ELECTRIC VEHICLE MODELLING WITH MATLAB-SIMULINK

3/4/2021 ELECTRIC VEHICLE MODELLING WITH MATLAB-SIMULINK : Skill-Lync
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ELECTRIC VEHICLE MODELLING WITH MATLAB-SIMULINK

Vyshakh
updated on Aug 17, 2020, 08:08pm IST
MATLAB
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ELECTRIC VEHICLE MODELLING WITH MATLAB
AIM
To Model and Simulate an electric vehicle with SIMULINK.
INTRODUCTION:
Any automobile that is propelled by an electric motor, using energy stored in a battery is known as an Pure Electric Vehicle or Battery
Electric Vehicle commonly known as Electric Vehicles. Battery electric vehicles store electricity onboard with high-capacity battery
packs. Their battery power is used to run the electric motor and all onboard electronics. Electric Vehicles do not emit any harmful
emissions and hazards. BEVs are charged by electricity from an external source using electric Vehicle (EV) chargers.
Why Electric Vehicles?

Internal combustion engines have been dominating as the propulsion source of automobiles since a long term, hence the exploitation
on fossils have increased drastically, which is getting depleted. The idea of propulsion of automobiles using electric motors came to light
from early 19th century itself. Hence to compensate for fossil depletion, reducing pollution levels and as an alternate and more efficient
source propulsion, demand for Electric Vehicles are expected to increase drasticallly. Electric vehicles are expected to be the most
dependant source of transport in near future. With technological advancements in semiconductor devices, the control of motors are
also now more simpler and highly efficient operation of Electric Vehicle can be achieved.
MODELLING:
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
System Level Configurations:

The Vehicle Model consists of mainly:
1) Vehicle Body
2) Motor and Controller 
3) Battery Pack and Power Converter
https://skill-lync.com/projects/electric-vehicle-modelling-with-matlab 1/16
4) Drive Cycle Source
Battery pack is the powerhouse of the Electric Vehicle model which supplies power to motor and other equipments necessary for the
efficient operation of the Vehicle. Power converter converts energy from battery to an optimum level as required by the motor. Converter
is bi-directional which helps in taking regenrative energy back to battery thereby providing charging while deceleartion of the vehicle.
Vehicle body represents the body of vehicle with wheels which are connected to the motor through a transmission system. Motor takes
power from the battery as per load requirements with help of controller which reviews load requirements and produces proportional
control signals with help of a feedback from the vehicle so as to obtain a smooth and efficient operation of vehicle. Drive cycle source is
a reference driving pattern taken for the simulation as per Drive cycle data.
Simulink Model:
DETAILED MODEL STUDY: Configuration & Parameters

1) VEHICLE BLOCK:
Vehicle Block consists of Body of vehicle, Tires and Transmission System. Vehicle block is shown below:
a) Vehicle Body:
represents a two-axle vehicle body in motion.

accounts for body mass, aerodynamic drag, grade,externally-defined mass and center of gravity of the vehicle body. 
Input Ports:
Input Ports:
W - Wind Velocity in m/s
beta - Grade angle in radians
Output Ports:
V - Velocity in m/s
NR - Normal force on Rear Axle (N)
NF - Normal Force on Front Axle (N)
Vehicle Body Parameters:
Vehicle body mass, Centre of gravity distance values and aerodynamic drag variables are modified.
Pitch dynamics are kept ON with other variable values as default values.
b) Tires
used to model a tire with longitudinal behavior given by equation based on four fitting coefficients.
The block can model tire dynamics under constant or variable contact surface conditions.
Input Port:
N - Normal force acting on tire, positive when force is acting downwards/towards the contact surface,
Output Port:
S - Slip value relative to tire and surface of contact.
Conserving Ports:
H - represents wheel hub which transmits thrust generated by the wheel to the body of the vehicle.
A - represents axle on which the tires are mounted.
Tire Parameters:
Nominal load and radius of tires are modified.


Rolling resistance is kept at default values and dynamics depends on default damping and stiffness values of the tire.
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ELECTRIC VEHICLE MODELLING WITH MATLAB-SIMULINK : Skill-Lync
c) Gear
A simple gear block is used to connect the motor to the rear axle of the vehicle.
It represents the gearbox which connects the input shaft to the base gear and ouput from the foller gear.
Conserving Ports:
B - port associated with input shaft (motor shaft)
F - port associated with ouput shaft (axle / differential)
Simple Gear Parameters:
Gear ratio and output direction is modified.

Meshing loss is kept constant and gear is having a constant efficiency throughout the simulation.
Viscous losses and faluts are kept at default conditions.
2) MOTOR & POWER CONVERTER:
The motor & its control block is as shown below:
The components and parameters of the motor and power control block is as follows:
a) DC Motor:
Ports:
+ - Ports receiving electrical signal associated with Motor positive terminal
- - Port receiving electrical signal associated with Motor Negative terminal.
C - Mechamical conserving port associated with casing of the motor and is connected to a mechanical rotational reference block
R - Mechanical conserving port associated with Rotor shaft of the motor which produces required input to the transmission
system.
Motor Parameters:
Model parameterization is set to Rated load and speed condition.

Rated voltage, speed and load values alongwith No-load speed is modified.
Mechanical variables are kept as default vlaues only.
b) H-Bridge:
H-Bridge block is used to represent H-bridge motor driver which controls the power innput to the motor accoeding to the load

requirements.
Output provided by the block is controlled voltage depending on the control signal
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ELECTRIC VEHICLE MODELLING WITH MATLAB-SIMULINK : Skill-Lync
Ports:
+ - Conserving port associated with positive load connection usually connected to positive port of the motor.
- - Conserving port associated with negative load connection usually connected to the negative terminal of the motor.
PWM - Conserving port associated with PWM control signal (voltage pulses)
REF - Conserving port associated with a ZERO voltage reference.
REV - Conserving port associated with voltage controlling polarity change of Bridge outut signal.
BRK - Conserving port associated with voltage when brakes are applied, thereby aiding the process of regenerative braking.
H-Bridge Parameters:
H-Bridge is selected to have its own power source as internal.

Averaged simulation is selected for faster simulation and Regenerative braking is enabled.
Output voltage amplitude is set as equal to rated voltage of the motor. Rest values are left as default values only.
The acceleration(PWM) and deceleration(BRK) command signal from the driver is controlled by a Controlled Voltage Source before it
is fed to the H-Bridge. Default parameters are maintained for the Controlled Voltage Source.
c) Controlled PWM voltage
produces Pulse-Width modulated signals to control voltage fed to H-Bridge as per requirements.
Conserving Ports:
ref+ - positive reference voltage signal port
ref- - negative reference voltage signal port
PWM - Pulse-Width mmodulated electrical signal
REF - Port associated with ZERO voltage reference
Controlled PWM voltage Source Parameters:
The simulation mode is set to PWM and output voltage amplitude is set similar to the input signal amplitude of the H-Bridge
d) Solver COnfiguration
A solver configuration block specifies solver parameters necessary for simulation and is connected to the physical network of
motor controller.
3) BATTERY
Components of battery block is depicted below: 
represents the powerhouse of the model which supplies the power required by the motor as controlled by the controllers.
SoC calculation of battery is done to trace the battery reliability and range of the vehicle model. Soc is calculated by reducing the
usage from the nominal SoC value on a timely basis.
Battery Parameters:
Nominal voltage, Ampere-hour rating values are modified keeping dynamics OFF and other variables as default values.
Rate transition and time integration is used inorder to calculate real-time SoC values.
4) LONGITUDINAL DRIVER
Represents a longitudinal speed controller which produces acceleration and deceleration commads based on input and feedback
speed variables provided using a Proportional integral (PI) control.
Input Ports:
VelRef - input port associated with input reference velocity of the vehicle (m/s)
VelFdbk - input port associated with velocity feedback from the vehicle which helps in smooth control of the system.
Grade - input port associated with inclination of surface in degrees. 
O P
Ouput Ports.
Info - ouput port associated with a bus signal for acceleartion, deceleration, error in velocity etc
AccelCmd - Output port associated with acceleration commands with reference to input signal.
DecelCmd - Output port associated with deceleration commads with reference to the input drive signal.
Driver Parameters:
Proportional-Integral Control Type is selected and the other control variables are kept as default values.
5) DRIVE CYCLE SOURCE
Represents block which generates a drive cycle for a particular time. It is basically time vs speed data which resembles similar to
that of a real-time driving conditions with acceleration and deceleration in an irregular patern.
By default, FTP75 drive cycle is selected. Wide-Open-Throttle condition can also be selected. Drive cycle data can also be taken
from spreadsheet data or through a glider block or a signal bulider block.
Simulation default time for FTP75 is 2474 seconds.
Wide open throttle Condition is also Simulated with following parameters.
NOTE: Signal converters are used wherever necessary to convert Physical signal to Simulink signals and vice-versa using PS-Simulink
converter and Simulink-PS converter blocks which are necessary to create connection between Physical network and Simulink blocks.
SIMULATION RESULT:
Simulation is performed to valuate performance of the Designed Model through monitoring Speed Comparison of reference and
Feedback signal alongwith State-of-Charge of the bettery.
1) FTP75 Drive Cycle.
Speed Comparison:
The speed (m/s) from the drive cycle and speed feedback from the vehicle body is plotted inorder to understand the response of model
according to the drive cycle data. Simulation provided the following result in Speed COmparison:
FTP75 Drive cycle is used to perform the simulation with simulation time of 1875Seconds. Speed comparison curve shows that the
actual velocity(blue curve) of the vehicle almost follows the Reference curve (yellow curve) throughout the simulaton. During peak
decelerations , Speed comparison curve shows a difference in velocity which is encountered due to inertial effects of the vehicle and
instantaneous velocity drops in reference curve.
In reference to distance covered, the distance covered by a vehicle following FTP75 drive cycle in 1874 seconds is around 17km.
Distance 11.04 miles (17.77 km)
Duration 1874 s
Average speed 21.2 mph (34.1 km/h)
From the simulation, the Display block displays the Distance covered by the vehicle (Km). At end of the simulation at 1874 seconds, the
distance covered by the vehicle is 13.6km.
This variation is due to instantaneous velocity variation in Drive cycle data which is not exactly followed by the vehicle in actual
scenario. Further refinements in parameterisation will help the drive system to perform in a trend which will inturn make the vehicle to
follow the drive cycle pattern with very minor variations in velocity which will make the vehicle cover further more distance.
State-of-Charge of Battery:
The FTP75 drive cycle is having several Acceleration and deceleration profiles that varies randomly which depicts a real life
driving scenario which helps to track the nature of battery discharge while different acceleration profiles and regenerative
charging effects on deceleration profiles. The SoC scope block helps in keeping track of the remaining battery capacity.
Starting from 100%, after travelling a distance of 13.6km in about 30mins, the State-of-Charge of the battery reaches around 70%.
2) Wide open Throttle.

Speed Comparison:
In WOT condition, the vehicle is accelerated with full throttle in reference to 30m/s and reaches a value of 21m/s gradually in 30
seconds and decelerates with respect to reference speed of 0m/s after 30seconds. Due to inertial effects and instantaneous velocity
variation, the actual velocity curve (Blue curve) of model varies from that of WOT condition velocity curve (Yellow curve).
In reference to distance covered, the Distance travelled in WOT reference velocity is 0.8Km, while the distance covered by Electric
vehicle Model is 0.6km.
This variation is due to the instantaneous velocity variation and the effect of inertia of the vehicle which produces a variation between
actual speed curve and Vehicle feedback speed curve.
State-of-Charge of battery:
During the peak acceleration command in the start of Wide Open Throttle Condition from T = 3 Seconds to T = 30 Seconds, the battery
SoC drops from 100% to 98.2% in 27 seconds time.
During deceleration after 30 seconds, a regenerative voltage produced by motor helps the regenerative recharge of battery charging the
battery pack from 98.2% to 98.6% in next 30 seconds time.

CONCLUSION:
A basic Electric Vehicle model was created with SIMULINK and simulation was performed using FTP75 drive cycle and at Wide-
Open-Throttle condition. Simulation time for FTP75 was modified to 1874 seconds and 60 seconds for WOT condition. The speed
comparison curve exhibits a fair response level of the model trying to deliver required performance levels to meet the acceleration
and deceleration commands which can be identified from the minor variation in Actual drive cycle curve and velocity feedback
curve.
The Depth of discharge under FTP75 drive cycle from simulation is about 30% to travel a distance of 13km in around 30 minutes.
The Depth of discharge under WOT condition from simulation is about 1.4% to travel a distance of 0.6km in 60 seconds.
A detailed and in-depth parameterization of the motor control and vehicle block variables would make the model to exactly
follow the reference velocity signal which would inturn enhance the performance of the system. Modification in battery block
variables also might be helpful in reducing the Depth-Of-Discharge percentage which inturn provides higher mileage for the
Vehicle in a single charge-discharge cycle.
FUTURE SCOPE:
Detailed Parameterisation of Block variables of the model to reduce the variation between reference speed signal and ouput
speed signal.
Optimisation of battery pack for increased mileage and peak performance.
Detailed simulation rather than performing averaged mode simulation.
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ELECTRIC VEHICLE MODELLING WITH MATLAB

Why Electric Vehicles?

System Level Configurations:

4) Drive Cycle Source

DETAILED MODEL STUDY: Configuration & Parameters

represents a two-axle vehicle body in motion.

Nominal load and radius of tires are modified.

Gear ratio and output direction is modified.

Model parameterization is set to Rated load and speed condition.

H-Bridge is selected to have its own power source as internal.

Wide open throttle Condition is also Simulated with following parameters.

2) Wide open Throttle.

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