5-1

Figure 5.1 The three states of matter.

5-2
 An Overview of the Physical States of Matter
Distinguishing gases from liquids and solids.

• Gas volume changes significantly with pressure.

– Solid and liquid volumes are not greatly affected by pressure.
• Gas volume changes significantly with temperature.
– Gases expand when heated and shrink when cooled.
– The volume change is 50 to 100 times greater for gases than for
liquids and solids.
• Gases flow very freely.
• Gases have relatively low densities.
• Gases form a solution in any proportions.
– Gases are freely miscible with each other.

5-3
 VARIABLES OF GAS LAWS
• Volume – three-dimensional space that
matter occupies
• Temperature - property of matter which
reflects the quantity of kinetic energy of
the component particles
• Pressure – force exerted by particles on a
specific area
• Mole – the unit of counting molecules,
atoms or any particle.

5-4
 Gas Pressure and its Measurement

force
Pressure =
area

Atmospheric pressure arises from the force exerted

by atmospheric gases on the earth’s surface.

Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude.

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 Figure 5.3 A mercury barometer.

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 Table 5.1 Common Units of Pressure

5-7
 Temperature
Always use absolute temperature (Kelvin)
when working with gases.
ºF
-459 32 212

ºC
-273 0 100

K
0 273 373

C = 5
9
(F − 32) K = ºC + 273.15
5-9 Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
 Sample Problem 5.1 Converting Units of Pressure

PROBLEM: A geochemist heats a limestone (CaCO3) sample and

collects the CO2 released in an evacuated flask attached
to a closed-end manometer. After the system comes to
room temperature, Δh = 291.4 mm Hg. Calculate the CO2
pressure in torrs, atmospheres, and kilopascals.

PLAN: Construct conversion factors to find the other units of pressure.

SOLUTION: 291.4 mmHg x 1torr

= 291.4 torr
1 mmHg

291.4 torr x 1 atm = 0.3834 atm

760 torr

0.3834 atm x 101.325 kPa = 38.85 kPa

1 atm

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 Pressure and Temperature

STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)

standard temperature standard pressure

0 oC 1 atm
273 K 101.3 kPa
760 mm Hg
Equations / Conversion Factors:
K = oC + 273 C = (5/9)*(F-32)
oC = K – 273
F = (9/5)*C+32

1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mm Hg

5-11
 Properties of Gas

Expansibility is one of its properties

where when you increase the spaces in
between its molecules, the temperature is
also increased.

compressibility is the ability of gases to

become compressed if the temperature is
decreased.

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 Properties of Gas
diffusibility is the ability of gases to diffuse or intermingle with the
molecules of other substances.

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 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory:
A Model for Gas Behavior
Postulate 1:
Gases are composed of molecules. The distances from
molecule to molecule are far greater than the molecules’
dimensions.

Postulate 2:
Gas particles are in constant, random, straight-line motion
except when they collide with each other or with the container walls.

Postulate 3:
There is a negligible attractive or repulsive force between or
among gas molecules. Collisions are elastic, meaning that colliding
particles exchange energy but do not lose any energy due to friction.
Their total kinetic energy is constant.

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 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory:
A Model for Gas Behavior
Postulate 4:
Movement of gas molecules is affected by absolute
temperature. The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is
directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas

Pressure arise from countless

collisions between gas particles and
walls.

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 Gas Behavior at Standard Conditions

STP or standard temperature and pressure

specifies a pressure of 1 atm (760 torr) and a
temperature of 0°C ( 273.15 K).
The standard molar volume is the volume of 1
mol of an ideal gas at STP.
Standard molar volume = 22.4141 L or 22.4 L

5-16
 The Gas Laws

• The gas laws describe the physical behavior of gases in

terms of 4 variables:
– pressure (P)
– temperature (T)
– volume (V)
– amount (number of moles, n)
• An ideal gas is a gas that exhibits linear relationships
among these variables.
• No ideal gas actually exists, but most simple gases
behave nearly ideally at ordinary temperatures and
pressures.

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5-18
 Figure 5.5 Boyle’s law, the relationship between the volume
and pressure of a gas.

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 Boyle’s Law

At constant temperature, the volume occupied

by a fixed amount of gas is inversely
proportional to the external pressure.

V 1 or PV = constant
P
At fixed T and n,
P decreases as V increases
P increases as V decreases

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 Figure 5.16 A molecular view of Boyle’s law.

Pext increases,
T and n fixed

At any T, Pgas = Pext as

Higher Pext causes lower V, which
particles hit the walls
results in more collisions, because
from an average
particles hit the walls from a shorter
distance, d1.
average distance (d2 < d1). As a
result, Pgas = Pext again.

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 Condition 1 Condition 2

P1V1 = K
P2V2 = K
P1V1 = P2V2
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 Problem Solving

If 35 mL of oxygen gas is compressed from

1,900 torr pressure to 1.8 atm pressure, what is
the new volume at constant temperature?

5-23
 Step 1: Identify the variables (Given)

Given:
Initial Conditions Final Conditions
P1 = 1,900 torr P2 = 1.8 atm
V1 = 35 mL V2 = ?
Convert to uniform units
1.8 atm x 760 torr = 1368 torr
1 atm

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 Step 2: Identify what is Required and
state the appropriate equation
Required:
The volume at the final condition (V2)

Equation:
From Boyle’s Law, P1V1 = P2V2
V2 = P1V1
P2

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 Step 3: Substitute and do the Math

Solution:
V2 = P1V1
P2
= 1900 torr (35 mL) = 48.6111111 ml
1368 torr
Answer:
49 mL of oxygen

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5-27
 Charles’s Law

At constant pressure, the volume occupied by a

fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to
its absolute (Kelvin) temperature.

V
VT = constant
T
At fixed T and n,
P decreases as V increases
P increases as V decreases

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 Figure 5.6 AB Charles’s law, the relationship between the
volume and temperature of a gas.

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 Figure 5.18 A molecular view of Charles’s law

At T1, Pgas = Patm. Higher T increases Thus, V increases

collision frequency, until Pgas = Patm at T2.
so Pgas > Patm.

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 Figure 5.8 The process of breathing applies the gas laws.

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 Problem Solving

If the temperature of a 12L gas sample increases

from 32C to 60C, what will happen to the
volume of the gas?

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 Step 1: Identify the variables (Given)

Given:
Initial Conditions Final Conditions
T1 = 32C T2 = 60C
V1 = 12L V2 = ?

Convert to standard units

T1 = 32C + 273 = 305 K
T2 = 60C + 273 = 333 K

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 Step 2: Identify what is Required and
state the appropriate equation
Required:
The volume at the final condition (V2)

Equation:
From Charles’ Law, V1/T1 = V2/T2
V2 = T2V1
T1

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 Step 3: Substitute and do the Math

Solution:
V2 = T2V1
T1
= 333 K (12L) = 13.1016393442 L
305 K
Answer:
13 L

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