Egyptian mummy
WESTERN ART
Prehistoric Period, Egyptian
Art, Greco-Roman Art
PREHISTORIC PERIOD
Before man knew how to
read and write, he was
already an artist.
Cave Paintings
the most ancient of arts
❖discovered in Southwestern
France and Northern Spain (as
old as 40,000 years)
Lascaux, France: application of
natural pigments; drawings of
arrows and spears
Altamira, Spain: suited the
figures to the surface for a 3D
effect
How did it start?
Primitive man did cave
paintings because he believed it
possessed magic that would
guarantee successful hunting
Hand tracing and figures
of wild animals
The Beginnings of Architecture
Menhir de Champ-Dolent
PRIMITIVE ARCHITECTURE
Dolmen
Cromlech de Stonehenge
Architecture began with the
practice of burying the dead
Gravestones were
arranged to form primitive
religious symbolism (menhirs,
dolmens)
Cromlechsserved many
purposes: ancient religious rites,
calendar, etc.
EGYPTIAN ART
Ancient Egypt grew along
the Nile River at about 3000
BC.
The Religious Function
The basic religious
scripture was the Book of the
Deadwith its funeral prayers and
rituals
Book of the Dead
The arts manifested the
mastaba
step pyramid
The sprit of man was ka
residing in the body, so to
ensure its continued existence
after death, it is preserved
through paintings, sculpture and
mummification.
Egyptians devoted more
time and effort into the building
of tombs
Pyramids
The great pyramids of the kings
(esp. King Khufu or Cheops),
were the highest point of
pyramid construction –13 acres
base; 450 ft high
Great Pyramids
Tomb
Sarcophagus
The interior is a chamber
of the royal dead, where the
treasures of the Pharaoh are
kept
The king’s mummy was
concealed beneath several layers
of gold and silver sarcophagi
Temples
Temples are massive and full of
visual arts
❖The temple of Queen
Hatshepsut and the temple at
Abu Simbel were built on the
sides of a cliff
Abu Simbel temple
Temple of Hatshepsut
Karnak temple
Luxor temple
The temples of Luxor and
Karnak were of the pylon type
CLASSICISM AND THE
GRECO-ROMAN TRADITION
GREEK ART
The civilization of ancient
Greece began about 1000 BC
and the history of Greek Art is
divided into three principal
periods.
ARCHAIC PERIOD (800-600
BC)
influence of earlier civilizations, in
their linear, geometric tendency and
stylized forms.
Pottery
Kouros (nude male figure)
Kore (fully clad female figure)
CLASSIC OR
HELLENIC PERIOD (500 BC)
Golden age of Athens/ Age
of Pericles
mainsprings of Western
cultural tradition
works of Socrates, Plato
and Aristotle
The Classical Ideals
The term classicalin its strict
sense refers to its complex of
aesthetic and philosophical
ideals.
emphasis on form –
implies a rigorous artistic
discipline in conforming to a
schema or to certain artistic
conventions
intellectual order–their
philosophical systems flourished
out of their love of reason
harmony–manifested in
the unity of work
proportion –deals with
the relationship of the part to
the whole and vice versa
balance –nothing in
excess
Sculpture
fully three-dimensional figures,
interesting from every angle
Lance bearer by Polycleitos
Discus Thrower by Myron
Phidias' works
Architecture
Parthenon
designed by architects Ictinus
and Callicrates;ornamented
by Phidias
Architecture (cont.)
Three Orders
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Open-air theater
HELLENISTIC PERIOD (400-
100 BC)
End of the Golden Age of
Athens
The term “Hellenistic”
refers to the period after the
5thcentury BC when Greek
culture intermingled with
Oriental influences
Emotion replaced
classical restraint and serenity
Paintings
naturalistic paintings
Artists:
oZeuxis
oParrhasius
oApollodorus
Encaustic Painting
Representing Zeuxis’ Grape
and the Birds, Johann Georg
Hiltensperger
Sculpture
Hermes and the infant Dionysus
by Praxiteles
Apoxyomenosby Lysippos
Winged Victory of Samothrace
Dying Gaul
ROMAN ART
The Hellenistic world was
absorbed by Roman
expansionism in the first century
BC when Greece and Asia Minor
were added to the Roman
Empire.
Painting
Endowed with a keen, observant
eye, the Roman artists painted
their environment
❖It is influenced by Greek and
Etruscan traditions, evolved
through different styles and
techniques during the Roman
Empire.
❖They developed new artistic
subjects such as genre, still lifes,
landscapes and architectural
motifs.
Sculpture
It is deeply influenced by Greek art,
evolved into a distinct form during
the Roman Empire, showcasing a
blend of realism, idealism, and
attention to detail
❖Related to ancestor-worship in
which the image of the deceased
was venerated for the Romans had
a strong sense of family continuity
❖Also served to reinforce the
image of authority
Bust of Julius Caesar
Augustus of Primaporta
Equestrian statue of Marcus
Aurelius
Architecture
Roman architecture, a hallmark
of ancient engineering and
design, was characterized by its
innovation, grandeur, and
enduring influence on Western
architecture.
❖The important features are the
rounded arch, the vault and the
dome
City planners designed
roads radiating from Rome to
far-flung areas of the empire
Rounded arch
Vault
Dome
“all roads lead to Rome”
Architect (cont.)
Huge public buildings
were constructed to
accommodate vast, idle crowds
❖Roman architecture
served a lot of purposes
Arch of Titus
Baths of Caracalla
Aqueduct
Colosseum
Pantheon
Literature
Roman literature,
spanning over a millennium,
made significant contributions
to Western literary traditions. It
can be categorized into several
genres, reflecting the diverse
interests and talents of Roman
writers
Aeneid by Virgil
Tragedies written by Seneca
THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
 Early Christian Art
 Byzantine Art
 Romanesque Art
 Gothic Art
1. EARLY CHRISTIAN ART
Because of their other-worldly
values, the early Christians
invited misunderstanding and
were persecuted by the
Roman emperors. They had
to live as fugitives, hiding in a
vast maze of underground
corridors known as
catacombs.
The walls of the
catacombs were
decorated with frescoes
and beautiful, glowing
mosaics in honor of
Christ, Mary, and the
converts own valiant
comrades in persecution.
Symbols- served as a
kind of religious code
which enabled the
Christians to identify
themselves and to
communicate with one
another.
Early Christian architecture
would be developed only at the
end of the era of Christian
persecution. The first known
Christian church is the old
Basilica of St. Peter in Rome
2. BYZANTINE ART
 The classical and Asian
artistic traditions merge
in Byzantine art.
 Asian two-dimensional or
flat style- placing
emphasis on clarity of line
and sharpness of outline
 Western three-
dimensional style of the
classical tradition.
 Examples of Byzantine
 Artistic Representation:
The icons that are
portraying:
 Christ
 The Crucifixion
 Mary as the Mother
of God
 Byzantine Style survived
for a long period in Russia
in the Russian Orthodox
Churches
 Saint Basil’s Cathedral
in Moscow
 Byzantine Architecture
Hagia Sophia- built in the
6th century in
Constantinopole. Its plan
conforms to the Greek
cross with four equilateral
arms.
 Byzantine Capitals- are
ornamental and abstract
with a typical
basketweave design.
 The aim of the Byzantine
artist and architect was to
create a reflection of the
splendor of heaven.
3. ROMANESQUE ART
a. The triumphant
tribes were the
Goths, the
Huns, the
Vandals, the
Vikings, the
Teutons, the
Franks, and the
Angels.
b. As the
triumphant tribes
lived outside the
Hellenistic and
Christian
influence, they
were called
barbarians by
the Romans. But
they, too,
needless to say,
had their own
arts and culture. epics that told of the
They excelled in daring, magic, and terrors
metalwork which of earlier times.
they executed Anglos-Saxon Beowulf- which
with geometric told of a Teutonic hero’s fight
with the man-eating creature,
designs and
Grendel, and his mother, as
stylized animal
well as with the monster of the
forms, and they
deep.
covered the
Tales about King Arthur and
entire surface of the Knights of the Round
the objects with Table in legendary Camelot.
complex, In France, there was the Song
curvilinear of Roland, whose hero made
patterns. a valiant last stand against the
c. Dark Ages- the period of Saracens of the valley of
strife and political Roncesvalles.
insecurity following the In Germany, there was the
collapse of the Roman Nibelungenlied, the dark
Empire. and powerful tale about the
d. The feudalism of adventures of Siegfried.
the Middle Ages
gave rise to  Painting & Sculpture:
chivalry with its During the Medieval Period,
rites of monasteries became important
centers of learning.
knighthood and
In the monasteries, the
its solemn monks copied the scripture
pledge to render and other sacred writings by
service, honor, hand and illustrated them
and loyalty to with marvelous and
God , to the elaborate paintings known
king, and to the as illuminations.
The sculpture of the
chosen Lady.
Romanesque Period was found
The age of chivalry also saw largely in association with
the strengthening of the architecture.
social position of women who Whirlpool Patterns- it
became honoured in some characterize the figures of the
types, such as the Virgin saints of unlikely anatomy.
Mary, and in more Two-dimensional- were drawn
contemporary models, in with tense, razor-sharp lines
some types, such as the with nervous rhythms.
remabrkable Eleanor of There, too, was a trend
Acquitaine. towards abstraction in the
a. The medieval mind exploitation of line for itself,
was a such as is seen in the
conglomeration of coiling patterns of the Irish
religion and Books of Kells.
superstition.  Architecture:
b. Literature: Romanesque art is often
The early middle ages associated with the
brought forth legends and
architectural style of the was  Dante Alighleri’s
period. Of its characteristics, translucent Divina Commedia- It
the most important are its stained glass, is the odyssey of a
massive quality and its and in the soul through hell
horizontal emphasis, since interior, and purgatory, to
the concept of the fortress ornaments celestial paradise
predominated. This was true of gold and where he joins the
for both religious and silver and beatific company of
secular architecture. precious
God, the saints, and
Strong Castle-fortresses- stones, and
was built by the lords for the beloved, the
exquisite
defense. incomparable
tapestries.
Beatrice.
Fortification- was extended  With its high,
to enclose an entire city of pointed spires
village with heavy stone MUSIC OF THE MIDDLE AGES
striving upwards
walls, so that the city with its to the sky, was a Two Kinds:
church, town hall, markets, symbol of  Religious
and shops became self- expression of  Secular
contained and self-sufficient. faith.
Picturesque Toledo and  All the 1. Early Christian music- is
Avila in Spain, and important monophonic, and also called
Carcasonne in France- an features of the plain-song or Gregorian chant.
example of cities that the structure served -consisted of psalms from the Old
walls had a number of gates, to emphasize its Testament.
and on the streets and vertically. 2. Ars Antiqua- The
squares the pebbles were  Sculpture: polyphony of Ars
neatly arranged to form an  The Gothic Antiqua was full of
overall design. cathedral became dissonances because
more richly the composers were
4. GOTHIC ART ornamented. Its more interested in
 Architecture: façade featured the horizontal flow
 Gothic Cathedral- rows of sculptured of the different
the architectural figures of the melodies and did not
triumph of the later saints and Biblical pay much attention
Middle Ages. It personages.
to the vertical
was, as John Ruskin  Again, sculpture and
(harmonic)
described it, “a architecture were in
relationships the
Bible in stone,” to close alliance.
tones sung together.
provide all people,  Significant features:
3. Ars Nova- The leading Ars
especially many  Within the church
Nova composer in France
who could not read were found not
was Guillaume de Machaut
or write – and only Christ and
whose most important work
printing had not yet saints as subject of
is the Mans of Notre Dame.
been invented – a sculpture, but also
In Italy, it Francesco Landini
lively visual kings, queens, and
who made use of native
narrative of Holy the nobility, who
Italian melodies and
Scriptures. were with the
Church, the patrons composed music meant to
 Aside from be accompanied by stringed
the stone used of the arts.
 Literature: instruments like the lute.
in building, there
  Selular Music Examples from Constantinople,
o The songs of the goliards besieged in 1453,
o Chansons de geste brought into Italy the
 Were in treasures of classical
vernacular civilization.
 Heroic tales of  The ideals of
which the Song classicism-balance,
of Roland is an harmony, proportion,
important
and intellectual
example.
order-became the
Relating deeds of
artistic standards of
national heroes
the period.
and sung to
 The classical emphasis
simple melodies.
 Were sung by on man as the measure
Jongleurs. of all things exercised a
o Love songs particular influence on
o Ballads of the Renaissance thought.
troubadours Furthermore, this trend
 Were first heard of neo-paganism
of about the 12th coincided with the
century in Provence
decline of the authority
and Catalonia
of the Church, as it gave
 They adopted
fold material in way to the secular
ballads. power of the
 Their aristocrats and the
compositions were dynamic merchant
built on modal scales class.
and used the deal
with worldly
matters.  Cartographers became
busy mapping out the
 Conductus- more new lands. In 1492,
secular than liturgical, Christopher Columbus
can be regarded as set foot in America, the
the first completely New World, in 1521,
original polyphonic Ferdinand Magellan
work which does not and his men landed in
contain any borrowed Cebu, Philippines. The
material. era of colonization had
 Motets- were written to begun, the far-reaching
be sung outside the church effects of which would
services. be felt even to our
time.
RENAISSANCE
 The navigational
 First, there was a revival explorations were
of classical learning in matched in science by
the study of the ancient the discoveries of
Greek and Roman texts. Galileo and
The influx of scholars Copernicus in the field
of astronomy. The
Copernican theory the
heliocentric concept of
the universe- that is,
the earth and the
other planets revolve
around the sun. It
replaced the medieval
idea that the whole
universe revolved
around the earth, as it
was man, the
reflection of God, who
inhabited it.
 There was a transition
from the feudal order
of the medieval period-
lord, knight, and vassal
classes- based to a
mercantile capitalist
society on the new
money economy which
came with the rise of
the middle class, the
bourgeoisie, in
combination with the
large aristocratic
houses. Huge banking
enterprises to finance
commerce and trade
were launched in Italy
by the Medicis and in
Germany by rich
merchants.
 These social changes
soon led to a
reassessment of man
and the world around
him Humanism,
revived from classical
times, pervaded
philosophy and the
arts, and man came
into his own as master
of his world.
 The economic
 progress in the late gold or a space which
Medieval Period, was the controlled by
which was brought any unifying principle.
about by increased Formulation of
trade and commerce, geometric or linear
resulted in the perspective in which
growth of cities and the principal lines of
provided the painting converge at a
backdrop for the point on the horizon
remarkable period called the vanishing
that is known as the point.
Renaissance.
 Renaissance
 Renaissance, a word perspective
borrowed from the provided a
French language, satisfactory
literally means solution to the
"rebirth," and in the problem of
history of art it is applied portraying space
to the 15th century on a two-
which is one of the dimentional
highest moments of surface. An
civilization. The example of linear
Renaissance was a perspective in
period of rebirth, for it painting is
ushered in a new Leonardo da
outlook on man and the Vinci’s “Last
world. Supper”
 Renaissance
 The scientific spirit is was also a
the new concept of period of
space which artistic
manifested itself in experimentati
painting and on were
architecture as artists tried
geometric or linear new mediums
perspective. and
Portraying space and techniques.
depth on a two-  The asendance of man
dimensional surface can be seen in the
brought the artist to many portraints and
the threshold of selt-portraits that were
science. painted during the
 Middle age paintings Florentine youth, the
were flat and two- ladies of high ranks, the
dimensional with the scholars, the condotteri,
figures set against a and the burghers. Its
background of plain emphasis on man, along
with the emergence of
the bourgeoisie,
brought out the value
of the human
personality and
individuals unique
human being.
 The painters of the
first half of the 15th
century ( early
Renaissance) were
massaccio and piero
della Francesca.
 The second half
of the 15th
century saw the
evolution of
landscape. The
figures wew
arranged as
though on a
stage, and they
assumed classic
poses.
 Among the
painters were
Raphael and
Perugino, his
teacher, who
influenced him
with quiet and
gentle
atmosphere of
landscape.
 One of the most
equisite paintings of
the renaissance is
Botticeli’s Birth of
Venus which shows the
slender goddess, with
long, flowing hair,
poised lightly on a shell
and wafted to the
shore by the winds
gods.
 The painting is an  Raphael’s large murals who designed
example of the called stanza in the the Medici-
linear tendency chambers of vatican Riccardi Palace
palace.
that persisted in in Florence for
the Early Cosimo de
 The sculptor dealt with
Renaissance in Medici , and
the problem of balancing
Sienna and the tensions contained in Leon Battista
Florence and which the various parts of the Alberi, who
contrasted with the figure. designed the
preoccupation with Rucellai Palace
volume in the  Architecture
works of Giotto and Architecture during  Brunellschi designed the
Massaccio. the renaissance was dome of the Florence
 In the High Renaissance, brought to the cathedral , while
Florence continued to be construction of Michaelangelo designed
center of art and was aristocratic that of St.
joined by Rome and residences or Peter’s Basilica in
Venice. palazzos, as well as Rome. The structures
churches. not only revived the
 Early classical orders, but the
The palazzos in Florence were
Renaissance ideals of balance
placed in a setting, Such as a
gave away to piazza(square), to set off their ,symmetry ,and
dramatic elegant facade. This generally proportions as well.
settings with consisted of arches above the
contrasting windows and, between them at  Music and Theater
lights and regular intervals Flat columns  Renaissance Italy
darks, as well called pilasters with capitals distinguished itself
as from classical orders. In the visual arts
mysterious, and architecture,
romantic  Sculpture England saw the
landscapes of  The long, straight golden age of
rocks and lines of the roof theater and music.
water. strengthened the  RENAISSANCE ART
 Human face became massive , horizontal  In this period,
even more emphasis of the William
expressive with the structure. Italian, Shakespear, the
use of sfumato a Spanish , English great dramatist of
modeling technique Renaissance all time, produced
introduced by buildings was the U- his memorable
shaped ground plan tragedies
Leonardo da Vinci
opening onto a (Hamlet,Macbeth,
which consisted of
court, garden,or King Lear) and
blurring sharp
park with sculptures comedies
outines with subtle
and fountains. (Merchant of
tonal gradations.
 Outstanding Venice, As You
Italian Like It, The
 Renaissance figures
assumed more dramatic architects of Tempest) for the
postures in paintings as in palazzos were Elizabethan stage.
sculpture. Michelozzi,  The
 Renaissa obscure and ambiguous, and
nce in The Sixteenth Century it may contain elements
England Mannerism one cannot account for. In
The Renaissance is often Parmigianino's Madonna of
is also said to be the beginning of
rememb the Long Neck, who is the
modern times because of its
ered for rationalism and scientific
attitude, as well as its thin man in the background
its
material progress. However, holding a scroll? And what
wealth does the large unfinished
the world-view of the
of songs Renaissance remained column signify?
and largely conservative and
madrigal idealist, as it was based on Then there may be mannerism of
s,which the idea of an unchanging space. The foreground, middle
contribu and eternal order. Nature was ground, and background of the
viewed as a permanent reality painting may seem to be
ted offered to man like a
greatly unrelated because of abrupt
spectacle or a closed field for
to the action.
changes in scale.
develop
This is again true in the above-
ment of It was this static order
mentioned Then there may be
secular govern- caught a glimpse of mannerism of space. The
music. new and unfamiliar foreground, middle ground, and
possibilities. For as background of the painting may
Shakespeare himself had seem to be unrelated because of
 HISTORICAL CONTEXT
warned: "There are more abrupt changes in scale. painting
OF MIDDLE AGES
things in heaven and on where one observes the great
 The middle ages discrepancy in scale between the
earth than are dreamt of in
was the period in philosophy." Madonna and Child in the
European History foreground and the old man behind
from the Roman them. Thus the mannerist may treat
RENAISSANCE's classical
space arbitrarily or he may
Civilization in the composure was disrupted by
intentionally create unusual spatial
5th century CE to traumatic socio-political
effects, such as in El Greco's St.
the period of the circumstances, including the
Martin and the Beggar in which
Renaissance sacking of Rome in 1527,
there is an abrupt vertiginous
 The medieval society leading to the dispersion of
descent behind the two figures.
was primarily artists across Europe.
Christians, Agarian The painting may also show
,and feudal in nature This social breakdown and the
mannerism of value. The
. violence which attended it was
mannerist painter may employ
 The works that
soon reflected in the arts. The
strong contrasts of light and dark
decay of classicism in the visual
remain in large which the subject may not
arts took the form of mannerism,
numbers necessarily require and which
which expressed the insecurity,
include may be cultivated for special
anxieties, and escapist
sculpture , effects, as in El Greco's View of
tendencies of the aristocratic
illuminated
Toledo, or for sensationalist
class. Mannerism, although
effects, as in The Nativity by
manuscripts, based on classicism, was a
Beccafumi.
stained glass, perversion of it.
metal work and There is often found the
mosaics. Mannerism in the arts may
mannerism of line, in which
 Artists favored flat
assume various forms. First,
outlines are elongated and the
representations of there may be mannerism in
forms contorted and twisted.
people,animalsand subject. The meaning of a
This is commonly found in the
object. mannerist painting is often
works of Parmigianino, as well
as in the elegant figures in relief
made by Primaticcio for Francis
I at Fontainebleau.
This manner of representation
involving distortion had, of
course, begun earlier with
Michelangelo's fres- coes,
including the powerful Last
Judgment and the Creation of
Adam at the Sistine Chapel.
Finally, there is the mannerism
of the fantastic and the bizarre,
as in Arcimboldo's Allegory of
Winter, which is the double
image of a man and a gnarled
plant.
There is, too, the mannerism of
gesture, in which the hands may
call attention to themselves by
their unusual, exaggerated, or
dramatic gesture, such as in
Parmigianino's Vision of Saint
Jerome.
In painting, sculpture, and in
architecture, the works of the
Mannerist generally
characterized by a sense of
instability and ambiguity, i n
spite of the presence of
classical features.
Outstanding architects of the
period are Giulio Romano, who
designed the unusual Palazzo del
Te at Mantua; Vignola, who
designed the Jesuit c h u r c h o f
Il Gesu) in Rome; and
A n d r e a Palladio with his most
famous work, the Rotonda (Villa
Capra) at Vicenza. His
architecture, which is based on
classicism but modifies it, is
discussed in his treatise, The
Four Books of Architecture.
17TH AND 18TH
CENTURY
Baroque Art
• the Renaissance was the great
religious upheaval called the
reformation that shook the
whole Europe out of its
complacency
Religious leaders like Martin
Luther, John Calvin and John
knox Demanded religious
reforms
The catholic church
encouraged artists to assume
task of stimulating religious
fervor through art that appealed
to the senses and the emotions
The highly sensual dynamic
style that emerged from this
period of crisis was baroque art
style. What are its features?
Baroque paintings often use
diagonal lines or zigzags to
express vitality and movement,
avoiding static appearances.
Ares, spirals, and twisting lines
these lines.
One very important feature of
baroque art is chiaroscuro.
Caravaggio, an early Italian
baroque artist, utilized light as
the primary element in his
works, breaking down forms
arbitrarily rather than modeling
them.
In el greco who is more of a
mannerist artist light is a
dramatic and supernatural
presence. flickering and shaping
the figures into many tongues of
fire.
Georges de la tour light has a
quiet and steady quality.
Emanates from an identifiable
source such as a candle shielded
by a child's hand (joseph and the
child Jesus) or burning on a table
with a skull
Value is an important element in
baroque art for it creates
atmosphere and emotional
effects as light become symbolic
of the interior life texture it is
another decisive element since
baroque art primarily aims at
reaching the emotions by
seducing the senses.
Spanish art
o Sisters Open!
• Velasquez masterpiece, (Las
meninas) one is amazed at the
large variety of objects, the
texture of which are rendered
with consummate skill.
• In Zurbaran Still life
(bodegones), objects such as
hard or varying materials
and shapes placed at intervals
upon a dark background shine
with a fascinating glow.
Spaced was rediscovered in
baroque art.
• In Italy however the treatment
of space inopico religious
painting is more elaborate and
grandiose
Related to its concept of space is
the development in baroque of
the open composition painting.
In contrast to the closed and self-
contained compositions of the
Renaissance that gave the
impression of finality and
absoluteness. Thus, the space
contained within the painting is
only relative space in relation to
larger universe it implies.
Baroque having begun as a
popular style for the edification
of the people, developed a
marked naturalistic tendency in
painting, as seen in the works of
Caravaggio, Velasquez, and
George's De la Tour.
Along with popular baroque
with its naturalistic tendency
was a baroque adapted by the
courts of the kings and the
aristocracy. The ornate and
dynamic aspect of the baroque
style was used by the aristocracy
for their own glorification.
SCULPTURE
Baroque as a restless, dynamic
style with its diagonals and
floating curved lines, its striking
chiaroscuro, and its sensuous
textural effect set its indelible
stamp on sculpture and
architecture.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Classical subject in Daphne and
Apollo
The lines of the sculpture surge
upwards straining away from the
ground and one forgets the
actual material which is marble,
in the refinement of the artist
treatment
The masterpiece of baroque
sculpture is the famous (Trevi
Fountain) in Rome done by the
sculptors Salvi and Bracci
ARCHITECTURE
In architecture the baroque style
is marked by a sculptural, highly
ornamented façade. It may have
twisted columns, broken
pediments, and common
decorative motifs such as scrolls,
scallops, trellises, urns and
angels called putti. The building
may have a curving surface, or a
broken.
Chiaroscuro effects are created
by deep recesses, niches and
loggias. Facade with alternating
convex and concave planes. It
may also have curving
balustrades and exterior staircase
to create dramatic, Theatrical
effect. Fountains may be
integrated with the building, and
the building may be set in a vista
of gardens and fountains, on the
whole creating an impressive
perspective. In the interior
especially is seen the fusion of
architecture and sculpture rich
surface ornaments and in the
marvelous paintings on the
ceiling
Baroque architecture thrived in
Germany and Spain, with
churches and buildings featuring
intricate interiors combining
painting and sculpture for a
highly decorative setting.
The stucco decorations
were still symmetrical;
later symmetry vanished in
a profusion of ornaments
such as plants with vines
and trellises growing in all
directions or jagged shell
like motifs, when the
baroque style gradually
slipped into Rococo.
Interiors were painted with a
white background and gold
highlights, and with paintings
in light and airy pastel hues.
A high mark of German
baroque is the 18th century
Church of Die Wies in
Bavaria with its magnificent
interior. Baroque art in Spain
and Portugal achieved
significant success in the 15th
century, combining Flemish
and German styles with
indigenous features. This style
sought to apprehend the
sacred through ornamentation,
music, flowers, and incense,
valuing decoration for its own
sake. Spanish baroque
decorations initially focused on
the high altar or retablo,
featuring ornate wood carvings
in the plateresque style. Later,
these decorations were applied
to church and building facades,
with the old University of
Salamanca being an
outstanding example.
During the Reformation in the
16th century, King Philip II
ordered the Escorial, a royal
monastery in Madrid, designed
by Juan De Herrera in a neo-
classical style, despite a
mannerist interior decoration
The 17th century Spanish
baroque style, a blend of
plateresque and mudejar
styles, was characterized by
Moorish sculptors' scalloped
ornamentation, contrasting
with traditional curtain-like
decorations used to conceal
voids.
From the Portuguese artist came
the use of the glaze tiles called
azulejos with their Geometric or
plant design in blue on a white
background.
The churrigueresque style, a
final phase of Spanish baroque
in the 18th century, was
influenced by Jose
Churriguera, who introduced
swarming ornamental motifs
and large solomonic columns,
such as those on the San
Esteban Church in Salamanca.
The Transparente Chapel in
Toledo Cathedral showcases
Spanish baroque architecture,
blending ornament and light and
dark effects on intricate
sculptures, creating an illusion
of infinity.
Baroque was a style which
applied not only to the visual
arts but also to music in music
baroque refers to the rich
polyphonic music composed
about the period between 1600
and 1750 it was the period of
vocal forms such as the oratorio
and the cantata and of
instrumental forms such as the
fugue the great composers of the
baroque music were G.F Handel
and Johann Sebastian Bach.
Rococo Art
The decadent court of the
French kings Louis V and
Louis VI developed a
hedonistic style known as
rococo, comes from the
French word rocaille, which
means shell.
- In fact, Rococo Art is an
extension of baroque art in its
ornate aspect.
- Rococo on the other hand,
cast these aside, and
ornament developed like
organic growth with spirals
and twisting lines, tendrils,
fantastic shapes, and shell-
like motifs, becoming
increasingly ornate.
ARCHITECTURE
-Structure became
subordinate to decoration,
and solid walls seemed to
dissolve in the profusion of
swarming figures.
-Also made of optical
illusion, and mirrors were
used extensively to fuse
illusion, reality and to
multiply images in infinite
perspective. Rococo, was an
aristocratic art, as its subjects
consisted of gentleman and
ladies of leisure, whiling
away their time in courtly
pleasures.
Francois Boucher preferred
classical subjects, especially
Venus with her attendant
nymph and cupids;
18th Century
-Antoine Watteau was the
least superficial. -Often drew
his subjects from theater,
especially the commedia
dell' arte with its characters
of Pierrot and Columbine
clowns, and saltimbanques.
-His paintings express
melancholy and nostalgia,
and his figures, of a
langorous grace are exquisite
fragility.
-His use of colors is muted and
highly sensitive.
THE LATE
EIGHTEENTH AND THE
NINETEENTH
CENTURIES
Neo Classical Art
During the centuries that marked
the triumph of the baroque era,
French artists Nicolas Poussin
and Claude Lorrain continued to
pursue the classical tradition,
studying in Rome and
influenced by the classical
tradition.
Claude Lorrain
Lorrain created "heroic
landscapes" with a balanced
aesthetic, incorporating detailed
architectural settings from an
ancient Homeric period.
The French Academy was
founded by Louis XIV, who
promoted classicism as the
official court style.
THE PALACE OF
VERSAILLES
The Palace of Versailles, a 17th-
century art palace, was the venue
for classical ballets, concerts,
and state power dramas that
mixed with the rococo flair of
France.
• With the successors of Louis
XIV, there was less rigid
centralization style. The French
monarchs became more and
more decadent, and the French
Revolution in 1789 dealt a
severe blow to the monarchy.
The leader of the movement was
the painter Jacques-Louis David,
who had his art education in
Rome.
The Oath of the Horatii
This artwork is an intriguing
study of lines, with opposing
diagonals indicating masculine
force and activity for the males
and curves showing feminine
softness and grace for the ladies.
The dramatis personae are
placed against the austerity of
Roman architecture.
David's pupil and successor was
Ingres who represents the third
generation of French neo-
classical artists: Ingres
specialized in portraits
characterized by an admirable
purity of line and an aristocratic
elegance. In The Turkish Bath,
the voluptuous subject matter is
tempered by precise outlines and
muted tones. Ingres is also
known for his cool portraits of
aristocratic ladies.
18TH AND 19TH
CENTURY
Romanticism
Romanticism stressed
individual freedom of the
artist and the subjective
reaction to the world around
the individual-- to nature,
people, and events.
The interest in social issues
that resulted in a greater
involvement and concern in
the social and political events
of the day was another aspect
of romanticism.
Artist just like Eugene
Delacroix used techniques
and process of artistic
creation. Cultivated surface
texture, impasto, and used
rich palette of colors.
The romantic period spontaneity
also came the cult of energy, and
even of power.
The artistic movement known as
romanticism emerged after the
French Revolution.
PAINTING
The Romantic art style is
characterized by movement
which is the ideal freedom,
energy and power. The ideal
freedom which was one of the
catchwords of the movement,
encouraged spontaneity. Eugene
Delarcroix highly emphasized
this with freer and looser brush
strokes.
Eugene Delacroix
Delacroix is best known for his
Liberty Guiding the People, a
patriotic painting of the French
Revolution.
THE INTEREST IN SOCIAL
ISSUES
The Industrial Revolution in
England and the socio-political
issues in France led to the
development of social
consciousness, which in
literature and the visual arts
adopted the naturalistic aspects
of romanticism.
Theodore Gericault used
chiaroscuro and diagonal, tense,
and straining lines to create
dramatic effect along with the
almost brutal realism in the
portrayal of the dying and the
dead
Romanticism had its passive
aspect, which gave rise to
emotional instability, feelings of
melancholy or despair, fatalism,
and here began serious
alienation of the artist from
society, sought relief in
escapism which took variety of
forms Here could escape into
time, into former historical
periods, such as the medieval,
specifically on Gothic period.
Escapism also took the form of
interest in magic, the occult, or
the fantastic.
THE GREAT SPANISH
PAINTER OF THE
ROMANTIC PERIOD
Francisco Goya showed
powerful paintings and
engravings. Fearlessly satirized
royalty in unflattering portaits.
In his black paintings, he
showed an obsession in horror.
CRONOS DEVOURING HIS
CHILDREN
Franciso Goya black paintings
show obsession in horror.
Powerful anti-war engravings
of Francisco Goya
 LOS CAPRICHOS
 DISASTERS OF WAR
THE LANDSCAPIST AND
SEASCAPES OF THE
ROMANTIC PERIOD
 THE HAY WAIN
(JOHN CONSTABLE)
 THE BURNING OF
THEHOUSES OF
PARLIAMENT (J.M.W
TURNER)
THE FRANCE
LANDSCAPIST OF THE
PERIOD
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
THE BRIDGE AT NARNI
(1826)
As a response to rococo
ornateness under Napoleon's
reign, classicism, with an
emphasis on formal discipline
and the rebirth of antiquity,
further developed. It also served
the goals of the new
administration by exalting the
civic and patriotic values of the
early Romans for public
emulation.
WHAT IS REALISM
Realism is an art
movement that emerged
in the mid-19th century
as a reaction against the
idealized and
romanticized depictions
of the world in art.
Realist artists sought to
represent the world as it
really was, without any
embellishments or
distortions. They
focused on everyday
subjects, such as
landscapes, people, and
objects, and depicted
them in a straightforward
and objective manner.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF IMPRESSIONISM
 Impressionism is
characterized by its
emphasis on
capturing the
fleeting effects of
light and color in
the natural world.
Artists sought to
capture the
essence of a
moment in time,
often painting en
plein air, or
outdoors, to
capture the
changing light and
atmosphere.
Brushstrokes were
loose and visible,
and colors were technique involved
often bright and applying small dots
vibrant. or strokes of pure
color to a canvas,
Key figures includes the
which would then
likes of
blend together in
 Claude Monet
the viewer's eye.
 Pierre-Auguste
The result was a
Renoire
highly luminous
POST and vibrant image.
IMPRESSIONISM &
INCLUDE THE LIKES
NEO IMPRESSIONISM
OF
 Post-Impressionism
 Vincent Van Gogh
was a movement
 Paul Signac
that emerged in
the late 19th ART NOUVEAU
century as a  Art Noveau, or New
reaction against Art, emerged in the
the limitations of late 19th century
Impressionism. as a reaction
Artists associated against the
with this academic art of the
movement sought time. It was
to expand upon the characterized by its
Impressionist organic and flowing
emphasis on the lines, often inspired
optical experience by natural forms
of nature by such as flowers and
exploring new ways plants. The
of representing movement was
form, color, and popularized by
space. artists such as
 Neo- Alphonse Mucha
Impressionism, also and Gustav Klimt.
known as  The moving spirit
Pointillism, was a behind the art
style developed by nouveau was the
Georges Seurat and englishman,
Paul Signac in the William Morris, an
1880s. This articulate theorist
 who strove to break down objects and psychological
repair the widening into their basic states of the artist.
gap between the geometric forms. Expressionist artists
artits and society Other important often depicted the
and between art Modernist darker side of life,
and function. movements include and their works
 In England the Art Fauvism, were characterized
Nouveau became Expressionism, and by a sense of
associated with the Surrealism. anxiety and
group of aesthetes alienation.
FAUVISM
led by Oscar Wilde
 Fauvism was an art CUBISM
and Aubrey
movement that  Cubism was a
Beardley.
emerged in France revolutionary art
 The influence of
in the early 20th movement that
symbolism on
century. It is emerged in the
subsequent art lay
characterized by early 20th century.
primarily on its
the use of bold, It was pioneered by
affiration of the
vibrant colors and Pablo Picasso and
theory of "art and
loose brushwork to Georges Braque,
artist sake" which
create an and it sought to
has sing peruaded
emotional impact. break down objects
the whole of
Fauvist painters into basic
modern art.
often focused on geometric shapes
RISE OF MODERNISM landscapes and still and planes. Cubist
 The rise of lifes, and their paintings often
Modernism in the works were feature fragmented
early 20th century characterized by a forms and multiple
marked a sense of joy and viewpoints,
departure from celebration of life. challenging
traditional art traditional notions
EXPRESSIONISM
forms and a move of perspective and
 Expressionism was
towards representation.
an art movement
abstraction and  Cubism had a
that emerged in
experimentation. profound influence
Germany in the
Artists such as on the
early 20th century.
Pablo Picasso and development of
It is characterized
Georges Braque modern art,
by the use of vivid
pioneered the inspiring other
colors, distorted
Cubist movement, movements such as
forms, and a focus
which sought to Futurism and
on the emotional
 Constructivism. Its
emphasis on
abstraction and
formalism paved
the way for non-
representational
art, and its
rejection of
traditional
techniques and
subject matter
opened up new
avenues for artistic
expression.
FUTURISM
 Futurism was an
Italian art
movement that
emerged in the
early 20th century.
It celebrated the
dynamism and
energy of modern
life, embracing DADAISM
technology, speed,  Dadaism was an
and
industrialization.
Futurist artists
sought to capture
the essence of the
modern world
through bold
colors, dynamic
compositions, and
fragmented forms.
 Futurism had a
significant impact
on the
development of
modern art,
inspiring other create their works,
movements such as such as Marcel
Surrealism and Duchamp's
Constructivism. Its readymades, which
celebration of were everyday
technology and objects that he
industry influenced declared as art.
the design of
SURREALISM
everyday objects,
 Surrealism was an
from furniture to
art movement that
fashion. And its
emerged in the
emphasis on the
1920s and was
present moment
influenced by
and the future
psychoanalysis and
paved the way for
the works of
contemporary art,
Sigmund Freud.
which continues to
Surrealist artists
explore the
sought to express
complex
the workings of the
relationship
subconscious mind
between art,
through their art,
technology, and
often creating
society.
dreamlike or
hallucinatory
images. Salvador
anti-art movement Dali was a
that emerged prominent
during World War I. Surrealist artist
It rejected known for his
traditional artistic melting clocks and
values and other bizarre and
embraced fantastical images.
nonsense,
irrationality, and
Asian Art
anti-bourgeois
Chinese Art
sentiment. Dadaists
Chinese Culture
used
China has a rich and
unconventional
ancient civilization which
materials and
began about 3000 B.C.
techniques to
with the settlement of
the valleys along the  As early as the The term TAOISM is
Yangtze and the Huang 3rd century B.C., derived from Tao, the
Ho Rivers two influential way or the order and
It reckons its long history tendencies in harmony in nature
by dynasties, beginning Chinese thought following an unfailing
with the: became pattern, as seen in the
 Xia Dynasty apparent – succession of day and
(2205-1767 B.C.)  the Confucianist night and in the cycle
and ending in tendency, of the season.
A.D. 1911 with practical and Perpetual motion and
the founding of moralistic, and; mutation. This is seen
the First  the Taoist in the cycles of nature.
Republic of Sun tendency, This universal rhythm
Yat Sen. contemplative is known as
 Dynasties in and mystical. “Returning to Tao.”
which the arts CONFUCIANISM
particularly The philosopher Related to the concept
flourished are Confucius (551-479 of perpetual motion is
the Shang B.C.) did not institute a that of the YIN and the
Dynasty (1766- religion but an ethical YANG, the two
1121 B.C.), system which placed aspects of Tao.
known for its importance on man Yang
bronzes. and the standards of - is generally
 Tang Dynasty personal and social conceived to be the
(A.D. 618-906), a conduct. active or male aspect
great period in Like the Greek - spring and summer
painting and thinkers, Confucius Yin
porcelain. advocated the Golden - is the receptive
 Song Dynasty Rule: “Do not do unto female aspect
(960-1276), the others what you do - autumn and winter.
golden age of not wish others to do Yin may be receptive
Chinese art. unto you.” as space which
 Ming Dynasty TAOISM contains everything in
(1368-1643), Given expression by nature, but space
followed by the Lao Tzu. A assumes the active
last; philosopher of about aspect of Yang when it
 Qing Dynasty the 5th century B.C., is filled with ch’i, the
(1644-1911), was of more pervasive Spirit or Vital Force.
which preceded influence to Chinese CH’AN BUDDHISM
the People’s art than Confucianism (ZEN)
Republic. was.
Ch'an Buddhism (Zen). as a profession but as round, or fan-
Buddhism was a form of expression shaped and
introduced into China of the art of living, framed on silk.
from India about the since it is a means of XIE HE’S SIX CANONS
first century. Merging achieving harmony As early as the 5th
with Taoism, it was of with oneself and with century A.D., Hsieh
great in fluence on the universe. Ho, a portraitist,
Chinese art, Chinese painting is formulated the
particularly in the closely related to following Six
works of the Southern writing or calligraphy. Principles of Painting,
Sung artists of the In painting as in which are of
13th century. calligraphy, the same importance in Chinese
Ch'an or Zen had a soft brush is used. aesthetic theory:
strongly anti-rational Most Chinese  First, creating a
character: instead of paintings are enriched lifelike tone and
placing importance on with verses or with atmosphere;
the formal study of the succinct observations  Second, building a
classical texts, it gave on man and nature, structure through
value to moments of written from right to brushwork;
intuition, flashes of left downwards in  Third, depicting
sudden enlightenment, graceful and vigorous the forms of things
and insight. characters. as they are;
In the visual arts, the Chinese painting,  Fourth,
artist had to go either on silk or paper, appropriate
through the long has three principal coloring:
process of learning to formats: the  Fifth, composition;
identify himself with  Vertical hanging and
the object, assuming scroll, which is  Sixth, transcribing
into himself the suspended on a and copying.
rhythms of life and wall; the
Chinese Painting
nature. The Southern  Horizontal
Manuals
Sung artists, many of handscroll,
Numerous Chinese
whom were Buddhist which unfolds a
painters have also
monks, such as M’u continuous
been theoreticians
Chi (Six Persimmons), series of images
writing on their art and
had the most sensitive viewed from
technique, so much so
awareness of right to left: and
that there is a wealth
meaningful space. finally, the
of Chinese writing on
Painting  Small album-
art.
The Chinese artist leaf, which may
considers painting not be square,
Chinese painting distinct the farther  Largely narrative
manuals, imbued with they are. Mists and served to
the spirit of Tao, are increase the effect of supplement
full of precious distance. accounts of the life
insights into the In perspective on the in court.
relationship of art and Level, one looks from  The subject,
nature that could have a place in the therefore, was
been drawn only from foreground into the far largely genre,
long and loving distance across a flat depicting men and
contemplation. plain. Details such as women of the
Perspective winding rivers, court in their
Chinese perspective is bridges, trees, and various activities.
related to the vertical houses create a  An example of this
and horizontal formats variety of interest as style is Ku K’ai
of the paintings. well as serve as Chih’s Admonitions
Furthermore, as in markers in the of the Imperial
reading calligraphy, landscape. Preceptress, a long
the eye is drawn from Styles handscroll
right to left, from up to Chinese painting in the
MONUMENTAL STYLE
down. At least three course of many
• Associated with
kinds of perspective centuries does not
the Northern
are distinguished. seem to have
Sung painters,
In perspective in undergone
known for their
Height, the verticality considerable change.
painting of lofty,
of a mountain is By the time of the
majestic
emphasized, and its Song Dynasty (960-
mountains.
precipitous view from 1276) – one of the
• This style lends
peak to base is great periods of
itself best to the
awesome and Chinese art - there at
vertical hanging
impressive. least five
scroll.
In perspective in distinguished styles in
• In this style
Depth, one views a painting.
worked Tung
series of mountains These styles, which
Yuan and Mi Fei.
from the one in the make up the tradition
LITERAL STYLE
foreground to the of Chinese painting,
• The Northern
others beyond it. The developed due to the
Sung Academy
system of rhythmic, strong influence of
of the Emperor
overlapping planes is certain outstanding
Hui-Tsung
often used here. As in individual artists.
cultivated the
aerial perspective, COURTLY STYLE
literal style.
objects become less
 • This style is more personal Henry Wadsworth
distinguished or Longfellow (Keramos)
for its clarity of expressionistic. Called the Porcelain
line and greater • It made use of Pagoda, it was an
realism. abbreviated octagonal structure
• The techniques with ornamented with
masterpieces in rapid three-color porcelain
this style, in brushwork, as in and a large gold ball
particular those paintings of surmounting the roof.
of the emperor bamboos. Henry Wadsworth
himself, are • The paintings Longfellow, amazed by
paintings of were in its unusual beauty,
flowers or birds monochrome. describe it in his
on a branch. • The principal poem, “ Keramos”
LYRIC STYLE artist of which KERAMOS
• Influenced by were M’u Chi And yonder by Nankin,
the preceding and Liang Kai. behold:
monumental and Architecture The tower of
literal styles, A Chinese building is Porcelain,
was romantic in usually identified by strange and old,
spirit and its curved tile roof. Uplifting to the
resulted from a However, it is common astonished skies
more direct and error to call any Its ninefold painted
intuitive structure a pagoda, for balconies,
relationship of the term correctly With balustrade of
the artist with applies only to a tower twining leaves,
nature. that serves a religious Hang porcelain bells
• One of its function. that all the time
artists, Ma Yuan, Like the Indian stupa, Ring with a soft
is known for his the pagoda served to melodious chime;
symmetrical, house Buddha’s relics, While the whole fabric
one-corner realizing a religious is ablaze
paintings with symbolism in its With varied tints all
their sensitive structure. fused in one
tonal quality and One of the famous Great mass of color
atmosphere. pagodas was that built like a maze
SPONTANEOUS by the Ming Emperor Of flowers illumined
STYLE Yung Lo in 1431 at by the sun.
• Developed from Nanking. Chinese Art in the
the lyrical style,  Porcelain Philippines
but it is even Pagoda
Although the served as grain or This type later
Philippines’ wine containers, and developed into the
relationship with China the smaller ones often Famille rose and
goes as far back as the contained charms. Famille verte, colorful
Sung Dynasty, These jars also served and highly ornamented
Chinese influence has ritual purposes. In vases of the Qing
remained largely in the some graves, the skull Dynasty.
economic rather that was surrounded by a During the Spanish
the social or cultural number of jarlets, regime in the
sphere. while the larger jars Philippines, Chinese
It is mentioned that the were sometimes used resident traders were
merchants brought to contain the bodies largely confined by the
such as porcelain, to be buried. Spaniards to the
damask, thin pongee Sung Celadons Parian quarter for
silk, bright-colored Among the security reasons.
beads, trade gold, iron predominant types of The Chinese proved
pots, lead fishnet Chinese porcelain themselves to excel
sinkers, tin, and iron found in the not only as traders but
needles in exchange Philippines were the also as master-
for local products. Sung Celadons -- gray- builders and
The trade in Porcelain bodied porcelains craftsmen. Many of
developed during the which had a pale them labored in the
Sung Dynasty and monochromatic sea- construction of
reached its climax green or olive-green churches and
during the Ming glaze over incised or residences.
Dynasty. molded decoration. A number of them also
Recently, The aim of the Chinese worked as sculptors.
archaeological potters was to create The stone lions at the
excavations in porcelain that would gates of San Agustin
Calatagan, Batangas, rival precious jade. Church in Intramuros
in the western end of Another type was the are examples of their
Laguna de Bay, in popular Ming porcelain work. They also
Mindoro, in which was white excelled in
Novaliches, Rizal, and porcelain with a rich woodcarving and
in Sta. Ana, Manila, blue decoration, often participated in the
have yielded a great of peonies, dragons, making of Santos, the
number of Chinese or fish. earliest of which
trade porcelain. The Hsuan Te flask is showed the influence
Chinese Porcelain an example of this of the Chinese Buddha
was highly priced by type. image.
our ancestors. They Japanese Art
The settling of Japan cultivated art and now began to
by the ancestors of the learning through the produce portable
Ainus, followed by the building of numerous paintings in the
Mongolian invaders, Buddhist temples. form of scrolls,
took place before the Sculpture in wood and albums, and
2nd century A.D. It was bronze developed. screens.
when they had NARA PERIOD (645-  Poetry, too, and
reached a degree of 793) literature in
social organization in During the Nara Period general, flourished
the Dolmen Period that (645-793), Chinese in this period
they could begin to cultural and artistic because of a
cultivate the arts. influence prevailed. deepened interest
DOLMEN PERIOD Numerous art objects in and
Japanese art started in were imported from understanding of
the Dolmen Period China. Meanwhile, the human nature.
when an imperial court Japanese arts of
This book was
was established in the lacquer ware and
illustrated in a new
province of Yamato, masks were
genre style which
the site of the capital encouraged.
would later influence
changing with each HEIAN PERIOD (794-
the art of printmaking.
reign. 1184)
KAMAKURA PERIOD
The first art objects The succeeding Heian
(1185-1337)
were the Haniwas Period (794-1184) was
The Kamakura Period
tomb sculptures found characterized by
(1185-1337) marked
surrounding the fastidiousness and a
the beginning of the
ancient graves. These highly refined
feudal period that
were images of men sensibility, especially
would last for 700
and animals done in a in the courtly circles
years.
vigorous, spontaneous controlled by the
The Samurai, the
style. powerful Fujiwara
Japanese warrior
ASUKA PERIOD (548- clan.
class, established the
645) These qualities are
ruling power of the
The Asuka Period found in the
shogunate, the first
(548-645) saw remarkable courtly
shogun being
Buddhism taking root romance, Tale of
Minamoto no
in Japan, with the Genji, by Lady
Yoritomo.
arrival of monks and Murasaki Shikibu.
Tea ceremony was
artists from China and  From the religious
born.
Korea. decorations of
This period also
The Buddhist Prince temples, artists
showed preponderant
Shotoku Taishi
Chinese influence, persecution of the culture for many
especially on Christians. centuries, Japanese
landscape, Ceramics EDO PERIOD (1615- art emerged with its
was also introduced to 1868) own distinctive
Japan from China, and The following Edo character.
along with the Period (1615-1868). The Tale of Genji was
increased production named after Edo or illustrated in the new
of porcelain Tokyo, opened with Yamato-e style in
MUROMACHI PERIOD Tokugawa Ieyasu as which the scene is
(1338-1573) shogun. viewed from above,
During the Muromachi This age was doing away with the
Period (1338-1573), the characterized by the roof, to show the
Ashikaga shoguns culture of the chonin, happenings within a
favored Zen the rich and influential domestic household.
Buddhism. There was bourgeoisie of the new But while the facial
the continuing thriving commercial features of the
influence of the centers, such as Sakai aristocracy were
spontaneous style of and Osaka. indicated sparingly by
Zen in painting. Bourgeois novels were a few strokes of the
Another style was the written and the kabuki brush, characters from
Yamato-e, theater portraying the the lower social levels
distinguished by its chonin milieu gained were given a more
gold background and widespread popularity. detailed and
use of bright colors. The haiku became the individualizing
MOMOYAMA PERIOD representative poetic treatment.
(1568-1615) form of the period. The Japanese
The Momoyama Period In painting, ukiyo-e or penchant for
(1568-1615) began with genre painters took caricatures expressed
the rule of the the continually shifting itself in the colorful
powerful Hideyoshi day-to-day life as their and lively figures of
who ordered the subject. the lower classes, as
building of great In in music, the new well as in paintings of
castles and palaces samisen replaced the animal characters with
with profuse more refined koto as human characteristics
ornamentation. the favorite instrument held up for satire.
The tea ceremony for accompaniment. Caricature also found
became established in Constants in Japanese expression in the vivid
Japanese life. Art theatrical masks.
The period was also Despite the The Influence of Zen
marked by the predominant influence Buddhism
of Chinese art and
Of the two enlightenment through things worldly,
predominant religions satori, which is the such as wealth,
in Japan, namely, flash of insight, of power, or this is to
Shintoism - with its intuition into the prefer a simple,
primary manifestation hidden nature of honest existence
of emperor-worship - things. and to feel content
and Buddhism, the There are two ways of to be within
latter has been of realizing satori. nature.
considerably greater One is the verbal way,  The second quality
influence on the arts. through Zen riddles is Sabi, which is
Another Buddhist cult (koan). the air of antiquity
was that of Amida, The second is by or primitiveness,
regarded as a direct action through the feeling of a
bodhisattva or holy which one may find historical period, a
figure. The essence of meaning, as one certain rustic
this cult was the learns by doing. imperfection
invocation and that stimulate the mind mingled with a
repetition of the name by posing dilemmas, sense of
of Amida. though words are not loneliness.
Zen is a Buddhist sect to be detached from
PAINTING
introduced into Japan things or experiences.
The spirit of Zen is
from China around the There are distinctive
found in the “one-
18th century. features of Japanese
corner” style which
Buddhism reached art that stem from the
originated from Ma
Japan around the 8th Zen world view.
Yuan, a Chinese
century in the form of The first is Wabi, the
Southern Sung artist.
the older sects. During spirit of poverty. The
In this style, the artist
the Heian Period, the second quality is Sabi.
uses only a few brush
aristocratic class This quality can be
strokes to convey the
cultivated its own found in a simple tea-
essentials of the
Buddhist sect, bowl, with
object. It is also an
Shingon, the True imperfections in
example of
Word. glazing that render it
asymmetry, which is a
The Samurai class unique, revealing the
common feature of
espoused it for its hand of the artist.
Japanese art.
discipline and its  The first is Wabi,
As in Taoism, the Zen
philosophy which the spirit of
artist had to go
could be applied to the poverty. This is not
through the long
art of swordsmanship. to place the
process of learning to
Central to Zen is the highest value on
identify himself with
attainment of
the subject to be able Zen gave rise to the An old silent pond
to give it the "dry landscape" A frog jumps into the
appearance of life. garden which replaced pond—
ARCHITECTURE AND the earlier "water-and- Splash! Silence again.
LANSCAPING hill" gardens. The Art of Tea
The principal Zen garden designers The Art of Tea (Cha-no-
characteristic of aimed to abstract yu)
Japanese architecture nature and to The Art of Tea (Cha-
is the intimate condense it-to cover a no-yu). There are four
relationship between distance of thousands principles governing
the building, be it a of leagues in a few feet the tea ceremony -
house or a temple, and inches. harmony, reverence,
with its natural setting. Poetry purity, and tranquility.
There is a feeling of The spirit of Zen also The way of cha-no-yu,
space in the light, finds expression in the therefore, is to
uncluttered interiors haiku, the shortest appreciate the spirit of
with sliding doors and poem in world a naturally harmonious
screens that reflect the literature. The haiku blending of Heaven
patterns of foliage in consists of only 17 and Earth.
the garden. syllables, but it is the to see the pervading
The main room has a concentrated presence of the five
recessed alcove, the expression of a satori. elements by one's
tokonoma, of an The poem is intuitive fireside, where the
asymmetrical rather than intellectual, moun- tains, rivers,
construction, which for the haiku poet does rocks, and trees are
contains a few not aim to express found as they are in
important objects that ideas but to give Nature,
are the focal points of images that reflect to draw the refreshing
interest. intuitions springing water from the well of
a vertical hanging from the submerged Nature, to taste with
scroll (kakemono), a realm of the one's own mouth the
vase with flowers unconscious. flavor supplied by
arranged according to In the second half of Nature.
a symbolic pattern, the 17th century, the As to purity, the
and a vessel, such as poet Basho developed teamaster Kazuma
an incense-burner. the poetic potential of says:
Since architecture is the haiku from the The spirit of Cha-no-yu
intimately related to its superficial form it had is to cleanse the six
environment, earlier been. senses from
landscaping it of great The following is his contamination.
importance. most familiar poem:
By seeing the descendants of the originated from the
kakemono in the gods. production of genre
tokonoma (alcove), In art, Shinto shunned screens (byubo),
one's sense of sight is pictorial showing people in
cleansed; representations and various activities,
By smelling the flower used symbols. usually in a household
in the vase, one's ISE SHRINE or in enclosed rooms.
sense of smell is The Ise shrine, a These prints came to
cleansed; representative type, be known as Ukiyo-e,
By listening to the rests on piles and has pictures of the
boiling of water in the a thatched roof. It is kaleidoscopic,
iron kettle and to the characterized by changing, or literally
dripping of water from simplicity and dignity “floating world,
the bamboo pipe, in the careful because of their wide
one's ears are observance of range of subjects,
cleansed; proportions. Since the settings, and
By tasting tea, one's 3rd century, the shrine situations.
mouth is cleansed; was torn down every The Japanese ukiyo-e
and twenty years and artists were masters of
By handling the tea replaced with an exact line, with an acute
utensils, one's sense replica. This unusual sensitivity to gesture,
of touch is cleansed. practice is related to expression, and an
When thus all the the purificatory aspect appreciation of
sense organs are of Shintoism. meaningful detail.
cleansed, the mind As to the Buddhist Japanese prints have
itself is cleansed of temples in Japan, they been roughly divided
defilements. copied Chinese into three groups.
SHINTO AND models closely, First Group belong the
BUDDHIST especially those of the popular commercial
ARCHITECTURE Tang Dynasty. The prints, consisting
SHINTO SHRINES Horyuji and Todaiji mainly of landscapes,
Shinto shrines are temple complexes portraits of beautiful
typical Japanese near Nara, with their women, actors,
structures, as pagodas, are examples wrestlers, and figures
Shintoism itself was of this second type. of ancient Japanese
the indigenous faith of PRINTS history and legend.
the people which Byubo Second Group belong
stressed love of One art form in which the erotic prints
nature, the family, and the Japanese have usually given as a gifts
the Japanese ruling excelled is the print. to be placed under the
class as direct Print-making
pillows of newly- - influenced the works stylized posture and
married couples. of Matisse, Van Gogh, dance.
The Third Group and Gauguin. It was essentially an
consist of the With the opening of aristocratic art for
Surimono , miniature the ports of Japan in nobles with a broad
woodblock prints 1853, Ukiyo-e prints cultural background.
usually designed to be found their way to KABUKI
given away as Europe where they Kabuki as an art
keepsakes on New were greatly admired started later in Kyoto
Year’s Day and on by Western artist. in the early 17th
congratulatory or They influenced the century with the rise of
other festive works of Matisse, Van the merchant middle
occasions. Gogh, and Gauguin, class.
Some of the who soon adopted the Chikamatsu
oustanding Japanese high off-center monzaemon, extended
printmakers; vantage point, as well the repertoire of
 Suzuki as the flat planes, kabuki plays to about
Haronubu linear emphasis, and 300 pieces.
Who was the first to decorative aspect of Kabuki play runs from
exploit the full the Japanese prints. morning to night; thus
possibilities of color THEATER many viewers choose
 Kitagawa The two main forms of to attend only the high
Utamaru the Japanese theater points of the drama
Known for his prints of are the Noh and the BUNRAKU
beautiful women Kabuki. A secondary Refers to the
 Ando Hiroshige form is the Bunraku or centuries-old tradition
A poetic landscapist, Puppet show. of Japanese puppet
whose greatest work NOH DRAMA plays.
was the series The Noh drama, As old as the kabuki,
Fifty-Three Stages of compared by scholars the bunraku often
the Tokaido to the Greek tragedies, adapts styles and
 Katsushita Hokusai evolved in the 14th plays from the kabuki.
century. Bungoro
Known best for his
The Noh is an art of
masterly series
illusion, referring to Indian Art
Thirty-Six Views of
local legends and  Indus Valley
Mount Fuji
historical feats. Civilization (3,000
Ukiyo-e prints B. C.)
Its acting was not
Western artist.
mimetic, as it About 3,000 B.C., there
consisted of highly was a flourishing
civilization in Indus About 1,500 B.C. warlike Vaisyas – class of
Valley, with two Aryans from the Iranian merchants and farmers
important centers of plateau entered the Sudras – consist of
cities the “Mohenjo- Indian peninsula. They laborers and serfs.
Daro” and “Harappa” subdued the indigenous Untouchables - Group of
cities in Noth Western people, known as the Pariahs, considered
India. dark-skinned Dravidians. men without caste
Artifact: Few evidences Aryan Religion and
of this early civilization Vedas  Transitional
are bronze, and copper The Aryans brought with Period (800 – 400
statuettes and steatite them their religion, B.C.)
seals. Vedism with its worship
Evolution of Vedism into
Sculptures of Indra, warrior god of
Hinduism or
Artistic Emphasis: thunder; Varuna, the
Brahmanism.
Sensuous surface god of sky; Surya, the
Main religious text is
texture over logical god of sun; and Agni,
Upanishads written in
structure. the god of fire.
Sanskrit.
Examples: The sculpture Literature
Brahma as the cosmic
of a nude torso found at Vedas, with the earliest
principle.
Harappa and being the Rig-Veda,
Atman (breath) as its
the statuette of a containing hymns to
counterpart in man.
dancing girl from nature gods and rituals
Two principal doctrines
Mohenjo-Daro. involving offerings and
are samsara, the
Steatite Seals sacrifices.
transmigration of souls,
Miniatures with intaglio Caste System:
and karma, the law that
carvings. Aryans instituted the
the actions of a man in
Subjects: Bulls, caste system, divided
one life will determine
elephants, ceremonial societies into four fixed
his future rebirths.
animals, primitive Indian classes:
The religious aim is to
deities. Brahmans – highest
attain nirvana, the
Found in Mesopotamia caste. It consisting of
absorption of the
Undeciphered educated priests and
individual spirit into the
inscriptions on the seals. scholars.
world soul
Kshatriyas – warrior
Hindu Trinity and Deities
Brahma (Creator),
class forming the ruling Vishnu (Preserver), and
 Period of Indo – Shiva (Destroyer).
Aryan Invasions class alongside the
Krishna as a favorite
(1500 – 800 B.C.) Brahmans.
reincarnation of Vishnu.
Kali Ma, the fierce That the escape from
consort of Shiva samsara to nirvana is
Religious Education and through the destruction
Yoga of desire
Guru or master-guided That the destruction of
religious education. desire is to be achieved
One of the main school by Eight-Fold Path
of Indian thought yoga, namely; (a) right belief,
preached asceticism (b) right resolve, (c) right
and control of the body. speech, (d) right
behavior, (e) right
2 great Indian epics, the occupation, (f) right
Mahabharata and the effort, (g) right
Ramayana. contemplation, and (h)
The Mahabharata is the right concentration.
oldest of the two. Buddhism Branches:
A primitive poem, Hinayana (Lesser
embraces the entire Vehicle)
cosmology of Hinduism. Mahayana (Greater
Relates the war between Vehicle)
two branches of Bharata Notable Buddhist Text
family (the Pandavas Mention of the
and the Kuravas). Dhammapada and its
focus on overcoming
Buddha – Birth of desire and moral
Siddhartha Gautama distinctions.
He sat under the shade Maury Period (300 B.C.
of Bo tree and entered – A.D. 100)
into a period of Founded by
meditation for 49 days Chandragupta Maurya
during which he was Following the conquest
tempted by the demon of the northwestern
Mara, who assailed him portion by Alexander the
with images of desire to Great in 326 B.C.
no avail. The highest point of the
Buddha’s Teachings period was the rule of
The Four Noble Truths: Emperor Asoka (272-
Life is sorrow 232 B.C.)
That the cause of sorrow Considered the greatest
is desire ruler of India.
Conversion to Buddhism
and promotion of arts
and learning.
Architectural
Achievements
Palace at Pataliputra
(Patna in Bihar)
modeled after
Persepolis
Construction of sacred
columns with inscribed
teachings of Buddha
Buddhist symbols on
columns: Lion, Lotus,
Wheel (Mandala)
Stupas and Great Stupa
at Sanchi
Numerous stupas built
to hold relics of Buddha
The classical Buddhist
structure the Great
Stupa at Sanchi
Circular stone
balustrade and four
gateways with carved
toranas
Another example is the
“sculptured toranas”
scenes from the jatakas
period
Artistic Representation
of Buddha
Early Buddhist
reluctance to represent
Buddha.
Use of symbols like
footprints and cushion
impressions.
Emphasis on rich and
prolific imagery in
narrative style.
  Period of the
Three Styles (2nd-
4th Centuries
A.D.)
Greco-Buddhist Style
Mathura Style
Amaravati Style
Greco-Buddhist Style –
Influence of Hellenistic
culture and the Silk
Route. A network of
caravan routes that
extended from Canton in
southern China,
covering the territories of
India and Arabia and
reaching up to Rome in
the Mediterranean.
Development of the
Greco-Buddhist style in
Gandhara
Mathura, the first
representation of the
Buddha were found.
Description of the
Buddha's appearance,
resembling Hellenistic
Apollo
Marks of the holy figure
on his head and
forehead
Significance of
Gandhara in the
development of this style
Mathura Style –
Coexistence of the
Mathura style in
northern India.
Realistic
features/Realism and
close observation of
nature
Characteristics of the
Buddha representation
in the Mathura style
-Buddha's Figure and
Style
• Expresses tranquility
but controlled tension.
• Broad shoulders and
slimmer waist.
• Dressed in finer,
transparent garment.
• Famous example: right
hand upraised, left arm
poised, feet upturned.
Emphasis on narrative
quality and the portrayal
of the female form
Amaravati Style –
Emergence of the third
style at Amaravati in
southern India
Elongated and idealized
figures with controlled
movement.
-Indian Art's Sexual
Preoccupation
• Emergence at
Amaravati.
• Sinuous, provocative,
tense female
representations.
 The Gupta or
Classical Period
(5th-6th Centuries)
The Gupta dynasty was
the second great Indian
dynasty, ruled by liberal
Brahmanists.
Art combined Greco-
Buddhist and native
Mathura styles.
Gupta Style in Art
Figure of Buddha
became majestic and
refined
An image of tranquility
and inwardness
Ineffable smile and
delicate hand gestures
Masterpiece: Buddha
Preaching in a Deer
Park
- Made in
sandstone in the 5th
century Located at
Sarnath
- Delicate and
majestic figure
- Exudes warmth
and tranquility
- Transparent
drapery
- Large decorated
halo framing the head
Gupta Style in Painting
In painting, the great
bodhisattvas in the
Ajanta Caves show the
fullness of the Gupta
style.
With a fluidity of line and
a subtlety of coloration,
they are expressive of
the highest ideals of
Buddhism.
The bodhisattvas are
images of serenity
attained through patient peristyle and a barrel Followed by Turks,
meditation and sacrifice roof. further contributing to
out of compassion for Example: Temples of confusion
suffering humanity. Mamallapuram Moslem Moguls from
The roof's emphasis Persia began making
 The Post-Gupta increased as it became inroads around 1000
Period (Beginning more elevated and A.D.
with the 6th elaborate. India's political
Century) Cut out, of the rock, the landscape with separate
In Gupta Period, roof repeats in a series feudal states
Brahmanism or of rows the thatch of the Babur, a descendant of
Hinduism began to early shrines found in Timurlaine, united a
reassert itself. relief on the walls of significant portion of
It gradually eliminated stupas. India, the largest empire
In poetry and drama since Asoka.
Buddhism from India
Kalidasa's contributions Akbar recognized
and reduced it to a small
to Sanskrit literature Hinduism as a religion
section of population.
Romantic drama equal to Islam
Sensualism and
"Shakuntala" the Encouraged art,
occasional eroticism
flowering Sanskrit learning, and the revival
Sense of
literature after the of Hindu literature and
movement/Dynamism
eclipse of Buddhism by art
and rhythm in art
Hinduism. Mogul Contributions to
Suitable for the cosmec
Characteristics of Indian Indian Culture
intensity and violence of
drama (romantic and Main contributions in
Hinduism
escapist) painting and architecture
Iconic figures like Vishnu
Absence of violence, Mogul miniatures and
and Shiva in various
deaths,marriages and Indo-Persian manuscript
avatars
rituals on stage illuminations
Colossal Sculpture
Kama Sutra- A treatise Description of Mogul
Example: Rock-cut
on love and miniatures, e.g., "Shah
temple of Elephanta
relationships Jahan Out Riding with
showing the huge three-
Reference to the art of His Son, Dara Shukoh"
headed Shiva as
painting in the text Mastery of line and
Mahadeva which rises
nearly 14 feet from the  The Mogul Period vividness of color
(16th Century) Moslem Architecture
floor.
Hindu Temple 5th century: Huns The most splended
Architecture overrun India, causing architecture in india is
Hindu temple consisted cultural destruction Taj Mahal, built in 1632
of a square cella with a by Shah Jahan in
memory of his wife
A large, white marble Indian dance is a The use of music for
mausoleum, it features a complex language in different aspects of a
horseshoe-shaped itself. performance
entrance, arabesques, a Elements of Indian Examples such as
pointed dome, and four dance: facial entrances, separations,
slender minarets, expressions, hand fatigue, and more
creating a light and gestures (mudras), and
graceful atmosphere. attire Indonesian Art
Use of Islamic Many dances require an  The art of
horseshoe-shape intricate painting of the Indonesia is
entrances and recesses face in many hues, permeated by a
 Expansion of elaborate costumes and strong Hindu-
Indian Art jewelry, including Buddhist tradition
anklets, to further enrich due to the
The Spread of
the dance rhythms. migration of Indian
Buddhism and Influence
Kathakali, an important culture
on neighboring Asian
dance,is of a virile  The influence of
countries
character. the great Indian
Hinayana and
-Description of actions, epics, the
Mahayana Buddhism
leaps, jumps, and Ramayana and the
(Architecture)
plunges Mahabharata is
Hinayana in Ceylon,
Throughout the entire seen in the wayang
Siam, and Burma
performance, a dancer's performances
Mahayana in Nepal,
hands are active.  The wayang is
Tibet, China, Korea, and
He forms with mudras performed to mark
Japan
and gestures, each word important
In Polonnaruwa in
the singer enunciates. occasions, such as
Ceylon or Sri Lanka is
Any competent a birth, a wedding,
found the colossal
Kathakali dancer knows or circumcision
figures 一 nearly 50 feet
about five hundred  It begins in the
long-of the Dying
mudras and can, if you evening and lasts
Buddha.
improvise a sentence on through the night
Anuradhapura, a great
the spur of the moment, until dawn
city with stupas
put it instantly, even  The puppets of the
One of the greatest
while you talk, into this wayang kulit are of
Buddhist monuments is
sign language of the leather with
the Borobudur in
dance. ornamental perfo-
Java,built in the 8th
Of course, Oriental rations and designs
century, after the decline
dance is always in gold and other
of Buddhism in India.
accompanied by music, colors
India Dance
always improvisatory.
  In Bali, religion is 10th century, that magic, and
intertwined with the former began astronomy
dance, of which the to pursue divergent
In Indonesia and Japan,
central figures are paths.
music is closely allied
Rangda, the witch  New musical
with the theatre and
of evil, and Barong, instruments were
ceremonial dance.
the good spirit developed, yet
Asian and Western
 All throughout hinting at their
music have many points
Indonesia, there is Asian origins.
of difference.
an interesting  Development of
-While Western music
dance-fight called musical
follows a definite time
the Penchak instruments with
signature -and triple
 Indonesia is also Asian origins
meter is particularly
known for its  With the later
Western —Asian music
beautiful textiles, development of
shows a different
especially batik major and minor
concept of time, marked
 Another technique, tonality, Western
by less urgency and
in Indonesian music apparently
drive, as found in feudal
textiles is that of broke away from
agricultural societies.
tie-dyeing, which is Eastern traditional
 Much of Asian
currently enjoying modes, while Asian
music lacks a
a vogue music further
pronounced metric
crystallized its
pulse.
character.
Asian Music  Melody in Asian
 Our reluctant Yehudi Menuhin on music largely
attitude to Asian Asian Music depends on
music may be  great violinist, improvisation while
modified by the onced remarked: following a
knowledge that ‘’The mathematical particular
Western music exercise becomes traditional form.
developed from an ecstatic kind of  Much of Asian
ancient Asian astronomy.’’ music has a
forms. hypnotic quality
The distinct experience
 The divergence of because it seems to
of appreciating Asian
Western and Asian wander endlessly
music
music after the while the
 The association of
Crusades performer
Asian music with
 It was after the improvises on set
religious ritual,
Crusades in patterns without
Europe, around the moving towards a
 development or  Archeological tools dating back
climax. findings and over 40,000 years.
artifact dating aid  The tools found
Pre-colonial Art and in identifying the range from crude
Southeast Asian origins of these stone implements
Cultures
cultural exchanges, to skillfully crafted
 Ancient Philippine
shedding light on blades, reflecting
culture existed
their historical the evolution of
independently,
context. human
shaped by locally
craftsmanship.
available resources Pre-colonial Art in the
 Tabon Cave in
and evolving Philippines
Evidences of Ancient Palawan yielded
distinctive
Human Presence in the Tabon Man’s
lifestyles.
the Philippines skullcap, dating
 Despite cultural
 Numerous daily use around 20,000 B.C.
exchanges with
objects found  Alongside the
Southeast Asia,
across the country skullcap, primitive
Philippine
testify to the cutting instruments
prehistoric life
antiquity of human were discovered,
retained its unique
habitation. providing insights
elements, adapting
 Crude stone tools into ancient human
external influences
have been activities in the
to local
excavated in Philippines.
environments,
skills, and needs. Batangas, Cagayan, Design
 The pre-colonial Central Luzon,  Safety from wildlife
period saw active Davao, and and harsh weather,
cultural exchanges Palawan, indicating along with access
with neighboring early human to steady food
Asian countries, activity. supply, prompted
facilitated by  Palawan and the formation of
migration and Batangas, in permanent
trade. particular, have settlements.
 Pottery, utensils, significantly  Early communities
and weapons are contributed to initially inhabited
among the artifacts defining the pre- natural caves in
that reached the colonial culture dense forests and
Philippines from through the settles near
other regions, artifacts discovered riverbanks and
while cultural items in these regions. shorelines.
from the  Excavations in  The establishment
Philippines were Lemery and Taal of settlements led
also disseminated Batangas reveal to the
to nearby lands. diverse manmade conceptualization
 of a more on the pottery that  A pierced cone
structured and humans began to shell, likely used as
planned way of life. create. an earring, signifies
 Cultural evolution the early use of
Textile Weaving
was evident shells as
 The exact origins of
through the adornments.
weaving in the
development of  Jewelry in ancient
Philippines remain
receptacles, time often
uncertain, although
including pottery, comprised natural
flat stone tools
and later, the elements such as
used for pounding
crafting of jewelry flowers, leaves,
and flattening tree
and artistic objects. feathers, and
barks into basic
shells.
Receptacles textiles have been
 Reflects early
 Early human-made discovered through
human creativity
containers initially excavations.
and cultural
served funerary  Some clay and iron
expression through
purposes, likely implements
the use of locally
enclosing and unearthed
available materials.
safeguarding the occasionally display
 Metals facilitated
bodies of the impressions of
easier completion
deceased. fabrics, offering
of daily tasks and
 These containers potential insights
ornamentation of
were often crafted into early weaving
pottery.
from tree barks, practices.
 Access to
woven fibers, and  Contemporary
sophisticated metal
natural materials woven artworks
tools enabled the
like leaves, wood, from cultural
intricate crafting of
and bamboo. minorities and rural
jade ornaments,
 Bamboo, due to its areas influenced by
seen in intricate
natural structure, Christianity provide
patterns like
became a popular hints about the
diamond shapes
choice, with each earliest textile
within larger ones
mode providing a designs in the
on jade artifacts.
sturdy base for Philippines.
 Inclusion of glass,
container
Jewelry cornelian, and
construction.
 Earliest known agate, along with
 The surfaces of
jewelry was found gold, marked the
these bamboo
in the Duyong Cave advancement of
tubes featured the
excavation in jewelry making,
earliest linear
Palawan, dated exemplified by
designs, which later
between 3000 and sophisticated
influenced the
2680 B.C. goldwork seen in
decorative patterns
Guri Cave (300-100
 B.C.) and later sites the pottery to Negros, and
in Marinduque and harden it through Mindoro
Batangas. controlled firing. showcased diverse
 Spanish  Pre-hispanic pottery shapes
colonization pottery and designs,
revealed pre- classification reflecting the
existing gold mines involved regional diversity
in Benguet and categorizing of artistic
Paracale, artifacts based on expression.
highlighting the their shape,  Transition from
prominence of decoration local pottery to
goldwork in Filipino methods such as ceramics imported
society, even impressed (using by foreign traders
among the slave objects to create before Spanish
class. texture) and colonization
incised (using indicates the
Pottery
sharp tools for cultural and trade
 2710 B.C.: Earliest
etching), and connections with
evidence of
designs ranging neighboring
pottery making in
from geometric regions.
the Philippines
patterns to  Imported ceramics
discovered in
stylized natural were considered
Masbate, referring
motifs. prestigious status
to the crafting of
 The Manunggul symbols in pre-
ceramic vessels by
burial jar, dating colonial Filipino
shaping clay and
back to 890-710 Society,
firing it at high
B.C., served as an representing
temperatures.
example of wealth, social
 Pottery shaping
intricate incised standing, and
techniques
design, depicting a cultural exchange.
included the use
soul-rowing boat,
of paddles (flat Design
a representation
wooden tools),  The safety of a
of the journey to
anvils (hard certain place from
the afterlife.
surfaces for wild animals and
 Some
support), and unkind weather, as
earthenware was
giant snail shells well as its nearness
painted of glazed,
for smoothing the to a more or less
enhancing the
surface. continuous source
visual appeal and
 Early firing of food are the
durability of the
methods involved major factors that
pottery.
the use of wood, made man form
 Flourishing
straw, and dried permanent
pottery centers in
leaves piled over settlements. They
Rizal, Masbate,
 first occupied
natural caves in
dense forests and
settled along river
banks or  These were made
shorelines. With
the first
settlements, they
began to conceive
of life that could be
planned within a
long range of time.
Aside from tools
and weapons, they
began to create
cultural objects
such as
receptacles,
including pottery,
and, later, jewelry.
Receptacles
 The first containers
were fashioned by
early man probably
to enclose and
protect the bodies
of his dead
relations. For man
began to believe in Textile Weaving
the afterlife in  When weaving
order to endow his
loved ones with
immortality. Thus,
the earliest
containers served a
funerary purpose:
If they were not
coffins made out of
tree barks and
fibers woven into
mats, they were
receptacles of food
and other
belongings to implements bear
accompany the impressions of
dead on his journey fabrics. Perhaps the
to the other world. woven art products
of our cultural
of leaves, wood, minorities, and
and bamboo. christianized rural
Bamboo was areas offer a clue to
probably the most the earliest textile
popular material designs.
because it is a
Jewelry
natural receptacle.
 A pierced cone
Every node of the
shell, presumably
bamboo is
an earring, is the
equipped with a
most an- cient
tough, circular base
sample of jewelry
that serves as bot-
dug up in our
tom for every cut
country. It was
tube. The surface
found in one the
of these tubes was
layers of the
incised with the
Duyong Cave
first linear designs.
excavation in
When man began
Palawan, an of
to make pottery, he
archaeological
applied these
designs on the Representational Art:
surface of the pots Sculpture
he molded.  Man’s early
sculptural
endeavors in the
Philippines where
started in our
intertwined with
country is yet to be
religious practices.
ascertained. Flat
 The Manunggul jar
stone tools
depicts a scene of
believed to have
souls rowing
been used to
towards a
pound and flaten
Philippine Hades,
tree barks into
signifying the early
primitive types of
link between art
textiles have been
and spirituality.
excavated. Once in
 Ancient drawings in
a while, excavated
Angono, Rizal,
clay and iron
showcase linear
 incisions of insect- craftsmanship centuries in
like human figures, might have been association with
potentially dating destroyed during ceramics.
back around 3,000 the Spanish  This ancient script
years. colonial period. is one of
 Early Philippine  Some early Filipino approximately a
representational sculptures were dozen native
sculpture largely influenced by or alphabets
features effigies directly derived discovered across
representing spirits from foreign Southeast Asian
knownas anitos. models, including islands like
 The tagalogs statues of Hindu Sumatra, Java, and
referred to their deities. Celebes.
religious images as  Several significant  These alphabets
“likha”, “tuo-tao”, artifacts, such as are ultimately
and “larawan”. the Golden Image derived from
 Anitos were in Agusan and the ancient India and
believed to fulfill Bronze Lokesvara in share common
roles akin to later Cebu, date back to characteristics with
patron saints, with the 12th-14th Sanskrit writing.
specific ones centuries AD,  The old Philippine
dedicated to showcasing a alphabet comprises
various purposes cultural exchange 17 letters, including
such as good with other lands. 14 consonants and
harvests, 3 vowels.
Ancient Philippines
protection during
Syllabary  "A" is represented
voyages, and by one symbol,
 The indigenous
defense in battles. while "e" and "i"
Philippine alphabet
 Some surviving has captivated share a single
likha sculptures, various individuals, character, as do "o"
like those found in including 16th- and "u."
Calatagan, are century  Early writers
crude, lacking missionaries and utilized a fine point
refined features modern to inscribe their
and exhibiting a archaeologists. script on bamboo
serene yet lifeless tubes, following a
 Pre-Hispanic
quality. top-to-bottom, left-
evidence of this
 Wooden script includes an to-right pattern per
sculptures, possibly inscription on a vertical column,
more intricate, may clay pot found in a similar to the
have decayed over Calatagan grave, writing practice of
time, while stone dating back to the the Tagbanuas of
sculptures of 14th and 15th Palawan.
superior
  Examples of shouting pagrit, in fragments and
Tagbanua writings rhythmic calls, short tales.
are exhibited at the while clearing  Notable Philippine
Museum of forests, serving as epics include the
Traditional Culture warnings to spirits Bicol epic Ibalon,
at the Nayong in the area during narrating the story
Pilipino. tree felling. of the land Ibalon
 Pre-hispanic and its protectors;
Oral Tradition
Philippine Hinilawod,
 Pre-hispanic
celebrations often recounting the
Philippine literature
included the use of adventures of the
was primarily
proverbs, riddles, three sons of the
transmitted orally
and tanaga, with goddess Alunsina;
and intertwined
proverbs reflecting Lam-ang, an
with rituals and
social observations Ilocano adventure
communal
and nature's poem; and
gatherings.
simplicity, riddles Darangan,
 The mangaanito
portraying rich Maranaw narrative
ritual or pandot
visual metaphors, poetry with famous
was a significant
and tanaga stories like
ceremonial practice
conveying moral Bantugan and
lasting several days,
messages through Indarapatra.
often culminating
skillful metaphors  The epics from the
in trances or
or “talinghaga”. Mountain Province,
swooning.
 Myths and legends Hudhud, and Alim
 The babaylan, or
in the Philippines depict the feats of
head priest, would
served as early Aliguyon and the
intone invocations
attempts to explain lives of gods and
during the ritual,
the mysterious goddesses.
with the
forces affecting  The pamatbat,
worshippers
daily life, with known as epic tales
responding in
various regional of the Tagalogs,
unison.
groups having their described as
 Private recitations
own folklore, "genealogical
were also
providing unique histories and
performed to
explanations of superhuman
establish
life's origins in adventures,"
connections with
different dialects. unfortunately, have
environmental
 These myths were not been
spirits.
often embodied in preserved.
 Presently, the
epic narratives,
Hanunuo people of Music
some of which
Mindoro continue  Pre-hispanic
have survived only
the tradition of Filipino
 culture was instruments from the
steeped in include: Mountain
musical Province
traditions, 1. Gitgit - a played by
with various violin-like blowing
everyday instrument wind
activities with a through the
accompanie wooden nose.
d by body and 6. Diw-diw-as -
ritualistic pegs, thin
rhythms played with bamboo
that gave a bow made pipes tied
rise to an of human together,
array of hair. resembling
songs, 2. Bangs - a pan-pipes,
including three- played by
lullabies, stopped blowing
planting bamboo across the
songs, boat flute played open ends
songs, by blowing without
feasting and at the end. touching
mourning 3. Bowed harp the lips.
songs. or butting -
played with  Other
 The the mouth, instruments
Negritos resembling include
and other a bow, bamboo
indigenous utilized by zithers, pas-
groups like the Negritos ing,
those in the of Zambales kolitong,
Mountain and Isabela. gangsa,
Province 4. Kubing - a bilbil or
and the bamboo bungkaka,
Muslims in version of bangibang,
the south the ancient olbon,
utilized a jew's harp, sulibao, and
variety of played by Kalinga
musical the drums, as
instruments Dumagats. well as
that are still 5. Kaleleng or various
in use balingling - Muslim
today. a three- instruments
 Some stopped such as
notable nose flute palendag,
 sahundy,  The early for religious or
suling, inhabitants of the communal
tumpung, Philippines were purposes. However,
serogagandi known for their during worship,
ng, kudyapi, seafaring abilities, people would
and the relying on rivers gather in the chief's
ensemble of and seas for house and erect
gongs sustenance. The temporary shelters
known as houses of the datus attached to its
gamelan, and their relatives sides.
consisting faced the shore  Three types of
of agung, rather than being native dwellings
babandir, centrally located in from the 16th
gandingan, the community. century are still
kulintang,  During the 16th found in the
and century, the houses Philippines today:
gabbang, as were typically 1. Bahay Kubo - An
well as single-room architectural style
various structures made of influenced by
drums such bamboo walls and geographical
as the palm-leaf roofs. factors, utilizing
dabakan. Supported by four bamboo and nipa
posts, access was for construction,
 The gained through with bamboo posts
existence of bamboo ladders, supporting the sala
these native with the ground and sleeping areas.
instruments floor primarily The steeply sloped
, along with utilized for storage. roof extends
the primal Cooking and beyond the walls to
characteristi washing took place protect from heavy
cs of in the batalan. rains, while
indigenous  The homes of elevated flooring
music, chiefs were more provides protection
reflects the spacious, often from floods and
Philippines' featuring multiple ventilation during
connection rooms and the dry season.
to an older constructed on tree 2. Ifugao House -
and more trunks using Designed to
diverse hardwood, yet still withstand cold
Asian roofed with nipa, climates, Ifugao
cultural similar to other houses are built
heritage. houses. atop four tree
 Public buildings trunks, with the
Houses
were non-existent roof almost fully
 covering the walls. muslim region’s 9. Jama Mapun -
Beams and and mountain Adopted Islam in a later
supporting era, contributing to the
THE INDIGENOUS ART diverse Muslim Filipino
columns are
OF THE MUSLIM community.
intricately carved REGIONS AND THE
and painted, and Decorative Motifs in
MOUNTAIN PROVINCE Muslim Art:
the living area Muslim Mindanao • Sarimanok - A
features a platform The arrival of Islamic legendary bird holding a
for grain storage teachings in the fish, often placed in
and pegs for Philippines during the Maranaw villages.
hanging baskets. 13th and 14th centuries • Naga - A stylized
3. Maranaw House - shaped the region's dragon or serpent used
Characterized by its cultural and religious in gravemarkers and
boat-house landscape, influencing carvings.
appearance, the various aspects of the • Curls and Curves -
Maranaw house local communities. Patterns resembling
features Key Ethno-Linguistic flowers, leaves, and
"panolong" or Groups: vines.
1. Taosug - Original
prow-like beams
Muslim tribe in the Use of Color:
supporting the
Philippines. Color is a significant
floor. The beams
2. Maranaw - One of element in Muslim art.
interlock with the the original Muslim
columns, extending Highly saturated shades
tribes, known for their of:
from under the intricate brasswork. • Green
walls and often 3. Samal - Embraced • Yellow
intricately carved Islam at a later period. • Red
and painted, 4. Maguindanaw - • Violet
contributing to the Considered an original • Blue
house's distinct Muslim tribe, known for These enrich and
appearance. their distinct art forms. enhance wood carvings
 Some Muslim 5. Yakan- Embraced and other artistic
houses, dating Islam at a later stage of creations in the Muslim
back to the its arrival in the regions.
14th century, Philippines.
6. Sanggil: Group that Maranaw Brasswork:
still stand
adopted Islam later in • Kabul and Gadur - Jar-
today,
history. like containers with
showcasing the 7. Badjao - Initially
sophisticated dome-like covers,
regarded as pagan by featuring rich arabesque
architectural other Filipino Muslim motifs and geometric
achievements tribes. patterns.
of pre-hispanic 8. Malbog - Embraced • Okir - A general term
Filipinos. Islam at a later phase of for wood carving in
 The indigenous its propagation. Muslim art.
art of the
 Ibaloi, Apayao, materials used
Stylized and Geometric Tinguian or Itneg, for the eyes
Motifs in Various Kalinga, and and teeth of
Objects: Kankanay. the bihang, a
1. Kampilan - A long houseguard
sword with a handle idol, adding
resembling a naga's  Key Materials and
texture and
mouth. Artistic Traditions:
color.
2. Kris - A wavy, flame- Wood is the
 Metalwork Skills:
like blade reminiscent of primary
a serpent's body. Iron-
material used in
3. Barong - A leaf-like smelting
their art,
blade with geometric and bronze-
utilized to
designs on its hilt. casting are
create various
4. Musical Instruments important
items such as
like the kudyapi, kubing, skills among
shields, spoons,
kulintang, and gabbang the Ifugaos
ladles, bowls,
feature okir on their and
and human and
wooden bodies. Tinguians.
5. Gongs have animal figures.
Iron is used
arabesque designs on Woodcarving is
for making
their surfaces. an established
axes and
6. The framework of the vocation across
spears.
sagita, used in making all seven tribes,
Bronze,
mat fibers, showcases with skilled
brass, and
artistically designed sculptors in
gold are
sarimanok or naga.The every village.
diverse cultural used in
Narra, adda-an,
expressions, intricate art crafting
and lutmu trees
forms, and rich historical pipes, with
are abundant
heritage of the Muslim bamboo
sources of
Filipino community used for
materials.
highlight the profound ordinary
Mountain tribe
influence of Islamic pipes.
carving
teachings on the  Categorization of
emphasizes the
Philippines' cultural and Mountain Art:
artistic landscape. natural color of
Mountain
Mountain Province the wood,
art can be
 The Mountain enhanced by
divided into
Province people, rubbing with
two
often referred to as oil.
categories:
Igorots by Shields are
ritualistic
Christians, consist sometimes
and
of seven distinct painted in red
decorative.
ethnic groups: and black, with
Ritualistic
Ifugao, Bontoc, different
Art includes
 the "bulol" Characteriz centers engaging with
and the ed by Chinese, Cambodian,
"bihang," geometric and Siamese merchant
both idols simplicity, ships.
with featuring Interior tribes maintained
cultural abrupt a primitive lifestyle using
significance. angles at stone tools and limited
metal weapons.
The elbows and
1571: Beginnings of
"bihang" is knees.
Colonization:
meant to be Spoons and - Spanish colonization
fearsome to Ladles efforts begin in the
deter norm handles Philippines.
violations, may be - Coastal villages evolve
while the carved into into more socially-
"bulol" is a human conscious communities,
benevolent figures or leading to the
spirit body parts establishment of the
guarding like hands barangay system and
granaries or the development of
and phalluses. village laws.
ricefields.  Abstract Designs:
 Distinctive Artistic Abstract 16th Century: Cultural
Features: designs are and Religious
Developments:
Bowls come prevalent in
- Pre-Hispanic religion
in various textile
evolves into community
shapes, patterns, rituals, with a complex
often bamboo system of different types
carved to containers, of priests and carved
represent bamboo, representations of
animals brass, and anitos.
with gold pipes, - Spanish missionaries
stylized as well as in note high literacy rates
body parts gold and document local
functioning ornaments. poetry, songs, and tales.
as handles. - Spanish soldiers
Philippine Art during appreciate the natives'
Human and
Spanish Colonial wealth, including their
Animal Regime
Figures are garments and intricate
1521: Arrival of the metalwork.
mainly Spaniards: Challenges and
represented - Spanish arrival in the Resistance:
by the Philippines initiates the - Attempts to overthrow
Ifugaos, process of colonization. Spanish rule reveal the
Bontocs, - Seacoast villages were existence of small
and Ibalois. already active trade
"kingdoms" in Luzon church clerks and Hoyang," which was
forming alliances to prominent converts included in the
resist colonization. singled out by Explicacion de la
Despite efforts, limited missionaries for their Doctrina Cristiana en
weaponry and scattered artistic talents. Lengua Tagala by
positions contribute to - Members of the ruling Alonzo de Sta. Ana
the defeat of these class, such as the (Manila, 1628). It is a
kingdoms. cabezas de barangay, reconstituted dalit, a pre-
Early 1600s: Spanish who were exempt from Hispanic Tagalog song
Control and Christian forced labor and military reserved for significant
Conversion: conscription, played a occasions.
- Spanish sovereignty is significant role in the - Grammar and prayer
established over most of adaptation and books also featured
the lowland areas. dissemination of the verses in Spanish
- The lowland population colonial power's cultural written by the ladinos,
in Luzon and the practices. natives taught to speak
Visayas undergoes Poetry and write in Spanish.
baptism and nominal - The friars in the Fernando
conversion to Philippines played a Bagongbanta's poem,
Christianity. crucial role in "Salamat nang ualang
Seventeenth Century proselytizing the hanga-gracias se den
- The success of the colonized people. They sempiternas," was
propagation of the published devotional published in the
Catholic Faith in the and catechetical books Memorial de la Vida
Philippines was closely to spread the Catholic Cristiana en Lengua
linked to the introduction faith, as well as Tagala, accompanied by
of religious paintings, grammar books and its Spanish equivalent
engravings, sculpture, vernacular-Spanish written verse by verse.
as well as devotional dictionaries to facilitate - Tomas Pinpin, a book
hymns and verses, communication and printer from Bataan,
representing the earliest education. followed a similar
encounters with Western - These publications approach, publishing his
artistic styles. incorporated the first poem in Librong Pag-
- By the mid-17th examples of vernacular aaralan nang manga
century, indigenous poetry in the Roman Tagalog nang Uican
individuals began alphabet, with Castila (Bataan, 1610).
producing poems, contributions from both
paintings, and musical natives and
compositions echoing missionaries. The Early Comedia
Western artistic poems were deeply 1597: Festivities of St.
influences, marking the religious and didactic in Potenciana and Martyrs:
emergence of early nature. - Pompous celebrations
colonial artists in the - An example of a held for several days
Philippines. native's work is Pedro upon the arrival of the
- These colonial artists Suarez Ossorio's relics of St. Potenciana
were predominantly "Salamat nang Ualang and one hundred
martyrs and twenty
popes in the Philippines.
- Festivities included
parades, processions,
poetry contests, and the
recitation of "loas," long
verses praising Mary
and the saints.
1619: Comedias
Celebrating the Cult of
Immaculate Conception:
- "Comedias" staged to
celebrate Pope Urban
VIII's authorization of the
cult of the Immaculate
Conception.
- Performances such as
"Comedia de los
Martires del Japon" and
"Comedia de la
Concepcion" marked
this cultural celebration.
1637: Staging of the
First Moro-Moro:
- Governor-General
Sebastian de Corcuera's
successful expedition
against the Muslims of
Mindanao leads to the
staging of a play
depicting the skirmish
between Christians and
Muslims in Cavite.
- This play serves as the
precursor to the moro-
moro, featuring grand
parades of royal
characters and sword
battles between
Christian and Muslim
soldiers.
- Typical moro-moro
plots center around the
love between a Christian
prince and an Islamic - Fr. Antonio Sedeño, a
princess from warring Jesuit, pioneered the
factions, concluding with use of lime in building
the triumph of the construction. He
Christians and the oversaw the
subsequent baptism of construction of the
the Islamic royalty and Nuestra Señora de Guia
people. Fort in Manila and
Music played a key role in
- Westernization during planning and building
the colonial period Manila's first secular
influenced the residences. In the
transformation of pre- 1580s, he sought
colonial musical forms Chinese artisans to
and the abandonment of teach the art of painting
indigenous instruments for decorating newly-
in favor of Western built churches.
modes like plainsong - Early painting and
and Western musical sculpture commissions
instruments such as the for the church were
flute, organ, harp, and often assigned to
guitar. Chinese artisans
- The choir became an residing in a community
essential element of outside Intramuros
Church rituals, with the known as the Parian.
seminary serving as a - While natives also
natural training ground attempted these arts,
for choristers during this their works primarily
period. served domestic
- Numerous native purposes, leading to
individuals aspiring for potential flaws in
religious vocations found depicting human figures
their names listed in the due to the absence of an
rosters of monasteries established Asian
from various religious tradition.
orders, highlighting their
exceptional contributions
in the field of music.
Visual Arts
- Spanish colonization History of art in the
introduced easel Philippines; 18th and 19th
painting, Western styles century handout
in sculpture, and
architecture to the 18th Century
Philippines.
• first two centuries of
colonization, the local Saints as - refers to chanting
Spanish government
the only Ex. Florante at Laura
depended on the trade
of Chinese Silk and reading 3. Santacruzan- basis of
Mexican Silver dramatic presentations
matter •
• Galleon trade for Ex. The story of St. Helena,
maintenance and Spanish and her son, Emperor
subsistence Constantine
medieval
• Spaniards and Chinese THE TALES THAT HAVE
tales in
benefitted from the trade COME DOWN TO US:
verse Siete Infantes de Lara
• Profits reached the
natives from the buy-in- were
sell of their farm products Bernardo Carpio
introduc Doce Pares
• Principalia copied
Spanish customs as a ed Ibong Adarna
symbol of their rising
status • These works were Jose de la Cruz (1746-
1829)
• Intermarriage brought in by the • Popularly known as
Mexican soldiers and Huseng Sisiw
of Spanish and
sailors who came with • Master of the metrical
Mexican soldiers
romances
added to the the galleons • They
• NO work of his has been
Hispanization of were stories of knights preserved

our culture fighting for the Church • Jose Ma. Rivera

attributes the following
Metrical against the Moors works to him:

Romances Metrical Tales 1. Principe Baldovino

• the 1. Corrido- a metrical tale 2. Doce Pares de Francia

composed of octosyllabic
friars verses 3. Jason at Medea

approved -refers to narration 4. Reina Encantada

the lives Ex. Ibong Adarna Music and Dances

of Christ 2. Awit- a metrical tale • Dances showed

made of dodecasyllabic considerable European
and the lines influence
• The contradanza, Lyrics, of religious pictures
minuet, fundango
melody Ex.
enjoyed a vogue in the
islands but were , and A
interpreted here with
willowy grace and light rhythm map
manner, not with • Chore of the people’s of
Spanish fire and vigor ritualism temperament,
isla
• Native folk songs self-consciousness
acquired the duple mater nds
• Singing the passion, the
through Spanish harana, or the solo in
influences
recitation of a loa became
• Native pentatonic a matter of skill or social 173
musical sense was influence in the village 3,
transformed into its
Engraving 12
western counterpart,
the minor, and the • Printing from copper scen
diatonic scale plates
es
• • A few examples of
woodcuts are found at the depi
Spanish beginning of the 17th
century ctin
sounde
• Lithograph prints were g
d early
introduced in the first
repr
native half of the 19th century
and replaced engraving ese
songs
on copper
nta
derived
Some of the outstanding
tive
their gravers who signed their
prints: life
tones
• Nicolas de la cruz Bagay in
from
• Francisco de Herrera the
religiou
• Juan Correa de Castro isla
s
Nicolas Bagay and
nds
hymns Francisco Suarez
• Known for their design •
•
Pro • Usual subjects were Trini
Christ, depicted in many
udly scenes of His life ty,

wri • Ada

ting Mar m,

“Ind y in Eve,

io diffe and

Tag rent the

alo” con Apo

afte ven stles

r tion • Known as an estofado

thei s • Halo, the other
paraphernalia involved in
r repr making this realistic style
sign ese Examples: Dog beside San
atur Roque
ntin
es Rooster with St. Peter
g
Satan Crushed by St.
Santos vari Michael
• Once supplanted the ous Adam and Eve
likha
dev 19th Century
• In 1724, Juan de los
otio • A rise of national
Santos carved consciousness among
ns
several retablos for Filipinos
in
the Augustinian • Opening of Suez canal
her National Consciousness
church in Intramuros
hon • Was expressed
• Carved out of
or • through the reform
wood, the most movement following
The the execution of
available material
GomBurZa fathers
Holy
(Jose Burgos, Mariano Miniature n
Gomez, Jacinto
• Local landscape g
Zamora)
• Done by students of
• Reformist such as:
academia
t
Jose Rizal
Ex: Lorenzo Guerero’s
“The Fruit Vendor” & h
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
“Well at Marikina” e
Graciano Lopez Jaena

Visual Arts
S
c
• One of the aims of
i
h
the Sociedad
m
i
Economica de Amigos
o
c
del Pais, a civic-
n
k
conscious organization
e
• The society
F
n
established the
l
”
Escuela De Dibuio y
o
,
Pintura in 1821
r
• The first teacher was
Damian Domingo, a e
“
mestizo s
P
Academia de Dibujo y ’
Pintura r

• The first school of i

painting closed in 1834 for “
m
an unknown reason
f
• Opened 20 years later e
e
• Spaniards were the first r
teachers but later passed e
a
on to Filipinos
d
s
Ex. Portraiture
i
 ”
L B

e T e

t e g

r l g

a e a

s s r

” f ”

, o

r Felipe Roxas’ “Antipolo

Church”
& o
• also became the subject
of sculpture
“ S Known sculptors at the
G time:
u
u Bonifacio Arevalo, Isabelo
c
Tampingco, Jose Rizal
a g
Ex. Spoliarium, Juan Luna,
r a 1884, Oil on canvas

d n Felix R. Hidalgo’s
“Christian maidens
i g exposed to the Populace”,
a ’ “La barca de aqueronte”,
& “Seascapes”
s
• Luna and Hidalgo
c
also painted the
i “
Philippine genre,
v T
most were done
i h
before they went
l e
abroad Ex. “Two
Young Beggars” by - has a fenced open- country
air space before its - developed into the
Felix Hidalgo portals called the so-called
Atrium “Earthquake
“Tampuhan” by Juan Luna
- Convento, Baroque”
Architecture priest
Ex. Paoay Church in Ilocos
residence,
• Houses Norte
commonly seen
• Furniture in Central - The spiral
Luzon, Manila, motif is
- during Spanish times, Southern also
it was based on
Luzon, Visayas, found in
European
or separated the
counterparts
- thin and smooth webs from the historic
of rattan fibers church, as in Barasoain
replaced the heavy the towns of Church in
upholstery Northern Luzon Malolos
- Baroque carvings on - the with its
interior is curving
the back, legs, arms,
elaboratel pediment
and side of the chairs y extending
decorate to the
were retained -the d with sides like
gallinera, originally a trompe- wings
l’oeil, - the
pre-hispanic bamboo rosettes, church
cornices, designed
chicken coop was
and by
transformed bamboo moulding Miguel
by Italian Paladino
slats were replaced
decorator has an
with carved wooden s Alveroni ornate
and sculptura
balustrades l façade
Dibella
- many Philippine and
• Churches churches show the graceful,
influence of the curving
- first churches were
Baroque style balustrad
parts of mission
- adapted to the es on
complexes which
geographical both side
were also
conditions of the
fortresses
Ex. Barasoain Church in • Zarzuela, Poetry
Malolos derived from
• Subjects were derived
zarza, a Spanish
- other churches
have a restrained worm meaning from the metrical
neo-classical “Bramble bush”,
such occasions romances which were
façade
eventually very popular in the 18th
Ex. San Agustin Church in known as Fiestas
Intramuros (one of the de Zarsuela century • La India
oldest)
Music and Dance Elegante y el Megrito
Theater
• Native songs manate and Principe
• Early
such as the
Baldovino counted
manifestation of kumintang,
kundiman, and among his work •
drama in our balitaw had ceased
Pasiong mahal ni
country may be to be simply folk
expressions in the Jesucristong Panginoon
seen in some 19th century
natin was the most
features of the • Kumintang is always in
the minor mode having popular
duplo • Early
3/4, 2/4, or 6/8 time
• Jose Rizal wrote La
Filipinos became signature
• Kundiman is believed to Juventud Filipina, Noli
aware of have been coined from Me Tangere, El
the phrase kung hindi Filibusterismo and his
dramatic form of last poem Mi Ultimo
man, always sung in minor
the comedia mode and in 3/4 time Adios

• Balitaw is known in two Art during the American

• The cenaculo is a
forms: the balitaw mayor Regime up to the Japanese
dramatic presentation
and balitaw menor Occupation
recalling the Passion of
Jesus Christ • The 1898 treaty of Parish
Literature
turned the rule of the
• Cardboard figures
• Sainetes (farces) and Philippines by the
projected on screen,
other dramatic works Spaniards over to the
manipulated to execute Americans
was written by
movements and gestures,
Francisco Baltazar • The 1901 Sedition
called carillo, a shadow
(Balagtas) (1788- Law resulted in the
play derived from
1862), he is known as deportation of
metrical romances
the father of Tagalog
Apolinario Mabini and • Fashionable in the Tolentin
other nationalists who United States and the
planning o
advocated
independence Ex. Congress, the post finished
• 1907 Flag Law office
his 45 ft.
prohibited the advocacy of The Supreme Court
independence tall
Philippine General
• In 1901, Americans Andres
Hospital
introduced the public
school Bonifacio
• Other buildings
were executed in this monume
• On December 30,
tradition-bound style,
1937, President nt in
featuring colonnades,
Manuel Quezon
Ionic and Corinthian 1933
proclaimed the
columns, pediments,
institution of the Painting
and a central portico
national language
based on Tagalog Ex. Perez Samanillo • Filipino painters turned
Building to depict the countryside
Architecture Metropolitan Theater rather than the horrors
• The American and turmoil
Far Eastern University
colonial regime Administration Buildings • The trend toward
necessitated the genre painting, which
construction of new Rizal Memorial Stadium
began in the 1890’s,
buildings to house the Manila Jockey Club reached full maturity
various services of the during the first 3
new government, as Sculpture
decades of American
well as civic buildings, rule
• A year after the success
schools, hospitals,
of the Philippine-American
commercial and semi- • In
War, in 1903, Americans
industrial buildings, and
ordered the erection of 1928
more residential
monuments to Jose Rizal
houses ,
in all the Plazas of the
• Introduced new Country mod
materials such as
• ern
reinforced concrete,
glass, steel, and in Guillerm art
the neo-classical
o bega
architectural style
n to genre paintings sa Kalangitan”
• Santiago in his
threa • Their recurrent subjects
“Tagailog, Symphony
found high commercial, in D Major”,
ten
idealized scenes of rice introduced native
the planting, plowing, palay instruments such as
harvesting and pounding, the barimbaw and
domi river and street scenes the muslim gongs
nanc Ex. Fabian de la Rosa and Cinema
e of Amorsolo’s “Planting Rice”
• Marked the early
cons Edade’s “The Builders”
history of cinematic art in
Music and dance the Philippines by the
erva
creation of a national
• Sandugong audience, technical
tism
Panaginip by Pedro developments, and social
art • Paterno and music consciousness
composed by
Mod • The
Ladislao Bonus, first
ern opera written by a
earliest
Filipino under
art American regime motion
ende • Jose Estella’s “Ang picture
d in Maya”
exhibition
• Niconar Abelardo’s
trium was held
“Bituing Marikit” was
ph in originally written for near the
Servando de los Angeles
the Escolta
zarzuela, “Dakilang
post- Punglo” in1897 •
war • “Kundiman” by Bonifacio
In 1903
Abdon, songs based on
years traditional forms American
• Fabian de la Rosa and • Nicanor Abelardo’s cowboy
Fernando Amorsolo “Mutya ng Pasig”
dominated and movies
• Francisco Santiago’s
influenced the art scene began to
“Anak Dalita”
of the first 3 decades
with their landscape and • Abdon Cantata’s “o Dios be shown
to mass e Spanish administration
sentiments
audiences Fa
Ex. Jesus Balmori
for free th
Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero
• Local production of er
silent movies was Julian Balmaceda
of
initiated in the mid-
1912 by two Americans, Ph
who separately The Post-War Period to
ilip the Present
produced films on Jose
Rizal: Life of Dr. Jose pi Rehabilitation and
Rizal by Yearsly and The reconstruction confronted
Great Malayan by E.M, ne the new Philippine
gross government during the
M
immediate post-war years.
• ovi Industry and agriculture
were greatly damaged,
Jo es, and the loss of lives and
se property was incalculable.
in
American aid for
Ne 19 rehabilitation increased
fascination for the
po 17 Holywood version of the
m American way of life and
Th things American.
uc ea The Cultural Center of the
en Philippines is a theatre-
ter
gallery-museum complex,
o a brainchild of Mrs Imelda
• Zarzuela replaced the
moro-moro in R. Marcos, designed by
Jr., Leandro Locsin. It has
popularity during the
kn exhibited prestigious local
last decades of Spanish
artworks and presented
o sovereignty over the concerts and a wide
Philippines variety of theater arts.
w
• The playwrights The Nayong Pilipino is a
n expressed the Filipino collection of replicas of
people’s anti- house styles found
as
Americanism as well as throughout the
th anti-friar and anti- archipelago.
Historical Monuments as interpretations of Andres
Cultural Shrines: ”modern Luna
architecture”. ● Suburban
● Taal Church inn
- Latest areas such
Batangas
developments in as Quezon
● The Bacarra Church
the International City (around
Tower in Ilocos
Style Quezon
Norte
● Cantileverin Circle and
National Artist Awards - g, Pierced the Cubao
honored outstanding screens, area)
Filipino artists Steel ● Makati
reinforceme ( along
● Francisca Aquino - nts, Glass, Ayala
native folk dances Brise-soleil Avenue)
● Guillermo or Sun ● And along
Tolentino - deflectors(n Epifanio de
sculpture ew los Santos
● Fernando materials), Avenue
Amorsolo and Movable - Government
Carlos V. Francisco louvres, Buildings
- painting Prefabricate
● Juan Nakpil - modernity of
d concrete
Architecture design, method of
moldings,
● Antonio Molina - construction, and
Constructio
music construction
n Devices
● Jose Garcia Villa materials, as well
- Construction
and Amado V. as concern for
Activities:
Hernandez - function, are
● Botica Boie
literature evident in most
(Escolta) by
new structures:
ARCHITECTURE Luis Ma.
Araneta, ● Quezon
- The early post-war ● Philippine Circle,
years were marked Bank of Academic
by the restoration Commerce Institutions,
of destroyed and Commercial
government Reconstruc Buildings,
buildings to their tion Finance Industrial
old forms, and by a Corporation and office
“mad display of by Juan buildings,
architectural trash Nakpil and Cultural and
ranging from Sons, entertainm
classic to garnish ● Regina and ent
and hopelessly Samanillo buildings,
misunderstood Buildings by private
 residences Tikbalang, - Environmen
in the 1971, tal or
affluent bronze) situational
communitie - Gomburza sculpture
s Monument - hanging
in front of metal and
SCULPTURE
the Manila paper
● Napoleon Abueva - Cathedral.
- This type of sculpture, as
Father of modern ● Eduardo Castrillo
its advocates claim, is
Filipino sculptor. - most
“liberated”, it is “lived-in”
- “pure form massive
and good sculpture PAINTING
design” - Last
Supper(Loy - The establishment
- He is a
al Memorial of the Art
pioneer of
Park in Association of the
modernism
Marikina), Philippines in 1948
in
Pieta (1969- and the Philippine
sculpture.
1970, brass) Art Gallery in 1950
- Buoyant
- designs for helped to
sculpture
trophies introduce modern
(Baby
and jewelry, art to the
Moses,
reliefs, and populace, support
1951)
environmen its struggle against
- Allegorical
tal conservative art,
Harpoon
sculpture and create
and
● Roberto Chabet patronage among
Crucifix(195
- Environmen anti-buyers.
7)
tal or - Early post-war
● Abdulmari Imao -
situational modernists: NEO-
A sculptor from
sculpture REALISTS
Jolo, Sulu
- painted ● Sarimanok,
- embossed
metal and 1948 by
brass of the
wood Hernando
sarimanok
planks Ocampo
motif, and
● Virgilio Aviado ● Mujer, 1956
wood
- Environmen by Romeo
sculpture
tal or Tabuena
● Solomon Saprid
situational ● Madonna of
- Known for
sculpture the Slums &
his
- rubber Jeepneys,
treatment
foam cut- 1956 by
of tikbalang
outs Vicente
(Peace-
● Ray Albano Manansala
loving
 - Their works ● Hard-and- M
demonstrat soft-edgism a
e the ● Colorschooli l
influence of sm a
various ● Abstract t
Western art Expressionis e
styles such m )
as post- ● Constructivi - s
impressioni sm p
sm, ● Environmen e
abstraction, tal Art c
cubism, ● Magic i
expressionis Realism a
m, and li
PRINTMAKING
surrealism. z
- Succeeding ● Manuel Rodriguez, e
painters in the 50's Sr. - Pioneer and d
and early 60's mentor in i
● Carroza, Philippines graphic n
1972 by arts. e
Fernando - C t
Zobel o c
● Sheaves, n h
1958 by t i
Anita e n
Magsaysay- m g
Ho p - T
- Explore o h
ramification r r
s and a e
refinements r e
of the y o
modernist G f
tendencies r h
a i
- In the mid-sixties and
p s
the seventies, further
h s
developments in the
i o
international art
c n
movement
A s
● Pop r -
● Op t M
● Minimalism s a
● Maximalism ( n
 u ● The proliferation of orchestra and
e cumbancheros or native
l, combos, eased out instruments(kubing
J the rondalla in and kudyapi)
r popularity.
● On January 1, 1974,
., ● harmonicas,
Jose Maceda
M ukeleles, maraccas,
performed his
a drums, guitars,
“Ugnayan”.
r gourds, jawbones
- Indig
c of asses, and
eno
e portable army
us
li gasoline tanks.
Instr
n (musical
ume
o instruments)
nts:
, ● In the dances,
bang
a Zamba, rhumba,
iban
n guarracha,
g,
d appalachicola,
kolit
R mambo, and
eng,
a calypso (popular
agun
y steps)
g,
● Philippine ● American cultural
and
Association of influence resulted
bun
Printmakers - a in the formation of
gbu
workshop in the several native
ng.
various graphic dance troupes.
- servi
mediums (1968, ● Dr Eliseo Pajaro
ces
Philippine introduced his
of
Women’s “Lam-ang Suite,” a
20
University) symphony
radi
● Raul Isidro, combining Western
o
Orlando Castillo, concepts and
stati
Imelda Cajipe native themes.
ons
Endaya, and many ● Lucrecia Kasliag -
to
others. Muslim folk
play
● Rodolfo Paras rhythms and
the
Perez (woodcut); instruments
tape
Rodolfo Samonte (kulintang,
s
(serigraphy); and dabakan, gongs,
sepa
Virgilio Aviado and and gamelan)
ratel
Ofelia Gelvezon-
- “Legend of y
Tequi (etching)
Sarimanok” (1963), and
MUSIC AND DANCE a suite for chamber simu
 ltan compositions(danc a(to
eous e dramas, The mak
ly. Golden Earth, and e
- Ugm Sultan Kudarat.) peo
a- ● Ramon Pagayon ple
Ugm Santos: awar
a, - a e of
Agu grou the
ngan p of musi
, avan cal
Pag- t- valu
sam gard e of
ba, e com
and musi mon
Cass cian plac
ettes s in e
100 the soun
● Younger Phili ds)
generation, ppin
CINEMA
composers of note es.
are Jerry Dadap, - Ding ● Post-war movie
Bayani de Leon, Ding productions in the
and Ramon nga Philippines, like
Pagayon Santos. Diya those in other
● Jerry Dadap: wa(c Southeast Asian
symphonic Ode No. omb countries, dealt
1 for Chorus, inati with Japanese
Rondalla, & on atrocities and the
Orchestra of people’s
- Lam Wes resistance.
-ang, tern (Example:
Tom and “Gerilyera” &
aneg Asia “Kaaway ng
at n Bayan”)
Ani perc ● 50’s introduced
way, ussi characters such as
and on Kulafu, the Filipino
Sulta instr Tarzan, and
n ume Bondying, and
Kud nts) revived the series
arat. - Nab on Juan Tamad
● Bayani de Leon: asag “Juan Tamad Goes
uses Filipino and to Congress”, 1959,
materials for his Bang a satire on the
 political life of the Joaquin, 1952 traditional forms
nation, Horror ● The Arena Theater, such as the duplo,
movies (“Gabi ng headed by Severino balagtasan, and
Lagim,” “Pagsapit Montano, in 1953, sainete.
ng Hating Gabi”) sponsored ● My Fair Lady
● Asian Film Festival playwriting (Broadway musical)
(“Ang Asawa Kong contests and is often performed
Amerikana,” 1954, toured rural areas. at the Cultural
“Anak Dalita,” ● 1955, Palanca Center of the
1956, and Literary Contests Philippines.
“Badjao,” 1957) one-act plays ● Modernization of
● 60’s thrived on among the entries. the old zarzuela
action picture Alberto Florentino form is exhibited in
imitations of James and Wlifrido such attempts as
Bond, Napoleon Nolledo were Kamandag, billed
Solo, and Bruce consistent winners. as the first rock
Lee. sex films ● Cecile Guidote zarzuela devised at
(“Uhaw”), Nora founder of the the Philippine
Aunor-Vilma Philippine College of
Santos Educational Commerce, and
● The film was used Theater Association Magpamilya’y Di
as a medium for (PETA) Biro, the new
election ● By encouraging the zarzuela on family
campaigns. (e.g. writing and planning.
“Dugo at Luha,” production of
1961, “Moises Philippine historical
Padilla Story,” dramas and LITERATURE
1961, “Iginuhit ng folklore. It
Tadhana,” 1965) contributes to the ● Post-war writing in
● The seventies saw improvement of English was
the exhibition of the directing, bolstered by
films of great social playwriting, and literacy
and artistic acting skills of its conferences
significance. (e.g. members. (PEN(1958),
“Elias, Basilio at ● Television, Congress for
Sisa”, “Krimen: Balintataw series, Cultural
Kayo ang up to early 1972, Freedom(1962),
Humatol”, Cinema (Cine USIS(1964),
“Tinimbang Ka Manila) Directed by university
Nguni’t Kulang”) Lino Brocka workshops (U.P.,
● zarzuelas as Ang Silliman),
THEATER scholarships to
Kiri (1927) by
Servando de los American centers
● Portrait of an Artist
Angeles, other of writing, and
as Filipino by Nick
 publication locally remarkable
and abroad. progress. Tagalog-
● Watch in the Night based Pilipino -
by Edilberto official language in
Tiempo, 1953 1946. Rapid
● Without Seeing development of
the Dawn by Tagalog literature
Stevan Javellana both in technique
1947 and social
● The Woman Who significance
Had Two Navels by ● Written by Amado
Nick Joaquin, 1961 V. Hernandez
● A Season of Grace - Isang
by N.V.M. Dipang
Gonzalez, 1956 Langit,
● The Hand of the 1961, a
Enemy by Kerima collection of
Polotan, 1962 poetry
● Short stories - Mga Ibong
- Edith Mandaragit,
Tiempo 1964, a
- Estrella novel
Alfon ● Sixties and the
- Francisco early seventies
Arcellana - witnessed a
- Bienvenido dynamic upswing in
Santos Tagalog writing as
- Gregorio its role in social
Brilliantes development
- Gilda became clearer to
Cordero the writers in both
Fernando English and
● Poetry Tagalog. Writers
- Carlos who previously
Angeles wrote only in
- Ricaredo English now began
Demetillo to do translation
- Virginia work into Pilipino,
Moreno or write short
- Emmanuel stories, poetry, and
Torres plays in Pilipino.
● In the sixties
onwards Tagalog
literature showed