Lecture 3.

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Electric Vehicle

2 n d S e m M . Te c h
Mr. Mahesh Kumar
School of Electrical & Electronics Engg.
RECAP OF PREVIOUS UNIT

EV Propulsion
System Vehicle Dynamics

EV Motors

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Unit-3 Batteries & Storage Devices
OUTLINE

Battery
Overview Batteries
Features Manageme
of Unit-3 Used in EV
nt Unit

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 UNIT-3 Battery parameters

Batteries & Storage Devices Types and characteristics of

EV batteries

Objective: Discuss different energy storage Lead Acid, Lithium ion

technologies, control and brief about V2G, G2V Batteries
technologies for energy management.

Outcome: Choose proper energy storage system for Charging Schemes

vehicle and develop strategies using G2V for charging
various types of batteries.
Battery Management
Systems

V2G and G2V Technologies

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LEARNING OUTCOMES FOR THE CLASS

After this lecture, Students will be able to :

• Know the basic overview of the Batteries and Storage Devices used for EV

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 WHY BATTERIES ARE IMPORTANT?

• Batteries dominate the cost of an EV

• Dilemmas

• Larger battery will increase costs

• And also vehicle weight (impacting energy efficiency)

• Smaller battery will create range anxiety

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WHAT INDIA’S NEEDS TO ACHIEVE ?

To achieve the target of transforming our Auto Industry:

 Highly Efficient Vehicles (Low Wh/km)

 Use Smaller Batteries
 Indigenous Technologies

But as soon as we move to small batteries, range anxiety and infrastructure concerns
surface
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RANGE EXTENSION OPTIONS FOR SMALL
BATTERIES
• Option 1 : Charging
• Fast Charger with 1C charge will take a little more than an hour to charge the battery
• Fast Charger with 4C can charge in 15 to 20 minutes
• Alternatively use LTO batteries which can withstand fast charging as well as higher
temperatures

• Option 2: Swapping
• No Public Charger Infrastructure required, instead Swappable battery Infra
needed
• Customer avoids dead battery-weight improves vehicle energy efficiency
• Affordable
• Employment (need to analyze more)

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BATTERY BASICS
A battery is a device consisting of one or more 
electrochemical cells with external connections for
powering electrical devices such as mobile phones,
and electric cars.

When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive

terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the 
anode.

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BATTERY BASICS
Historically the term “Battery" specifically referred to a
device composed of multiple cells

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DIFFERENCE B/W CELL & BATTERY

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CLASSIFICATION OF BATTERIES
PRIMARY BATTERY
for Single use only
Non-rechargeable (cell reactions are irreversible)
Self-discharges whether used or not.

SECONDARY BATTERY
for Repeated use
- Rechargeable (cell reactions are reversible)
- Lead-Acid Battery (Pb/H+) Nickel-Cadmium Battery (Ni-Cd) Nickel-Iron Battery (Ni-
Fe)
- Nickel-Metal hydride Battery (Ni-MH)
- Lithium battery (Li-LiMxOy)
- Lithium-Ion battery (C-LiMxOy)
- Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery (C-LiMxOy)
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CLASSIFICATION OF EV
BATTERIES.

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LEAD-ACID BATTERY
• 1859 by Gaston Plante
• 161 Year Old Technology
• Low Energy Density
• High Power Density
• First Rechargeable Cell

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LEAD-ACID BATTERY

3 Core Components
Water Lead Sulfur
Sulfur is the Career
Charged State = Negative Plate = Lead
Positive Plate = Lead Dioxide
Discharged State = Both Plates = Lead Sulfate (PbSO4)

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LEAD-ACID BATTERY

Discharge Charge

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 LEAD-ACID BATTERY

ANODE : Pb
CATHODE : PbO2
ELECTROLYTE : H2SO4
CELL VOLTAGE : 2.1 V
APPLICATIONS:

Automotive Electric vehicles, Emergency Power Utilities, Portable tools, Industrial trucks,
etc.

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 CELL DISCHARGE OPERATION
In the cell discharge operation (Figure), electrons are
consumed at the positive electrode, the supply of
which comes from the negative electrode. The
current flow is, therefore, out of the positive
electrode into the motor-load, with the battery acting
as the source.
The positive electrode equation is given by

The negative electrode equation during cell discharge is

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 CELL CHARGE OPERATION
The cell charge operation is the reverse of the cell
discharge operation. During cell charging, lead
sulphate is converted back to the reactant states of
lead and lead oxide. The electrons are consumed
from the external source at the negative electrode,
while the positive electrode releases the electrons.
The current flows into the positive electrode from the
external source, thereby delivering electrical energy

The chemical reaction at the negative electrode during cell

charging is

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NOMINAL ENERGY DENSITY OF SOURCES

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NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERY

Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) batteries are examples of alkaline batteries with which
electrical energy is derived from the chemical reaction of a metal with oxygen in an alkaline electrolyte medium.
The specific energy of alkaline batteries is lowered due to the addition of weight of the carrier metal. The NiCd
battery employs a nickel oxide positive electrode and a metallic cadmium negative electrode. The net reaction
occurring in the potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte is

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 LITHIUM – ION BATTERY

 lattice of graphite filled with lithium

ions forms the anode, and an oxide forms
the cathode that’s connected to the
opposite terminal. The anode and cathode
are separated by a liquid electrolyte that
allows ions to flow from the anode to the
cathode as the battery discharges, and
back again from the cathode to the anode
as the battery is being recharged.

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 LITHIUM – ION BATTERY

Nominal cell voltage 3.6 / 3.7 / 3.8 / 3.85 V,

The electrolyte carries positively charged lithium ions from the anode to the

cathode and vice versa through the separator. The movement of the lithium
ions creates free electrons in the anode which creates a charge at the positive
current collector. ... The separator blocks the flow of electrons inside
the battery.

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• The state of charge (SoC) is the present capacity of the battery. It is the
amount of capacity that
remains after discharge from a top-of-charge condition. The battery
SoC measurement circuit is shown in Figure The current is the rate of change of
charge given by

For a time interval dt,

Integrating from the initial time t0 to the final time t,the expression for
instantaneous state of charge is obtained as follows:

Battery SoC measurement.

STATE OF DISCHARGE

1. The state of discharge (SoD) is a measure of the charge that has been drawn from a
battery. Mathematically, state of discharge is given as follows

2. (a) Steady-state battery equivalent circuit. (b) Battery open circuit

voltage characteristics

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DEPTH OF DISCHARGE

1. The depth of discharge (DoD) is the percentage of battery capacity (rated capacity)
to which a battery is discharged. The depth of discharge is given by

The withdrawal of at least 80% of battery (rated) capacity is referred to as deep

discharge.

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KEY FEATURES OF EV BATTERIES.- AT A GLANCE

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ENERGY
MANAGE
MENT
SYSTEM
FOR EV’S

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BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS

1. This process is usually characterised by

the battery’s discharging current and
voltage level

2. It shows some typical discharging

characteristics (cell voltage vs.
discharging time with varying C rate)
of a Pb Acid battery, which indicate
that the cell voltage generally decreases
with the C rate.
Discharging characteristics (cell voltage vs. time) of a Pb-Aci
battery.
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1. A 1 C rate means that the discharge
current will discharge the entire
battery in 1 hour.

Discharging characteristics (usable capacity vs. C rate) of

various batteries

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Discharging characteristics (cellvoltage
vs. Crate) of a PLAcid battery at
various temperatures k,ui8

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 CHARGING CHARACTERISTICS (CELL VOLTAGE VS. INPUT
CAPACITY) OF VARIOUS BATTERIES.
1. The key criterion for effective charging is to
recharge the battery to its full capacity without
causing extended overcharge or
excessive temperature.
2. According to the selection of charging voltages
and
currents, the charging methods for EV batteries
can roughly be classified as:

• controlled voltage charging

• controlled current charging and
• controlled voltage and current charging.
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MULTIPLE-STEP CHARGING METHOD FOR A PB-ACID BATTERY

1. Recently, an advanced multiple-step

charging method has been developed for
the Pb-Acid battery applying to an EV.
2. Its key feature is to minimise the
possibility of overcharge and to improve
the charge efficiency by using three steps
of partial charging

The charging procedure mainly includes

four steps: namely the S1, S2, S3 and S4

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 BATT E RY C HAR G E R S

1. Depending on whether the battery charger is installed inside or outside the

EV, it
is generally classified as on-board or off-board.
2. The on-board charger is designed with a low charging rate, and is
dedicated to charge the battery for a long period of time (typically 5-8 h).

3. On the other hand, the off-board charger is designed with a high charging
rate, and hasvirtually no limitation on its weight and size

Based on the information of the battery's type,

voltage, temperature and SOC supplied by the BMS, the off-board charge
will adopt a proper charging method to charge the battery without any
excessive overcharge and overheating.

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1. Based on the modes of energy transfer from the power supply to the EV, the
battery chargers can be named as conductive or inductive chargers.

2. Since the conductive charger takes the definite advantages of simplicity and high
efficiency while

3. the inductive charger has the distinct merits of easy to

use and free from electric shock under all-weather conditions, they are most
welcome for indoor charging and outdoor charging

on board and off board.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR CHARGING

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BASIC CHARGER CIRCUITS.

Regulated Charging Circuits

• Rectification
• Ripple Free by capacitor
• Voltage Regulation
• Zener diode
• Resistor decides the output voltage
• LED

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MICROPROCESSOR BASED CHARGER CIRCUIT

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ARRANGEMENT OF AN OFF-BOARD CONDUCTIVE CHARGER

shows a typical arrangement of an off-

board conductive charger for the EV. The
off-board charger consists of a rectifier to
convert ac input power into dc charging
power, and a power converter to regulate
the flow of the dc power.
This dc power is fed to the EV battery via
the charging cable with the plug that

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INDUCTIVE CHARGER

1. Inductive charging allows electrical energy being transferred from chargers to EVs by
induction.
2. The principle of inductive charging is based
on the magnetic coupling between two windings of a high-frequency transformer
3. One of the windings is installed in the charger terminal while the other is embedded in the
EV.
4. Firstly, the main ac supply with a frequency of 50-60 Hz is rectified and converted to a high-
frequency ac power of 80-300 kHz within the charger module.
5. Then the high-frequency ac power is transferred to the EV side by induction, and finally this
high-frequency ac power is converted to dc power for battery charging.
6. The whole process is free from any metallic contacts between the charger and the EV, hence
providing a very convenient way for battery charging.

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INDUCTIVE CHARGER

1. This inductive charging approach has a distinct merit over the conductive one
inherently safe under all-weather operation (including rainy, snowy and dirty
conditions).
2. The main drawbacks are the high investment cost and inevitable
induction losses

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PRINCIPLE OF A SWITCHED CAPACITOR BALANCER
1. This balancer consists of capacitors
connected in parallel with battery modules
and switching circuits to change connections
between capacitors and battery modules.
2. If the module 1 has a higher voltage than the
module 2, the capacitor will be connected to
the module 1 so that the capacitor is charged
to the
voltage of the module 1. Then, this capacitor
is disconnected with the module 1 and
connected to the module 2. The module 2
will be charged until the capacitor voltage is
equal to the voltage of the module 2.

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