Pakistan Studies Notes

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6.Economic Development
6.1 Major Industries of Pakistan
6.1.1: Different kinds of industries in Pakistan include cottage, small scale,
and large industry. Cottage industries are those where the production is
done at home or in small workshops by a group of people. Small scale
industries are those where the production is done on a smaller scale, usually
in a small factory, and is more labor-intensive. Large industries are those
where the production is done on a large scale and is capital-intensive.
6.1.2 is industries map
6.1.3: Factors that are responsible for the setting up of an industry in a
particular region include availability of raw materials, availability of skilled
labor, transportation facilities, government policies, and market demand.
These factors influence the decision of entrepreneurs to set up an industry
in a particular region.
6.1.4: Small scale and cottage industries play an important role in the
economic development of Pakistan. They provide employment opportunities to
a large number of people, particularly in the rural areas. They also
contribute to the overall production and income of the country.
6.1.5: Economic disparity amongst different regions of Pakistan is caused by
various factors, including unequal distribution of resources, lack of
infrastructure, inadequate access to education and healthcare, and poor
government policies. This disparity leads to a range of problems, such as
poverty, unemployment, and social unrest.
6.1.6: To overcome the economic disparity in Pakistan, various remedies can
be suggested, including the development of infrastructure in underdeveloped
regions, the provision of quality education and healthcare facilities,
promotion of small scale and cottage industries, equitable distribution of
resources, and implementation of effective government policies.

6.2 Trade and Commerce

6.2.1 Trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries.
● Commerce includes all activities that facilitate trade, such as
transportation, warehousing, insurance, and banking.
● Foreign exchange refers to the currency of one country that is used
to purchase goods and services from another country.
● Balance of trade refers to the difference between a country's
exports and imports of goods, while
● balance of payment refers to the difference between a country's total
exports and imports of goods and services, as well as its net
investment income and foreign aid.
6.2.2 Trade and commerce activities play a vital role in the economic
development of a country. They help to increase the country's exports,
generate employment, and promote technological development. International
trade also leads to increased competition, which can result in better quality
products and lower prices for consumers.
6.2.3 Pakistan's main trading partners are the United States, China, and the
United Arab Emirates. Pakistan exports goods such as textiles, leather
goods, and rice, while it imports goods such as oil, machinery, and chemicals
from these countries.
6.2.4 The changing trends in exports and imports have had a significant
impact on Pakistan's balance of trade and economy in the last two decades.
In the early 2000s, Pakistan had a positive balance of trade due to high
exports of textiles and clothing. However, this trend has declined in recent
years due to increased competition from other countries and the global
economic slowdown. As a result, Pakistan has had to rely more on imports,
leading to a negative balance of trade. This has put pressure on the
country's foreign exchange reserves and contributed to inflation. To
address this issue, Pakistan has implemented policies to diversify its export
base, attract foreign investment, and increase productivity in key sectors.

6.3 Transport and Communication

6.3.1:Land transport in Pakistan is mainly comprised of road and rail
networks. The road network includes national highways, motorways, and
provincial roads. The railway network includes Pakistan Railways, which
operates both passenger and cargo services. The land transport system is
the most commonly used mode of transport in Pakistan due to its
convenience and affordability.
Air transport in Pakistan is operated by Pakistan International Airlines (PIA)
and several private airlines. There are several airports in Pakistan including
the major ones in Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, and Peshawar. Air travel is a
popular mode of transport for long-distance travel and for business purposes
due to its speed and efficiency.
Water transport in Pakistan is limited to sea and river transport. Pakistan
has two main ports - Karachi Port and Port Qasim. Karachi port is the largest
and handles the majority of Pakistan's seaborne trade. There are also
several inland waterways, such as the Indus River, which are used for
transportation of goods.
6.3.2: Each mode of transportation has its own advantages and
disadvantages. Road transport is flexible, cheap, and reliable but can be
affected by traffic and weather conditions. Rail transport is efficient for
bulk transport but can be slow and limited to specific areas. Air transport is
fast and efficient for long distances but is expensive and has limited
carrying capacity. Water transport is cost-effective for bulk transport but
is slow and limited to specific routes and ports.
6.3.3 is locate on the map of Pakistan… with international airports.
6.3.4: Gwadar port is located in the southwestern region of Pakistan and is
considered to be strategically important due to its location at the
crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. Its
development has the potential to increase trade and economic activity in the
region. The feasibility of developing the port has been assessed by the
Pakistani government and various foreign investors. Its importance in the
economic development of Pakistan lies in its potential to increase trade and
commerce, improve transportation infrastructure, and create job
opportunities. However, the feasibility of the development of Gwadar port
also depends on the security situation in the region, as it is located near the
volatile border of Balochistan province.
7. Population
7.1 Concepts and Characteristics of Population
7.1.1: Census refers to the systematic collection, compilation, and
presentation of data on the characteristics of the population.
● Population growth refers to the change in the number of individuals
living in a particular area over a specific period of time, usually
expressed as a percentage increase or decrease.
● Urbanization refers to the process by which an increasing proportion
of a country's population comes to live in towns and cities.
● Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another
for various reasons such as employment, education, or better living
conditions.
● Demography is the study of the characteristics of human populations,
such as their size, structure, and distribution.
7.1.2:Birth rate refers to the number of live births per thousand of the
population per year.
● Death rate refers to the number of deaths per thousand of the
population per year.
 ● Natural increase rate refers to the difference between the birth rate
and the death rate.
● These rates can be shown through graphs and statistics, which can be
used to interpret the trends and patterns in population growth in
Pakistan as a whole and in specific regions.
7.1.3 The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is a tool used to explain
changes in population growth over time.
● In Pakistan, the population growth rate has declined from a high rate
in the 1960s to a lower rate in recent years, which can be explained
through the DTM.
● Pakistan is currently in the third stage of the DTM, where birth and
death rates have decreased, resulting in a slower rate of population
growth.
7.1.4: Social and cultural factors such as a preference for large families and
the role of women in society can influence population growth.
● Lack of education and access to family planning methods can also
contribute to population growth.
● Economic factors such as poverty and lack of job opportunities can
contribute to population growth as families have more children as a
source of labor.
● Political factors such as government policies and support for family
planning programs can also affect population growth.
7.1.5 : The distribution and density of population in Pakistan vary due to
factors such as geographic location, climate, and economic opportunities.
● The population is concentrated in urban areas, particularly along major
transportation routes, and in areas with high agricultural productivity.
● Some areas, such as Balochistan, have low population density due to
geographic and environmental factors that make it difficult for people
to live and work there.
7.2 Population and Development
7.2.1: Rapid population growth can put a strain on resources such as
education, health care, and food, which can negatively impact the well-being
of the population.
● Increased demand for education can lead to overcrowding in schools
and lower quality of education.
● Lack of access to health care and nutritious food can result in poor
health outcomes and malnutrition
7.2.2: Population movements, including rural-urban migration, seasonal
migration, emigration, and immigration, are driven by a variety of push and
pull factors, including economic opportunities, political instability, conflict,
natural disasters, environmental factors, and social factors such as family
reunification. In Pakistan, rural-urban migration is driven by the lack of
economic opportunities and infrastructure in rural areas, while emigration is
often driven by political instability and conflict. Immigration is relatively low
in Pakistan, although the country has hosted a large number of refugees
from neighboring countries.
8. Political Development in Pakistan 1947-2002
8.1 Formative Phase of Pakistan (1947-58) CA!!
8.1.1 is CA
8.1.2 Reasons for the Delay in the Constitution-Making in Pakistan, 1947-
1956:
The process of constitution-making in Pakistan was delayed for almost a
decade after the country's independence in 1947. There were several
reasons for this delay, including:
● The lack of consensus among the political leaders of the country on
the nature and structure of the constitution, particularly the role of
religion in the state.
● The assassination of the country's founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in
1948, which created a leadership vacuum and led to political instability.
● The dominance of the civil-military bureaucracy in the decision-making
process, which delayed the adoption of a democratic constitution.
 ● The political unrest and regional tensions in the country, particularly in
East Pakistan, which hindered the process of constitution-making.
● The influence of external factors, such as the Cold War, which led to
the involvement of foreign powers in the country's affairs and delayed
the adoption of a democratic constitution.
These factors contributed to the delay in the constitution-making process in
Pakistan, which was finally resolved with the adoption of the country's first
constitution in 1956.
8.2 General Ayub Khan Era (1958-1969)
8.2.1 The reasons for the promulgation of Martial Law and General Ayub
Khan coming to power were political instability, economic problems, and civil
unrest in the country. The politicians were unable to solve the problems and
the military took over in the form of Martial Law. General Ayub Khan, who
was the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, was chosen as the President of
Pakistan in 1958.

Main reasons were:

1.Disproportionate use of presidential powers: the constitution of 1956
provided the president the power to appoint or dismiss the prime ministers.
This means, National assembly had no power to elect the PM. This gave
Iskander Mirza the chance to dismiss the prime ministers who didn't enjoy
his confidence.
2.Resentment from East Pakistan: They were dissatisfied over equal
representation of East and West Pakistan despite the fact that East
Pakistan constituted 56 percent of Pakistan's population. So, there were
frequent protests from East Pakistan based political parties.
3.Political instability: rapid change of Prime Ministers - Chaudhry
Muhammad Ali, Suharwardi, Chundrigar, Feroz Khan Noon
Iskander Mirza's desire to stay in power: He found that Suharwardi had
united the political leaders of Punjab and Bengal against him. So, he
abrogated the constitution of 1956, dissolved the assemblies, dismissed the
government and turned to military to retain power.
4.Loss of public trust: Due to misuse of powers, the popularity of Iskander
Mirza reached the lowest ebb so he saw himself losing the upcoming
elections.
8.2.2: During General Ayub Khan's era, several reforms were introduced in
the agricultural and industrial sectors with the aim of modernizing and
industrializing the economy.
In the agricultural sector, the government introduced the Green Revolution
in 1960. This initiative aimed to improve agricultural production by
introducing high-yield varieties of seeds, modernizing irrigation systems, and
increasing the use of fertilizers and pesticides. The government also
encouraged the use of tractors and other modern agricultural machinery.
These reforms resulted in a significant increase in agricultural productivity
and a decrease in food prices.
In the industrial sector, General Ayub Khan introduced a series of policies to
promote industrial growth. The government established the State Bank of
Pakistan in 1959 to provide loans and other financial support to new
industries. The government also introduced a policy of import substitution,
encouraging the production of goods that were previously imported. The
government provided tax incentives and other benefits to industries that
produced goods for export.
To encourage foreign investment, the government established the Pakistan
Industrial Development Corporation in 1952. This organization provided loans
and other financial support to foreign investors who wanted to invest in
Pakistan. The government also established several industrial estates and
export processing zones to provide infrastructure and other facilities to
new industries.
Overall, these reforms helped to modernize and industrialize the economy,
leading to significant economic growth during General Ayub Khan's era.
However, these reforms also led to a concentration of wealth and power in
the hands of a few wealthy industrialists and landlords, leading to increased
inequality and social unrest.
8.2.3 The reforms introduced by General Ayub Khan had a mixed impact on
the economy of the country. On one hand, the "Green Revolution" increased
agricultural production and improved food security. It also led to an increase
in exports of agricultural products. On the other hand, the reforms in the
industrial sector did not have the desired impact, as many of the industries
set up by the government were inefficient and incurred losses. The reforms
also led to a concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few.
Impacts: Ayub Khan adopted an energetic approach toward economic
development. It soon bore fruit in a rising rate of economic growth. Ayub
Khan period is credited with Green Revolution and economic and industrial
growth. Land reform, consolidation of holdings, and strict measures against
hoarding were combined with rural credit programs and work programs,
higher procurement prices, augmented allocations for agriculture, and,
especially, improved seeds put the country on the road to self-sufficiency in
food grains. This is popularly known as the Green Revolution. The Export
Bonus Vouchers Scheme (1959) and tax incentives stimulated new industrial
entrepreneurs and exporters. Bonus vouchers facilitated access to foreign
exchange for imports of industrial machinery and raw materials. Tax
concessions were offered for investment in less-developed areas. These
measures had important consequences in bringing industry to Punjab and
gave rise to a new class of small industrialists.

8.2.4 The reasons behind the fall of General Ayub Khan's government were
mainly political. There was growing opposition to the authoritarian rule of
the President and his regime's inability to tackle economic problems such as
inflation and unemployment. The opposition parties united under the banner
of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), led by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, and launched
a mass movement against the government. This led to widespread protests
and strikes, which eventually forced General Ayub Khan to resign in March
1969.
8.3 Fall of East Pakistan (1970-71)
8.3.1: The tension between East Pakistan and West Pakistan had been
brewing for a long time due to a number of factors, including unfairness in
administration, lack of political representation, unequal distribution of
economic resources, and the dominance of the West Pakistani military in the
affairs of the country.
In terms of administration, East Pakistan felt neglected and ignored by the
central government, which was dominated by West Pakistanis. Despite the
fact that East Pakistan had a larger population, it was underrepresented in
government and lacked a voice in decision-making. This led to feelings of
resentment and frustration among East Pakistanis.
Additionally, there were economic disparities between the two regions. East
Pakistan was a major producer of jute, which was a major export for
Pakistan, but the benefits of this industry were not evenly distributed. The
West Pakistani government invested more heavily in the industrial sector in
the west, which further widened the economic gap between the two regions.
Furthermore, there was a significant imbalance in the armed forces, with
most of the high-ranking officers and soldiers coming from West Pakistan.
This led to a feeling of mistrust and unease among East Pakistanis, who felt
that they were being treated as second-class citizens.
All of these factors contributed to a growing sense of frustration and
resentment in East Pakistan, which ultimately led to the Bangladesh
Liberation War and the creation of Bangladesh as a separate nation.
8.3.2: The Six Points of Mujib-ur-Rehman were a set of demands presented
by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the leader of Awami League and the
representative of East Pakistan, in 1966. These six points were aimed at
ensuring the autonomy of East Pakistan and greater rights for its people.
The six points were:
 1. The Constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in which
the federal government will be responsible only for defense and
foreign affairs, while the provinces will be free to make their own laws
on all other subjects.
2. The federal government will not have the power to raise any taxes on
the provinces. The provinces will raise their own taxes and give a fixed
percentage of their revenue to the federal government.
3. There will be two separate and independent currency systems for East
and West Pakistan.
4. East Pakistan will have its own militia or paramilitary force.
5. The power of the federal government to intervene in the provinces will
be limited to certain specific subjects.
6. The federal government will not have the power to declare an
emergency in any province without the consent of the provincial
government.
These six points became the foundation of the Awami League's demand for
greater autonomy and eventually led to the movement for the independence
of Bangladesh.

8.3.3:
1.Elections of 1970: The 1970 elections played a crucial role in the
separation of East Pakistan. The Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman, won a landslide victory in East Pakistan, securing 160 out of the 162
seats. However, the party failed to win any seats in West Pakistan, leading
to a political deadlock. The failure to form a government that represented
East Pakistan's majority fueled the sentiment of East Pakistanis that they
were being neglected by the ruling establishment in West Pakistan.
1. Rejection of six points: In 1966, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman presented his
"Six Points" plan, which called for a federal system of government with
a strong regional autonomy for East Pakistan. However, the military
establishment in West Pakistan rejected the plan, viewing it as a
 threat to their control over the country. The rejection of the Six
Points plan further fueled the sentiment of East Pakistanis that they
were being treated unfairly by the ruling establishment.
2. War with India in 1971: The war between India and Pakistan in 1971
was a major event that led to the separation of East Pakistan. The
Pakistani military launched a crackdown on East Pakistan in March
1971, which led to a brutal civil war. India intervened in the conflict,
supporting the East Pakistani rebels, and ultimately defeated the
Pakistani military, resulting in the creation of the independent state of
Bangladesh. The war and the subsequent creation of Bangladesh
highlighted the deep political, economic, and cultural divides between
East and West Pakistan, leading to the eventual separation of East
Pakistan.
8.4 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Era (1971-1977)
8.4.1: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came to power in 1971 after the separation of East
Pakistan and the formation of Bangladesh. The country was going through a
turbulent time, and the military government was unable to handle the
situation. Bhutto capitalized on this and formed his party, the Pakistan
People's Party (PPP), which became very popular among the people,
particularly in West Pakistan. He promised to provide a voice to the poor and
the oppressed and to create a new, socialist Pakistan. His charisma, vision,
and promises of reform helped him gain the support of the masses, and he
won the 1970 elections in West Pakistan. After the separation of East
Pakistan, the military government stepped down, and Bhutto was invited to
form a civilian government.
8.4.2:One of the most significant reforms introduced by Bhutto was the land
reforms. Under these reforms, the government redistributed land from
large landowners to landless peasants. This helped to break the power of the
feudal class and provided opportunities for the poor to become landowners
themselves. However, the implementation of these reforms was not always
successful, and there were cases of corruption and inefficiency.
Another significant reform was the nationalization of industries. Bhutto
nationalized several industries, including banks, insurance companies, and
major industries. The aim was to create a more equitable society by
redistributing wealth and power. However, the nationalization policy led to a
lack of investment in the private sector and increased the size of the state
bureaucracy, leading to inefficiencies and corruption.
8.4.3: The Simla Agreement was signed in 1972 between India and Pakistan
after the Indo-Pak War of 1971. The agreement recognized the sovereignty,
territorial integrity, and political independence of both countries. It also
established a Line of Control (LOC) in the disputed region of Jammu and
Kashmir and created a mechanism for resolving disputes between the two
countries peacefully.
The Simla Agreement had a significant impact on Pakistan. It helped to ease
tensions between India and Pakistan and paved the way for the normalization
of relations between the two countries. It also provided a framework for
resolving the Kashmir dispute, although this has not yet been fully realized.
However, some critics argue that the agreement was disadvantageous to
Pakistan, as it did not explicitly address the issue of Kashmir and left the
dispute unresolved. Overall, the Simla Agreement was an important step
towards peace and stability in the region, but its impact on Pakistan remains
a topic of debate
Conclusion of the above 3 slos
During the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto era, which lasted from 1971 to 1977, Pakistan
faced several challenges. The 1971 war with India, which led to the
separation of East Pakistan, caused widespread demoralization and
shattered the nation. President General Yahya Khan handed over political
power to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). With the
PPP's coming to power, democratic socialists and visionaries came to power
for the first time in the country's history under a democratic transition.
Bhutto made critical decisions after dismissing the chiefs of the army, navy,
and air force and authorizing home confinement orders for General Yahya
Khan and several of his collaborators. He adopted the East Pakistan
Commission's recommendations and authorized large-scale court-martial of
army officers tainted for their role in East Pakistan. To keep the country
united, Bhutto launched a series of internal intelligence operations to crack
down on the fissiparous nationalist sentiments and movements in the
provinces.
The period from 1971 to 1977 was a period of left-wing democracy, the
growth of national spirit, economic nationalization, covert atomic bomb
projects, promotion of scientific, literary, cultural activities, and left-wing
socialism. The new industrial, manpower development, and labor policies were
promulgated in the ending weeks of December 1971.
In 1973, Parliament approved a supreme, but a new constitution, which
provided the basis for the parliamentary democracy in the country. Bhutto
and his government carried out major and serious reforms for establishment
and development and re-designing of the country's infrastructure. Bhutto
supervised the successful promulgation of the 1973 constitution that
validated the parliamentary democracy in the country.
Bhutto and his government carried out major and serious reforms for the
establishment and development and redesigning of the country's
infrastructure. First and foremost, he supervised the successful
promulgation of the 1973 constitution that validated the parliamentary
democracy in the country. Steps were taken for democratization of civil
bureaucracy, election commission, and the political structure, expansion of
the country's economic and human infrastructure growth, starting first with
agriculture, land reforms, and government-control (nationalization) of major
private industries, industrialization, and the expansion of the higher
education system throughout the country.
In 1974, Bhutto succumbed to increasing pressure from religious parties and
helped Parliament to declare the Ahmadiyya adherents as non-Muslims. This
step undermined and dismantled the private-sector and conservative
approach for political power in the country's political setup. Relations with
the United States gradually went down, completing the gap after normalizing
the relations with the Soviet Union, the Eastern bloc, North Korea, China,
and the Arab world.
Bhutto launched aggressive diplomatic war and measures against India at the
United Nations. Openly targeting Indian nuclear programs on multiple
occasions and pushing India on the defense, Bhutto's covertly worked on
expanding the atomic bomb project on a shortest time possible. From 1976
to 1977, Bhutto more densely emphasized his political position and faced an
intense and heated diplomatic war with the United States and President
Jimmy Carter, who worked covertly to damage the credibility of Bhutto in
Pakistan.

8.5 General Zia-ul-Haq Era (1977-1988)

8.5.1: General Zia-ul-Haq took over the country in a military coup in July
1977, citing the deteriorating law and order situation and corruption as the
reasons behind his decision. However, many analysts believe that the real
reason for the military coup was the outcome of the 1977 general elections,
which were rigged in favor of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) led by
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The opposition parties, including the Pakistan National
Alliance (PNA), protested against the election results, and the protests
turned violent, leading to the imposition of martial law.
8.5.2: During his regime, General Zia-ul-Haq introduced a number of reforms
aimed at privatisation and Islamisation. The privatisation policies included
the denationalisation of various industries, including banking, insurance, and
cement. These policies aimed to reduce the role of the state in the economy
and encourage private investment. However, the impact of these policies was
mixed, with some industries showing improvement while others faced
challenges.
The Islamisation policies included the introduction of the Hudood
Ordinances, which aimed at implementing Islamic law in Pakistan. These laws
included harsh punishments for crimes such as adultery and theft. Zia-ul-
Haq also introduced the Zakat and Ushr Ordinances, which aimed to promote
Islamic values by mandating the collection of a religious tax to support the
poor. However, the implementation of these laws was controversial, with
some arguing that they discriminated against women and minorities and
violated basic human rights.
The impact of these reforms was mixed. The privatisation policies led to the
growth of the private sector and increased foreign investment in Pakistan.
However, the implementation of the Islamisation policies was controversial
and led to the violation of human rights and the marginalisation of women
and minorities. Overall, the reforms introduced by Zia-ul-Haq had a
significant impact on Pakistan's economy and society and are still debated
and discussed today.
In conclusion, General Zia-ul-Haq took over the country in a military coup
following the controversial 1977 general elections. During his regime, he
introduced a number of reforms aimed at privatisation and Islamisation,
which had a mixed impact on Pakistan's economy and society. While the
privatisation policies led to the growth of the private sector, the
Islamisation policies were controversial and violated human rights.
8.6 Restoration of Civilian Rule(1988-1999)
8.6.2: During her two terms as Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto introduced a
number of reforms that aimed at empowering women and improving rural
electrification. The Women's Protection Bill, introduced in 1997, aimed at
improving the legal rights of women and protecting them from violence.
Bhutto also introduced the Women's Bank to provide financial support to
women entrepreneurs. In terms of rural electrification, Bhutto's
government introduced a number of schemes to provide electricity to rural
areas, which significantly improved the quality of life in these areas.
Also mentioned in register about benazir bhutto reforms
8.6.3: Nawaz Sharif's government introduced a number of reforms, including
transport development and the nuclear experiment. The transport
development included the construction of the Lahore-Islamabad Motorway
and the establishment of Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) as a
profitable airline. The Lahore-Islamabad Motorway provided a faster and
more efficient way of transportation between the two major cities, while
PIA helped to connect Pakistan with the rest of the world. In terms of the
nuclear experiment, Sharif's government conducted the nuclear tests in
1998, which made Pakistan a nuclear power.
The impact of these reforms was mixed. The Women's Protection Bill and
the Women's Bank helped to empower women and improve their socio-
economic status. Rural electrification and transport development
significantly improved the quality of life in rural areas and made
transportation faster and more efficient. The nuclear experiment, while
celebrated by many Pakistanis, also led to international sanctions and
strained relations with India.
In conclusion, the political changes that took place in Pakistan between
1988-1999 were marked by political instability, corruption allegations, and
the introduction of various reforms aimed at improving the socio-economic
status of women, rural electrification, transport development, and making
Pakistan a nuclear power. The impact of these reforms on the country
varied, with some leading to significant improvements and others facing
challenges and controversies.
8.7 General Pervez Musharraf Era(1999-2007)
8.7.1: The military coup of 1999, which brought General Pervez Musharraf to
power, was the result of a number of factors. These included growing
political instability, corruption, and a stagnant economy. The coup was also
influenced by tensions between the civilian government and the military over
the handling of the Kargil conflict with India. Musharraf cited the need for
stability and good governance as the primary reasons for the coup, and
promised to hold free and fair elections in the future.
8.7.2: During his regime, General Pervez Musharraf initiated a number of
economic reforms aimed at promoting foreign direct investment (FDI),
encouraging the production of value-added products, and privatisation. These
policies aimed to attract foreign investment, boost economic growth, and
reduce the role of the state in the economy.
The FDI policy aimed to attract foreign investors by offering tax incentives
and other benefits. This policy led to an increase in FDI in Pakistan,
particularly in the telecoms and energy sectors. The encouragement towards
the production of value-added products aimed to promote exports by
increasing the value of Pakistani products. This policy led to the growth of
the textile and leather industries, which are major contributors to
Pakistan's economy.
The privatisation policies aimed to reduce the role of the state in the
economy by selling off state-owned enterprises. These policies led to the
privatisation of various industries, including banking, telecommunications, and
energy. However, the impact of these policies was mixed, with some arguing
that they led to job losses and the concentration of wealth in the hands of a
few.
Overall, the economic reforms introduced by Musharraf had a significant
impact on Pakistan's economy. The FDI policy led to increased investment in
Pakistan, while the encouragement towards the production of value-added
products and privatisation led to the growth of certain industries. However,
the impact of these policies was not evenly distributed, and some argued
that they led to job losses and inequality.
In conclusion, the military coup of 1999, which brought General Pervez
Musharraf to power, was the result of political instability, corruption, and a
stagnant economy. During his regime, he introduced a number of economic
reforms aimed at promoting FDI, encouraging the production of value-added
products, and privatisation. These policies had a significant impact on
Pakistan's economy, but their impact was not evenly distributed.
8.8 2007 and beyond(CA!!)
8.8.1: During the period of 2007-2017, Pakistan experienced several changes
in terms of head of state and head of government. Following the end of
General Pervez Musharraf's regime in 2008, the country held elections and
saw the appointment of several prime ministers, presidents, and caretaker
governments.
In 2008, Asif Ali Zardari was elected as the President of Pakistan, following
the resignation of General Pervez Musharraf. Yousaf Raza Gillani became the
Prime Minister, leading a coalition government composed of the Pakistan
Peoples Party (PPP) and other smaller parties. In 2013, Nawaz Sharif became
the Prime Minister after winning the general elections, and Mamnoon Hussain
was appointed as the President. In 2017, Nawaz Sharif was disqualified from
office by the Supreme Court, and Shahid Khaqan Abbasi was appointed as
the interim Prime Minister until the next general elections.
8.8.2: Several political developments aimed towards strengthening
democracy in the country have taken place during the period of 2007-2017.
These include:
a) The 18th Amendment to the Constitution: In 2010, the 18th Amendment
was passed, which devolved powers from the federal government to the
provinces, and strengthened the role of the parliament and judiciary. The
amendment also removed several powers of the President, making the Prime
Minister the head of government.
b) Free and fair elections: Pakistan has held several free and fair elections
during this period, which has helped to strengthen democracy in the country.
The 2013 general elections were particularly important, as they marked the
first time that a civilian government completed its term in office and
transferred power peacefully to another elected government.
c) Empowerment of women: The government has taken steps to empower
women in Pakistan by increasing their representation in politics and providing
them with access to education and employment opportunities. In 2010, the
National Commission on the Status of Women was established, which is
responsible for promoting gender equality and women's rights.
d) Strengthening of civil society: Civil society in Pakistan has played an
important role in promoting democracy and human rights. The government
has taken steps to strengthen civil society by providing funding and support
for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and media outlets.
In conclusion, during the period of 2007-2017, Pakistan experienced several
changes in terms of head of state and head of government, and several
political developments aimed towards strengthening democracy in the
country. These included the 18th Amendment, free and fair elections,
empowerment of women, and strengthening of civil society. Despite these
developments, Pakistan still faces challenges in consolidating democracy and
ensuring the protection of human rights.
9.Society and Culture of Pakistan
9.1 Cultural Components
9.1.1: Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and
artifacts that characterize a society.
● Diversity is the presence of differences among people, such as
differences in ethnicity, language, religion, and culture.
● Unity is the state of being united or working together to achieve a
common goal.
● National cohesion refers to the sense of national identity and loyalty
that binds citizens of a country together.
● Integration is the process of bringing people from different
backgrounds together into a cohesive whole.
9.1.2: The major features of Pakistani culture and society include:
● Islamic heritage and values, which are reflected in the country's
customs and traditions.
● Linguistic diversity, with many different languages spoken throughout
the country, including Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, and Pashto.
● Strong family and community ties, with an emphasis on collectivism
over individualism.
● A rich tradition of music, dance, and other forms of artistic
expression.
 ● A love of food, with a diverse and flavorful cuisine that reflects the
country's history and geography.
9.1.3:Several factors influence unity, national cohesion, and integration in
Pakistan. These include:
● A shared Islamic heritage, which provides a common bond for many
people in the country.
● A sense of pride in Pakistan's history and achievements, such as the
struggle for independence and the country's nuclear program.
● The promotion of national symbols, such as the flag and the national
anthem.
● Efforts to create a national language and promote its use, such as
through the adoption of Urdu as the official language.
● The recognition and celebration of cultural and linguistic diversity.
However, there are also factors that challenge unity and cohesion in
Pakistan, such as ethnic and sectarian tensions, political instability, and
economic disparities.
9.1.4: The popular religious and cultural festivals of Pakistan are:
● Eid-ul-Fitr, which marks the end of Ramadan, the holy month of
fasting for Muslims.
● Eid-ul-Azha, which commemorates the sacrifice of Prophet Ibrahim
and is celebrated by sacrificing an animal and distributing the meat to
the poor.
● Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi, which marks the birth of the Prophet Muhammad
and is celebrated with religious gatherings and processions.
● Basant, a spring festival celebrated in Punjab with kite flying, music,
and dancing.
● Navroz, a Persian New Year festival celebrated by the Parsi community
in Pakistan.
9.1.5: Women play a significant role in Pakistani society, particularly in the
areas of family and community life. However, they face a range of
challenges, including limited access to education and employment
opportunities, gender-based violence, and cultural expectations that limit
their freedom and mobility.
9.1.6: To improve gender inequality in Pakistan, measures could include:
● Increasing access to education and job training for women and girls.
● Strengthening laws and policies to protect women from gender-based
violence and discrimination.
● Encouraging the participation of women in political and public life.
● Promoting cultural and social norms that value gender equality and
women's rights.
● Providing support for women's entrepreneurship and economic
empowerment.
9.1.7: Class differences and social inequalities in Pakistan have a range of
negative effects, including:
● Limited access to education, healthcare, and other essential services
for marginalized communities.
● Unequal distribution of wealth and resources, which contributes to
poverty and economic hardship.
● Political instability and unrest, as marginalized groups struggle to gain
a voice in the political system.
● Discrimination and social exclusion, particularly for ethnic and religious
minorities.
9.2 Languages of Pakistan
9.1.1 is CA
9.2.2: Urdu was chosen as the national language of Pakistan because it was
seen as a symbol of unity and a way to bring together the diverse linguistic
and cultural groups of the country. Urdu was also seen as a way to assert the
distinct identity of Pakistan as a separate nation from India, which had
adopted Hindi as its national language.
9.2.3: The main regional languages of Pakistan and the regions where they
are spoken are as follows:
● Sindhi: spoken in the province of Sindh
 ● Balochi: spoken in the province of Balochistan
● Pushto: spoken in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and parts of
Balochistan
● Punjabi: spoken in the province of Punjab and parts of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa
Other regional languages spoken in Pakistan include Saraiki (spoken in
southern Punjab), Kashmiri (spoken in Azad Jammu and Kashmir), Hindko
(spoken in northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Khowar (spoken in Chitral), and
Shina (spoken in Gilgit-Baltistan).
9.2.4: Steps have been taken for the development and promotion of
provincial languages in Pakistan, including Sindhi, Balochi, Pushto, and Punjabi.
These steps include the establishment of language academies, the
introduction of language courses in schools and universities, and the
publication of books and other materials in regional languages. However,
there is still much work to be done to fully promote and develop these
languages, and to ensure that they are given equal status and recognition
alongside Urdu and English.
10.Pakistan in World Affairs
10.1 Introduction to Foreign Policy
10.1.1: Foreign policy refers to the set of strategies, actions, and principles
adopted by a country's government to interact with other countries and
international organizations.
10.1.2: Foreign policy is essential for a country because it determines how
the country interacts with other nations in the international community,
affects the nation's security, economic interests, and political objectives. It
helps a country to protect its national interests and promote its values and
culture in the global arena.
10.1.3: The principles of Pakistan's foreign policy are:
1. Sovereignty: Pakistan's foreign policy is based on the principles of
sovereignty, territorial integrity, and non-interference in the internal
affairs of other countries.
 2. Unity: Pakistan seeks to promote unity and cooperation among Muslim
countries and the developing world.
3. Regional Peace and Stability: Pakistan is committed to promoting peace
and stability in the region and resolving disputes through peaceful
means.
4. Economic Development: Pakistan aims to enhance its economic
development by seeking foreign investment and trade opportunities.
5. Strategic Stability: Pakistan is committed to maintaining strategic
stability in the region and believes in peaceful coexistence with its
neighbors.
6. Non-alignment: Pakistan follows a policy of non-alignment in its
relations with other countries and avoids getting involved in any power
blocs or military alliances.
7. Human Rights: Pakistan upholds human rights and is committed to
promoting democratic values, gender equality, and religious harmony in
its foreign policy.
10.2 Pakistan’s Relations with the World
10.2.1: Pakistan has a complex relationship with several countries, including
China, the United States, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and India. Here is a brief
description of Pakistan's relationship with these countries:
1. China: Pakistan and China have a long-standing relationship, which is
often described as an "all-weather friendship." The two countries have
cooperated on a number of issues, including defense, infrastructure
development, and economic projects. The China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC) is a major example of this cooperation. Pakistan views
China as a strategic partner and has relied on China for economic and
military assistance.
2. United States: Pakistan's relationship with the United States has
been strained at times, particularly after the 9/11 attacks. The US
has accused Pakistan of providing safe havens to terrorist groups,
which has led to a decrease in military and economic assistance.
 However, the two countries have also cooperated on issues such as
counterterrorism and Afghanistan. The relationship between the two
countries remains complex and somewhat unstable.
3. Saudi Arabia: Pakistan has historically had a close relationship with
Saudi Arabia, which has provided Pakistan with economic and military
assistance. The two countries also share a religious connection as both
countries have a majority Muslim population. However, this relationship
has been strained in recent years due to Pakistan's closer ties with
Iran.
4. Iran: Pakistan and Iran have had a complex relationship, which has
been influenced by geopolitical factors such as the US presence in the
region and the sectarian divide between Sunni and Shia Muslims.
Pakistan has attempted to maintain a neutral stance in the ongoing
conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia, but tensions have risen at
times due to sectarian violence and terrorist attacks.
5. India: Pakistan's relationship with India has been marked by conflict,
particularly over the disputed territory of Kashmir. The two countries
have fought several wars over the region, and tensions remain high.
There have been some attempts at peace talks, but progress has been
slow. The two countries also have a complex relationship due to their
differing religious and cultural identities.

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