1)concept of freedom has three sub-species:physical,intellectual and moral (liberium arbitrerum)

2)Willing itself is free ?

3)Empirical and popular conception of freedom is declare that “in accordance with one’s own will”

-so if one asks whether the will itself is free, one is asking whether the will is in accordance with
itself,Self-evident,circular

4)As we have seen that the empirical concept of freedom does not work because even if its self-evident it
does not tell more about whether the will itself is free or not. Therefore,we need to have a differetn
notion of freedom.

5)In order to have a direct bond with the concept of will,the concept of freedom need to be modified by
being more abstract.

6)Freedom as absence of all neccesity

-He first elucidate the concept of neccesity

-The usual explanation of neccesary is that whose opposite is impossible,or what can not be
otherwise.This does not increase our insight

-: necessary is that which follows from a given sufficient ground (SCHOPENHAUER’S EXPLANATION)

-The sufficient ground could be logical,mathematical, orphysical, real (as the onset of the effect as soon
as the cause is present):

-Sufficient ground always attaches, with equal strictness, to the consequence once the ground is given

-Neccesity and consequence are interchangable concepts

-Absence of necessity would accordingly be identical with absence of a determinate sufficient ground

-CONTINGENT=KOŞULLU,ŞARTA BAĞLI

-the opposite of the necessary is thought of as the contingent. Because everything contingent is so only
relatively

-So the free as absence of all neccesity would have to be that which simply depended on no cause /no
ground whatsoever

-A free will would be of a kind that was not determined by grounds

-since everything that determines another must be a ground. it would be of a kind that was determined
by nothing at all; its particular manifestations (acts of will)  would thus have to come forth simply and
originally out of itself

-We need to give up the principle of sufficient reason:Free choice of indifference

-We have seen that will can not be outside.

2)WHAT DOES SELF-CONSCİOUSNESS MEAN ?

-Consciousness of other things(cognitive faculty)/Self-consciousness
-The greatest part of our consciousness is cognitive faculty
-– Therefore only what we have left after removing this, by far the largest part of our overall
consciousness, would be self-consciousness.

-what does selfconsciousness contain? Or: how does a human being become immediately conscious of
his own self? Answer: entirely as something thatwills.

-s to the will itself becoming conscious of itself as satisfied or unsatisfied, restrained or released:

-for the essence of all these affections consists in their entering self-consciousness as something in
accordance with the will or as something contrary to it.

-We find in any case that all those movements of the will makes up the sole object of self-consciousness

-But the objects perceived in this world are the material and the occasion for all those movements and
acts of the will.

-t our willing always has external objectsb as its content,c which it is directed towards,

-Thus we find self-consciousness very heavily, and in fact exclusively, occupied with the will.