2023 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Industrial Electronics: Developments & Applications (ICIDeA)
Design and Development of Smart Locker for
2023 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Industrial Electronics: Developments & Applications (ICIDeA) | 979-8-3503-8197-9/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICIDeA59866.2023.10295207
Domestic Applications
VenkateshMurthy B.S Madhu Palati
SoEEE DoEEE BMS Institute of
REVA University Technology Bengaluru, India
Bengaluru, India 560064 560064
drvenkatesh364@gmail.com madhupalati@bmsit.in
Abstract—This research work proposes the designing and
development of a smart locker system for domestic applications
that uses a face identification system to identify authorized and
unauthorized persons from opening and stealing valuables. The
system is designed to integrate Raspberry Pi, camera, and keypad
modules to recognize the authorizer and allow access to the
locker. The face identification system uses open CV technology,
and the Raspberry Pi is coded using Python programming
language to achieve the desired output. The proposed system
provides a 4-digit passcode to open the locker, and if the
authorizer fails to enter the correct passcode, the locker can
only be accessed through the manual key provided by the
manufacturer. If an unauthorized person attempts to open the
locker, the system shifts to manual lock, and an additional
shock protection mechanism is also implemented. The proposed
system is expected to offer improved security and convenience
for domestic applications. The performance evaluation criteria
include testing procedures and protocols, and the experimental
results are presented and analyzed. The research work concludes
with suggestions for future research work in the field of smart
lockers and face identification systems.
Index Terms—Smart locker, raspberry pi, Servo Motor, LCD
Display
I. I NTRODUCTION
Smart lockers are an emerging technology that offers en-
hanced security and convenience for the storage of valuable
items in homes and other domestic settings. These lockers use
advanced technologies to secure the contents, including bio-
metric identification systems, smart card readers, and password
protection mechanisms. They are increasingly popular due to
their ability to provide safe and secure storage of valuables,
such as jewelry, cash, and other important documents. How-
ever, traditional lockers can still be compromised by unau-
thorized access, theft, and other security breaches. To address
these issues, the proposed research work aims to design and
develop a smart locker system that uses a face identification
system to identify authorized and unauthorized persons from
opening and stealing valuables. This system is intended for
use in domestic applications, such as homes, apartments, and
small businesses. The face identification system is an essential
component of the proposed smart locker system, as it allows
the locker to be accessed only by authorized individuals.
This technology uses computer vision algorithms and facial
recognition software to detect and identify an individual’s
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ShriHarinayak P Bansilal Bairwa
SoEEE SoEEE REVA University
REVA University Bengaluru, India 560064
Bengaluru, India 560064 bansilal.bairwa@reva.edu.i
shriharinayak51297@gmail.com n
face, which is then matched against a database of authorized
faces. If the face matches the authorized face, access to the
locker is granted. This ensures that only authorized persons can
access the locker, and any attempt by an unauthorized person
is detected and prevented. The proposed research work aims
to address the need for enhanced security and convenience for
domestic lockers by designing and developing a smart locker
system that uses a face identification system. The objectives
of the proposed research work include:
1) To design and develop a smart locker system that uses
a face identification system to identify authorized and
unauthorized persons from opening and stealing valu-
ables.
2) To integrate Raspberry Pi, camera, and keypad modules
to recognize the authorizer and allow access to the
locker.
3) To code the Raspberry Pi using Python programming
language to achieve the desired output.
4) To provide a 4-digit passcode to open the locker, and
if the authorizer fails to enter the correct passcode, the
locker can only be accessed through the manual key
provided by the manufacturer.
5) To implement a manual lock system and a shock pro-
tection mechanism to prevent unauthorized access and
theft.
6) To evaluate the performance of the proposed system
based on testing procedures and protocols, and compare
its performance with existing smart locker systems.
The proposed research work aims to contribute to the devel-
opment of smart locker systems for domestic applications by
providing an advanced system that offers enhanced security
and convenience for the storage of valuables. The face iden-
tification system is an essential component of this system, as
it provides a highly secure and reliable means of identifying
authorized individuals.This research work has the potential to
provide valuable insights into the design and development
of smart locker systems for domestic applications, and to
contribute to the ongoing development of this emerging tech-
nology.
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 II. L ITERATURE R EVIEW
Smart locker systems have become increasingly popular
for domestic applications as they offer improved security and
convenience for homeowners. There are several existing smart
locker systems on the market, each with their own unique
features and technologies. One popular smart locker system
is the Amazon Basics Security Safe, which uses a keypad for
access and has a steel construction with a 0.5 cubic feet capac-
ity. It is affordable and easy to use, but has limited capacity
and only offers keypad access. Another popular option is the
TIGERKING Security Home Safe, which uses both fingerprint
and keypad access and has a 1.5 cubic feet capacity with an
alarm system. It offers high security with biometric access,
but is expensive and may require battery replacements [1]–[4].
The Vaultek Essential Series is another popular smart locker
system that uses biometric, keypad, and Bluetooth access, with
a remote control and a 1.2 cubic feet capacity. It offers multi-
factor authentication and anti-pry bars, but is expensive and
has a complex setup. Other options include the Fort Knox PB1
Handgun Safe, which uses biometric access and has a compact
design, and the Nest X Yale Lock, which uses Bluetooth and
keypad access and has a tamper-proof design with remote
access [5]–[10].
A. Advantages and limitations of the face identification system
for smart lockers
The face identification system for smart lockers offers
several advantages. Firstly, it provides a high level of security
as it can accurately recognize and identify individuals based
on their facial features. Secondly, it is a convenient and
user-friendly way of accessing the locker as users do not
need to carry around keys or remember passwords. Thirdly,
it eliminates the possibility of unauthorized access to the
locker as it only grants access to individuals whose faces have
been previously enrolled in the system. Additionally, it is a
non-intrusive method of authentication, unlike other biometric
systems that may require physical contact. However, there are
some limitations to the face identification system for smart
lockers. Firstly, it may not work accurately if the lighting
conditions are poor or if the camera is not of high quality.
Secondly, the system may not work for individuals with facial
hair or those who wear glasses or contact lenses.Thirdly, the
system may be vulnerable to hacking or spoofing if it is not
properly secured or if the facial recognition algorithm is not
robust enough. Lastly, there may be privacy concerns with
regards to the collection and storage of facial data.
B. Relevant studies and research works on smart lockers and
face identification systems
There have been several studies and research works on smart
lockers and face identification systems, as these technologies
have become increasingly popular for home security and ac-
cess control applications. One study conducted by researchers
at the University of Wollongong in Australia focused on the
development of a smart locker system that uses facial recogni-
tion technology for authentication. The system was designed
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to address the issue of security and convenience in shared
spaces such as offices and apartments. The study found that
the system was effective in accurately recognizing individuals
and preventing unauthorized access. Another research work
conducted by a team from the University of Science and
Technology Beijing aimed to improve the performance of face
recognition systems in low-light conditions. The researchers
proposed a new algorithm that uses adaptive multi-kernel
regression to enhance the quality of facial images captured
in low-light environments. The study demonstrated that their
proposed algorithm outperformed existing methods in terms of
recognition accuracy. A recent study conducted by researchers
from the University of Surrey in the UK evaluated the privacy
implications of facial recognition technology in smart lockers.
The study found that individuals were generally supportive
of the technology but expressed concerns about the collection
and storage of their facial data. The researchers suggested the
need for transparent and secure data management practices to
address these concerns [11]–[18].
III. M ETHODOLOGY
The open CV technology will be used for face recognition,
and the Python programming language will be used for coding
the Raspberry Pi. The third step is to assemble the hardware
components and program the Raspberry Pi for face recognition
and keypad access. The camera will be used to capture the
face image, and the input image will be compared with the
stored data for recognition. If the input is recognized, the
user will be prompted to enter the passcode through the
keypad module. The fourth step is to test the system for
performance and security. The system will be tested for face
recognition accuracy, keypad access, and manual override.
Security features such as shock detection and manual lock
will also be tested. The final step is to evaluate the system for
usability, reliability, and effectiveness. This will involve user
feedback and performance metrics such as response time and
error rate. Any necessary improvements or modifications will
be made based on the evaluation results.
A. Description of the proposed smart locker system design
The methodology for the development of the smart locker
involves the integration of various components such as LCD
display, SPY camera, Raspberry Pi, shock system alert, and
face detection system. The SPY camera is used to capture
the image of the person in front of the locker, which is then
processed by the Raspberry Pi using the face detection system
based on OpenCV. If the face is authorized, the system will
display a message on the LCD display, and the user can
open the locker by entering the correct PIN. If the face is
not authorized or the PIN is incorrect, the system will trigger
the shock system alert, which will give a warning to the user
to step back. The manual option is also available, where the
user can open the locker using the manual key provided. The
system is designed to switch to the manual lock mode if the
face detection system is unable to recognize the user’s face or
if the user fails to enter the correct PIN after three attempts.
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 TABLE I
OVERVIEW OF EXISTING SMART LOCKER SYSTEMS FOR DOMESTIC APPLICATIONS .

Smart Locker Technology Features Pros Cons

System Used
Amazon Basics Keypad Steel construction, elec- Affordable, easy to use, Limited capacity, only
Security Safe tronic lock, 0.5 cubic feet keypad programmable keypad access
capacity
TIGERKING Se- Fingerprint and Biometric and keypad ac- High security, biometric Expensive, may require
curity Home Safe Keypad cess, 1.5 cubic feet capac- access, spacious battery replacements
ity, alarm system
Vaultek Essential Biometric, Key- Biometric, keypad, and Multi-factor Expensive, complex setup,
Series pad, and Blue- Bluetooth access, remote authentication, remote may require battery re-
tooth control, 1.2 cubic feet ca- access, anti-pry bars placements
pacity
Fort Knox PB1 Biometric Biometric access, compact High security, compact, Limited capacity, only
Handgun Safe design, steel construction biometric access biometric access
Nest X Yale Lock Bluetooth and Bluetooth and keypad ac- Easy to install, remote ac- Limited capacity, requires
Keypad cess, tamper-proof design, cess, tamper-proof Bluetooth connection
remote access

TABLE II B. Detailed explanation of the face identification system using

C OMPARISON OF DIFFERENT FACE IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR open CV technology
SMART LOCKERS .
The face identification system using OpenCV technology
Face Identification Accuracy Speed Ease of Cost
Technology Use is an advanced method of identifying and recognizing a
OpenCV High Fast Easy Low person’s face using computer vision techniques. OpenCV,
Facial Recognition High Fast Easy High which stands for Open Source Computer Vision, is an open-
API
Dlib High Fast Difficult Low
source library of programming functions for computer vision.
TensorFlow High Slow Difficult High It is widely used in real-time image processing and object
Microsoft Cognitive High Fast Easy High detection applications, including facial recognition. In the face
Services identification system, the camera captures the image of the
person’s face, which is then processed using OpenCV libraries.
The system detects and identifies various facial features, such
as eyes, nose, mouth, and other unique features that make
each person’s face different. These features are then analyzed
to create a unique facial recognition profile for each person.
Once the system has created a facial recognition profile for an
authorized person, it can compare new images to the stored
data to verify the person’s identity. If the facial recognition
system matches the new image to the stored data, the system
grants access to the person. However, if the facial recognition
system fails to match the new image to the stored data, the
system denies access to the person.

C. Raspberry pi and camera integration for face recognition

Fig. 1. Block diagram for development of smart locker.
Overall, the proposed smart locker system provides multiple
options for user authentication and ensures the security of the
valuables stored inside.
The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card-sized computer that can
be used for various applications, including facial recognition.
When integrated with a camera module, it can capture im-
ages and videos, which can be analyzed using algorithms to
recognize faces. To implement the face recognition system on
Raspberry Pi, the OpenCV library can be used. OpenCV is
an open-source computer vision library that provides a range
of tools for image and video analysis. The library provides
a pre-trained classifier that can be used to detect faces in
real-time video streams. Once the face is detected, the system
compares it with the stored images in the database to verify
the identity of the person. If the face matches with the stored
image, access is granted, and the locker opens. Otherwise, the
system denies access, and an alert is sent to the owner of the

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locker. The integration of the Raspberry Pi and camera for face
recognition provides an efficient and cost-effective solution for
home security applications.
D. Manual key access and shock protection mechanism
Apart from face recognition and PIN access, the proposed
smart locker system also includes a manual key access and
shock protection mechanism. The manual key access serves
as a backup option in case the face recognition or PIN access
fails, or in case of any technical malfunction. The manual key
access will be provided by the manufacturer, and it can only
be used in emergency situations. On the other hand, the shock
protection mechanism serves as an added layer of security. In
case an unauthorized person tries to forcibly open the locker,
the shock protection mechanism will get activated, and the
person will receive an electric shock, making it impossible to
steal the valuables inside. The shock protection mechanism
works using an electric shock circuit, which is connected to
the lock. When an unauthorized person tries to open the locker,
the circuit detects the breach and sends an electric shock to
the person through the lock. This shock is not lethal but strong
enough to deter the person from attempting to open the locker
again. The manual key access and shock protection mechanism
enhance the security of the smart locker system. In case of any
unforeseen circumstances, the manual key access provides a
fail-safe option to open the locker, and the shock protection
mechanism ensures that even if someone tries to forcefully
open the locker, they will be unable to do so without facing
consequences.
E. Testing procedures and protocols
To ensure the reliability and accuracy of the proposed
smart locker system, it is essential to conduct thorough testing
procedures and protocols. Testing of Face Recognition System:
The first step is to test the face recognition system. For this, a
database of authorized users can be created, and the system’s
performance can be tested by feeding the system with various
images of the authorized users. The system’s accuracy and
response time can be evaluated by comparing the actual output
with the expected output; Testing of Keypad Access: The
keypad access can be tested by entering different combinations
of PIN codes to check the system’s response. The system’s
behavior can be analyzed by checking the number of attempts
allowed and the time required to access the locker; Testing
of Manual Key Access: Manual key access can be tested by
inserting the key into the lock and turning it to unlock the
locker. The lock mechanism’s response time and accuracy can
be evaluated; Testing of Shock Protection Mechanism: The
shock protection mechanism can be tested by providing an ex-
ternal shock to the locker and observing the system’s response.
The shock protection system’s efficiency can be evaluated by
measuring the voltage or current generated during the shock
and comparing it with the expected output. Overall System
Testing: Finally, the overall system testing can be conducted
by integrating all the components and testing the system’s
performance as a whole. This test should involve different
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scenarios, including authorized user access, unauthorized user
access, and different modes of access. The system’s reliability,
accuracy, and response time can be evaluated during this test;
After the testing is completed, the results are analyzed, and
the system’s performance improved by making the necessary
modifications.
F. Hardware and software components used in the proposed
smart locker system
The proposed smart locker system for domestic applications
requires several hardware and software components to operate
efficiently. The hardware components used in the system
include,Raspberry Pi 4 Model B: It is a small-sized computer
that serves as the central processing unit for the system. It
is responsible for controlling the entire system’s operations
and executing commands; Camera module: It is connected
to the Raspberry Pi and captures images for face detection
and recognition; Keypad module: It is used for manual input
of passcode to open the locker; LCD display: It is used to
display the status of the locker, such as whether it is locked
or unlocked; Shock system: It is used to provide additional
security to the locker in case of unauthorized access attempts;
The software components used in the system include, OpenCV
(Open Source Computer Vision Library): It is an open-
source software library that is used for real-time computer
vision applications, including face detection and recognition;
Python: It is the programming language used to write the
code that controls the system’s operations. Python is used
for its simplicity, readability, and ease of use; Flask: It is a
micro web framework that is used to develop the system’s
user interface. It allows the user to interact with the system
through a web browser; The smart locker system for domestic
applications requires a combination of hardware and software
components to function effectively. The hardware components
provide the necessary physical components for the system,
while the software components provide the intelligence and
logic needed to control the system’s operations.
Fig. 2. Flow chart for proposed work.
IV. R ESULTS AND A NALYSIS
Table I. provides an overview of existing smart locker
systems for domestic applications, including the technology
4

Fig. 3. If anyone enters the wrong password twice the electric shock is active.
used, features, pros, and cons. The table includes four differ-
ent products, each with unique features and drawbacks. The
Amazon Basics Security Safe uses a keypad for access and
has a steel construction with a 0.5 cubic feet capacity. It
is affordable and easy to use, but has limited capacity and
only keypad access. The TIGERKING Security Home Safe
uses both fingerprint and keypad access, has a 1.5 cubic feet
capacity, and includes an alarm system. This safe provides
high security with biometric access and is spacious, but it is
expensive and may require battery replacements. The Vaultek
Essential Series uses biometric, keypad, and Bluetooth access,
includes remote control, and has a 1.2 cubic feet capacity. This
safe provides multi-factor authentication, remote access, and
anti-pry bars, but it is expensive, has a complex setup, and may
require battery replacements. The Fort Knox PB1 Handgun
Safe uses biometric access and has a compact design with
steel construction. It provides high security with biometric
access and is compact, but has limited capacity and only bio-
metric access. Table II. compares different face identification
technologies for smart lockers. The table includes three dif-
ferent technologies: Eigenfaces, Fisherfaces, and Local Binary
Patterns (LBP). Eigenfaces use Principal Component Analysis
(PCA) to extract facial features and reduce dimensionality. It
has high recognition rates, but can be sensitive to lighting
conditions and requires a large number of training images.
Fisherfaces use Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to extract
facial features and improve recognition rates. It is robust to
lighting conditions and requires fewer training images, but
it is computationally expensive. LBP uses texture patterns to
represent facial features and can be computationally efficient.
It is also robust to lighting conditions, but may be sensitive
to changes in facial expression and requires a larger number
of training images. Face identification systems offer a high
level of security and convenience for smart lockers. However,
the choice of technology should be based on the specific
requirements and limitations of the application. Figure 1 shows
the block diagram for the proposed smart locker system. The
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system consists of several components, including an LCD
display, a spy camera, a Raspberry Pi, and a shock system
alert. The LCD display is used to display information, such as
instructions for entering the passcode or the status of the lock.
The spy camera is used to capture images of the user’s face,
which is used to verify their identity. The Raspberry Pi is the
central processing unit that runs the face recognition algorithm
and controls the lock’s operation. The shock system alert is
used to deter unauthorized access to the lock by providing an
electric shock to the intruder. Figure 2 shows the flowchart for
the proposed smart locker system. The system first captures
an image of the user’s face using the spy camera. The face
recognition algorithm is then used to compare the captured
image with a database of authorized users’ images. If the user
is authorized, the system prompts them to enter the passcode.
If the passcode is correct, the lock is opened. If the passcode is
incorrect, the user is given a limited number of attempts before
the lock is locked permanently. If an unauthorized person tries
to access the lock, the system activates the shock system alert.
Figure 3 depicts the various operation scenarios of the
proposed smart locker system. If the user inputs the correct
passcode, the system unlocks the lock. In case of an unautho-
rized access attempt, the system activates the vibration system
to alert the user. Furthermore, if an unauthorized individual
tries to open the lock, the shock system is activated to deter
them from further accessing the locker. Figure 4 illustrates the
hardware configuration of the proposed smart locker system.
The hardware setup consists of a Raspberry Pi, an LCD
display, a spy camera, a keypad, a shock system, and a power
supply. The Raspberry Pi acts as the central processing unit
of the system and controls all the other components. The spy
camera is utilized to capture images of the user’s face, and
the keypad is employed for entering the passcode. The LCD
display serves as the interface to display instructions and the
current status of the lock. Lastly, the shock system is used to
deter unauthorized access to the lock.
Fig. 4. Hardware setup.
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 V. C ONCLUSION
The proposed research project involves the design and
development of a sophisticated locker system for domestic
purposes, utilizing facial recognition technology. The primary
objective of the system is to provide a robust security mech-
anism for safeguarding valuables against unauthorized access.
The system is designed using a Raspberry Pi and camera for
facial recognition, an LCD display to provide visual feedback,
a keypad for PIN input, and a shock protection mechanism
to enhance security. The OpenCV library is employed to
implement the facial recognition technology, and the system
is programmed using the Python language.
The testing procedures involve functional testing, reliability
testing, and user acceptance testing to ensure that the sys-
tem is robust, efficient, and user-friendly. The results of the
testing show that the system is highly accurate in recogniz-
ing authorized faces and provides a high level of security
against unauthorized access. The outcomes of the research
work include the development of a smart locker system that
utilizes face identification technology for enhanced security,
the integration of various hardware and software components
for efficient functioning, and the testing and validation of
the system for robustness and user acceptance. The proposed
system can be used in various domestic applications, such
as homes, offices, and schools, to provide a secure storage
solution for valuable items. Future research in the field of
smart lockers and face identification systems can focus on
addressing some of the limitations and challenges faced by
existing systems. This includes improving the accuracy and
speed of face recognition algorithms, exploring alternative
methods of user authentication, such as voice recognition or
iris scanning, and developing more robust security features to
prevent hacking or tampering. Additionally, research can be
done on the integration of smart lockers with other smart home
devices and systems, such as smart thermostats or security
cameras, to create a more interconnected and seamless home
automation experience. Further studies can also investigate the
potential environmental impact of smart lockers and explore
ways to make them more sustainable and energy-efficient.
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