HUM002- ART APPRECIATION

Historical Development of Art

PERIOD/GENRE THEME/DESCRIPTION ARTIST SAMPLE WORK OF ART

PREHISTORIC  era before the appearance of recorded history in the PREHISTORIC PEOPLE
form of written accounts by man.

STONE AGE  illustrates early human creativity through small

portable objects, cave paintings and early sculpture and
architecture.

OLD STONE AGE  Paleolithic (old stone age) characterized by emergence  small sculptures made of clay,
of basic stone tools and stone art in the archaeological bone, ivory, or stone
record  simple figurines depicting
 focused on either food (hunting scenes, animal animals and humans particularly
carvings) or fertility Venus figurines (highly stylized
 predominant theme was animals. depictions of women with
exaggerated female parts
representing fertility and
sexuality

MIDDLE STONE AGE  Mesolithic (middle stone age) an important bridge  Prehistoric cave painting in
between the upper Old stone age and the New stone Lascaux, France
 potterywhich is functional more
than artistic in nature

NEW STONE AGE  Neolithic (new stone age) beginning of civilization -  weaving, architecture, megaliths,
cave art disappeared as people began to adopt a more and pictographs as predecessors
settled existence, based on agriculture, the rearing of to writing.
domesticated animals and the use of polished rather
than chipped stone tools
BRONZE AGE ART  advent of metalworking focused on artistic rather than  ornamental and decorative
other functions designs on helmets, body
 rise of artisansspecializing in theproduction of art, as armour, swords, axe-heads and
well as in early writing systems other weapons
 ceramic designs became more
elegant
 emergence of ceremonial/
religious artifacts and artworks

 prehistoric sculpture flourished

taking full advantage of bronze
casting methods.

CLASSICAL PERIOD  art form from Greece and Rome.

 high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in
the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste in
arts
 formal and restrained.

GREEK ART • artworks are inspired by Greek gods and goddesses  Architecture :
• changes in the style and function of sculpture The Acropolis
• more naturalistic poses and improvement in technical The Parthenon
skill of Greek sculptors in depicting varied poses in  Vase making and decoration
human form  Painting
• goal ofclassical Greek sculptors was to produce an ideal
art form.
ROMAN ART  imitation of Greek art forms and innovatedto produce  Architecture :
art on a grand scale Basilicas
 goal of Roman artists was to produce realistic portraits, The Pantheon
often for decorationand art appreciation The Colosseum
The Triumphal Arch
The Aqueduct System
 Portrait Sculptures
  Mural Painting

MEDIEVAL PERIOD  also known as “Middle Ages” of art

 illustrates passionate interest and idealistic expression
of the deep religious Christian and Catholic faith of
Middle Ages people

THE BYZANTINE PERIOD  start of the Middle Ages is often called the “Dark Ages”  Unknown  Rochefoucald Grail
 main form of art was Byzantine art produced by artists  monasteries
from Eastern Roman Empire, also called Byzantium.  churches
 characterized by its lack of realism, but focused on
symbolism of their art
 paintings were flat with no shadows and subjects were
generally very serious and somber using religious
subjects for paintings

EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD  developed in countries bordering the eastern Churches

Mediterranean region, but primarily in central Italy.
 churches and monuments were constructed with
stones found in the ruins of pagan temples.
 architectures have flat ceilings, semi-circular arched
forms, elaborately paneled flat wood ceilings, and
straight high walls with small window openings at the
topmost parts of the structures.
 Interiors were rich and elaborate with mosaics on the
walls, ornately framed paintings, and marble
incrustations

ROMANESQUE AND NORMAN  “Romanesque art” refers to medieval styles of art that churches
PERIOD were greatly influenced by Italy and Southern France
(Romans and Byzantine Art)
 architectural details include stained glass art, large
murals on walls and domed ceilings, and carvings on
buildings and columns
  also included illuminated manuscript art and sculpture

GOTHIC PERIOD  use brighter colors, dimensions and perspective, and Churches
moved toward more realism. 
 use more shadows and light in their art and tried out
new subject matters beyond just religion including
animals in mythic scenes

RENAISSANCE • comes from the French word that means “rebirth”

• painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and literature
produced during the 14th until 16th centuries in Europe
• increased awareness of nature, a revival of classical
learning, and a more individualistic view of man. 
• Renaissance art, characterized by (individualism,
religious,classicism, anatomy, linear perspective,
realism, and depth)

EARLY RENAISSANCE • also known as the Quattrocento, derived from the  GIOTTO DI BONDE  The Birth of Jesus
Italian mille quattrocento, meaning 1400
• refers primarily to the period dominating the  DONATELLO DI  David, BRONZE
15th century in Italian art. NICCOLO BARDI

 MASACCIO  San Giovenale Triptych

The Virgin of the Rocks
 FILIPPO
BRUNELLESCHI  The Pazzi Chapel

HIGH RENAISSANCE • refers to a thirty-year period exemplified by  LEONARDO DA VINCI  Mona Lisa
groundbreaking, iconic works of art made in Italy during The Last Supper
what was considered a thriving societal prime.
• cultural movement toward humanism arose.  MICHAELANGELO  Pieta
• artists utilized and perfected a bevy of techniques BOUNARROTI
borrowed from Early Renaissance artists.
  RAPHAEL TheSchool of Athens

LATE RENAISSANCE/ • word mannerism comes from Italian word“maniera,”  TITIAN  The Assumption of the Virgin
MANNERISM meaning "style" or "manner"
• notable for its intellectual sophistication as well as its  EL GRECO  The Holy Trinity
artificial (as opposed to naturalistic) qualities.

MODERNISM IN THE
19TH CENTURY
IMRESSIONISM  developed in France and is based on practice of  CLAUDE MONET  Water Lilies
painting outdoors and spontaneously ‘on the spot’
rather than the studio from sketches  EDGAR DEGAS  Two Dancers in Yellow and Pink
 art style that attempted to capture the rapidly changing
effects of light on objects  PAUL CÉZANNE  The Card Players
 subjects were landscapes and scenes of everyday life.
 CAMILLE PISSARRO  Hoar Frost, the Old Road to
Ennery

 ÉDOUARD MANET  Luncheon on the Grass

 PIERRE-AUGUSTE  Luncheon of the Boating Party

RENOIR
NEO-IMRESSIONISM/  Neo-Impressionism refers toa pictorial technique   GEORGES SEURAT  A Sunday Afternoon
POINTILLISM where color pigments are no longer mixed either on on the Island of La Grande Jatte 
the palette or directly on canvas, but instead placed as
small dots side by side (Pointillism)
• The use of this technique helps painting have brighter
colors and contrast in the parts with lights and
shadows.

POST IMRESSIONISM  breaking away from the naturalism of Impressionism  VINCENT VAN GOGH  The Starry Night
 anything that conveys feelings or emotions
 themes: (urban life, landscape, exotic themes)  PAUL CÉZANNE  The Basket of Apples
  GEORGES SEURAT  The River Seine at La Grande-
Jatte

 HENRI ROUSSEAU  Exotic Landscape

 PAUL GAUGUIN  Study of a Nude, or Suzanne

sewing

 HENRI DE TOULOUSE-  Moulin Rouge: La Goulue

LAUTREC

THE FINE ART  an art form practiced mainly for its aesthetic value and
its beauty ("art for art's sake") rather than its functional
value

BAROQUE  derived from the Portuguese word barroco, or “oddly  PETER PAUL RUBENS  The Massacre of the Innocents
shaped pearl"
 the word baroque describes something that is  GIAN LORENZO  Apollo and Daphne
elaborate and highly detailed. BERNINI
 characterized by exaggerated motion and clear detail
used to produce drama, exuberance, and grandeur in
sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and
music
ROCOCO  derivative of the French term rocaille, which means  JEAN ANTOINE  The Mezzetino
“rock and shell garden ornamentation” WATTEAN
 features exuberant decoration, with an abundance of
curves, counter curves and undulations and elements  JEAN BAPTISTE  The Triumph of Galatea
modeled on nature. VANLOO
 characterized by elaborate ornamentation,
asymmetrical values, pastel color palette, and curved or  JEAN HOMONE  The Swing
serpentine lines FRAGONARD
 depict themes of love, classical myths, youth, and
playfulness

NEO-CLASSICISM  Greek word means “of the Highest Rank” given by the  JACQUES –LOUIS  The Death of Marat
western movements. DAVID
 revival of the many styles and spirit of classic antiquity
inspired directly from the classical period.  JEAN AUGUSTE  Virgil Reading to Augusts
 strongest in architecture, sculpture and the decorative DOMINIQUE INGRES
art.
 use of straight lines ,minimal use of color, simplicity of
form , adherence to classical values and techniques

ROMANTICISM  deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature  THEODORE  The Raft of the Medusa
 emphasis on individualism and emotion over reason GERICAULT
and of the senses over intellect
 partly a reaction to the industrial revolution.  EUGENE DELA CROIX  Liberty Leading the People
 embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music and
literature.  CASPAR DAVID  Wanderer above the sea fog
FRIEDRICH

 JOSEPH MALLORD  The Slave Ship

WILLIAM TURNER
NEW MEDIA  innovation of art
 features human’s ability to combine/fuse knowledge,
ability and technology to create a masterpiece.

FAUVISM  art movement in which artists use wild, intense color  HENRI MATISSE  Landscape at Collioure
combinations in their paintings
 influenced by Impressionism and Vincent Van Gogh  ANDRE DERAIN  Le séchage des voiles
 tried to paint picture of comfort, joy, and pleasure
 used extremely bright colors, e.g. a tree trunk need not  ALBERT MARQUET  Port of Marseilles
be brown, it could be bright red, purple or any other
vibrant color
EXPRESSIONISM  art style that emphasizes expression of innermost  EDVARD MUNCH  The Scream
feelings
 belief in the necessity of a spiritual rebirth for a person  FRANZ MARC  Der Turm der blauenPferde
 in an age that was fast becoming influenced by
materialism
 presentation of the world from subjective perspective
for emotional effect to evoke moods or ideas
 may express pathos, morbidity, violence/chaos, tragedy
and defeat.
CUBISM  art style in which objects are shown from several  PABLO PICASSO  Girl with a Mandolin
different angles at once
 composition of geometric shapes and forms used in  JUANGRIS  Constellation According to the
abstract way Laws of Chance
 emphasizes flat, two-dimensional surface of the
picture plane, rejecting the traditional techniques of  GEORGESBRAQUE  Plate and Fruit Dish
perspective foreshortening, modeling, and chiaroscuro
that may result in a fragmented artwork

DADA ART/DADAISM  uses the French word “dada,” a French word which  JEAN ARP  Impish Fruit
means “hobby horse,” deliberatelychosen because it
was nonsensical  MARCELDUCHAMP  Large Glass
 art movement founded on the belief that Western
culture had lost its meaning  TRISTANTZARA
 rejects logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern
capitalist society, instead expressing nonsense,
irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest in their works
 tried to shock and provoke public with outrageous
pieces of writing, poetry recitals, and art exhibitions
 playful and highly experimental

SURREALISM  an invented word, which means ”super realism”  SALVADOR DALI  Persistence of Memory
 art movement influenced by Freudian psychology which
emphasizes activities of the subconscious state of mind  MAX ERNST  Repetitions
 reveals a new and higher reality than that of daily life
 unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision;  JOAN MIRO  Horse, Pipe and Red Flower
and drawing of strange creatures to allowing the
 expression of the unconscious.  ANDRÉ BRETON

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM  art work in which artist uses a recognizable subject, but  JACKSON POLLOCK  The Deep
portrays it in an unrealistic manner
 uses visual language of shape, form, color and line to  PAUL KLEE  Third Invention
create a composition which may exist with a degree of
independence from visual references in the world  WASSILY KANDINSKY  Points
 art that does not have to represent the physical world
 MARK ROTHKO  Composition VIII

 WILLEM DE KOONING  Woman III

POPULAR ART  art based on modern popular culture and the mass  ANDY WARHOL  Campbell’s Soup
media, especially as critical or ironic comment on
traditional fine art values.  ROY LICHENSTEIN  Oh Jeff... I Love You Too But
 usually uses yellow, red, and blue colors which are all
vivid.

OPTICAL ART  uses color, light and patterns to create images that can  MAURITIS CORNELIS  Hand with Reflecting Sphere
be deceptive or misleading to our brains ESCHER
 The Shrine
 JOSEF ALBERS
PHOTOREALISM  American art movement in which artists attempted to  CHUCK CLOSE  Mark
recreate the image in a photo using varied artistic
media such as drawing, pastels, painting, charcoal, etc.  JOHN KACERE  paintingsof the mid-section of
the female body

 JAMES TORLAKSON  Ted McMann’s Garage

MINIMALISM  generally referred to as "minimal art", "literalist art"  BARNETT NEWMAN  Black Fire

 used to describe a trend in design and architecture,  PIET MONDRIAN  Composition with Red,
wherein the subject is reduced to its necessary Blue and Yellow
elements.
 FRANK STELLA  Harran II