SECTION-I

Question No. 2

(A) Define ceramic and nano-ceramic materials. Why the nano-ceramics show better
properties than their ceramic counterparts? Write the applications of ceramic materials?

Question Breakdown

The question is split into three parts. Thus, you need to answer it accordingly by giving
equal weightage to all. First, define the terms “Ceramic” and “Nano-Ceramic” in your
words with suitable examples. Next, give the examiner the reason for what makes nano-
ceramics better than their ceramic counterparts. In this part, you have to give the
structural differences of both. In the last step, sum up the answer with four to five
applications of ceramics in bullet form, keeping in mind that the weightage of this part
does not exceed that of the first two. Remember, stick to what examiner has actually
asked. Do not stretch your question with unnecessary information if not required. No
diagram is needed for this question.

Answer

Define Ceramic
The term ‘Ceramic’ is a Greek word meaning ‘pottery’. However, pottery is just one part
of the ceramic world. In fact, ceramic is an inorganic non-metallic solid that is hard,
brittle and resistant to corrosion and heat. They are made by shaping clay or other
earthen minerals and hardened by heating them to high temperatures.

For Example

 Tiles
 Cement
 Porcelain
 Plates
 Watches (quartz tuning forks-the timekeeping devices in watches)
 Toilets, etc.

Define Nano-ceramic
Nano-ceramics are ultrafine particles composed of ceramics with particle size less than
100 nm. These were first discovered in the early 1980s and are primarily made up of
highly pure well-chosen oxides, carbides, carbonates, and phosphates of metals and
metalloids, such as calcium, titanium, silicon, etc. The synthesis involves successive
heating and cooling processes through a well-known procedure called sol-gel under
high pressure and temperature to achieve the required size. Physically, they are harder
and more rigid than macro-ceramics and have comparatively high heat resistance.

For Example

 Silica (SiO2)
 Titania (TiO2)
 Alumina (Al2O3)
 Iron Oxide (Fe3O4, Fe2O3)
 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) etc.

Why the nano-ceramics show better properties than their ceramic counterparts?
In the modern era, nano-ceramics play an important role in society and show better
properties like low cost, improved mechanical properties, thermal stability and fire
resistance, strength like steel, and substantial resistance against compression and
bending than their ceramic counterparts due to exceptionally grounded small particles
size that gives them a non-porous structure and a high surface area. Further, the
properties of nano-ceramic vary significantly from one size to another, which can be
measured by surface characterization methods such as X-ray Diffraction Analysis,
Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron
Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, etc.

The applications of ceramic materials.

Ceramic materials display a wide range of applications.

 Aerospace:
Ceramics are used in space shuttle tiles, high-temperature glass windows,
thermal barriers, fuel cells, etc.
 Consumer Uses:
They are used in glassware, pottery, windows, magnets, ceramic tiles, home
electronics, lenses, etc.
 Automotive:
In the automotive industry, ceramics are used in catalytic converters, ceramic
filters, enamel coating, spark plugs, pressure sensors, thermistors, nose cones of
aeroplanes, etc.
 Medical (Bio-ceramics):
Ceramic particles can be used for bone repair, drug delivery, orthopaedic joint
replacement, dental restoration, etc.
 Military:
Ceramics can also be used as structural components for ground, air, and naval
vehicles, sensors, missiles, etc.

(B) What is ‘Black Hole’? How black holes are formed and discovered?
Question Breakdown

In this question, the examiner has asked you to address two things. First, simply
elucidate the term ‘black hole’ in your own words and give its example. In the next part
of the question, there are again two portions: the discovery of a black hole and its
formation. Hence, at first, give a brief overview of how the first black hole was
discovered, and, in the end, write the process of its formation in detail with a simplified
diagram.

Answer

What is Black Hole?

A black hole is a cosmic body in the centre of almost every galaxy in the universe,
including the Milky Way galaxy, in which our solar system exists. The gravity and
density inside the black hole are so strong that it attracts everything coming towards it;
even electromagnetic radiation cannot escape. Hence, a black hole cannot be observed
directly. However, it can be observed by its gravitational influence on nearby matter.
The boundary of black holes is called the ‘event horizon’.

For Example
Sagittarius A* is a supermassive black hole that exists at the centre of the Milky Way
Galaxy.

How black holes are formed and discovered?

 Discovery of Black Hole

Although the existence of black holes was first predicted by Albert Einstein in
1916 in his general theory of relativity, the first official black hole was discovered
in 1964 by astronomers when a sounding rocket detected celestial sources of X-
rays. The first black hole detected, according to NASA, was Cygnus X-1, located
within the Milky Way in the constellation of Cygnus, the Swan. However, the term
“black hole” was not coined until 1967, when American astronomer John Wheeler
named it so. Moreover, in 1971, astronomers determined the X-rays were
coming from a bright blue star orbiting a strange dark object – an all-consuming
black hole.

 Formation of Black Hole

A black hole is formed by the death or explosion of extremely massive stars with
sizes of more than three solar masses. At the end of a massive star’s life, the
core of the star becomes highly unstable and collapses. The crushing weight of
its constituent matter falling in from all sides compresses the dying star to the
point of zero volume and infinite density called the singularity.
Image by Miss Iqra Ali

(C) Write two applications of each of the following electromagnetic radiations:

1) Ultraviolet
2) Infra-red
3) Microwaves
4) Radio waves
5) X-rays

Question Breakdown

In this question, the examiner has simply asked you to write down two applications of
the given electromagnetic radiation. Thus, all you have to do is just write two
applications each of ultraviolet, infrared, microwaves, radio waves, and x-rays. Although
defining electromagnetic radiations and making diagrams are not required in this
question, you can define or draw a minimal flow chart relevant to the answer.
Remember, writing extra content is not what assures you good marks, but it is the
presentation that makes your answer paper stand out among thousands.

Answer

Electromagnetic Radiations
Electromagnetic radiations are transverse waves in which the electric and magnetic
fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation of the wave.
Depending on the frequency of oscillation, different wavelengths of the electromagnetic
spectrum, from gamma rays to radio waves, are produced.
Image by Miss Iqra Ali

Application of Different Electromagnetic Waves:

 Ultraviolet Radiations
o Ultraviolet radiations are used in energy-efficient lights, in which
fluorescent substances absorb UV light produced inside the lamp and re-
emit the energy as visible light.
o UV radiations are also used on bank notes to detect forgeries and allow
investigators and forensic researchers to examine clues and recover
evidence by providing more detail and contrast to the suspected area than
standard lighting techniques.
 Infrared
o In medicine, infrared radiations can promote local blood circulation
through their heating effect and reduce muscle tension, thus, being used
in the treatment of autoimmune diseases or wound-healing disorders.
o In homes, infrared radiation is used by electrical heaters, cookers for
cooking food, short-range communications like remote controls, optical
fibres, security systems, and thermal imaging security cameras that detect
people in the dark.
 Microwaves
o One of the major applications of microwaves in homes is in the kitchen,
i.e. the microwave oven. The magnetron present in the internal circuitry of
the microwave oven emits microwaves. These emitted radiations get
reflected on striking a metallic surface and get absorbed by the food
particles. This property of microwaves is utilized to heat and cook food.
o The operation and working of global positioning systems (GPS), Wi-Fi,
and Bluetooth are based on microwaves. Moreover, these are used in
various communication techniques, such as satellite communication,
cellular communication, optical communication, point-to-point
communication, wireless communication, etc.
  Radio waves
o Radio waves, with their longest wavelengths, are used to transmit data
from radios, televisions, satellites, and RADAR.
o Cellular mobile phones use radio waves to transmit voice communication.
 X-rays
o In medicine, X-rays are used in the diagnosis of fractures of bones, foreign
bodies like bullets and stones in the body, and dental pathologies.
Moreover, these are also used in the treatment of certain types of cancer.
o In industry, X-rays are used to test the homogeneity of welded joints and
to detect the structural defects of inaccessible parts of machinery.

(D) What is Wildfire? Explain its types, causes, spread and preventions.

Question Breakdown

In this question, the examiner has asked you to explain multiple things:-understanding
about a wildfire, its types, causes, spread, and preventive measures. Thus, to answer
such questions, try to split your weightage and address every part justly. Don’t skip
even a single part. Moreover, the question doesn’t demand extraordinary explanations.
Just write three to five lines in each heading. You can draw diagrams to make the
answer more presentable.

Answer

What is wildfire?
Wildfire is an unplanned, uncontrolled fire that burns in a natural area of combustible
vegetation, such as grasslands, forests, or prairies and wipes out large areas of land
and fields.

For Example
The 2021 fires in the pine forests of the Koh-E-Sulaiman range and Margalla National
Park in Pakistan have destroyed 189 acres and 45 acres of land, respectively.

Types of Wildfire
There are three types of wildfire

 Ground fires
Ground fires burn mostly in decayed roots below the ground and in the duff layer.
The duff layer is made up of compacted, dead plant materials such as leaves,
bark, needles, and twigs. Ground fires are sustained by glowing combustion
(without flames) and can go undetected for a long time because they produce
little to no smoke and spread slowly.
  Surface fires
Surface fire occurs within the lower level of the forest and burns loose needles,
herbaceous vegetation, lichens, shrubs, moss, small trees, and saplings that are
at or near the surface of the ground. Surface fires are common; however, their
intensity is usually low

 Crown fires
Crown fire is a fast-moving fire involving burning in the upper canopy of
vegetation, which includes live and dead foliage/branches, lichens in trees, and
tall shrubs that lie well above the surface fuels. These fires of vegetation both at
the surface and crown fuel layer farther up the tree. Since the influence of wind is
greater in the canopy, and the canopy is composed of interconnected vegetation,
these fires can spread quickly.

Causes of Wildfire
Wildfires can be caused by natural events or human activities.

 Natural Causes of Wildfire

Natural causes of wildfires include
o Lightening
o Heat waves
o Volcanic Lava
 Anthropogenic Causes of Wildfire
o Unextinguished Cigarettes
o Industrial activity
o Fireworks, sky-lanterns, outdoor flame lighting
o Arson

Spread of wildfire
According to the National Interagency Coordination Center (NICC) Wildland Fire Annual
Report for 2022, “68,988 wildfires were reported in 2022 that have consumed 7,577,183
acres, compared to 58,985 wildfires in 2021 having consumed 7,125,643 acres.
Wildfires’ spread in intensity to scorch the forest canopy depends on multiple factors

1. The amount of fuel

2. Fuel moisture content
3. Wind speed
4. The height from the base of tree crowns
5. The density and compactness of tree crowns

Ways to prevent wildfire

 1. Campfire or bonfire must only be arranged in an appropriate fire pit, cleared of all
vegetation and ringed by stones.
2. Used matches and butts while smoking must be discarded in a closed container
or cup of water.
3. Yard waste or rubbish must be burned in a 50-gallon drum or fire pit, and that too
only when allowed by the relevant municipality
4. Any hot car or another machine must not be parked in dry grass.
5. Burning fire, if necessary to be kept burning, must never be left unattended.

Question No. 3

(A)
1) Why the bat and whale are considered as mammals?
2) Write a note on liver juice ‘Bile’?

Question Breakdown

The question consists of two parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to give
the reason why bats and whales are considered mammals. To answer this, you’ll have
to describe the characteristics of mammals after defining them in relation to bats and
whales. Likewise, in the second part, you are supposed to write a note on Bile with an
appropriate diagram. Remember writing too much cannot help you secure good marks.
All that can help is your presentation and proper breakdown of questions.
Answer:

1-)

Bats and whales are classified as mammals because they have various characteristics
that define mammals as a group. These characteristics include

1. Both bats and Whales have Four Chambered hearts.

2. Females of both possess mammary glands that are they are capable of
producing milk to nourish offspring.
3. Both are, like all other mammals, warm-blooded animals, creating enough
internal heat to maintain a temperature higher than that of their environment.
4. They have advanced respiratory structures possessing well-defined lungs, which
allow them to extract oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide.

2-)

Define Bile as “Liver Juice”

Bile is a yellowish-greenish digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the
gallbladder.

Composition of Bile:
Bile is a waste product composed of water, minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats,
phospholipids, bilirubin and other pigments, bile acids, and lipid-transport vesicles.

Role of Bile:
Bile aids in fat digestion and absorption. Whenever a fat-rich food is consumed, the
gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine through the bile ducts, which then helps
in the breakdown of fats into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area and allowing
enzymes called lipases to efficiently break down the fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Moreover, bile also helps in the elimination of waste products, such as bilirubin – a
byproduct of red blood cell breakdown.
Image by Miss Iqra Ali

(B) How the urine is formed? Describe the role of kidney in excretion?

Question Breakdown:

In the first part of the question, the examiner has asked you to explain the production of
urine with all the structures involved along with their functions. Making the diagram
along with the procedure is what will award you maximum marks in the competitive
exam. However, avoid writing irrelevant things which are not connected to the question
directly.

Answer:

Urine- a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals- is

formed through a process called urine formation or renal filtration in the kidneys, which
is then eliminated through the body through a process called excretion via ureters,
urinary bladder, and urethra respectively.

 An overview of the structures involved in urine formation:

The main structures in the whole excretory system that is responsible for urine
formation are the nephrons which are around one million in number in each
kidney. Nephron is a basic structural and functional unit of the kidney that is
further composed of
 1. Bowman’s Capsule – A cup-shaped Swelling at the inner end of the nephron
2. Glomerulus- Ball of Capillaries inside bowman’s capsule
3. Afferent arterioles- Arterioles that enter the glomerulus
4. Efferent arterioles- Arterioles that leave the glomerulus
5. Proximal convoluted tubules- between bowman’s capsule and descending limb
6. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
7. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
8. Distal convoluted tubules- between ascending limb and collecting duct
9. Collecting Duct- enters into ureters

With structures moving from the cortex towards the medulla, respectively

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

 The Process of Urine Formation and the Role of Kidney

The function of kidneys and blood in clearing wastes is very evident from the fact
that the weight of kidneys accounts for less than 1% of the total body weight
while receiving 20% of blood supplied with each cardiac beat. Following filtration
of blood and further processing through the tubular system, urine is collected in a
central cavity of the kidney, pelvis.

The mechanism of urine formation involves the following three steps mainly.

1. Glomerular Filtration
Glomerular filtration occurs in the glomerulus, where blood is filtered. This
process occurs specifically here because, unlike other parts of the vessel, the
glomerulus walls are porous, and the filtration of blood pressure reaching here
provides the filtration pressure. The filtration appearing in Bowman’s capsule is
called glomerular filtrate, which contains numerous useful substances, such as
glucose, amino acids, salts etc., in an aqueous solution.
 2. Selective Reabsorption
Around 99 per cent of the filtrate obtained is reabsorbed in proximal tubules, and
when filtrate leaves proximal tubules, it mostly contains nitrogenous wastes. This
is known as reabsorption, which is achieved by active and passive transport.
3. Secretion
The next step in urine formation is tubular secretion. The tubular epithelium also
secretes substances into the lumen; this secretion is very selective and is mainly
of hydrogen ions to balance the pH value of the filtrate passing
through the tubule. The secreted ions combine with the filtrate and form urine.
The urine passes out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct.

The urine produced is 95% water and 5% nitrogenous waste. Wastes such as urea,
ammonia, and creatinine are excreted in the urine. Apart from these, the potassium,
sodium and calcium ions are also excreted.

(C)

1) How a bacterial cell is different from a plant cell

2) What do you think cold-blooded animals are slowed down by low temperatures?

Question Breakdown

The question mainly consists of two parts. In the first part, the examiner asked you to
explain the difference between bacterial cells and plant cells. Thus, simply write the
contrast points of both in tabular form, including diagrams. Coming to the next part, you
are required to explain the reason why cold-blooded animals are slowed down by low
temperatures. Thus, simply give the justification of the statement with valid arguments
after defining the cold-blooded animals with examples. Remember writing too much will
not help you ace maximum marks in General Science and Ability paper.

Answer

1-)

Characteristics Bacterial Cell Plant Cell

Definition A bacterial cell is a body of a single- A plant cell is the structural and functional unit of a
celled, prokaryotic organism. plant.

Form and Type Unicellular Prokaryote Multicellular Eukaryote

 Cell wall The bacterial cell wall is made of The plant cell wall is made of cellulose.
Murine.

Cytoskeleton Bacterial cells do not contain any Plant cells consist of a cytoskeleton, which is made up o
cytoskeleton. microtubules and microfilaments.

Cell Division The bacterial cell division occurs by The plant cell division occurs by mitosis or meiosis.
binary fission.

Sexual Sexual reproduction of the bacterial Sexual reproduction occurs by the fusion of gametes in
Reproduction cells occurs by conjugation. plant cells.

Membrane Bounded Bacterial cell lacks membrane-bound The bacterial cell consists of membrane-bound
Organelles organelles. organelles.

Types There are two types of bacterial cells There are three types of plant cells
Gram-positive bacteria and Gram- ParenchymaCollenchymaSclerenchyma.
negative bacteria.
Table by Miss Iqra Ali

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

2-)

Definition of Cold-Blooded Animals:

Animals that are not capable of generating internal heat are called cold-blooded animals
or poikilotherms, or ectothermic animals.
For Example:

 Insects
 Worms
 Reptiles
 Fish
 Amphibians

Are cold-blooded animals slowed down by low temperatures?

Yes, cold-blooded animals are often slowed down by low temperatures because, unlike
warm-blooded animals whose heat is regulated internally, the surrounding environment
determines the body temperatures of ectotherms. As a result, when the temperature
falls down, the metabolic processes and overall metabolic rate and, thus, physiological
functions of cold-blooded animals tend to drop. Moreover, their muscle contractions
become slower, making their movements sluggish and less efficient. This is why many
reptiles and amphibians become less active or even enter a state of hibernation during
colder periods, while others may seek out warmer areas or bask in the sun to raise their
body temperature and increase their activity levels.

(D) What is hepatitis, its types, causes, prevention, and cure?

Question Breakdown

In this question, the examiner has asked you to explain hepatitis, its types, causes,
prevention, and cure. So, write down all the required details briefly to score maximum
marks. However, you can either draw a table or write in points or paragraphs with
appropriate headings, the way you think you can make it more presentable. Remember,
writing too much will never help you score maximum marks on your GSA paper, but the
relevant and required material with a decent presentation.

Answer:

Hepatitis:

Hepata: Liver
Itis: Inflammation
Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver. Primarily, it is a viral disease,
but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. These include autoimmune hepatitis- a
disease that occurs when a human body makes antibodies against liver tissues- and
hepatitis, which occurs as a secondary result of medications, drugs, toxins and alcohol.

Types, Causes, Prevention, and Cure of Hepatitis

 TYPES CAUSES
Hepatitis HAV Picornaviridae- a non-
A enveloped RNA virus transmitted
through ingestion of contaminated
food and water or through direct
contact with an infected person.
Hepatitis HBV Hepadnavirida- a DNA virus
B transmitted to a person through
contact with the blood or other body
fluid of an infected person.
Hepatitis HCV Flaviviridae- an RNA-
C enveloped virus transmitted through
unsafe injection practice, inadequate
sterilization of medical equipment,
unsafe sex, and from an infected
mother to her baby
Hepatitis HDV Deltaviridae- a defective RNA
D virus which requires the help of
hepatitis B virus (HBV) virus for its
replication; transmitted, like HBV,
occurs through broken skin or
through contact with infected blood
or blood products.
Hepatitis HEV Caliciviridae- a non-enveloped
E single-stranded RNA virus
Table by Miss Iqra Ali
Question No. 4
(A) What is the difference between fog and smog? What are the causes of smog and its
effects on human health? Write a short note on any one of the latest technology to
eliminate smog to avoid atmospheric pollution.
PREVENTION
Vaccines for hepatitis A are
available. Moreover, safe water
supply, food safety, improved
sanitation, and regular washing of
hands are the most effective ways to
combat the disease.
It can be prevented by currently
available vaccines. Moreover,
avoiding used syringes, safe sex
practices, and implementing blood
safety strategies can help in the
prevention of Hepatitis B.
Currently, there is no vaccine
available for hepatitis C. However,
implementing blood safety
strategies, safe sex practices, and
proper disposal of used syringes can
be effective strategies to protect
against transmission.
Vaccination against hepatitis B is
the only method to prevent HDV
infection. Moreover, avoiding used
syringes, safe sex practices, and
implementing blood safety strategies
can help in the prevention of
Hepatitis D too.
Hepatitis E is now, fortunately, a
vaccine-preventable disease.
However, Prevention relies
primarily on good sanitation and the
availability of clean drinking water.
CURE
It may not require treatment.
However, if symptoms cause
great deal of discomfort, bed
rest may be necessary.
Acute hepatitis B generally
resolves on its own. However
chronic HBV is treated with
multiple Immune modulator
drugs or oral antiviral
medications, but they may no
be appropriate for everyone.
Antiviral medicines can cure
more than 95 per cent of
persons with hepatitis C
infection, but access to
diagnosis and treatment is low
There’s no cure yet for HDV.
However, doctors generally
prescribe pegylated interferon
alfa, that too may take around
one year for recovery and can
have multiple side effects.
There is no specific treatment
for acute hepatitis E as the
disease is usually self-limiting
Most important is the
avoidance of unnecessary
medications.
Question Breakdown

Critically, the examiner has asked you to explain four main things in the answer. In the
first part, the examiner has asked you to explain the difference between fog and smog
comprehensively. Thus, start with the difference in tabular form. Then write the causes
and effects of smog in bullet form to give it a complete yet comprehensive overview of
smog. After that, explain any of the latest technology working to eliminate smog from
the atmosphere. Keep in mind not to write too much in your GSA paper since the
question contains no more than five marks; thus, write accordingly.

Answer

Characteristics Fog Smog

Definition A weather phenomenon where water A type of air pollution resulting from a mixture of smoke
droplets are suspended in the air, reducing and fog, often found in urban areas.
visibility at ground level

Composition Consists of tiny water droplets suspended Consists of a combination of smoke, pollutants, and fog
in the air

Formation Primarily naturally occurring and occurs Primarily an artificial phenomenon resulting from human
when warm, moist air cools rapidly near activities, particularly industrial emissions formed by the
the ground. interaction of pollutants with sunlight

Location It can occur in various locations, Typically found in densely populated urban areas with
including coastal areas, valleys, and high levels of pollution.
forests.

Effects Impacts transportation and aviation and It can have detrimental effects on human health, causing
causes delays respiratory issues and eye irritation

Solutions No direct solutions, but they can be Requires controlling and reducing emissions from
mitigated by reducing activities that industrial sources, improving vehicle emissions standards
contribute to pollution. and implementing air pollution control measures
Table by Miss Iqra Ali

Causes of Smog:

 Overpopulation is a significant cause of smog. More usage of agricultural

products, industries, and transport increases pollution.
 Fireworks also increase the level of air pollutants in the atmosphere. On Diwali,
the big cities have a high level of smog.
 The use of coal as a fuel has become a prominent contributor to the smog.

Effects of Smog:
  The pollutants present in the smog enter the human body through inhalation. It
causes bronchitis, lung cancer, and other respiratory disorder.
 The pollutants in the smog also cause skin cancer, skin rashes, and redness of
the skin can occur.
 Road accidents increase because the visibility sometimes decreases by 1km.

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

The latest technology to eliminate smog to avoid atmospheric pollution

 Incinerators (a waste treatment process that involves the use of a furnace for the
combustion of substances contained in waste materials)
 Gravitational settling chambers (the oldest and simplest devices that collect solid
particulates from gas streams)
 Electrostatic precipitators (removes particles from a gas stream by using
electrical energy to charge particles either positively or negatively)
 Fabric filters
 Biofilters

(B) What is the role of oxygen-demanding wastes in water pollution? How it can be
prevented?

Question Breakdown
In the first part of the question, the examiner has asked you to explain the role of
oxygen-demanding wastes in water pollution. However, instead of directly moving to the
role, starts your question with an appropriate definition of ODWs with examples. Then in
the next part, explain the ways to prevent ODWs to limit water pollution in bullet form so
that the length of the question may not extend much, Keep in mind not to write too much
in your GSA paper since the question contains no more than five marks; thus, write
accordingly.

Answer

Definition of oxygen-demanding wastes

Oxygen demanding wastes-also known as organic wastes- are water wastes that are
decomposed by oxygen-requiring bacteria. These organic wastes can be solids, liquids,
or gases coming from the sources like sewage, animal manure, and agricultural runoff,
either directly or through leaching.

The role of oxygen demanding wastes in water pollution

Organic wastes have a significant impact on water quality. When these materials
decompose in water, they consume oxygen, which can lead to the formation of hypoxic-
low oxygen- or anoxic-no-oxygen- conditions. As a result, the biological oxygen demand
(BOD) to decompose the wastes increases, and the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level of
water reduces drastically. This can be harmful to aquatic organisms and can lead to the
release of harmful compounds such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. In the long-term,
oxygen-demanding wastes can contribute to eutrophication or the over-enrichment of
water bodies with nutrients, which can lead to algal blooms and other water quality
issues.

Ways to prevent oxygen-demanding wastes from water bodies:

There are a number of ways to prevent oxygen-demanding wastes from polluting water:

 Municipal and industrial wastewater should be treated to remove oxygen-

demanding wastes before it is discharged into waterways.
 Agricultural runoff can be managed by using conservation practices, such as
cover crops and buffer strips. These practices can help to keep pollutants from
washing into waterways.
 Businesses should use more sustainable practices, such as composting food
waste, instead of sending it to a landfill.
 Sewage treatment plants should use aeration to add oxygen to the water, which
helps to break down oxygen-demanding wastes more quickly.
 Industries should use on-site wastewater treatment systems to reduce the
amount of waste that is discharged into waterways.
 Individuals must also reduce their own contribution to oxygen-demanding wastes
by composting food waste, using less fertilizer, and disposing of household
hazardous waste properly.
(C) What is the biosphere? Write a note on the “Energy Resources” available in the
biosphere.

Question breakdown

In this question again, the examiner has asked two main questions. Firstly, you are
required to explain the definition of biosphere. Thus, answer it with a proper diagram.
Remember, when the examiner has not demanded the definition of jargon in the
question, you can define it in a line or a phrase to give initiation to your answer;
however, when the examiner himself asks you to define, define the term as
comprehensively as possible with all required examples and diagrams. After it, explain
the energy resources present in the biosphere. Again, drawing the key along with
writing theory is the best possible approach, Remember, being creative is the key to
attaining a good score in the General Science and Ability paper.

Answer

Definition of Biosphere:
In the simplest terms, Biosphere is the part of Earth that supports life. It also involves
the abiotic factors that provide living organisms with nutrients and energy, including
sunlight, water, soil, and the environment. The biosphere is considered to be formed by
the interaction of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere.
Image by Miss Iqra Ali

The “Energy Resources” available in the biosphere

The energy resources in the biosphere can be divided into two main types: Renewable
Energy Resources and Non-Renewable Energy Resources.
Image by Miss Iqra Ali

 Renewable Energy Resources:

The sources of energy which on usage can’t be lost forever, but can be recycled
and replenished. These include
o Wind Energy:
Wind power is a renewable energy resource generated by harnessing the
kinetic energy of moving air to run turbines for the generation of electricity,
providing a sustainable source of power.
o Solar Energy:
Sunlight- being a crucial renewable energy resource in the biosphere- is
utilized through solar panels for electricity generation.
o Hydropower:
Hydropower utilizes the energy of flowing water to generate electricity. It
involves the use of dams or water turbines to convert the potential energy
of water into mechanical and electrical energy.
o Biomass:
Biomass- the organic matter derived from plants, animals, and
microorganisms-serves as a renewable energy resource through
processes such as combustion, fermentation, or anaerobic digestion to
produce heat, electricity, or biofuels like biodiesel and bioethanol.

 Non-Renewable Energy Resources:

The sources of energy which, on usage lost forever and can’t be recycled and
replenished are called non-renewable energy resources. They are
o Fossil Fuels:
Fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas, are formed from the
remains of ancient plants and animals. They are non-renewable energy
resources that release energy when combusted, which is then used for
electricity generation, transportation, and heating.
 o Geothermal Energy:
Geothermal energy is derived from the heat within the Earth’s crust. It
involves extracting heat from hot water or steam reservoirs underground
to generate electricity or provide heating and cooling systems.
o Nuclear Energy:
Nuclear energy is obtained through the process of nuclear fission, where
the nucleus of an atom is split, releasing a significant amount of energy.

(D) What are the different layers of the atmosphere? On what basis these layers are
classified? In which layer “Auroras” are formed, and where do satellites orbit?

Question Breakdown

This question has mainly two parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to
describe the layers of the atmosphere in a brief manner. First, start your answer by
defining the atmosphere. When done, write down the names of layers along with their
explanation briefly. Also, draw a diagram to score maximum marks. When done, move
towards the next segment in which the examiner has asked you to mention the basis on
which the layers are classified. The answer cannot comprise more than a line, so be to
the point. Lastly, Explain the layer in which auroras are formed with appropriate
justification.

Answer:

What is Atmosphere?
The layers of gases around the earth are called Atmosphere. In other words, an
atmosphere contains the air that we breathe and is a blanket of gases that surrounds
Earth. Moreover, it is held near the surface of the planet by Earth’s gravitational
attraction.

Layers of Atmosphere
The atmosphere can be categorized in 6 layers

 Troposphere:
The bottom-most layer of the atmosphere where we live is the troposphere. It
extends upward to about 10km above the sea level, starting from the ground
level. It comprises 75% of all air in the atmosphere; its lowest part is known as
the boundary layer, while the topmost layer is called the tropopause.
 Stratosphere:
Above the troposphere lies the stratosphere. Its distance from the surface of the
earth is 12 -50 Km. The ozone layer lies in the stratosphere; the stratosphere is
the layer where aeroplanes fly.
  Mesosphere:
The layer of ions is Mesosphere. It extends to a height of about 85km from the
ground level.
 Thermosphere:
The topmost layer of strata of the atmosphere is the thermosphere. Its distance
from the earth’s surface is 80-320 Km. Satellites orbit Earth within the
thermosphere.
 Exosphere:
The pseudo or false atmosphere above 500 km is the exosphere. It is the final
frontier of the Earth’s gaseous envelope. The exosphere is 10,000 km from the
earth’s surface. However, there’s no clear-cut upper boundary where it finally
fades away into space.
 Ionosphere:
The ionosphere is an abundant layer of electrons and ionized atoms and
molecules that stretches from about 48 kilometres (30 miles) above the surface
to the edge of space at about 965 km (600 mi), overlapping into the mesosphere
and thermosphere. This region is what makes radio communications possible.

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

On what basis the layers are classified?
The layers of the atmosphere are classified on the basis of their temperature.

In which layer of atmosphere auroras are formed?

Auroras are formed in the thermosphere, the uppermost layer of the Earth’s
atmosphere. Within the thermosphere, auroras occur in the region known as the auroral
zone, typically between 100 and 400 kilometres (60 to 250 miles) above the Earth’s
surface and can vary depending on factors such as solar activity, geomagnetic
conditions, and the angle of incidence of the incoming particles.

Question No. 5

(A) What are antioxidants, and why are they used in foods? Write a short note on
natural and synthetic antioxidants.

Question Breakdown

The question contains three parts. In the first part, you are required to define
antioxidants, thus define comprehensively. Likewise, in the second part, explain the
reason why antioxidants are used in foods. Four to five reasons are enough, that too in
bullet form. The last part of the question can be dealt with in two ways. Either write
notes on both natural and synthetic antioxidants separately or draw a table to explain
them both, clearing the difference between them.
Answer

Definition of Antioxidants
Antioxidants are any of various chemical compounds added to a certain food to retard
autoxidation, the process by which these substances combine with oxygen in the air at
room temperature by inhibiting the reactions that generate free radicals, which are
highly reactive molecules that can cause damage to cells and contribute to the
deterioration of food.

Why are antioxidants used in foods?

 Antioxidants prevent food from rancidity and spoilage.

 Food keeps its taste and colour for a long time if antioxidants are used
 They help in slowing the process of deterioration when exposed to air.
 Antioxidants increase the productivity of the food.
 They may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases and offers additional
nutritional value to consumers.

Natural and Synthetic antioxidants

Natural Antioxidants Synthetic Antioxidants

Antioxidants that are obtained entirely from Substances created by chemical processes
natural sources like Soy and Sunflower

The expense depends on the source Inexpensive

and extraction process

Restricted Usage Widely applied

Wide range of anti-oxidant activity Relatively less range of anti-oxidant activity

High water solubility Low water solubility

Completely metabolized Stored some in adipose tissues

For Example For Example

– Tocopherols – Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
– Ascorbic Acid – Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
– Rosemary Extract – Propyl gallate (PG)
Table by Miss Iqra Ali

(B) How carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are digested in humans?

Question Breakdown:
The examiner demands from you the procedure of digestion of carbohydrates, proteins,
and fats in this question. However, before jumping to the process, explain the definition
of the digestive system, along with the structures involved, to give a better approach to
the process of digestion. Remember, drawing diagrams for the digestion of each can
help you ace maximum marks in your exam.

Answer

Definition of Digestion
The process of breaking large, insoluble food molecules into smaller ones to make them
utilizable for the human body is called Digestion.

Structure of the Digestive System of Humans

The digestive system of man consists of

 The oral or buccal cavity

 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum)
 Large intestine (ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, caecum
and rectum).
 Glands at various regions, especially salivary glands, liver and pancreas

The Process of the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in humans

The digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is different with respect to the
enzymes and processes involved. There are three sites of digestion in the digestive
system of man – the oral cavity, stomach and small intestine.

 Digestion of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are commonly consumed and are readily digested, and the
process mainly involves the breakdown of Polysaccharides and disaccharides-
complex sugars and starch- into simple monosaccharides- subunits of
carbohydrates- both mechanically and chemically. This process begins in the
mouth with the enzyme amylase and continues in the small intestine with the
enzymes sucrase, lactase, and maltase. The resulting simple sugars are then
absorbed into the bloodstream through the help of minute finger-shaped
projections known as Villi in the walls of the small intestine.

 Digestion of Proteins
The digestion of proteins reduces them to their constituent amino acids. A person
usually consumes about 15 to 20 per cent of their total calorie intake as protein.
The process takes place in the stomach, the mucosa of which possesses
numerous tubular gastric glands, which are composed of three kinds of cells:
mucous cells, secreting mucus, parietal or oxyntic cells, secreting hydrochloric
acid, and zymogen cells, secreting pepsinogen. The secretion of all these cells is
 collectively called gastric juice. The secretion of gastric juice is regulated by
smell, sight and quality of food, i.e., more proteins, more gastrin, and more
gastric juice for digestion. Pepsinogen is an inactive form that is activated by
pepsin when hydrochloric acid adjusts the pH of stomach contents for the pepsin
to act on proteins. Pepsin hydrolyzes protein to yield peptones and polypeptides.
The process continues in the small intestine with the enzymes trypsin and
chymotrypsin. Amino acids are tiny elements which get absorbed into the blood
system through the wall of the small intestine.

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

 Digestion of Lipids
Lipids are organic compounds constituting fatty acids that are insoluble in water,
making their digestion a complicated process. Thus, unlike carbohydrates and
proteins, whose digestion takes place through hydrolysis, the digestion of fats
takes place through a process called lipolysis. The process of lipid digestion
starts at the stomach where the hydrophobic fat molecules stick together as a
large glob of insoluble mass. Large molecules are broken down with the help of
 bile juice that contains bile salts. Then, the broken molecules are acted upon by
pancreatic lipase, the major fat-absorbing enzymes in the body, which further
breaks down fats into monoglycerides- the subunit of fatty acids, which are small
enough for the small intestine to push through into the bloodstream.

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

(C) How does Navstar GPS system work for different applications?

Question Breakdown

In this question, the examiner has asked you to briefly describe the working of the
Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) in different applications. So, start your answer
with its definition in your own words. When done, move towards the actual part, which is
about the working of GPS in general since GPS works almost on the same principle in
all applications. Explain it’s working alongside the segments which are responsible for
its working. Lastly, Write down the name of a few applications of Navstar GPS from
daily life to the macro level. You do not need to draw any diagram in this question.

Answer:

Definition of Navstar GPS

The Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) is a constellation of 24 satellites in 6
orbits that circle Earth every 12 hours that provides positioning, navigation signals, and
timing and synchronization to its users free of cost worldwide. The system is space-
based radio-navigation system developed, launched, and maintained by the United
States Air Force.

Working Navstar GPS system works for different applications

The Navstar GPS system consists of three major segments

 Space segment
The space segment is made up of the Navstar constellation in orbit around Earth.

 Control segment
The control segment consists of one Master Control Station at a U.S. Air Force
base and four additional uncrewed monitoring stations positioned around the
world—two in the Pacific Ocean, one in the Indian Ocean, and one in the Atlantic
Ocean.

 User segment:
The user segment consists of the millions of GPS receivers picking up and
decoding the satellite signals. Hundreds of different types of GPS receivers are
designed for installation in agriculture equipment, robotics, automobiles, ships,
aircraft, and orbiting satellites, whereas smaller models have been developed for
personal navigation.
Image by Miss Iqra Ali

Applications of Navstar GPS

 Telecommunications networks (synchronization of cellular base stations)

 Financial systems (transaction timestamps, high-frequency trading)
 Scientific research (synchronization of data acquisition systems)
 Time-based distance measurement
 Personal navigation devices (e.g., car GPS systems, handheld GPS devices)
 Marine navigation systems (e.g., ship navigation, chart plotting)
 Radio astronomy (very-long-baseline interferometry)
 Earthquake monitoring (measuring ground movement)

(D)
1) Differentiate between network and internet.
2) What is the difference among application, program, and software

Question Breakdown
The question is split into two parts. The first part simply demands the difference
between the internet and the network. Thus, to answer it, draw a table explaining the
difference, at least five, between the two. Similarly, in the second part, the examiner has
asked to explain the difference between three main terms: Application, Program, and
software. Thus, draw a table of differences as done in the first part of the question. If
you face difficulty in drawing a neat table with four or three rows, write the characters
separately under the individual headings. Remember, your creativity is what can help
you obtain maximum marks in GSA paper than limitless data.

Answer

1-)

Network vs Internet

Characteristics Internet Network

Definition Internet is a relationship of a few computers linking Network is a set of computing devices installed
them from all over the world. in a location and are generally physically
connected

Ambit Internet is global in scope, connecting devices and Local in scope, connecting devices within a
networks worldwide. specific area or organization.

Connectivity Provides connectivity between multiple networks, Enables devices within the same network to
allowing devices to communicate across different communicate and share resources.
networks.

Accessibility Publicly accessible, allowing anyone with an Access to a network is limited to authorized
internet connection to access online services and users within the network’s boundaries.
information.

Protocol Relies on the Internet Protocol (IP) for addressing Uses various protocols such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi,
and routing data packets across networks. and TCP/IP to facilitate communication within a
network.

Infrastructure Complex infrastructure with numerous hardware Network infrastructure requires fewer hardware
devices devices within a specific area.

Goal Facilitates global communication, information Primarily focuses on enabling communication

sharing, and access to online services, applications, and resource sharing within a specific group or
and resources. organization.
Table by Miss Iqra Ali

2-)

Application vs program vs software

 Difference Application
Purpose Designed to perform specific
tasks or provide specific
functionality to end-users.
User Typically includes a user-
Interface friendly interface to facilitate
user interactions and tasks.
Usage Intended for end-users to
perform specific activities or
accomplish particular goals.
Examples – Word processors
– Web browsers
– Social media apps
– Photo editing software
– Games
Table by Miss Iqra Ali
SECTION-II
Question no. 6
Program
Written to execute a set of
instructions and accomplish a
specific computing task.
It may or may not have a
graphical user interface (GUI) as
its primary means of interaction.
Utilized by developers or end-
users to carry out specific
computing tasks or operations.
– Text editors
– Compilers
-Video players
– Database
– Management systems
– Encryption algorithms
Software
A broader term encompassing the
programs and other operating
information used by a computer
It can include applications with GU
command-line programs, and other
non-user-facing elements.
Encompasses all types of software
used for various purposes, includin
applications and OS.
– Operating Systems
– Antivirus software
– Programming languages
– Utilities
– Data storage systems
(A) A telephone company charges initially Rs. 0.50 and then Rs. 0.11 for every minute.
Write an expression that gives the cost of a call that lasts N minutes.

Answer:

Given Data:
Initial Cost = Rs. 0.50 (Fixed)
Per Minute Cost = Rs. 0.11 (Varied)

To find:
An expression for N minutes = ?

Solution:
In order to find an expression which gives N minutes call

Let the expression is equal to X

X= ?

Initially, the price for every call = Rs. 0.50

╦ Rs. 0.50 is a constant and does not change in any circumstance

2nd Condition
Rs. 0.11 for each minute

So, the Equation becomes for N minutes

X = 0.50 + 0.11 N

So the cost of call for N minute = 0.50 + 0.11N where 0.50 is constant and 0.11N for N
minutes

(B) Find the missing number in the series below

a) 1, 8, 4, 27, 9, ?
b) 3, 6, 8, 16, 18, ?
c) 2, 8, 512, ?
d) 81, 9, 64, 8, ? , 12
e) 6, 11, 21, 36, 56, ?

Solution:

 1, 8, 4, 27, 9, ?
First No. = 1
Second number = 2 = (2)3
Third number = 4 = (2)2
Fourth number = 27 = (3)3
Fifth number = 9 = (3)2
Sixth number = 64 = (4)3

So, the next number is 64 as there is 1 incement after alternate numbers

 3, 6, 8, 16, 18, ?

Looking at the sequence

First number = 3
Second number = 6 = 3 x 2
Third number = 8 = 4 x 2
Fourth Number = 16 = 8 x 2
Fifth number = 18 = 9 x 2
So,
Sixth number = 36 = 18 x 2

 2, 8, 512, ?

First number = 2
Second number = 8 = (2)3
Third number = 512 = (8)3
So,
Fourth Number = 134,217,728 = (8)3

 81, 9, 64, 8, ? , 12

First number = 81
Second number = 9 = √81
Third number = 64
Fourth Number = 8 = √64
Thus,
Fifth number = 144
When
Sixth number = 12 = √144

 6, 11, 21, 36, 56, ?

First number = 6
Second number = 11 = 6 + 5
Third number = 21 = 11 + 10
Fourth Number = 36 = 21 + 15
Fifth number = 56 = 36 + 20
So,
Sixth number = 81 = 56 + 25

(C) The perimeter of the rectangle given below is 114 cm. Find the area of the
rectangle.

Answer:

Given Data:
Perimeter = 114 cm
Area = ?

Solution:

As we know, opposite sides of a triangle are equal

Equating Parallel sides

3x-y = 2x + y

X = 2y ——-> (i)

According to the formula

Perimeter = Sum of all sides

114 = (3x-y) + (2x+y) + (2x-3) + (2x-3)
114 = 9x – 6

Putting the value of “x” from (i)

114 = 9(2y)-6
114 = 18y-6
120 = 18y
y = 18/120
y = 6.667

Now putting the value of “y” in (i)

X = 2(6.667)
X = 13.334 cm

Now, putting the value of “x” and “y” in the figure

  Putting in (1)

3x-y = 3 (13.334) – 6.667

=33.3322 cm

 Putting in (2)

2x+y = 2 (13.334) + 6.667

= 33.332 cm

 Putting in (3)

2x-3 = 2(13.334) – 6.667

= 23.668 cm

 Putting in (4)

2x-3 = 2(13.334) – 6.667

= 23.668 cm

Thus,
Width = 33.332 cm
Length = 23.668 cm
So,
Area = Length x Width
Area = 33.332 x 23.668
= 788.90 cm2

(D) Ahmed stands at point D, 2m in front of a spotlight at point A. He is 1.6m tall and is
facing the wall of a building which is 10.5m away from him. How tall (BC) is his shadow
on the wall of the building.

Answer:

Ahmed Stands at Point D

To Find:
BC= ?

Solution:
According to the given condition, Ahmed is standing at D with a height of 1.6m
Shadow on wall = BC
According to the Triangular Theorem, two triangles, ABC and ADE, are similar triangles.
So, their corresponding sides have an equal ratio
AD/AB = DE/BC ——> (i)

By putting the values

AD = 2m
AB = 2+10.5 = 12.5m
DE = 1.6m
BC = ?

Putting the values in (i)

2/12.5 = 1.6/BC

Solving
BC = 1.6 x 12.5/2
BC = 10m

Hence, the shadow on the wall is 10m

Question No. 7

(A) Ali is standing 10m away from a tree. The distance of his eyes from his feet is 1.5
meters. Given that the distance from his eyes to the top of the tree is 15 metres. Find
the height of the tree.

Solution:
To find:
Height of the tree = ?

Solution:
According to the given condition,

 Condition 1
Ali is 10m away from the tree

 Condition 2
Distance from eye to feet = 1.5m
Print

 Condition 3
Eyes from the top of tree distance = 15m
Height of Tree = ?
Triangle ABC =

Using Pythagorean Theorem

As we know,
Height of tree = Height of Ali from eye to feet + Altitude
= 1.5 + 11.18
= 12.68m

(B) Find out the correct word from the jumbled spelling given below.
LNUGEF, CKANS, CIREFE, EERAANMOGTP, MNIKPPU
Solution:

 LNUGEF = ENGULF
 CKANS = SNACKS
 CIREFE= FIERCE
 EERAANMOGTP = POMEGRANATE
 MNIKPPU = PUMPKIN

(C) Draw and write the total number of lines of symmetry in a regular hexagon and
octagon. How many lines of symmetry are there in a circle?

Solution:

Definition of Line of Symmetry:

The line that divides an object into equal parts- i.e., passes through the center of the
object.

Number of Lines of Symmetry in a Regular Hexagon:

A regular hexagon has six equal sides. Therefore, it has six lines of symmetry.

Number of Lines of Symmetry in a Regular Octagon:

A regular hexagon has eight equal sides. Therefore, it has eight lines of symmetry.
Number of Lines of Symmetry in a Circle:
Since there are an infinite number of lines through the centre, the circle has an infinite
number of lines of symmetry.

(D) The height of Egyptian pyramid is146.6 meters and a base length is 230.6 meters.
Find the volume of that pyramid.
Answer:

Given Data:
Height of Pyramid = 146.6m
Base of Pyramid = 230.6m

To Find:
The volume of the Pyramid = ?

Solution:
Volume of the pyramid= 1/3 (A)(h)
Therefore,
Area of Triangular Pyramid = ½ (b) (h)
As base and height are given

So,
Area of the Pyramid = ½ (146.6) (230.6)
= 16902.9 m2

Now for the Volume

The volume of the Pyramid = 1/3 (A) (h)

= 1/3 (16902.9)(230.6)
= 1299275.72 m 3

Question No. 8

A. Ali buys an oven for Rs. 36800 and sells it at a gain of 8.5%. For how much does
he sell it?

Answer:

Given Data:
Original Price of the oven = 36800 Rs
Profit Percentage = 8.5 %

To Find:
Selling Price = ?

Solution:
According to the formula
By putting the value

Hence, the selling price of oven is Rs. 39928.

(B) A car is drawn at random from a box containing 12 cards numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ….,
12. Find the probability of drawing (i) “8” , (ii) an even number, (iii) a perfect square, (iv)
a negative number, and (v) a number less than 13.

Answer:

Sample Space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ……., 12}

Solution:
  “8”

N (A) = Number of times 8 can be drawn = 1

N (S) = 12
P (A) = 1/12

 An even number

Even Number = N (B) = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}

N (B) = 6
P (B) = N (B)/ N (S)
= 6/12
= 1/2

 Perfect Square

The product when an integer multiply by itself is a perfect square

For example, 2×2 = 4
3×3 = 9
C= {4, 9}
N (C) = 2
P (C) = N (C)/N(S)
= 2/12
= 1/6

I. Negative Integer

D = There is no negative integer in the following sample space

N (D) = 0

P (D) = N (D)/ N (S)

= 0/12

=0
  Number Less than 13

E = All numbers are less than 13

N (E) = 12

P (E) = N (E)/ N (S)

= 12/12

=1

(C) The scintillation nuclear radiation detector detects the alpha rays per second. When
the energy of the alpha rays (Ea) in MeV increases, the number of counts (Nc) on the
detector also increases linearly as shown in the table below

Ea (Mev) 0.25 0.45 0.65 1 1.4

Nc 17500 23500 29500 40000 52000

Draw the graph of Nc as a function of Ea (MeV) and find the energy of the unknown
alpha ray if the number of counts are 31600.

Answer:

X- axis = 1 box or 1cm on scale = 0.25 MeV

Y- axis = 1 box or 1cm on scale = 10,000
To find the value of energy at 31600, use the method of interpolation

Formula:

Y2 = The next value of Ne

Y1 = The Previous value of Ne
X2 = The next value of Ea
X1 = The previous value of Ea
Y = Given (Ne)
X= To Find

Putting the Values

The Value of Ea at 31600 count = 0.72

(D) The y is directly proportional to x2 and y = m for a particular value of x. Find an

expression for y in terms of m, when the value of x is doubled.

Answer:

According to the given condition

K = Constant

According to the second condition

Now Writing Equation 1

Now Third condition

So,

Putting the value of K from (ii)

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