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Shekhar Malani
Functionality BMS functions
Lifetime
Usability
State of Energy, State of
Power, Threshold Config.
CAN set-up Error Handling
Performance
Cell Balancing, State of Charge, State
of Health, Trigger Cooling System
Safety
Monitoring: Cell Voltage, Pack Voltage, Pack Current,
Cell/Pack Temperature.
Controlling: Charger, Load, Switches, Precharge Survival
Battery Protection
• Protecting a single cell is hard
enough
Environment: Low EMI Susceptibility and Emissions, Uses a Single Twisted Pair,
up to 100 Meters
• Distributed • Master-slave
A BMS board is One master
installed at each controller is
cells, with only connected to the
communication slaves and the
cable between saves are
battery & connected to
controller cells
Precharge
• In most battery systems, the
load and chargers have high
capacitance at the high-
current side facing the battery.
During Operation
Imbalance between charging and discharging
Differences in thermal conditions
Overtime
Degradation with aging
Differences in internal impedance
Unequal self-discharging
Cell Balancing
• Any Battery Pack is only as good as the weakest cell
• All cells equally charged = maximum available
energy
• Balancing removes charge from fullest cells,
to leave room for more charging,
so the other cells can catch-up
Cell Balancing
Cell balancing is a key BMS function which ensures that
when a battery is charged, all cells will be charged to
their maximum capacity(100% SoC).
Types of Cell Balancing:
• Passive Balancing
• Active Balancing
Functionality BMS applications
1. Cars drives BMS requirements
2. Car volume reduces cost
3. Requirements spread to other
applications
Battery Capacity
Functional safety
• ISO26262 ASIL C the norm in automotive for BMS
• Spreading to industrial machines, 2 wheelers, energy storage
• ASIL C level requires BMS components at FIT rate below 1
FIT
– MTBF of 1 billion hours
• Very difficult to achieve, consequently “Safety Mechanisms”
like “Testing” and “Redundancy” are used:
Functional Safety - example
• No safety critical undetected singlepoint failures
• This is achieved by:
Worst case up to
31% error if
ONLY CC is used
18
Using advanced SOC for more
efficient balancing
Continuously updated SOC measurements on cell level will allow
balancing during the bulk charge phase
Typical end-of-charge balancing:
Cells are unbalanced
(unequal energy) because of:
Manufacturing and
environment variance
Degradation with aging
Imbalance between
charging and discharging
Differences in thermal
conditions
Differences in internal
impedance
1 Bulk 2 Balancing phase Unequal self-discharging
Charge These mismatches reduce
phase the lifetime, efficiency and
capacity of batteries.