clinical examination of, 100-102
Zygomatic fractures (Continued)
extraoral, 100-102, 103f
intraoral, 102
complications of, 124-128
bone malposition in, 125-126, 129f
soft tissue malposition in, 124-125,
128f
CT scans for, 102-103, 104f-105f,
119-122, 121f, 124, 128f
enophthalmos in, 100
exophthalmos in, 99
extraocular muscle dysfunction in,
127-128
eye injuries in, 99-100, 100f-102f,
127-128
healing of, 98
IMF for, 104, 106f-107f
jaw movement limitation in, 100
lateral canthal ligament displacement
and, 99-100, 102f
periorbital ecchymosis/hematoma in, 99,
100f
pitfalls in, 129b
preliminary treatment planning in,
31-33
signs and symptoms of, 99-100,
100f-102f
soft tissue injuries and, 97-98, 98f,
124-125, 128f
surgical approaches for, 106-113
brow incision in, 107f, 110
computer-assisted, 119-122, 120f-121f,
123f-126f, 128f
coronal approach in, 110-113,
111f-112f
Volume 1 pp. 1–802 • Volume 2 pp. 803–1562
INDEX I-49
Zygomatic fractures (Continued)
existing lacerations in, 107
Gillies’ approach in, 113, 113f, 118,
122
intraoral approach in, 107, 107f
lower eyelid approach in, 97f, 107-109,
107f-109f
preauricular approach in, 112f, 113
timing of, 104-106
transconjunctival lateral canthotomy
approach in, 109-110, 110f
upper eyelid blepharoplasty approach
in, 110, 110f
treatment of, 104-129
accompanying fracture sites in, 122
closed reduction maneuvers in,
118-119, 118f-119f
endoscopically-assisted reduction in,
124
general considerations for, 117-118,
117f
minimal reduction in, 122,
127f-128f
open reduction and internal fixation
for, 119, 120f, 122, 127f-128f
screw fixation for, 118-119, 119f
Zygomatic osteocutaneous ligaments
(McGregor patch), 1200, 1206
Zygomatic osteotomy, treatment planning
for, 185-188, 187f
bone onlay grafts in, 188
Medipore use in enophthalmos and, 188,
188f
orbital floor in, 188
Zygomatic reduction, 1308-1310, 1311f
Zygomatic-malar reconstruction, Treacher
Collins syndrome and, 824