JAVA UNIT – III bca v sem

Java Networking
Java Networking is a concept of connecting two or more computing devices together so that we can share resources.
Java socket programming provides facility to share data between different computing devices.
Advantage of Java Networking
1. sharing resources
2. centralize software management
Java Networking Terminology
The widely used java networking terminologies are given below:
1. IP Address
2. Protocol
3. Port Number
4. MAC Address
5. Connection-oriented and connection-less protocol
6. Socket
1) IP Address
IP address is a unique number assigned to a node of a network e.g. 192.168.0.1 . It is composed of octets that range from 0
to 255. It is a logical address that can be changed.
2) Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules basically that is followed for communication. For example:
o TCP
o FTP
o Telnet
o SMTP
o POP etc.
3) Port Number
The port number is used to uniquely identify different applications. It acts as a communication endpoint between
applications.
The port number is associated with the IP address for communication between two applications.
4) MAC Address
MAC (Media Access Control) Address is a unique identifier of NIC (Network Interface Controller). A network node can
have multiple NIC but each with unique MAC.
5) Connection-oriented and connection-less protocol
In connection-oriented protocol, acknowledgement is sent by the receiver. So it is reliable but slow. The example of
connection-oriented protocol is TCP.
But, in connection-less protocol, acknowledgement is not sent by the receiver. So it is not reliable but fast. The example
of connection-less protocol is UDP.
6) Socket
A socket is an endpoint between two way communication.
o Networking and Networking Terminology
o Socket Programming (Connection-oriented)
o URL class
o Displaying data of a webpage by URLConnection class
o InetAddress class
o DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket (Connection-less)

Java Socket Programming

Java Socket programming is used for communication between the applications running on different JRE.
Java Socket programming can be connection-oriented or connection-less.
JAVA UNIT – III bca v sem
Socket and ServerSocket classes are used for connection-oriented socket programming and DatagramSocket and
DatagramPacket classes are used for connection-less socket programming.
The client in socket programming must know two information:
1. IP Address of Server, and
2. Port number.

Socket class
A socket is simply an endpoint for communications between the machines. The Socket class can be used to create a
socket.
Important methods
Method Description

1) public InputStream getInputStream() returns the InputStream attached with this socket.

2) public OutputStream getOutputStream() returns the OutputStream attached with this socket.

3) public synchronized void close() closes this socket

ServerSocket class
The ServerSocket class can be used to create a server socket. This object is used to establish communication with the
clients.
Important methods
Method Description

1) public Socket accept() returns the socket and establish a connection between server and
client.

2) public synchronized void closes the server socket.

close()
Example of Java Socket Programming
Let's see a simple of java socket programming in which client sends a text and server receives it.File: MyServer.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class MyServer {
public static void main(String[] args){
try{
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);
Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection
DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
String str=(String)dis.readUTF();
System.out.println("message= "+str);
ss.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
} }
File: MyClient.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class MyClient {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try{
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Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);
DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
dout.writeUTF("Hello Server");
dout.flush();
dout.close();
s.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
} }
To execute this program open two command prompts and execute each program at each command prompt as displayed in
the below figure. After running the client application, a message will be displayed on the server console.

Example of Java Socket Programming (Read-Write both side)

In this example, client will write first to the server then server will receive and print the text. Then server will write to the
client and client will receive and print the text. The step goes on.
File: MyServer.java
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
class MyServer{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(3333);
Socket s=ss.accept();
DataInputStream din=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String str="",str2="";
while(!str.equals("stop")){
str=din.readUTF();
System.out.println("client says: "+str);
str2=br.readLine();
dout.writeUTF(str2);
dout.flush();
}
din.close();
s.close();
ss.close(); }}
File: MyClient.java
JAVA UNIT – III bca v sem
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
class MyClient{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
Socket s=new Socket("localhost",3333);
DataInputStream din=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String str="",str2="";
while(!str.equals("stop")){
str=br.readLine();
dout.writeUTF(str);
dout.flush();
str2=din.readUTF();
System.out.println("Server says: "+str2);
}
dout.close();
s.close(); }}
Java DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket
Java DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket classes are used for connection-less socket programming.
Java DatagramSocket class
Java DatagramSocket class represents a connection-less socket for sending and receiving datagram packets.
A datagram is basically an information but there is no guarantee of its content, arrival or arrival time.
Commonly used Constructors of DatagramSocket class
o DatagramSocket() throws SocketEeption: it creates a datagram socket and binds it with the available Port
Number on the localhost machine.
o DatagramSocket(int port) throws SocketEeption: it creates a datagram socket and binds it with the given Port
Number.
o DatagramSocket(int port, InetAddress address) throws SocketEeption: it creates a datagram socket and binds
it with the specified port number and host address.
Java DatagramPacket class
Java DatagramPacket is a message that can be sent or received. If you send multiple packet, it may arrive in any order.
Additionally, packet delivery is not guaranteed.
Commonly used Constructors of DatagramPacket class
o DatagramPacket(byte[] barr, int length): it creates a datagram packet. This constructor is used to receive the
packets.
o DatagramPacket(byte[] barr, int length, InetAddress address, int port): it creates a datagram packet. This
constructor is used to send the packets.
Example of Sending DatagramPacket by DatagramSocket
//DSender.java
import java.net.*;
public class DSender{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket();
String str = "Welcome java";
InetAddress ip = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");

DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(str.getBytes(), str.length(), ip, 3000);

JAVA UNIT – III bca v sem
ds.send(dp);
ds.close();
} }
Example of Receiving DatagramPacket by DatagramSocket
//DReceiver.java
import java.net.*;
public class DReceiver{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket(3000);
byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(buf, 1024);
ds.receive(dp);
String str = new String(dp.getData(), 0, dp.getLength());
System.out.println(str);
ds.close();
} }

Java JDBC Tutorial

Java JDBC is a java API to connect and execute query with the database. JDBC API uses jdbc drivers to connect with the
database.

Why use JDBC

Before JDBC, ODBC API was the database API to connect and execute query with the database. But, ODBC API uses
ODBC driver which is written in C language (i.e. platform dependent and unsecured). That is why Java has defined its
own API (JDBC API) that uses JDBC drivers (written in Java language).
What is API
API (Application programming interface) is a document that contains description of all the features of a product or
software. It represents classes and interfaces that software programs can follow to communicate with each other. An API
can be created for applications, libraries, operating systems, etc
JDBC Driver
In this JDBC tutorial, we will learn 4 types of JDBC drivers, their advantages and disadvantages.
JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with the database.There are 4 types of
JDBC drivers:
1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
2. Native-API driver (partially java driver)
3. Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
4. Thin driver (fully java driver)
1) JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
JAVA UNIT – III bca v sem
The JDBC-ODBC bridge driver uses ODBC driver to connect to the database. The JDBC-ODBC bridge driver converts
JDBC method calls into the ODBC function calls. This is now discouraged because of thin driver.

Advantages:
o easy to use.
o can be easily connected to any database.
Disadvantages:
o Performance degraded because JDBC method call is converted into the ODBC function calls.
o The ODBC driver needs to be installed on the client machine.

2) Native-API driver
The Native API driver uses the client-side libraries of the database. The driver converts JDBC method calls into native
calls of the database API. It is not written entirely in java.

Advantage:
o performance upgraded than JDBC-ODBC bridge driver.
JAVA UNIT – III bca v sem
Disadvantage:
o The Native driver needs to be installed on the each client machine.
o The Vendor client library needs to be installed on client machine.
3) Network Protocol driver
The Network Protocol driver uses middleware (application server) that converts JDBC calls directly or indirectly into the
vendor-specific database protocol. It is fully written in java.

Advantage:
o No client side library is required because of application server that can perform many tasks like auditing, load
balancing, logging etc.
Disadvantages:
o Network support is required on client machine.
o Requires database-specific coding to be done in the middle tier.
o Maintenance of Network Protocol driver becomes costly because it requires database-specific coding to be done
in the middle tier.
4) Thin driver
The thin driver converts JDBC calls directly into the vendor-specific database protocol. That is why it is known as thin
driver. It is fully written in Java language.
 JAVA UNIT – III bca v sem

Advantage:
o Better performance than all other drivers.
o No software is required at client side or server side.
Disadvantage:
o Drivers depends on the Database.

5 Steps to connect to the database in java

There are 5 steps to connect any java application with the database in java using JDBC. They are as follows:
o Register the driver class
o Creating connection
o Creating statement
o Executing queries
o Closing connection
1) Register the driver class
The forName() method of Class class is used to register the driver class. This method is used to dynamically load the
driver class.
Syntax of forName() method
1. public static void forName(String className)throws ClassNotFoundException
Example to register the OracleDriver class
1. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
2) Create the connection object
The getConnection() method of DriverManager class is used to establish connection with the database.
Syntax of getConnection() method
1. 1) public static Connection getConnection(String url)throws SQLException
2. 2) public static Connection getConnection(String url,String name,String password)
3. throws SQLException
Example to establish connection with the Oracle database
1. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
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2. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","password");

3) Create the Statement object

The createStatement() method of Connection interface is used to create statement. The object of statement is responsible
to execute queries with the database.
Syntax of createStatement() method
1. public Statement createStatement()throws SQLException
Example to create the statement object
1. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
4) Execute the query
The executeQuery() method of Statement interface is used to execute queries to the database. This method returns the
object of ResultSet that can be used to get all the records of a table.
Syntax of executeQuery() method
1. public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql)throws SQLException
Example to execute query
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
while(rs.next()){
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));
}
5) Close the connection object
By closing connection object statement and ResultSet will be closed automatically. The close() method of Connection
interface is used to close the connection.
Syntax of close() method
1. public void close()throws SQLException
Example to close connection
1. con.close();
Example to connect to the Oracle database
For connecting java application with the oracle database, you need to follow 5 steps to perform database connectivity. In
this example we are using Oracle10g as the database. So we need to know following informations for the oracle
database:
1. Driver class: The driver class for the oracle database is oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver.
2. Connection URL: The connection URL for the oracle10G database
is jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xewhere jdbc is the API, oracle is the database, thin is the driver,
localhost is the server name on which oracle is running, we may also use IP address, 1521 is the port number
and XE is the Oracle service name. You may get all these informations from the tnsnames.ora file.
3. Username: The default username for the oracle database is system.
4. Password: Password is given by the user at the time of installing the oracle database.

Let's first create a table in oracle database.

1. create table emp(id number(10),name varchar2(40),age number(3));
Example to Connect Java Application with Oracle database
In this example, system is the username and oracle is the password of the Oracle database.
import java.sql.*;
class OracleCon{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
//step1 load the driver class
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
 JAVA UNIT – III bca v sem
//step2 create the connection object
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
//step3 create the statement object
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
//step4 execute query
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
while(rs.next())
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2)+" "+rs.getString(3));
//step5 close the connection object
con.close();
}catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
} }
The above example will fetch all the records of emp table.
To connect java application with the Oracle database ojdbc14.jar file is required to be loaded.
download the jar file ojdbc14.jar
Two ways to load the jar file:
1. paste the ojdbc14.jar file in jre/lib/ext folder
2. set classpath
1) paste the ojdbc14.jar file in JRE/lib/ext folder:
Firstly, search the ojdbc14.jar file then go to JRE/lib/ext folder and paste the jar file here.
2) set classpath:
There are two ways to set the classpath:
o temporary
o permanent
How to set the temporary classpath:
Firstly, search the ojdbc14.jar file then open command prompt and write:
1. C:>set classpath=c:\folder\ojdbc14.jar;.;
How to set the permanent classpath:
Go to environment variable then click on new tab. In variable name write classpath and in variable value paste the path
to ojdbc14.jar by appending ojdbc14.jar;.; as C:\oraclexe\app\oracle\product\10.2.0\server\jdbc\lib\ojdbc14.jar;.;
DriverManager class
The DriverManager class acts as an interface between user and drivers. It keeps track of the drivers that are available and
handles establishing a connection between a database and the appropriate driver. The DriverManager class maintains a list
of Driver classes that have registered themselves by calling the method DriverManager.registerDriver().
Commonly used methods of DriverManager class:
1) public static void registerDriver(Driver driver): is used to register the given driver with DriverManager.
is used to deregister the given driver (drop the driver
2) public static void deregisterDriver(Driver driver):
from the list) with DriverManager.
3) public static Connection getConnection(String url): is used to establish the connection with the specified url.
4) public static Connection getConnection(String url,String is used to establish the connection with the specified url,
userName,String password): username and password.
Connection interface
A Connection is the session between java application and database. The Connection interface is a factory of Statement,
PreparedStatement, and DatabaseMetaData i.e. object of Connection can be used to get the object of Statement and
 JAVA UNIT – III bca v sem
DatabaseMetaData. The Connection interface provide many methods for transaction management like commit(),
rollback() etc. By default, connection commits the changes after executing queries.
Commonly used methods of Connection interface:

1) public Statement createStatement(): creates a statement object that can be used to execute SQL queries.

2) public Statement createStatement(int resultSetType,int resultSetConcurrency): Creates a Statement object that

will generate ResultSet objects with the given type and concurrency.

3) public void setAutoCommit(boolean status): is used to set the commit status.By default it is true.

4) public void commit(): saves the changes made since the previous commit/rollback permanent.

5) public void rollback(): Drops all changes made since the previous commit/rollback.

6) public void close(): closes the connection and Releases a JDBC resources immediately.

Statement interface
The Statement interface provides methods to execute queries with the database. The statement interface is a factory of
ResultSet i.e. it provides factory method to get the object of ResultSet.
Commonly used methods of Statement interface:
The important methods of Statement interface are as follows:
1) public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql): is used to execute SELECT query. It returns the object of ResultSet.
2) public int executeUpdate(String sql): is used to execute specified query, it may be create, drop, insert, update,
delete etc.
3) public boolean execute(String sql): is used to execute queries that may return multiple results.
4) public int[] executeBatch(): is used to execute batch of commands.
Example of Statement interface
Let’s see the simple example of Statement interface to insert, update and delete the record.
import java.sql.*;
class FetchRecord{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
//stmt.executeUpdate("insert into emp765 values(33,'Irfan',50000)");
//int result=stmt.executeUpdate("update emp765 set name='Vimal',salary=10000 where id=33");
int result=stmt.executeUpdate("delete from emp765 where id=33");
System.out.println(result+" records affected");
con.close();
}}
ResultSet interface
The object of ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to a row of a table. Initially, cursor points to before the first row.
But we can make this object to move forward and backward direction by passing either
TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE or TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE in createStatement(int,int) method as well as we
can make this object as updatable by:
1. Statement stmt = con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE,
ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
 JAVA UNIT – III bca v sem
Commonly used methods of ResultSet interface
1) public boolean next(): is used to move the cursor to the one row next from the
current position.

2) public boolean previous(): is used to move the cursor to the one row previous from the
current position.

3) public boolean first(): is used to move the cursor to the first row in result set object.

4) public boolean last(): is used to move the cursor to the last row in result set object.

5) public boolean absolute(int is used to move the cursor to the specified row number in the
row): ResultSet object.

6) public boolean relative(int is used to move the cursor to the relative row number in the
row): ResultSet object, it may be positive or negative.

7) public int getInt(int is used to return the data of specified column index of the
columnIndex): current row as int.

8) public int getInt(String is used to return the data of specified column name of the
columnName): current row as int.

9) public String getString(int is used to return the data of specified column index of the
columnIndex): current row as String.

10) public String is used to return the data of specified column name of the
getString(String columnName): current row as String.
Example of Scrollable ResultSet
Let’s see the simple example of ResultSet interface to retrieve the data of 3rd row.
import java.sql.*;
class FetchRecord{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
Statement stmt=con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp765");
//getting the record of 3rd row
rs.absolute(3);
System.out.println(rs.getString(1)+" "+rs.getString(2)+" "+rs.getString(3));
con.close();
}}
PreparedStatement interface
The PreparedStatement interface is a subinterface of Statement. It is used to execute parameterized query.
Let's see the example of parameterized query:
1. String sql="insert into emp values(?,?,?)";
As you can see, we are passing parameter (?) for the values. Its value will be set by calling the setter methods of
PreparedStatement.
 JAVA UNIT – III bca v sem
Why use PreparedStatement?.
Improves performance: The performance of the application will be faster if you use PreparedStatement interface
because query is compiled only once.
How to get the instance of PreparedStatement?
The prepareStatement() method of Connection interface is used to return the object of PreparedStatement. Syntax:
1. public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String query)throws SQLException{}
Methods of PreparedStatement interface
The important methods of PreparedStatement interface are given below:
Method Description

public void setInt(int paramIndex, int sets the integer value to the given parameter index.
value)

public void setString(int paramIndex, sets the String value to the given parameter index.
String value)

public void setFloat(int paramIndex, float sets the float value to the given parameter index.
value)

public void setDouble(int paramIndex, sets the double value to the given parameter index.
double value)

public int executeUpdate() executes the query. It is used for create, drop, insert,
update, delete etc.

public ResultSet executeQuery() executes the select query. It returns an instance of

ResultSet.
Example of PreparedStatement interface that inserts the record
First of all create table as given below:
1. create table emp(id number(10),name varchar2(50));
Now insert records in this table by the code given below:
import java.sql.*;
class InsertPrepared{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("insert into Emp values(?,?)");
stmt.setInt(1,101);//1 specifies the first parameter in the query
stmt.setString(2,"Ratan");
int i=stmt.executeUpdate();
System.out.println(i+" records inserted");
con.close();
}catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
} }
Example of PreparedStatement interface that updates the record
PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("update emp set name=? where id=?");
stmt.setString(1,"Sonoo");//1 specifies the first parameter in the query i.e. name
stmt.setInt(2,101);
int i=stmt.executeUpdate();
System.out.println(i+" records updated");
JAVA UNIT – III bca v sem
Example of PreparedStatement interface that deletes the record
PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("delete from emp where id=?");
stmt.setInt(1,101);
int i=stmt.executeUpdate();
System.out.println(i+" records deleted");
Example of PreparedStatement interface that retrieve the records of a table
PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("select * from emp");
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery();
while(rs.next()){
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));
}
Example of PreparedStatement to insert records until user press n
import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;
class RS{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("insert into emp130 values(?,?,?)");
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
do{
System.out.println("enter id:");
int id=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
System.out.println("enter name:");
String name=br.readLine();
System.out.println("enter salary:");
float salary=Float.parseFloat(br.readLine());
ps.setInt(1,id);
ps.setString(2,name);
ps.setFloat(3,salary);
int i=ps.executeUpdate();
System.out.println(i+" records affected");
System.out.println("Do you want to continue: y/n");
String s=br.readLine();
if(s.startsWith("n")){
break;
} }while(true);
con.close(); }}