Afghan Learning Academy

A Family Of Learning

Basic English
Language Book 1 October 2022

Parts Of Speech

Author
UMAIR AHMAD SAFI

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Basic English
Language Book 1
 Table of contents

Letter 1
word 2
sentence 3
parts of speech 5
noun 6
Pronoun 7
verb 9
adjective 12
adverb 12
Conjunction 13
Interjection 13
preposition 14
Artical 14

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Letter

Letter:A letter is a symbol representing one or more of the sounds used in speech
‫یو سمبول دی چې په وینا په مهال کارول کيږي او یو یا ډیرو غږونو استازیتوب کوي‬: ‫توری‬
Alphabet Letters A,B,C...... A,BC...‫االفابيټ توري‬
There are three types of Alphabet by pronunciation
1:Vowel letter 2:Semi vowel letter 3:consonent
‫د تلفظ په لحاظ الفبابيټ په دري ډوله دی‬
‫ غږ نه لرونکي توري‬:۳ ‫ نيمه غږ لرونکي توري‬:۲ ‫غږ لرونکي توري‬:۱

1: Vowel letter:Are those wich has long sound or make syllabes in word
vowel letter are 5 : A E I O U
Example:cat without Vowel ct or She without Vowel sh

‫ هغه توري دي چي اوږد اواز ولري يا لغت کي سبيالب پيدا کړي‬:‫ غږ لرونکي توري‬:۱

2:Consonent letter:Are those letters wich cannot pronounce without Vowel letters.
consonents letters are 19
B,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,x,z,r,
.‫ هغه توري دي چي واويل حروفو بغير نشو کولی چي لغت تلفظ کړو‬:‫غږ نه‌لرونکي توري‬

3:Semi Vowel letters are those letters wich can also make a sound and some
time do not make a sound
Semi vowel letters are y,w
Example : why, fly
Shadow,
‫نيمه غږ لرونکي توري هغه توري دي چي کولی شي په يو جمله کي غږ تشکيل کړي او هم نه‬

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Vocabulary/ ‫لغاتونه‬

Word : A group of letters that has meaning when speak.

‫ د تورو هغه مجموعه چي ويلو په وخت کي معنا ولري‬: ‫لغت‬

Words ‫تلفظ‬ mean /‫معنا‬

Morning ‫مارننيګ‬ ‫سهار‬
Noice ‫نويس‬ ‫شور‬
Tomorrow ‫ټومورو‬ ‫سبا‬
Hope ‫هوپ‬ ‫هيله‬
Government ‫ګورنمنټ‬ ‫حکومت‬

Province ‫پرووينس‬ ‫واليت‬

Speak ‫سپيک‬ ‫خبري کول‬

Job ‫جاب‬ ‫دنده‬

Soldier ‫سولجر‬ ‫عسکر‬

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Sentences/‫جملي‬

Sentence: a group of word that gives complete sense is called Sentence.

‫ د لغاتونو يو مجموعه چي پوره معنا وړاندې کړي عبارت ده جملي څخه دی‬:‫جمله‬

Sentence are divided into three parts in form

1: Simple Sentence
‫جمله د شکل له مخې په دري ډوله دی‬
2: Compound Sentence
‫ ساده جمله‬:۱
2:Complex Sentence
‫ ترکیبي جمله‬:۲
‫ پيچلي جمله‬:۳
Simple Sentece /‫ساده جمله‬
A sentence wich has one finite verb is called Simple Sentece or
wich has one independent clause
‫هغه جمله چي فقط يو محدود فعل ولري يا يو خپلواک جمله ولري‬
‫عبارت د ساده جملي څخه دی‬

Example/‫مثال‬
Ahmad plays cricket/‫احمد کرکټ لوبه‬
‫کۍ‬
They watch tv/‫هغوي تلويزيون ګوري‬
She washed the clothes/‫هغي جامي‬
‫وینځل‬

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Sentences/‫جملي‬

1:Simple Sentece /‫ساده جمله‬

A sentence wich has one finite verb is called Simple Sentence or wich has one
independent clause.
I run fast. / I get angry soon
‫هغه جمله چي فقط يو محدود فعل ولري يا يو خپلواک قضيه ولري عبارت د ساده جملي څخه دی‬

2: complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and at least

one dependent clause and joined by conjunction

‫پيچلي جملي هغه جملي دي چي يو خپلواک او يو يا يو څخه زيات نا خپلواک قضيې ولري او وصل‬
‫توری په واسطه يو ځاي کيږي‬
example : Sanam is a teacher but she is a good writer.
I like tea but sugar free.
Ahmad is a good boy and he is smart

3: compound sentence is a sentence made up of two independent clauses and

joined by a conjunction or comma and a semicolon.

‫یوه مرکبه جمله هغه جمله ده چي د دوو خپلواکو قضيو څخه جوړه شوې ده چې د ربطه يا‬
‫همغږي توري يا کامه او يا سيمي کولن په واسطه یوځای کیږي‬.
Example
Conjunction :ahmad will be angry if I use his car
Semicolon: My car was not starting this morning; it's being fixed at the mechanic's
garage.

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Grammar/‫ګرامر‬

Grammar: Is the key of a language.

.‫ګرامر د يوي ژبي کلي ده‬
Parts of Speech/‫خبرو برخي يا کالم اجزاوي‬

1:Noun/‫اسم يا نوم‬
2:Pronoun/‫ضمير‬
3:Verb/‫فعل‬
4:Adverb/‫قيد‬
5: Adjective/‫صفت‬
6: Preposition: ‫اضافي توری‬
7: Conjunction/ ‫وصل توری‬
8:Interjection/‫تعجب توری‬
9: Article/‫تعريف توری‬

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Grammar/‫ګرامر‬

1: Noun : A noun is the name of a person place or things

Example: Ahmad , Pakistan, Kabul, Car

‫ اسم د‌يو شخص يا يو شي يا يو‌ځای نوم ته ويل کيږي‬:‫اسم‬

Types of Noun
In English grammar nouns are divided in to eight {8} types:
1- Proper Noun(Special names).(Ahmad,Kabul....)
2- Common nouns.(boy,man,girl)
3- Compound nouns.(Bus driver)
4- Collective nouns(Army,Family)
5- Material nouns.(wood,iron.)
6- Abstract nouns(love,knoweldge)
7- Concrete nouns.(stone)
8- Verbal nouns (action noun).(Drinking,swimming.)
9: Countable noun : pen/pens ,car/cars
10: Uncountable nouns: water, sky
‫اسم ډولونه‬
.‫په انګلیسی ژبه کی (اسم) په اته ډولونو ویشل شوی‬
)‫کابل‬،‫خاص اسمونه(احمد‬:۱
)‫نجلۍ‬،‫سړی‬،‫ عام اسمونه(هلک‬:۲
)...‫ مرکب اسمونه(بس درایور‬:۳
)‫کورنۍ‬،‫صنف‬،‫ ډله ایز اسمونه(اردو‬:۴
)‫اوسپنه‬،‫مادی اسمونه(لرګی‬:۵
)...‫مینه‬،‫ نه لمس کیدونکی اسمونه (علم‬:۶
).‫ لمس کیدونکی اسمونه(کاڼی‬:۷
)‫څښل‬،‫ فعلی اسمونه(عمل اسمونه)(المبو وهنه‬:۸
).. ‫ قلمونه‬، ‫ نه شميري دونکی ابمونه (ګاړی‬.:۹‫ شميري دونکی اسمانه‬:۹
)‫ هوا‬، ‫ ( اوبه‬:‫ نه شميري دونکی نومونه‬:۱۰
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Grammar/‫ګرامر‬

2: Pronoun: pronoun is a word Wich is used instead of noun.

exameple : he, she it, I, we ,they ,you,them,...
He is a good boy/ We play football.

‫ هغوي او داسي نور‬،‫ زه ته‬، ‫ضمير هغه کلمه ده‌چي د نوم په ځای استعماليږي لکه هغه‬

Types of pronoun
pronoun is divided into following parts ‫ضمير ډولونه په الندي ډول دي‬
1 Personal pronoun (he,she,time,them,him...) ‫شخصي ضميرونه‬
2: Demonstrative pronoun (this, that, those..) ‫اشاروي ضميرونه‬
3: Possessive pronoun (my,mine, your,her,his) ‫ملکيت ضميرونه‬
4 Interogative pronoun (who, whom, where) ‫د پوښتنې ضميرونه‬
5: indefinite pronoun (everyone, everything..) ‫نامعلوم ضميرونه‬
6:reflaxive pronoun (himself, herself, itself themselves.) ‫انعکاسي ضميرونه‬

1:Personal pronouns : personal pronouns are used instead of people or

things in the sentences ‫ هغه ضميرونه دي چي نوم په ځای استعماليږي‬:‫شخصي ضميرونه‬
There are two types of personal pronouns ‫شخصي ضميرونه په دوه ډوله دي‬
1:Subject pronoun ‫فاعلي ضميرونه‬:۱
2: Object Pronoun ‫ مفغولي ضميرونه‬:۲

1:subject pronoun: are those wich used instead of subject or Doer of

the action is called subject pronouns.
He,She,it,I,We,They,You
He is a good boy. You‌are careless.
‫ فاعلي ضميرونه هغه ضميرونه دي چي د فاعل په ځای استعماليږي يا عمل‬:۱
‫ ته‬،‫ هغوي‬،‫ مونږ‬،‫ زه‬،‫ دا‬،‫ هغي‬،‫کونکي ته فاعلي ضمير ويل کيږي لکه هغه‬
2:Object pronoun: are those pronouns which are used instead of noun and
receive an action ( the receiver of an action is called object pronouns.
me, you, us,them,him,her,it ‫ هغه ضميرونه دي چي اسم په ځای‬:‫مفغولي ضميرونه‬:۲
Ahmad is her brother ‫استعماليږي او يو عمل ترالسه کوي يا يو عمل ترالسه کونکي ته‬
Give it to me ‫مفغولي ضمير ويل کيږي لکه‬
‫ دا‬,‫ دهغي‬،‫ دهغه‬،‫‌مونږ‬،‫ته‬، ‫زه‬

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2: Demonstrative pronoun are those wich used instead of noun and point out
person, place or things.
examples : This , That, Those.
that is a car. / those are cow's

‫اشاروي ضميرونه هغه ضميرونه دي چي د نوم په ځای استعماليږي او يو شخص يا ځای يا يو شي‬
‫ او داسي نور‬..‫ هلته‬،‫ته اشاره کوي لکه دغه‬

3:Possessive pronoun: are those wich used instead of noun and and show
possession or ownership.
example my his her our
This is my pen / it is his car
‫ملکي ضميرونه هغه ضميرونه دي چي نوم په ځای استعماليږي او مونږ تا ملکيت يا ماليکيت‬
‫زمونږ‬،‫ستا‬،‫لکه زما‬.‫راښ‬

4:Interogative pronoun: Interogative pronouns are used for asking questions

example who , whom, where..
who did this work?

...‫ چيرته‬،‫پوښتنيز ضميرونه هغه ضميرونه دي چي پوښتني په وخت کي استعماليږي لکه چا‬

5: Indefinite pronoun are those wich used instead of noun and denote some unknown
person place or things
example everyone , everything..
every one stands up.
‫ځايونو او شيانو باندي داللت کوي لکه‬،‫نامعلوم ضميرونه هغه ضميرونه دي چي نامعلومو اشخاصو‬
‫هر ځای‬، ‫هرڅوک‬

6: Reflexive pronoun: A reflexive pronoun is used when the subject performs its
action upon itself.
example herself, himself, itself, themselves..
The computer restarts itself every night
He writes cocked the dinner for himself
‫ هغه وخت استعمالیږي کله چي فاعل يا عمل کونکي عمل د ځان‌لپاره کوي‬:‫انعکاسي ضميرونه‬
..‫لکه خپل ځان‬

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Grammar/‫ګرامر‬

3 : Verb is a word wich shows an action، state, possession and existence.

‫ او موجوديت راښۍ‬،‫ ملکيت‬،‫حالت‬، ‫فغل يو لغت دی چې مونږ ته يو عمل‬

Types of verb ‫دفعل ډولونه‬

1: Ordinary(main) verb ‫عام فعل‬
2: Auxiliary verb. ‫کومکي فعل‬

Ordinary verbs are those wich show an action

Example Play, Drive, Speak
He speaks to much.
‫ کتل‬،‫ خبري کول‬،‫ هغه دي چي موږ ته يو عمل راښايۍ لکه لوبه‬:‫عام فعل‬

Ordinary verbs are divided into two parts ‫عام فعل په دوه برخو وېشل شوی‬
1: Regular verb ‫قاعده لرونکي فعل‬
2 irregular verb ‫قاعده نه لرونکي فعل‬

2: Regular verbs: Are those verbs which take ed or d ,and Their second and third
form are same .‍
Ex: talk talked talked
Want wanted wanted
‫ په اخره کي استعماليږي او دغه تورو دویم او دریم حالت سره يو‬ed ‫ او يا‬d ‫قاعده لرونکي فعل هغه دي چي‬
‫شان وي‬
2: Irregulargular verbs: Are those verbs which donnot take ed or d ,and Their
second and third forms are some time not same and some time it's same..‍
Ex: arise arose arisen
Abid abode abode
‫ په اخره کي نه استعماليږي او دغه تورو دویم او دریم‬ed ‫ او يا‬d ‫قاعده نه لرونکي فعل هغه دي چي‬
‫حالت کله يو شان وي او کله نه‬

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Grammar/‫ګرامر‬

2 Auxiliary verb (Helping verb): Auxiliary verbs are the main part of verb by
helping to show time, tense, and possibility.
‫ او امکان ښودلو مي مرسته کوي‬،‫ زمانه‬،‫کومکي فعلونه د فعل اصلي برخه ده او د وخت‬

Types of auxiliary verb/ ‫کومکي فعل ډولونه‬

Types of auxiliary verb ‫کومکي فعل ډولونه‬
1: Principal auxiliary verb ‫اصلی کومکي فعلونه‬
2: Model Auxiliary verb ‫نمونه يي فعلونه‬
3: Semi Model Auxiliary verb ‫نيمه نمونه يي فعلونه‬
1: Principle Auxiliary Verbs: are the main part of auxiliary verbs.
They are: is, am, are, was, were, have,has,had do, does, and did.
Examples:
 He is studying English.
 You are speaking English.
‫ د کومکي فعلونه اصلي برخه ده‬:‫اصلي کومکي فعلونه‬
Principle auxiliary verbs are divided into three parts:
To Be Verbs ‫اصلي کومکي فعلونه په دري برخو ويشل شوی‬
‫ فعل وي‬:۱
To Have Verbs ‫ لرلو فعل وي‬:۲
To Do Verbs ‫کولو فعل وي‬:۳

1: To Be Verbs: show state or existence. ‫ مونږ ته حالت يا موجوديت راښۍ‬:‫فعل وي‬

They are as following
Is,am,are,were,was
Examples, I am sick, They were good boys. He was at school.

2:To have Verb: Show possession or ownership , ‫ مونږ ته ملکيت يا ماليکيت راښۍ‬:‫لرلو فعل‬
They are following as
Have,has,had
Example:I have a Laptop ,/ He has a car,/ He had money

3: To do verb :show performing of an action ‫کولو فعل مونږ ته يو عمل ترسره کول راښئ‬
They are following as
Do , Does , Did
Examples, I do not eat dinner, He Does know, / they did their work

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Grammar/‫ګرامر‬

2 Auxiliary verb (Helping verb): Auxiliary verbs are the main part of verb by
helping to show time, tense, and possibility.
‫ او امکان ښودلو مي مرسته کوي‬،‫ زمانه‬،‫کومکي فعلونه د فعل اصلي برخه ده او د وخت‬
Types of auxiliary verb/ ‫کومکي فعل ډولونه‬
Types of auxiliary verb ‫کومکي فعل ډولونه‬
1: Principal auxiliary verb ‫اصلی کومکي فعلونه‬
2: Model Auxiliary verb ‫نمونه يي فعلونه‬
3: Semi Model Auxiliary verb ‫نيمه نمونه يي فعلونه‬
1: Principle Auxiliary Verbs: are the main part of auxiliary verbs.
They are: is, am, are, was, were, have,has,had do, does, and did.
Examples:
‫ د کومکي فعلونه اصلي برخه ده‬:‫اصلي کومکي فعلونه‬
 He is studying English.
 You are speaking English.
1:Principle auxiliary verbs are divided into three parts: ‫اصلي کومکي فعلونه په دري برخو ويشل شوی‬
To Be Verbs ‫ فعل وي‬:۱
‫ لرلو فعل وي‬:۲
To Have Verbs
‫د کولو فعل وي‬:۳
To Do Verbs
2: Modal Auxiliary Verb
A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb used to express ideas such as ability,possibility, permission
and obligation. The modal auxiliary verbs are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will,
and would.
For example: I can do this, Ahmad may not come, You must watch this.
،‫موډل کومکي فعل یو ډول کومکي فعل دی چې د نظریاتو څرګندولو لپاره کارول کیږي لکه وړتیا‬
‫ مکلفيت په توګه‬،‫ اجازه‬،‫امکان‬
.‫ تاسو باید دا وګورئ‬،‫ احمد ممکن رانشي‬،‫ زه دا کولی شم‬:‫لکه‬

3:Semi Model Auxiliary verbs are used to express the same things as modals, but
are a combination of auxiliary verbs and the main verb to. Semi Model Auxiliary
verb are Dare, need, ought to and used to
he need to work.
Ought she study for her exam :‫نيمه ماډل کومکي فعلونه‬
‫ مګر د کومکي فعلونو او‬،‫دا هم موډل کومکي فعل په څیر د ورته شیانو څرګندولو لپاره کارول کیږي‬
‫اصلي فعلونو ترکیب پکي شامل دی‬

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Grammar/‫ګرامر‬
4 : Adjective: an adjective is a word wich describe the quality, quantity,Size,
duration and more about noun or pronoun
Example: Ahmad is a dangerous player.
she is Beautifull.
‫ صفت هغه توري دی چي ضمير يا اسم تشريح کوي لکه داسم يا ضمير‬:‫صفت‬
I have ten Cars. ‫وخت او داسي‬،‫ سايز‬،‫کيفيت‬،‫شمير‬
Types of Adjectives
1:Descriptive Adjectives (fast, Beautifull....) ‫تشريح کونکی صفت‬
2:Quantitative Adjectives (many, How much, ten ..) ‫شمیر کونکي صفت‬
3:Proper Adjectives( American cars are very strong) ‫خاص شي صفت‬
4:Demonstrative Adjectives )this, that, these, those) that building is old. ‫اشاروي صفت‬
5:Possessive Adjectives (my, his, her, our, their, your) my car is beautiful ‫ملکيت صفت‬
6:Interrogative Adjectives ( which, what, whose) (wich car is ‫سواليه صفت‬
7:indefinite Adjectives ( few, many, much, most, all, any, each, every, either, nobody,
several, some, etc) there were many new shoes) ‫نامعلوم شي صفت‬
8:Articles ‫مقاله‬
9:Compound Adjectives ‫ترکيبي صفت‬

5: Adverb: an adverb is a word/a set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives

Example : Ahmad is very dangerous player.
she is so much beautifull.
I have ten Cars in my home.
.‫ قيد هغه توري يا د تورو مجموعه ده چي فعل يا صفت تشريح کوي‬: ‫قيد‬

Adverb Clauses or Adverb Phrases are clauses or phrases that modify the verbs,
adjectives or other adverbs in the sentence
He ran toward the bus until he was tired.
He came carrying his box with two hands.
Types of Adverbs:
1: Adverbs of Time/Frequency (When?)I went to school a little late yesterday. ‫وخت قيد‬
2:Averbs of Place/Direction (Where?)He is staying at my home. ‫طرف يا جهت قيد‬
3:Adverbs of Degree (How Much?)I am so excited about the new job. ‫د درجي قيد‬
4:Adverbs of Manner (How?)He is running fast. ‫طريقې قيد‬
5: Conjunctive Adverbs: connects phrases or independent clauses. He is confused, however, if
the umpires will come.‫وصل قيد‬
6: Sentence Adverb: Start the sentence and modify the verb ( Hopefully, we will win the
match) (hopefully ‫هيله مند ) جملي قيد‬

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Grammar/‫ګرامر‬

6 Preposition: A preposition is a word that indicates the relationship

between a noun and the other words of a sentence.
preposition word are to, at,into, in, by, up,from, still,.....etc
Example: 1 Saleem is in the house
Nilam is from Takhar. / The present is inside the box.
‫ هغه توری دی چي د اسم يا ضمير او د نوري جملي ترمنځ اړيکه په نښه کوو‬:‫اضافي توری‬

There are four types of preposition ‫اضافي توری څلور ډولونه لري‬
1: Prepositions of Time ( He started working at 10 AM). ‫وخت اضافي توری‬:1
2:Prepositions of Place and Direction ( He came from England) ‫ځای يا طرف اضافي توری‬:2
3:Prepositions of Agents or Things( He is playing with his brothers ‫شيانو يا عواملو اضافي توری‬:3
4: Pherasal Prepositions (I am going out of the city.) Out of ‫ عبارت يا جملي اضافي توری‬:4

7: Conjunctions: Conjunctions are used to join clauses, phrases, and words together for
constructing sentences.
and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet, not only - but also, either- or, neither - nor, both After, how,
than, when, although, if, that, where, as, in order that, though,.....etc

.‫عبارت او لغات سره یوځای کولو لپاره کارول کیږي‬،‫وصل توری د جملو د جوړوښت لپاره د فقري‬

Types of Conjunctions ‫د وصل توری ډولونه‬

Coordinating Conjunctions ‫همغږي کونکي وصل توری‬
Correlative Conjunctions ‫ارتباطي وصل توری‬
Subordinating Conjunctions ‫ضمني وصل توری‬

Example:
1 : Go away and never come back. (And) Coordinating Conjunctions
2: You want an ice cream or chocolate? (Or) Coordinating Conjunctions
3: Before we left home, I had my breakfast.( Before)Subordinating conjunction
4: I want both ice cream and chocolate (both , and) Correlative Conjunctions

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Grammar/‫ګرامر‬
8 : Interjection: An interjection is a word wich express emotions.
Interjection has 4 rules ‫تعجب توری دا هغه توری دی چي د خلکو احساسات بيانوي‬
‫او څلور اصول لري‬
1 : Wow! That’s an amazing scene.( sudden mood, emotions, and feeling ) ‫ناڅاپي احساساتو لپاره‬
2: Yes! I will most definitely do it.( Yes or No) ‫هو او نه لپاره‬
3: Hey! Will you give me that ball?( To get Some one attention) ‫چا توجو جلبولو لپاره‬
4: Your, um, shirt has a stain on the back. ( interrupt a conversation or hold someone’s attention
for a moment) ‫جملی قطع‌کول يا چا توجو لږ وخت لپاره جلبول‬

9: Article : Article is a word used with noun ad adjective and describe them
‫تعريف توری هغه توری دی چي اسم يا صفت سره استعماليږي او هغوي تشريح کوي‬
There are two types of Articles
1: Definite (particular) Article: use for particular things
.‫معین يا مشخص تعريف توری د مشخص شيانو لپاره کارول کيږي‬
definte artical is only ' the'
Example: Give me the Ball / the sky / the water

2: Indefinite Article : use for unparticular things and persons

A and an are two indefinite articals

examples: a boy , a book , ‌
‫نامشخص تعریف توری هغه توري دی چي نامشخص شخص يا شي لپاره استعماليږي‬

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