g§X^©gyMr

A.Z§. nwZmd
ñVH$mMo / g§Ho$V ñWimMo boIH$ àH$meZ df©
mpscworld.in/
nationalization-of- (g§emoYZ
1 - 2022
banks mpsc - mpsc nmoQ>©b)
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mr. Wkaspectia. in / (g§emoYZ
2 - 2022
edu nmoQ>©b)
S>m°. ^aV amdV nãbrHo$eZ 21 {S>g|~a
3 B§{S>¶Z BH$m°Zm°‘r
PwZPwZdmbm 2005 2009
d¥ÎmnÌ-cmoH$gÎmm Am{U 2021-
4 ‘hmamï´> Q>mB©åg - -
2022
 AZwH«$‘{UH$m
A.H«$. {df¶mMo (KQ>H$mMo) Zmd n¥ð> H«$‘m§H$ ñdmjar
1) àH$aU 1 àñVm{dH$ Am{U g§emoYZ nÜXVr
1.1 g§emoYZ {df¶ 1
1.2 àñVmdZm 2
1.3 g§emoYZmMr d¡{eï²>¶o 3
i) gaH$mar joÌ d ImOJr joÌ g§~§Y 3
ii) gaH$mar joÌ‘mnZ nÜXVr 6
iii) gaH$mar joÌmMm {dñVma 7
iv) {ZîH$f© 10
2) àH$aU : 2
2.1 g§emoYZmMr ì¶már ¶m ì¶mnH$Vm 12
i) àñVmdZm 12
ii) ì¶már
A) ~±H$m§Mo à~brH$aU d ~±H$mMo AW©ì¶dñWoÀ¶m {dH$mgmV 12
^w{‘H$m ¶m~Ôb S>m.° {dZm¶H$ JmohrbH$a ¶m§Mo {dMma.
~) gaH$ma Ûmam {dbrZrH$aU H$emgmR>r. 13
H$) Ho$db {dbrZrH$aUmZo gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m§V gwYmaUm hmoB©b? 15
2.2 g§emoYZmMr J¥hrVHo$ 16
i) amï´>r¶H$aU åhUOo H$m¶ 17
ii) ^maVr¶ ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r¶H$aU d ˶m§Mm B{Vhmg 17
iii) EHw$U amï´>r¶H$aU / {dbrZrH$aU Pmboë¶m ~±H$m 21
2.3 g§emoYZ {df¶mMo {dûcofU 23
i) amï´>r¶H¥$V ~±H$m d ‘mb‘Îmm§Mo ImOJrH$aU H$aʶmMm 23
gaH$maMm hoVw d hmoUmao n[aUm‘
3) àH$aU : 3
g§emoYZ {df¶mMm {ZîH$f© 32
3.1 àñVmdZm 32
3.2 g§emoYZmVyZ {ZîH$f©
i)gaH$maÀ¶m {ZJwªVdUwH$ d ImOJr YmoaUmZo hOmamo 32
H$‘©Mmè¶m§da ~oH$marMr Hw$èhmS>.
ii) {ZJwªVdUwH$sH$aU åhUOo H$m¶? 33
iii) gaH$maMo ImOJrH$aU YmoaU d ˶mMo n[aUm‘ 34
3.3 Cnm¶ 40
4) àH$aU : 4
g§emoYZ g§X^© gyMr 44
4.1 g§emoYZ nÕVr 44
4.2 g§emoYZ gmYUo 44
amï´>r¶H¥$V ~±Ho$Mo ImOJrH$aU
H$aUo ¶mo½¶ H$s A¶mo½¶?

1
 1.1 àñVmdZm

gaH$mar joÌ Am{U ImOJr joÌ ghg~§Y g_OwZ KoV gaH$ma Ûmam gaH$mar _mb_Îmm§Mo ImOJrH$aU
H$aV Amho Oo Am{W©H$ Ñï²>`m d Xoe {hVmgmR>r {H$VnV `mo½` Amho ho `m àH$ënmVyZ g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm
à`ËZ AgyZ ImOJrH$aU ho gaH$mar _mb_Îmm {hñgm {dH«$sH$ê$Z Ë`mVrb gaH$mar A{YH$ma ho
nwU©V: ImOJr _mbH$sÀ`m ñdmXrZ H$ê$Z {Xë`m_wio gaH$mar {VOmoarV Ë`mMm \$m`Xm hmoV Agbm
Var ^{dî`mV Vo {hVmMo ZgwZ gaH$mar H$_©Mmar dJ© nwU©V… ImOJr ^m§S>dbXmam§À`m A{YnË`mImbr
OmD$Z H$_©Mmar dJm©Vrb ZmoH$aXmam§Zm Ë`mMo ZwH$gmZ ^{dî`mV gmogmdo bmJob `mMr e§H$m {Z_m©U
hmoVo. gaH$ma Ûmao {_iUmar AZwXmZo d H$_©Mmar gwajm d B©Va gwdrYm H$_©Mmar dJm©g {_iobM
`mMr H$_r h_r AgVo. ImOJr H$aUm_wio H$m_Jma dJm©Mr hmoUmar {nidUwH$ gwYm `mV ^mJ Amho.
gaH$ma Ûmam gaH$mar _mb_Îmm§Mo ImOJr H$aUm§_Ü`o gaH$maMo ^anwa H$mhr Mm§Jbo CÔoe Agbo Var
Iwn gmè`m C{Udm nU AgwZ Ë`m_wio ImOJrH$aU H$aZo `mo½`M Amho Ago åhUVm `oUma Zmhr.

1.2 g§eoYZmMr d¡{eð>o

`m àH$ënmÛmao AmnU amï´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m§Mo {dbrZrH$aU d gaH$maÛmam ImOJrH$aZ H$aÊ`mMo
Oo {Z`moOZ Amho `mda AmnU Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. 1969 gmbr lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§À`m
gaH$maÛmao Xoe {hVmMm {dMma H$ê$Z ImOJr ~±H$m§Mo gaH$ma_Ü`o {dbrZrH$aU H$ê$Z KoVbo hmoVo.
AmO Ë`mM ~±H$m§Mr g§»`m H$_r H$ê$Z {dbrZrH$aU d ImOJrH$aU H$aÊ`mMo CÔrð> _moXr gaH$ma
Ûmam {Z`moOrV Amho. `mM {df`mMm AmYma KoD$Z àñVwV àH$ënmV amï´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m§Mo d gaH$mar
_mb_Îmm§Mo ImOJrH$aU gaH$maÛmao H$aZo `mo½` H$s Am`mo½` `mMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. `mV
AmnU nw{T>b _wÚm§Mm gImob Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
1) gaH$mar joÌ d ImOJr joÌ g~§Y
2) gaH$mar joÌ_mnZ nÕVr.
3) gaH$mar joÌmMm {dñVma
4) {ZîH$f©

2
 1) gaH$mar joÌ d ImOJr joÌ g§~§Y :-
XoemVrb gmYZ-gm_J«rMm {dH$mg Am{U Ë`m§Mm gXþn`moJ H$aÊ`mMo Ü`o` VgoM gmd©O{ZH$ {hV d
J{Verb Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVr gmYÊ`mH$[aVm Á`m joÌmVrb CÚmoJY§Xo gaH$maÀ`m _mbH$sMo AgVmV, Vo
gaH$mar joÌ hmo`. Á`m joÌmV Ho$di ImOJr _moR>çm CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm àdoe AgVmo, VgoM H$_mb Z\$m
{_i{dUo, hmM à_wI CÔoe R>odbm OmVmo, Vo ImOJr joÌ hmo`. EHy$U Am¡X`mo{JH$ CËnmXZmbm JVr
XoÊ`mgmR>r dmhVyH$ d XiUdiUmMr gmYZo, ~±qH$J, bmoI§S> d nmobmX, drO, H$moigm, {g_|Q>, I{ZO
Vob `m§gma»`m _yb^yV _hÎdmÀ`m CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ë`m§Mo CËnmXZ emgZmbm
Amnë`m AIË`marV ¿`mdo bmJVo. VmËH$m{bH$ Zâ`mMm {dMma ~mOybm R>odyZ, gmd©{ÌH$ Am{W©H$
{dH$mgmMr JaO OmUyZ, VgoM XrK©H$mbrZ Zâ`mMm {dMma bjmV KoD$Z gaH$ma `m joÌmV CVaVo;
hoM gaH$mar joÌ hmo`. XoemVrb gmYZg§nÎmrMo gw`mo½` Cn`moOZ, _moR>çm d bhmZ CX`moJY§X`m§Mm
g_Vmob {dH$mg Am{U {d{dY CÚmoJm§Mo gå`H$ àmXo{eH$ {d^mOZ, ho gaH$mar joÌmMo Ü`o` AgVo.
gaH$mar joÌm_Ü`o ZdZdrZ CÚmoJY§Xo ñWmnÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gaH$ma CMbVo. CXm., g§ajU gm{hË`,
`§ÌmdOmao, A°ë`w{_{Z`_, à{VO¡{dH$ nXmW©, IVo `m§Mo CËnmXZ BË`mXr ImOJr joÌm_Ü`o darb
CÚmoJm§ì`{V[aº$ BVa CÚmoJ d nydu Mmby Agbobo CÚmoJhr nwT>o Mmby R>odÊ`mg gaH$ma _w^m XoVo
gaH$mar _mbH$sÀ`m AWdm gaH$maÀ`m Vmã`mVrb O{_Zr, añVo, gmd©O{ZH$ B_maVr, bmoH$mon`moJr
godmCÚmoJ VgoM BVa CÚmoJì`dgm` `m§Zm gaH$mar _mbH$sÀ`m Ago g§~mo{Ybo OmVo. EImÚm XoemVrb
O{_Zr d gmYZg§nÎmr hr AIoarg Ë`m XoemVrb bmoH$m§À`m _mbH$sMr AgVo, åhUOoM Vr gaH$maÀ`m
_mbH$sMr AgVo. hm {gÕm§V nydunmgyZ MmbV Ambm Amho. Ë`mdê$ZM amÁ`mVrb gd© O{_Ztda
amÁ`mMr nyU© gÎmm AgVo, hm {gÕm§V åhUOoM gaH$maMm Amnë`m amÁ`mVrb dm gr_m§VJ©V ^mJmVrb
O{_Zr d B_maVr `m§da nyU© Vm~m d _mbH$s Agy eH$Vo, hm `Wm Cn{gÕm§VW© R>aVmo. nyduÀ`m
H$mimV gaH$maMr AZoH$ CÚmoJì`dgm`m§da _mbH$s Ago d Vo ì`dgm` dm CÚmoJ gaH$ma MmbdrV
Ago. CXm., nmUr, H$a_UyH$ H|$Ðo ({MÌnQ>J¥ho, ZmQ>çJ¥ho), ñZmZJ¥ho BË`mXr. A_o[aHo$À`m g§`wº$
g§ñWmZm_Ü`o gaH$mar AmñWmnZm§Ûmam gmd©O{ZH$ emimnÕVr, gmd©O{ZH$ _hm_mJ© d nyb, YaUo
(^yg§nmXZmW© d drO CËnmXZmW©), drO {dVaUì`dñWmnZ VgoM {dH«$s Am{U AemM OZ{hVmÀ`m
CÚmoJm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ nma nmS>bo OmVo.
Q>oZogr Imoao àm{YH$aU ho gmd©O{ZH$ _mbH$sMo EH$ Z_wZoXma CXmhaU Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ Cn`wº$Vm
CÚmoJm§Mo gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV Ho$dT>o _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho, ho {d{dY ZJanm{bH$m§ìXmao nmÊ`mMo

3
{Z`moOZ, JQ>mam§Mr ì`dñWm, drO {dVaU, dmhVyH$ ì`dñWm, J°g {dVaU BË`mXtda _mbH$s d
Ë`m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ Ho$bo OmVo, Ë`mdê$Z {XgyZ `oVo. `yamonr` Xoem§_Ü`o gaH$mar _mbH$s A_o[aHo$-nojm
A{YH$ à_mUmV {dñV¥V d A{YH$ H$mi àM{bV Agë`mZo {VMm àgma aoëdoMo Omio, Xÿag§Mma godm,
Z^modmUr d Xÿa{MÌdmUr, H$moigmImU CÚmoJ d AÝ` e{º$gmYZo Am{U ~±qH$J CÚmoJ `oWn`ªV
nmohmoMbm Amho. Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmoÎma H$mimnmgyZ AZoH$ n{ü_r amï´>m§Zr AZoH$ ì`dgm` g§KQ>Zm d
CÚmoJm§Mo gaH$mar {ZJ_m§À`m ñdê$nmV ì`dñWmnZ Ho$bo Amho. gmopìhEQ> a{e`m d AÝ` gmå`dmXr
Xoe `m_Ü`o gaH$mar _mbH$s _moR>çm à_mUmda ApñVËdmV Amho. `m Xoem§_Yrb gd© O{_Zr VgoM
gd©Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZgm_J«r, bmoH$mon`moJr godmCX`moJ, ~±qH$J, dmhVyH$ d ~hþVoH$ gd© CÚmoJY§Xo
gaH$mar _hm_§S>im_m\©$V Mmb{dÊ`mV `oVmV.
AZoH$ {dH$gZerb Xoem§À`m AW©ì`dñWm§_Ü`ohr _moR>çm à_mUmda gaH$mar _mbH$s, {deofV…
_hÎdnyU© CÚmoJY§Xo d gmYZgm_J«r `m§da XmI{dbr OmVo Am{U Ë`m§Mo n[aMmbZ d ì`dñWmnZ
Ho$bo OmVo. bmoH$mon`moJr godmCÚmoJ, ì`dgm` VgoM eoVr `m joÌm§_Yrb ImOJr CÚmoJm§H$Sy>Z
Mmb{dÊ`mV `oUmè`m {d{dY ì`dgm`m§da XmI{dbr OmUmar gmd©O{ZH$ _mbH$s d gaH$mar {Z`§ÌU
`m§_Ü`o \$aH$ Amho. A_o[aHo$V {d{dY àH$maMr H$O}, WoQ> {dÎmà~§Y Am{U {ZJ_r` H$m`© `m§À`mda
{d{dY H$m`XoH$mZy H$arV Agbobo {Z`_Z d {Z`§ÌU `m§_Ü`ohr _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT> Pmbr Amho.
`yamonr` Xoem§V gaH$mar joÌmVrb godm-CÚmoJm§Zr Aem àH$maÀ`m godm nwa{dUo, hr Oar nÕV
Agbr, Var A_o[aHo$V ImOJr joÌmVrb CÚmoJm§Zr (H§$nÝ`m§Zr) Aem àH$maÀ`m godm H$mhr H$S>H$
d¡{YH$ (H$m`Xoera) {Z`_ nmiyZ nwa{dÊ`mg nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. H$mhr Xoem§_Ü`o aoëdo,
H$moigmImU CÚmoJ, bmoI§S> d nmobmX, ~±qH$J, {d_m `m§gma»`m CÚmoJm§Mo VmpÎdH$ H$maUm§H$[aVm
amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. g§ajUgm{hË` CËnmXZ (eómóo, Xmê$Jmoim B.), {d_mZ{Z{_©Vr
øm§gmaIo CÚmoJ g§ajUmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ gaH$mar joÌm_Ü`o A§V^y©V H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
gmå`dmXr Xoem§V CËnmXZmMo ~hþVoH$ gd© àH$ma ì`mnma d dm{UÁ` VgoM {dÎm ì`dhmam§VJ©V CÚmoJ
`m§Mm g_mdoe gaH$mar joÌmV H$aÊ`mV Ambm AgyZ, ñdmV§Í`àmá AZoH$ ZdrZ VgoM AY©{dH${gV
XoemV gaH$mar joÌmMo A{YH$ àm~ë` OmUdVo.
`yamon_Ü`o gm§àVMm T>mMm åhUOo gaH$mar joÌr` CÚmoJ Am{U ImOJr _moR>o {ZJ_ `mMo gh-
ApñVËd Agbobm {_l àH$ma hmo`. {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m n{hë`m H$mhr dfmªV J«oQ> {~«Q>Z_Ü`o nmoñQ>
Am°{\$g, bmoH$mon`moJr godm-CÚmoJ, eóg§^ma {Z{_©Vr-CÚmoJ, b§S>Z ~§Xa ho gd© gaH$mar joÌmV

4
hmoVo. `m§_Ü`oM AmUIr bmoH$dmhVyH$ gmYZm§Mr Am{U CÚmoJm§Mr ^a nS>br; `m_wio gaH$mar joÌmMo _
hÎd d H$m`© AmUIr dmT>bo. 1946-50 À`m _Oya njmÀ`m gaH$maÀ`m H$m`©H$mimV _moR>çm à_mUmV
amï´>r`rH$aUmMm H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m_Ü`o H$moigmImU CÚmoJ, bmoI§S> d nmobmX CÚmoJ,
dm`wÚmoJ, aoëdoCÚmoJ Am{U Xÿag§Mmar añVm-dmhVyH$ CÚmoJ `m CÚmoJm§Mm A§V^m©d hmoVm.
_mJ[aQ> W°Ma (1979-90) `m hþOya njmÀ`m n§VàYmZm§À`m H$m`©H$mimV AZoH$ gaH$mar
CÚmoJm§Mo ImOJrH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `wÕmoÎma \«|$M amÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`m H$mimV AemM àH$maMm {dñV¥V
amï´>r`rH$aUmMm H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoÊ`mV Ambm; Ë`m§_Ü`o ~±H$m, {d_m H§$nÝ`m, {dÎm H§$nÝ`m VgoM
_moR>_moR>o {Z{_©Vr-CÚmoJ `m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m§n¡H$s ~è`mM CÚmoJm§Mo
ImOJrH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. A_o[aHo$V gaH$mar joÌmV Aën à_mUmV gaH$mar CÚmoJ H$m`©aV
{XgVmV. Ë`m§_Ü`oM Q>oZogr ìh°br Am°Wm°[aQ>r (1933) `m gw{d»`mV àH$ënmMm g_mdoe hmoVm. 1970
_Ü`o A_o[aH$s nmoñQ>ImVo Vmon`ªVMr A_o[aH$Z g§Kr` amÁ`mMr H$m`©H$mar ì`dñWm emgH$s` _mbH$sMr
{ZJ_`§ÌUm ~Zbr.
gaH$mar CÚmoJ ho ì`m»`oZwgma OZ{hVmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Mmb{dbo OmUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `mVyZM
AZoH$ g§KQ>ZmË_H$ d dm{UpÁ`H$ g_ñ`m CØdVmV. amOH$s` {Z`§ÌU d ì`dñWmnH$s` ñdm`ÎmVm
(ñdmV§Í`) `m Xmohm|_Ü`o _oi H$gm ~gdmdm, hr n{hbr g_ñ`m hmo` gaH$mar joÌmV H$m°nm}aoeZ
àUmbr hr J«oQ> {~«Q>Z_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmda AmT>iyZ `oV AgyZ VerM Vr OJmVrb BVa AZoH$
Xoem§_Ü`o Adb§{~br Jobr Amho d OmV Amho. hr àUmbr {~«{Q>e g§gXoZo EH$m {deof H$m`ÚmÝd`o
g§_V Ho$bobr AgyZ Ë`m H$m`Úm_wio {VMo A{YH$ma, ì`dñWmnH$s` g§aMZm VgoM AÝ` emgH$s` g§ñWm
d g§KQ>Zm `m§À`m~amo~aMo g§~§Y R>a{dbo OmVmV. H$m°nm}aoeZ Agë`m_wio {Vbm d¡Y ApñVËd AgVo;
{VÀ`m Am{W©H$ d ^m§S>dbr JaOm øm gaH$mar {VOmoarVyZ ^mJ{dë`m OmVmV. na§Vw {VÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ
I{M©H$ ~m~r, øm {VÀ`m {ZË`mÀ`m ì`mnmar KS>m_moS>tVyZ ^mJ{dÊ`mV `oVmV. {VMm godH$dJ© hm
emgH$s` loUrVyZ Ambobm ZgVmo Am{U {VMm d[að> ì`dñWmnH$s` dJ© hm _§Í`mÀ`m AIË`marVyZ
{Z`wº$ H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. OJmVrb H$mhr Xoem§_Ü`o àM{bV AgUmam Xþgam EH$ àH$ma åhUOo amÁ`{Z{_©V
H§$nZr. hr g§`wº$ ^m§S>dbr H§$nZr AgyZ {VMo ^mJ amÁ`emgZmÀ`m nyU©V`m dm Am§{eH$ _mbH$sMo
AgVmV. gaH$mar CÚmoJm§Mm AmUIr EH$ àH$ma åhUOo gaH$mar ImVr - CXm., nmoñQ> d Q>o{bJm\$,
aoëdo BË`mXr.

5
 2 gaH$mar joÌ_mnZ nÕVr :-
AW©ì`dñWoVrb gaH$mar joÌm§Mm AmH$ma _moOÊ`mÀ`m {d{dY nÕVr ApñVËdmV AmhoV. Ë`mVrb
Mma _hÎdmÀ`m nÕVr nwT>rbà_mUo :
(1) gaH$ma CËnm{XV H$arV Agboë`m dñVy Am{U godm `m§Mm EHy$U CËnÞmVrb dmQ>m,
(2) `m dñVy§Mo d godm§Mo CËnmXZ H$arV AgVmZm gaH$ma Ë`mgmR>r dmnarV Agbobm EHy$U
l_eº$sMm dmQ>m.
(3) EHy$U dñVy d godm `m§À`m CËnmXZmVrb gaH$maZo {dH$V KoVbobm (IaoXr Ho$bobm) dmQ>m
Am{U
(4) gaH$mar AW©g§H$ënmVyZ ~mhoa nS>Umao EHy$U CËnÞmVrb gaH$maMo à_mU.
^m§S>dbemhr d gmå`dmXr AW©ì`dñWm `m§À`m_Yrb \$aH$ dm ^oX hm gaH$maÀ`m EHy$U CËnmXZmVrb
dmQ>çmdê$Z g_OyZ `oD$ eH$Vmo. ^m§S>dbemhr Xoem§V hm {hñgm dm dmQ>m `m§Mo à_mU \$maM H$_r
AgVo; H$maU ~hþVoH$ CËnmXZ ho ImOJr CÚmoJm§H$Sy>Z Ho$bo OmVo. `mCbQ> gmå`dmXr Xoem§V bhmZ
à_mUmdarb eoVr gmoS>ë`mg ~mH$sMo gmao CËnmXZ ho gaH$mar joÌmVyZ Ho$bo OmVo. AWm©V nmoñQ>godm
CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mg ImOJr joÌmV gaH$maM O~m~Xma AgVo. bmoH$mon`moJr godm-CÚmoJ ho gmYmaUV…
AY©gaH$mar ({Z_gaH$mar) g§KQ>Zm§H$Sy>Z Mmb{dÊ`mV `oVmV. VWm{n ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWm§_Ü`o
EHy$U CËnmXZmVrb gaH$mar dmQ>m hm 15 Vo 30 Q>¸o$ EdT>mM AgVmo. gaH$ma H$arV Agboë`m
IaoXrMo à_mU hoM H$m` Vo ImOJr CÚmoJ-àYmZ AW©ì`dñWm§_Yrb gaH$maÀ`m dmQ>çmMo à{Vq~~
g_Obo nm{hOo. gaH$maMr IaoXr AZoH$ àH$maMr Agy eH$Vo. gaH$ma Oo H$m_ H$ê$ BpÀN>Vo Ë`mgmR>r
Vo _mUgm§Zm {Z`wº$ H$aVo Am{U H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmYZo d gm{hË` ImOJr CÚmoJm§H$Sy>Z {dH$V
KoVo. {H$Ë`oH$ ~m§YH$m_ àH$ënm§gmR>r Vo ImOJr CËnmXZ g§ñWm§er H$ama H$aVo. _hÎdmMm _wÔm hm
H$s, gaH$maMr CËnmXZ IaoXr hr ImOJr _mJUrnojm gaH$mar _mJUrVyZ A{YH$Va g§^dVo gd© dñVy
d godm `m§À`m {dnUZmVrb dmQ>m qH$dm ñWyb amï´>r` CËnmXZ (OrS>rnr) Oo gaH$ma IaoXr H$aVo,
`mMo à_mU ImOJr CÚmoJàYmZ AW©ì`dñWm§_Ü`o (CXm, \«$m§Ýg) 15 Q>¸²$`m§nmgyZ 34 Q>¸²$`m§n`ªV
(CXm., ñdrS>Z) OmD$ eH$Vo. A_o[aH$m, H°ZS>m d J«oQ> {~«Q>Z `m amï´>m§_Ü`o ho à_mU 20 Q>¸²$`m§hÿZ
`mdê$Z A{YH$ Amho. `mdê$Z AmnUmbm Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm `oVmo H$s, gm§àVÀ`m ^m§S>dbàYmZ
AW©ì`dñWm§_Ü`o gaH$mar IaoXr hr ñWyb amï´>r` CËnmXZmÀ`m EH$n§M_m§e Vo EH$V¥Vr`m§e (åhUOo
20 Q>¸o$ Vo 30 Q>¸o$) Agy eH$Vo.

6
 gaH$mar IMm©_Ü`o {d{dY àH$maÀ`m dñVy§Mr IaoXr EdT>rM ZgyZ bm^ hñVm§V[aV XoÊ`m§gmaIr
(Q´>°mÝñ\$a no_|Q²g) gm_m{OH$ gwajm \$m`Xo d ~oH$mar \$m`Xo `m§Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo. hr XoUr åhUOo
IaoXr ZgyZ EH$m g_wXm`mH$Sy>Z Xþgè`m g_wXm`mH$So> Ho$bobo CËnÞmMo hñVm§VaU hmo`. gaH$mar Am{W©H$
KS>m_moS>tÀ`m {H«$`m§À`m à^mdmMr nyU©nUo XIb KoÊ`mgmR>r EHy$U gaH$mar IMm©Mo ñWi amï´>r`
CËnmXZmer Agbobo JwUmoÎma bjmV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ho JwUmoÎma à_mU gm§àVÀ`m ^m§S>dbemhr
amï´>m§_Ü`o 30 Q>¸o$ Vo 50 Q>¸o$ Ago Amho. A_o[aHo$V Vo 35 Q>¸o$ Va ñdrS>Z_Ü`o 50 Q>¸o$ Amho. gmYmaUV:
~hþVoH$ emgH$s` IM© hm H$aê$nm§VM Jmoim Ho$bm OmVmo. ñWyb amï´>r` CËnmXZmer H$am§Mo JwUmoÎma
à_mU ho gaH$mar IM© d R>moH$i amï´>r` CËnÞ (OrS>rnr) `m§À`m gaH$mar JwUmoÎmamgmaIoM Agy eH$Vo.

3) gaH$mar joÌmMm {dñVma

{dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m dmQ>MmbrV EHy$U gaH$mar IM© (IaoXr d hñVm§V[aV XoUr) d ñWyb amï´>r`
CËnmXZ `mMo JwUmoÎma à_mU àM§S> dmT>bo Amho. CXm., A_o[aHo$V 1900 _Ü`o gaH$mar IM© ñWyb
amï´>r` CËnmXZmÀ`m 8% EdT>m hmoVm, Va 1929 _Ü`o Vmo 11% Pmbm. 1930-40 `m XeH$mV Vmo
18% Zr dmT>bm. Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmV Vmo `mhrnojm daÀ`m nmVirda OmD$Z nmohmoMbm hmoVm. 1950
_Ü`o _mÌ ho à_mU 23% BVHo$ Imbr Ambo, na§Vw 1980 À`m gw_mamg Vo nwÝhm 36% da MT>bo.
J«oQ> {~«Q>Z_Ü`o {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV gaH$mar IM© OrEÝnrÀ`m 15 Q>¸o$, 1950
À`m gw_mamg 35 Q>¸o$ d 1980 À`m gw_mamg Vmo 45 Q>¸o$ BVH$m Pmbm. BVa ^mS>dbàYmZ amï´>m§Zmhr
gaH$mar IMm©V AemM àH$maÀ`m dmT>rMm AZw^d `oV Jobm.
A_o[aHo$V øm dmT>rMo Ñí` ñdê$n bîH$ar IMm©V Pmboë`m àM§S> dmT>r_Ü`o à{Vq~{~V Pmbobo
{XgyZ `oVo; VWm{n {~JabîH$ar IMm©Vhr-gaH$mar IaoXr VgoM hñVm§V[aV XoUr VerM dmT> Pmbobr
AmT>iVo.
gaH$mar ì`dhmam§_Ü`o Pmbobr _moR>r dmT> nwT>rb H$maUm§_wio eŠ` hmoV Jobr. `wÕo, erV`wÜXo Am{U
bîH$ar V§ÌàUmbr `m§_Ü`o Pmbobo~Xb, øm Jmoï>r bîH$ar IMm©V dmT> hmoÊ`mbm H$maUr^yV R>aë`m.
H$ë`mU-H$maramÁ` hr g§H$ënZm OZ_mZgm§V A{YH$m{YH$ ê$OV Joë`m_wio {ejU, J¥h{Z_m©U VgoM
hñVm§V[aV XoÊ`m§_Yrb d¥Õr `m gdm©Ýd`o CËnÞmMo \o$admQ>n hmoD$ eH$bo. ZmJarH$aUmÀ`m g_ñ`o_wio
dmhVwH$sÀ`m JaOm§_Ü`o dmT> hmoV Jobr Am{U hr JaO Ho$di gaH$maM ^mJdy eH$Vo, Aer n[apñWVr
{Z_m©U Pmbr.

7
 AmVm AW©ì`dñWoVrb gaH$mar joÌmMm {dñVma AgmM nwT>o dmT>V amhrb H$m? VgoM Vmo dmT>V
amhUo {H$VnV Bï> Amho. ho _hÎdmMo H|$Ðr` àý C^o R>mH$bo AmhoV. JVH$mbrZ àd¥Îmrdê$Z gaH$mar
joÌmMm ^mdr AmH$ma {ZYm©[aV H$aUo eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr. Vmo g_mOmÀ`m ^mdr _mJÊ`m§da A{Y{ð>V
Agob. Ë`m _mJÊ`m nwT>rb KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ amhVrb : amOH$s` KQ>Zm, Am{W©H$ YmoaU, CËnÞmMo
\o$admQ>n, àXÿfU {Z`§ÌU, dmhVwH$, e{º$gmYZm§Mm dmna, bmoH$g§»`oMr dmT> d e¡j{UH$ YmoaU d
ì`dñWm. Ë`mM~amo~a ^m§S>dbàYmZ AW©ì`dñWm§_Ü`o gaH$mar joÌmÀ`m dmT>rda _`m©Xm KmbUo, ho
Jw§VdUyH$ d H$m_H$mO `m§Zm ImOJr joÌmZo OmoamZo MmbZm XoUo `mdahr Adb§~yZ amhÿ eHo$b. OgOgo
A{YH$ à_mUmV CËnÞ gaH$maÀ`m _m\©$V JhU Ho$bo OmB©b, J«mhH$m§Zm bú` Z H$aVm OgOgo
A{YH$ à_mUmV godZm_Ü`o dmT> hmoV OmB©b, VodT>çm à_mUmV ImOJr Jw§VdUwH$sbm dmd {_iy
eH$Uma Zmhr. EH§$XarV nmhVm, Adm©MrZ ^m§S>dbàYmZ AW©ì`dñWm hr {VÀ`mVrb gaH$mar joÌ
d ImOJr joÌ, `m Xmohm|À`m ApñVËdm_wio {_l AW©ì`dñWm ~Zy eHo$b, Aer bjUo {XgyZ `oVmV.
XrK©H$mbrZ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm {dMma H$aVm, gaH$mar joÌmVrb CÚmoJm§Zr ñdV…Mo qH$_V{df`H$
YmoaU R>admdo, Agm g§H$ën Agbm, Var Ago qH$_V YmoaU {ZYm©[aV H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zm amOH$s`
X~mdm§Mmhr {dMma H$aUo An[ahm`© hmoD$Z ~gVo. `mCbQ>, gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nmhVm, gaH$mar
CÚmoJm§Zm CËnmXmZm§Mm nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo; AWdm Ë`m§À`m ñnY©H$ H§$nÝ`m§Zm Z {_iUmao g§ajU
Ë`m§Zm {Xbo OmVo. `m_wiohr gaH$mar CÚmoJm§da AH$m`©j_VoMm {e¸$m ~gy eH$Vmo d H$R>rU ì`mnmar
n[apñWVr_Ü`o emgH$s` {VOmoarda Ë`m§Mm ^ma hH$ZmhH$ nS>Vmo, VWm{n gaH$mar CÚmoJm§Mr H$m`©j_
Vm {ZYm©[aV H$aUo (_moOUo), hr {Z{üVM gmonr ~m~ Zmhr. EImÚm gaH$mar CÚmoJmZo H$moigm dm
nmobmX `m§nmgyZ EImXr dñVw CËnm{XV Ho$br, Va {VMo CËnmXZ BVa CÚmoJm§À`m ({deofV: ImOJr
joÌmVrb) VemM CËnmXZmer Vmobbo OmVo d Zâ`mMm {ZH$f (dm VmoQ>çmMmhr) bmdbm OmD$
eH$Vmo. EImX`m CÚmoJmMo _ºo$Xmar ñdê$nmMoM CËnmXZ Agob, Va AW©emók ì``-Z\$m hm {ZH$f
bmdy nmhVmV. {dH${gV amï´>m§_Ü`o AZoH$ gaH$mar CÚmoJm§da gm_m{OH$ d {dÎmr` O~m~Xmè`m§Mo
nmbZ H$aÊ`mMo ~§YZ Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambobo AgVo.
^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV gaH$mar joÌmV Jw§VdUwH$sMr bjUr` dmT> hmoV
Joë`mMo AmT>iyZ `oVo. 1951 _Ü`o gaH$mar joÌmVrb nmM CÚmoJm§_Ü`o 29 H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Mr Jw§VdUyH$
Pmbr hmoVr, Vr 31 _mM© 2004 amoOr 242 CÚmoJm§_Ü`o 3,49,994 H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Mr, Va 31
_mM© 2005 amoOr 237 CÚmoJm§V 3,57,849 H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Mr Pmbr. 2004-05 _Ü`o JVdfm©nojm

8
7,855 H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Zr gaH$mar joÌmV Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>br. bm^m§e ì`mO, H$m°nm}aoeZ H$a, OH$mV H$a
BË`mXtÀ`m ê$nmZo gaH$mar joÌmVrb CÚmoJm§Zr H|$Ð gaH$mabm 1,10,599 H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Mm _hgyb
{_idyZ {Xbm. 2004-05 _Yrb gaH$mar joÌmVrb CÚmoJm§Mm H$moigm CËnmXZmVrb 94%, {b¾mBQ>
CËnmXZmVrb 71.9%, noQ´>mo{b`_ CËnmXZmV gw. 80% EdT>m dmQ>m hmoVm. 1 _mM© 2005 amoOr
`m CÚmoJm§H$adr gw. 16.9 bj bmoH$m§Zm àË`j amoOJma CnbãY H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mM~amo~a `m
CÚmoJZJam§Mr XoI^mb, ì`dñWmnZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ IM© (^mSo>, drO, nmUr BË`mXtgmR>rMm IM©)
`m§H$[aVm gw. 3,098 H$moQ>r ê$. EdT>o IM© Ho$bo.
`m CÚmoJm§Zr 1991-92 Vo 2004-05 `m H$mimV bjUr` àJVr Ho$ë`mMo Imbrb AmH$So>dmarH$ê$Z
ñnï> hmoB©b.
df} CÚmoJm§Mr g§»`m CbmT>mb
1991-92 237 1,33,
1995-1996 239 2,26,
1999-2000 232 3,89,
2001-2002 231 4,47,
2003-2004 230 5,87,
2004-2005 227 7,
^maV gaH$maZo Owb¡ 1977 _Ü`o gaH$mar joÌmVrb ZD$ CÚmoJm§Zm ZdaËZ Aer CnmYr {Xbr.
`m CÚmoJm§Zm VwbZmË_H$ \$m`Xm Am{U d¡{œH$ _hmCÚmoJ Aer j_Vm bm^Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm hmoVr. ho
ZD$ CÚmoJ nwT>rbà_mUo : ^ob (^maV hodr BbopŠQ´>H$ëg), ~rnrgrEb (^maV noQ´>mo{b`_ H$m°nm}aoeZ
{b{_Q>oS>), Job (J°g Am°Wm°[aQ>r Am°\$ B§{S>`m {b{_Q>oS>), EMnrgrEb² (qhXþñWmZ noQ´>mo{b`_ H$m°nm}
aoeZ {b{_Q>oS>), Am`Amogr (B§{S>`Z Am°Bb H$m°nm}aoeZ {b{_Q>oS>), E_Q>rEÝEb² (_hmZJa Q>o{b\$moZ
{ZJ_ {b{_Q>oS>), EÝQ>rnrgr (Z°eZb W_©b nm°da H$m°nm}aoeZ), AmoEZOrgr (Am°Bb A±S> Z°Mab J°g
H${_eZ) Am{U gob (ñQ>rb Am°Wm°[aQ>r Am°\$ B§{S>`m {b{_Q>oS>) `m ZdaËZ CÚmoJm§Zm nwT>rb OmXm
A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV : dmT>rd ñdm`ÎmVm d ^m§S>dbr IMm©V dmT>, Vm§{ÌH$ g§`wº$ CnH«$_
/ ì`yhmË_H$ S>mdnoM AmIUr, g§KQ>ZmË_H$ nwZ~mªYUr, H$mhr nXo {Z_m©U H$aUo d H$mhr aÔ H$aUo,
A§VJ©V d Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>m§VyZ ^m§S>db C^maUr H$aUo; {dÎmr` g§`wº$ CnH«$_ C^maUo.
Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1977 _Ü`o gaH$maZo gaH$mar joÌmVrb AmUIr H$mhr {H$\$m`Vera CÚmoJm§Zm

9
(H§$nÝ`m§Zm) dmT>rd ñdm`ÎmVm VgoM {dÎmr` A{YH$ma XoD$ Ho$bo. `m H§$nÝ`m§Zm {_{ZaËZ Ago g§~mo{Ybo
OmD$ bmJbo. Ë`m§Mo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV : dJ©-1 d dJ©-2. `m§gmR>rMo {ZH$f Ago :

4) {ZH$f© :
(1) `m àH$maÀ`m CÚmoJm§Zr gVV VrZ df} Z\$m XmIdmd`mg hdm.
(2) H$O©\o$S> AWdm ì`mO naVmdm `m§_Ü`o I§S> Zgmdm.
(3) Aem CÚmoJm§Zm AW©g§H$ënr` AmYma dm gaH$maH$Sy>Z h_r {_iUma Zmhr Am{U
(4) g§MmbH$ _§S>i nwZK©Q>Z VgoM AemgH$s` g§MmbH$ Zo_Vm `oÊ`mMr VaVyX.
Á`m CÚmoJm§Zr VrZ dfm©n¡H$s {H$_mZ EH$m dfm©V ê$. 30 H$moQ>r dm A{YH$ H$anyd© Z\$m {_i{dbm
Agob, Ë`m§Zm dJ©-1 ~hmb Ho$bm OmVmo. BVam§Zm dJ©-2 àmá hmoVmo. Ago EHy$U 45 {_{ZaËZ CÚmoJ
AmhoV. `m CÚmoJm§Zm ZdaËZ CÚmoJm§à_mUoM A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
gaH$mar joÌmVrb CÚmoJmMr H$m`©j_Vm A{YH$ C§MdÊ`mH$[aVm VgoM Ë`m§Mo CÎmaXm{`Ëd Am{U
ñdm`VÎmm `m_Ü`o gw`mo½` g_Vmob gmYÊ`mH$[aVm ^maV gaH$maZo 1988 _Ü`o J«hUkmnZVÎd
({gÕm§V) (_o_moa°S>_ Am°\$ A§S>añQ>°qS>J) àg¥V Ho$bo. Ë`mZwgma `m CÚmoJm§Mr bú`o d Ë`m§À`m
Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©b`rZ _§Ìmb`m~amo~arb g§~§Y ÑT>_yb Pmbo. 1987-88 _Ü`o Ho$di Mma CÚmoJm§Mo
J«hUkmnZVÎd g§_V Pmbo; VoM 2005-06 _Ü`o 102 CÚmoJm§Mo, Va 2006-07 _Ü`o 108 CÚmoJm§Mo
J«hUkmnZVÎd gmÜ` Pmbo Vo VÎd g§_V H$aUmè`m CÚmoJm§Mr nmM {d^mJm§V O§Ìr H$aÊ`mV `oD$Z
Ë`m§Zm AZwH«$_o AË`wËH¥$ï>, \$ma Mm§Jbo, Mm§Jbo ~ao Am{U dmB©Q> Ago A{^àm` àmá Pmbo. 2004-05
_Yrb 99 CÚmoJm§n¡H$s 44 CÚmoJm§Zm AË`wËH¥$ï>, 33 CÚmoJm§Zm \$ma Mm§Jbo, AH$am§Zm Mm§Jbo, Xhm§Zm
~ao Va EH$m CÚmoJmbm dmB©Q> ({ZH¥$ï>) Agm A{^àm` {_imbm.
^maV gaH$maZo gaH$mar CÚmoJm§À`m ImOJrH$aUmMm {dMma 1991 À`m ZdrZ Am{W©H$
YmoaUmÀ`m KmofUoZ§Va Pmbm. gaH$mar CÚmoJm§À`m _`m©Xm ñnï> Pmë`m_wio Ë`mVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r
ImOJrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Ho$br Jobr. gmd©O{ZH$ d ImOJr joÌmbm g_mZ dmJUyH$ XoÊ`mMm
{ZU©` gaH$maZo KoVbm. 1996 gmbr 188 VmoQ>çmV AgUmè`m gaH$mar CÚmoJm§n¡H$s Ho$di 36
CÚmoJm§Zm Ë`m§Mo Ë`mgmR>rMm gaH$mar {ZYr ñWmnZ H$ê$Z nwZd©gZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
Va 24 CÚmoJm§Zm Ë`m§Mo nwZd©gZ H$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Ambr. gaH$mar CÚmoJm§Mr nwZa©MZm
H$aÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©V gaH$maMm A{Ve` _hÎdmMm {ZU©` åhUOo {ZJwªVdUyH$ ({S>gBÝìhoñQ>_|Q>) `m

10
YmoaUmZwgma gaH$ma Zâ`mV MmbUmè`m CÚmoJm§Mo ^mJ-^m§S>db ImOJr ì`º$s¨Zm - g§ñWm§Zm {dHy$
eHo$b, Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambobr AgyZ gaH$maMo ^mJ-^m§S>db 26% n`ªV Imbr AmUÊ`mg
nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.

1.4 g§emoYZmMo _hËd :-

gaH$mar _mb_Îmm ImOJr R>oHo$Xma d gmdH$mam§Zm {dHw$Z Ë`m darb gd© h¸$ ImOJr _mbH$sÀ`m
hmVmV XoD$Z gaH$maMr {hñgoXmar d O~m~Xmar g§n{dUo {H$VnV `mo½` Amho d ^{dî`mV Ë`mMo
n[aUm_ H$m` ^moJmdo bmJVrb, Am{W©H$ H$Om©À`m dmoÂ`mImbr Agboë`m gaH$maÛmao Ago {ZU©`
{H$VnV Xoe {hVmMo AmhoV ho _hËdmMo AgwZ, nw{T>b hmoUmè`m AS>MUr `m g§H$Q>mZm gm_moao OmÊ`mMr
V`mar R>odmdr bmJob. ho {ZU©` ^maVr` AW©emómÀ`m H«$m§VrgmR>r \$m`Xo _§X R>aVrbM Ago J¥hrV
R>adwZ MmbUma Zmhr. `mgmR>r `mMm gImob Aä`mg H$aUo _hËdmMo AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r amï´>r`H$aU
H$aÊ`m _mJMm gaH$maMm hoVw d AmVmÀ`m gaH$maÛmao ImOJrH$aU d {dbrZrH$aU H$aÊ`m _mJMm
hoVw `mMm Imobda Aä`mg AmnU `oWo H$aUma AmhmoV.

11
 àH$aU -2
g§emoYZmMr ì`már `m ì`mnH$Vm :-

2.1 àñVmdZm -
gaH$maÀ`m ImOJrH$aU d {dbrZrH$aU YmoaUmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Ë`mMr ì`már Aä`mgUo
IwnM JaOoMo AgyZ Ë`mVyZ AmnUmg ny{d©À`m gaH$maMo YmoaUo d AmÎmmÀ`m gaH$maMr YmoaUo `mMm
g§nyU© Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mMo XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmda hmoUmao n[aUm_ H$go AgVrb `mMm {ZîH$f©
H$mT>Vm `oB©b. `mgmR>r AmnU gaH$maÛmam amï´>r`H¥$V ~°H$mMo ImOJrH$aU d {dbrZrH$aU Oo
Mmby Amho Ë`m KS>m_moS>tMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV d Ë`mVwZ nw{T>b Am{W©H$ àJVr qH$dm Am{W©H$
{dH$mgmg `oUmè`m AT>Wù`m§~m~V g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. Ë`mgmR>r AmnU àW_ ^maVr`
AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmV ~±H$m§Mr ^y{_H$m `m gmoB©ñVa Aä`mg H$ê$.
A) ~±H$m§À`m à~brH$aU d ~±H$m§Mo AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmV ^w{_H$m `m ~Ôb S>m°. {dZm`H$
JmodrbH$a `m§Mo {dMma.
~) gaH$maÛmam {dbrZrH$aU YmoaU H$emgmR>r-
H$) Ho$db {dbrZrH$aUmZo gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m§V gwYmaUm hmoB©b ?

1) ~±H$m§À`m à~brH$aU d ~±H$m§Mo AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmV ^w{_H$m `m ~Ôb

S>m°. {dZm`H$ JmodrbH$a `m§Mo {dMma.
H$moUË`mhr AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmV ~±H$m§Mr ^y{_H$m earamVrb aº$dm{hÝ`m§BVH$s _hÎdmMr
AgVo. gÜ`m ^maVr` ~±H$m§_Ü`o AZO©H$ H$Om©Mm _moR>m àý Am dmgyZ C^m Amho. hm àý gmoS>dyZ
5 bmI H$moQ>tÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r geº$, H$m`©j_ Am{U OmJ{VH$ XOm© d
AmH$ma_mZ Agboë`m ~±H$m Amdí`H$ R>aVmV. AmH$ma_mZmZo bhmZ, Aeº$ Am{U Aj_ ~±H$m EH$
Va ~§X H$am`bm hì`mV qH$dm Ë`m§Mo {dbrZrH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm Zdr C^mar Úm`bm hdr.
30 Am°JñQ> 2019 amoOr ^maVmÀ`m ~±qH$J joÌmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMm Am{U Ano{jV {ZU©`
AW©_§Í`m§Zr Omhra Ho$bm Am{U Vmo åhUOo ~±H$m§Mo {dbrZrH$aU H$aÊ`mMm!
^maVmVrb ~±qH$J joÌmV 1969 gmbr 14 ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. 1980 gmbr
AmUIr 6 ~±H$m amï´>r`rH¥$V Pmë`m. ñQ>oQ> ~±Ho$À`m ghm Cn~±H$mhr gaH$mar _mbH$sÀ`m hmoË`m.

12
1991 _Ü`o ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmA§VJ©V amï´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m§Mo ^mJ^m§S>db ImgJr Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Zm
Iwbo H$aÊ`mV Ambo Am{U Ë`m ~±H$m amï´>r`rH¥$V Z amhVm gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ~±H$m Pmë`m. åhUOoM
gXa ~±H$m§Vrb gaH$mar ^mJYmaUm 100% dê$Z H$_r hmoD$Z 51% nojm A{YH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
1993_Ü`o n§Om~ Z°eZb ~±Ho$V Ý`y ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMo {dbrZrH$aU Ho$ë`mZo amï´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m§Mr
g§»`m 19 n`ªV Jobr. 2013_Ü`o ^maVr` _{hbm ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ~±H$mMr
g§»`m EH$Zo dmT>br. 2017_Ü`o gaH$maZo {dbrZrH$aUmMr gwédmV Ho$br. `mnydu ñQ>oQ> ~±Ho$À`m
Cn~±H$m§Mo ñQ>oQ> ~±Ho$V {dbrZrH$aU Pmbo. Z§Va {dO`m ~±H$, XoZm ~±H$ `m§Mo ~±H$ Am°\$ ~amoS>m_Ü`o
{dbrZrH$aU Pmbo hmoVo. AmVm gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb 10 ~±H$m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU H$ê$Z 4 ~±H$m H$m`©aV
amhUma AmhoV. n[aUm_V… 2017 _Ü`o Agboë`m gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb 27 ~±H$m§À`m OmJr `oWyZ nwT>o
\$º$ 12 ~±H$m AgVrb.

~) gaH$maÛmam {d{bZrH$aU YmoaU H$emgmR>r?

^maV gaH$maZo 2024 n`ªV 5 bmI H$moQ>r én`m§Mr AW©ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mMo bú` R>odbo Amho.
H$moUË`mhr AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmV ~±H$m§Mr ^y{_H$m earamVrb aº$dm{hÝ`m§BVH$s _hÎdmMr AgVo.
gÜ`m ^maVr` ~±H$m§_Ü`o AZO©H$ H$Om©Mm _moR>m àý Am dmgyZ C^m Amho. hm àý gmoS>dyZ 5 bmI
H$moQ>tÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r geº$, H$m`©j_ Am{U OmJ{VH$ XOm© d AmH$ma_mZ
Agboë`m ~±H$m Amdí`H$ R>aVmV. AmH$ma_mZmZo bhmZ, Aeº$ Am{U Aj_ ~±H$m EH$ Va ~§X
H$am`bm hì`mV qH$dm Ë`m§Mo {dbrZrH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm Zdr C^mar Úm`bm hdr. gaH$maZo Xþgam
_mJ© Adb§{~Ê`mMo R>a{dbo.
Joë`m AZoH$ dfmªV E_. Zaqgh_ g{_VrnmgyZ AZoH$ VÁk g{_Ë`m§Zr Aer {e\$mag Ho$br Amho
H$s - ^m§S>dbmMm n`m©á dmna, H$m_H$mOmVrb H$m`©j_Vm, ~±qH$J godm Xÿada nmohmoM{dÊ`mMr j_Vm
Am{U Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm `mgmR>r ^maVmV ~±H$m§Mr g§»`m H$_r Agm`bm hdr. `m_mJrb
VH©$ Agm H$s gaH$mar _mbH$sÀ`m ~±H$m§Zr _`m©{XV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmV R>odr Am{U H$O© dmQ>n `mgmR>r
AmnmngmV ñnYm© H$aV Amnbm IM© dmT>dyZ Z\$m H$_r H$ê$Z KoÊ`mV H$m` ehmUnU Amho? Ë`mnojm
_`m©{XV g§»`oÀ`m _moR>çm Am{U gj_ ~±H$m Agmì`mV. _oQ´>mo Am{U _moR>çm ehamV Va hm VH©$ AJXr
ghO nQy>Z OmVmo.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZ§Va ñnY}À`m `wJmV ~±H$m§Mr ^m§S>db n`m©áVm Am{U OmoIr_ j_Vm `m XmoZ

13
~m~t{df`r OJmVrb gd© XoemV Iyn gOJVm Ambr Amho. _Ü`dVu ~±H$m Ë`m{df`r Iyn AmJ«hr
AmhoV. {dbrZrH$aUmZo ~±H$m§À`m `m XmoZ Jmoï>rV gwYmaUm hmoUo Ano{jV Amho. ~±H$m§À`m bmo H$m°ñQ>
R>odtÀ`m à_mUmV dmT> hmoB©b. VgoM Ë`m§Mr H$O© XoÊ`mMr j_Vm dmT>ob. gÜ`m gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb
~±H$m EH$_oH$m§er ñnYm© H$aV AmhoV. Ë`mV Ë`m§Mm IM© dmT>Vmo. g_mZ ~±qH$J godm XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m
àË`oH$ ~±Ho$bm IM© H$amdm bmJVmo. CXm. EH$mM B_maVrV 2-4 ~±H$m§Mo EoQ>rEåg AmnU nmhVmo.
àË`oH$ ~±Ho$bm core banking services `m g§JUH$ àUmbrda gwédmVrMm Am{U gVVMm IM©
H$amdm bmJV Amho. Agm IM© _moR>çm à_mUmV H$_r H$aVm `oUo eŠ` hmoB©b. IM© H$_r Pmbm H$s
Ë`m§Mr Z\$m j_Vm dmT>ob. `m ~±H$m gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo n`©dojU gaH$maZo H$aUo
Ano{jV Amho. ~±H$m§Mr g§»`m H$_r Agob Va ho n`©dojU A{YH$ Mm§Jbo hmoD$ eHo$b. ~±H$m§H$So> _moR>çm
à_mUmV n¡gm CnbãY Pmbm Va H$O© XoÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr j_Vm dmT>ob. H$O© XoUo, H$Om©Mo ì`dñWmnZ
H$aUo `mgmR>r ñdV§Ì `§ÌUm {dH${gV H$aVm `oB©b, Ë`mV VÁkVm `oB©b Am{U AZO©H$ H$Om©Mo à_mU
H$_r hmoD$ eHo$b. Aem ~±H$m ImgJr Am{U {dXoer ~±H$m§er ñnYm© H$aÊ`mg gj_ hmoVrb.
H$O©nwadR>m dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Am{U AZO©H$ H$Om©gmR>r VaVyX H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m§Zm ^m§S>dbmMr
Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. ~±H$m§Mo ^mJYmaH$ Ago ^m§S>db nwa{dVmV. `m ~±H$m§Mo _w»` _mbH$ (_moR>m
^mJYmaH$) Amho gaH$ma! gaH$ma ~±H$m§Vrb Amnbr ^mJYmaUm H$_r H$ê$ BpÀN>V Zmhr. åhUyZ
1992nmgyZ gaH$ma gmVË`mZo gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ~±H$m§Zm ^m§S>dbmMm nwadR>m H$aV Ambo Amho.
gaH$maMm _hgyb H$_r AgVmZm Am{U nm`m^yV gw{dYm, {ejU, Amamo½` Aem _hÎdmÀ`m ~m~tda
IM© H$aUo Ano{jV AgVmZm Odinmg àË`oH$ dfu gaH$mabm _mÌ ~±H$m§À`m ^m§S>dbmgmR>r _moR>r
VaVyX H$amdr bmJV Ambr Amho. ~±H$m§À`m {dbrZrH$aUmZ§Va ~±H$m§Zm gaH$maZo gVV ^m§S>db
XoÊ`mMr JaO nS>Uma Zmhr, Aer Anojm gaH$ma H$ê$ eHo$b Am{U Aer ~MV Pmbobr a¸$_ AÝ`
~m~tda IM© H$ê$ eHo$b.
XoemVrb ~±H$mMr XoIaoI H$aUo, ~±H$m ZrQ> MmbVrb Am{U Ë`m ~wS>Uma ZmhrV `mMr H$miOr
KoUo ho [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo H$m_ Amho. XoemV ~±H$m§Mr g§»`m {OVH$s OmñV Agob, {VVHo$ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo ho
H$m_ AdKS> hmoV OmVo. EImXr ~±H$ AWdm ~±Ho$Va {dVr` g§ñWm ~wS>mbr, Va g§nyU© {dÎmì`dñWoda
Ë`mMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo Am{U AW© joÌmer g§~§{YV gdmªMmM AmË_{dœmg H$_r hmoVmo. ~±H$m§Mr g§»`m
_`m©{XV Agbr, Va ho gmao Wmon{dVm `oUo eŠ` hmoVo. {dbrZrH$aUmZo ~±H$m§Mr g§»`m H$_r hmoB©b.
WmoS>Š`mV, ~±H$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dUo, H$O© à{H«$`oV gwYmaUm H$aUo, H$Om©Mm XOm© dmT>{dUo,

14
H$m`©j_Vm dmT>{dUo, ì`dñWmnZ gwYmaUo, V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm C§MmdUo, ^m§S>dbmMm
n`m©á dmna H$aUo Am{U ~±H$m§Zm geº$ ~Z{dUo Ago ~±H$ {dbrZrH$aUmMo bm^ Ano{jV AmhoV.
OmJ{VH$ ~±H$m§À`m VmoS>rÀ`m Am{U VÁkVoÀ`m ~±H$m H$aÊ`mH$So>, VgoM ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm 5 bmI
H$moQ>r én`m§À`m AW©ì`dñWoH$So> ZoÊ`mMr hr dmQ>Mmb Amho, Ago åhUm`bm hdo.

H$) Ho$di {dbrZrH$aUmZo gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$mV gwYmaUm hmoB©b?

{dbrZrH$aUmZo H$mhr Aën H$mimgmR>r AmìhmZo {Z_m©U Pmbr AmhoV. ~±H$m§Mo H$_©Mmar, A{YH$mar
Am{U Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm `m§Mm {damoY hm _moR>m KQ>H$ Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a V§ÌkmZmMo g_m`moOZ hmhr
_wÔm Amho. {dbrZrH$aUmZ§Va ~±H$m§À`m emIm§Mo gwgyÌrH$aU H$aUo hm AË`§V H$irMm _wÔm R>aob.
{dbrZ hmoUmè`m ~±H$m§À`m H$m`©g§ñH¥$Vr {^Þ AmhoV. Ë`mMohr EH$ AmìhmZ g_moa Amho.
{dbrZrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`oV gm_mÝ`V… {dbrZ hmoUmè`m H§$nÝ`m Am{W©H$Ñï²>`m Aeº$ AgVmV Am{U
Á`m H§$nZrV Ë`m {dbrZ hmoVmV Vr H§$nZr Am{W©H$Ñï²>`m gj_ AgVo. na§Vw gÚ ~±H$ {dbrZrH$aUmV
Ver pñWVr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio {dbrZrH$aUmZ§Va ~±Ho$Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr {~KS>Uma Zmhr ømMr XjVm
¿`mdr bmJob. AÝ`Wm "Too Big to Fail" `m Cº$sZwgma _moR>çm ~±H$m ~wSy> XoUo gaH$mabm
nadS>Umao Zgob Am{U Ë`m§Zm dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r gaH$mabm gVV ^m§S>db nwadR>m H$amdm bmJob.
2008À`m A_o[aHo$Vrb Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>H$mimV VoWo 100 nojm OmñV ~±H$m ~wS>më`m hmoË`m, `mMr
AmR>dU Bemam åhUyZ `oVo.
{dbrZrH$aUmZ§Va ~±H$m§Zm ì`dñWmnZ gwYmamda bj Úmdo bmJob. gaH$mar hñVjon H$_r H$amdm
bmJob, A{YH$m{YH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ ì`dñWmnZ {Z_m©U H$amdo bmJob. IMm©bm H$mÌr bmdmdr bmJob.
Ho$di ~±Ho$Mo AmH$ma_mZ dmT>ë`mZo ~±H$m geº$ Am{U Z\$m H$_mdUmè`m hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV, `mMo ^mZ
R>odmdo bmJob. {H$_mZ H$mhr H$mi Var `m ~m~tH$So> OmñV bj Úmdo bmJob. ~±Ho$À`m ì`dgm`d¥ÜXrda
Ë`mMm {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoD$ Z XoUo Amdí`H$ amhrb.
XoemVrb AW© joÌ gj_ H$aÊ`mÀ`m AZoH$ Cnm`mVrb ~±H$ {dbrZrH$aU hm EH$ à^mdr Cnm`
R>amdm, gaH$maMm ~±H$m§À`m ì`dñWmnZmVrb hñVjon {H$_mZ ìhmdm Am{U ZmoH$a H$nmVrMo g§H$Q>
CØdUma Zmhr øm Anojm R>odyZ Ë`mMo ñdmJV H$ê$ `m.

15
 2.2 g§emoYZmMr J¥hrVHo$ :-
amï´>r`H$aU Pmboë`m H§$nÝ`m, ~±H$m d _mb_Îmm `mMo gaH$ma ImOJrH$aU H$ê$Z XoemMm Am{W©H$
{dH$mg H$aÊ`mÀ`m `moOZm AmIV AgVmZm Ë`mMo XþînarUm_ nU H$m` hmoD$ eH$VmV `mMm Aä`mg
hmoUo JaOoMo AgwZ, amï´>r`H$aU H$aVmZm gaH$maZo H$em [aVrZo Ho$bo hmoVo d amï´>r` {dH$mgmV
Ë`mMm H$m` \$m`Xm `m VmoQ>m Pmbm `mMo dJuH$aU hmoUo JaOoMo AgyZ AmnU `m {df`mda _mJrb
gaH$maÛmao gaH$mar ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`H$aU H$m d H$em [aVrZo KS>dyZ AmUbo d Ë`m _mJMm CÔoe H$m`
hmoVm `mMm gmoB©ñVa Aä`mg nwT>rb J¥hrVH$mZwgma H$ê$.
1) ~§H$mMo amï´>r`H$aU åhUOo H$m`.
2) ^maVr` ~±H$mMo amï´>r`H$aU d Ë`m§Mm B{Vhmg.
3) EHw$U amï´>r`H$aU / {dbrZrH$aU Pmboë`m ImOJr ~±H$m

16
 1) ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`H$aU åhUOo H$m` :-
EImÚm ~±Ho$Mr AWdm H$mhr ~±H$m§Mr _mbH$s Ooìhm gaH$ma ñdV…H$So> KoVo d Ë`m ~±Ho$Mo qH$dm
~±H$m§À`m ì`dñWmnZmMr O~m~Xmar gaH$maH$So> `oVo Ë`mg amï´>r`rH$aU åhUVmV.

2) ^maVr` ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`H$aU d Ë`m§Mm B{Vhmg :-

ImgJr ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mÀ`m _wX²Úmda n§VàYmZ lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr Am{U Cnn§VàYmZ
lr. _moamaOr XogmB© `m§Mr _Vo {^Þ Agbr Var amï´>r`rH$aUmMr C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r AW©VÁk
n¡nmU§XrH$a `m§À`m AhdmbmZwgma [aPìh© ~±Ho$g ~±H$m§darb {Z`§ÌUmË_H$ OmXm A{YH$ma XoV gmoeb
H§$Q´>mobÛmao hr C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMm _moamaOr XogmB© `m§À`m à`ËZm§Zm B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zrhr àW_
g§_Vr Xe©{dbr hmoVr. AW©VÁk n¡nmU§XrH$a `m§À`m gyMZoZwgma ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m Z°eZb
H«o${S>Q> H$m¡pÝgbH$So>M hr O~m~Xmar gmon{dÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Z°eZb H«o${S>Q> H$m¡pÝgbMr n{hbr
g^m _w§~B©V 16 _mM© 1969 amoOr nma nS>br; na§Vw `m g^og {Z_§{ÌVm§n¡H$s AZoH$ OU J¡ahOa
am{hbo. Ë`m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo OJÞmW nhm{S>`m, AW©ImË`mMo VËH$mbrZ amÁ`_§Ìr Ho$. gr. n§V,
{Z`moOZ _§S>imMo CnmÜ`j YZ§O`amd JmS>Jri `m à_wI ZoË`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. Zo_Ho$ Ë`mM doir
AÞYmÝ`_§Í`m§Zr XoemVrb AÞYmÝ`m§À`m {H$_Vrg§X^m©V gd© _w»`_§Í`m§Mr g^m {X„rV ~mobmdbr
hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zrhr àË`j hOa amhÊ`mg Ag_W©Vm Xe©drV Amnbo {Q>nU nmR>{dbo hmoVo.

17
EH§$XarVM _moamaOr XogmB© `m§Zr ~±H$m§À`m amï´>r`rH$aUmEodOr H«o${S>Q> H$m¡pÝgbÀ`m g^m§_YyZ ~±H$
amï´>r`rH$aUmMr gd© C{Ôï>o gmoeb H§$Q´>mobÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm gwM{dë`m
OmV hmoË`m. CXmhaUmW©, Xþgè`m g^o_Ü`o ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m EHy$U nmM Aä`mg JQ>m§n¡H$s ~±H$m§_Yrb
R>od g§H$bZmg§~§Yr Aä`mg JQ>mZo gwM{dë`mZwgma gd© ImgJr ~±H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m OmñVrV OmñV emIm
J«m_rU d {Z_ehar ^mJm§_Ü`o CKS>Ê`mMo d Ë`m _mÜ`_mVyZ `m ^mJmVrb JaOy§Zm Amdí`H$ Vmo
H$O©nwadR>m d ~±qH$J godm nwa{dÊ`mMo {ZX}e XoÊ`mg§~§Yr {ZU©`gwÕm KoVbm Jobm hmoVm.
na§Vw Z°eZb H«o${S>Q> H$m¡pÝgbÀ`m `m {Vgè`m g^oZ§Va Ho$di Mma _{hÝ`m§VM B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr 9
Owb¡ 1969 amoOr H$m±J«og d{Hª$J H${_Q>rbm nmR>{dboë`m nÌm_Ü`o XoemVrb H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m d _moR>çm
ImgJr ~±H$m§À`m amï´>r`rH$aUmMm àñVmd nmR>dyZ Ii~i CS>dyZ {Xbr. Jm§Yr `m§À`m `m àñVmdm_wio
gmoeb H§$Q´>mobÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ àË`j amï´>r`rH$aU Q>miV AgVmZmM Ë`mMr C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`m~m~V
_moamaOr XogmB© `m§Zr gwê$ R>odboë`m à`ËZm§Zm gwé§J bmJUma hmoVm. `m àñVmdm_wio ~±H$m§darb
gmoeb H§$Q´>mobMm à`ËZ ~maJiÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm hmoVr. B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr Amnbm àñVmd VËH$mbrZ
CÚmoJ_§Ìr \$H«w${ÔZ Abr Ah_X `m§À`m_m\©$V H$m±J«og d{Hª$J H${_Q>rH$So> nmR>{dbm hmoVm. dmñV{dH$
_moamaOr XogmB© `m§À`m gmoeb H§$Q´>mobÀ`m à`moJm§Zm B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr àË`j {damoY Ho$bobm Zgë`mZo
~±H$m§À`m amï´>r`rH$aUmÀ`m _wX²Úmda gmoeb H§$Q´>mobÀ`m _mJm©Zo VS>OmoS> Pmbobr Amho, AerM gdm©Mr
H$ënZm Pmbr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio 9 Owb¡Mm Jm§Yr `m§Mm ~±H$m§À`m amï´>r`rH$aUmMm àñVmd hm gdm©ZmM
Amü`m©Mm Y¸$m hmoVm. AnojoZwgma _moamaOr XogmB© `m§Zr `m àñVmdmg {damoY Ho$bm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo,
gmoeb H§$Q´>mobÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amï´>r`rH$aUmMr C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~±qH$J H$m`ÚmV Ho$boë`m
~Xbm§Zm Ho$di ghm _{hZoM CbQy>Z Jobobo AgVmZm Aem àH$mao ~±H$m§À`m amï´>r`rH$aUmMm {df`
MM}bm Ambm Va amï´>r`rH$aUmMm n`m©` AOyZ {Od§V Amho, Agm OZVoMm g_O hmoD$Z, XoemVrb
~±qH$J ì`dñWodaÀ`m OZVoÀ`m {dœmgmbm {Z{üVM VS>m OmB©b. Ë`m_wio `mnwT>o H$_rV H$_r XmoZ
df} Var ~±H$m§À`m amï´>r`rH$aUmMr MMm© Wm§~{dÊ`mÀ`m Ë`m§À`m _mJUrMm Ë`m§Zr nwZéƒma Ho$bm.
Ë`m§À`m ^y{_Ho$g njmVrb _dmi gXñ`m§Zr _m\$H$ à_mUmV nmqR>~mhr {Xbm; na§Vw njm_Ü`o VéU
VwH©$ åhUyZ AmH«$_H$ AgUmè`m _mohZ Ym[a`m§gma»`m VéU gXñ`m§Zr ~±H$m§À`m amï´>r`rH$aUmMm _wÔm
CMbyZ YaV Jm§Yr `m§À`m àñVmdmg nmqR>~m {Xbm.
Am°b B§{S>`m H$m±J«og H${_Q>rÀ`m 10 Owb¡ 1969 amoOr Pmboë`m {_qQ>J_Ü`o ~±H$m§À`m amï´>r`rH$aUmda
MMm© Pmbr; na§Vw `m _wX²Úmbm {damoY H$aUmè`m§Zr Á`m§Zm qg{S>Ho$Q> `m ZmdmZo g§~moYbo OmV hmoVo.

18
Ë`m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo Ho$. H$m_amO, _moamaOr XogmB©, {ZOqbJßnm, Zrb_ g§Ord aoÈ>r `m _moR>çm ZoË`m§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVm. `m ZoË`m§Zr _moamaOr XogmB© `m§À`m gm_m{OH$ YmoaUmg nmqR>~m XoV Am{W©H$ YmoaUm§Mm
nwañH$ma H$aUmè`m 10 H$b_r H$m`©H«$_mMm R>amd g§_V H$aV ~±H$m§À`m amï´>r`rH$aUmÀ`m _wX²Úmbm
~Jb XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm; na§Vw {damoYH$m§À`m S>mdnoMm§da _mV H$aV Jm§Yr `m§Zr gmoeb H§$Q´>mobÀ`m
àUmbrda AZoH$ àý CnpñWV H$aUmao {ZdoXZ d{Hª$J H${_Q>rbm nmR>{dbo. Ë`mda ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU
d gmoeb H§$Q´>mob `m Xmohm|Mm CÔoe d hoVy EH$M Agë`mMo _moamaOr XogmB© `m§Zr dma§dma ñnï> H$ê$Zhr
VËH$mbrZ J¥h_§Ìr `ed§Vamd MìhmU `m§Zr amï´>r`rH$aUm{edm` gmoeb H§$Q´>mob AeŠ` Agë`mMo
_VàXe©Z H$arV Jm§Yr `m§À`m àñVmdmbm OmoaXma nmqR>~m {Xbm. `m_wio 10 H$b_r Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMm
R>amd ~maJibm Jobm. `m Yw_üH«$sÀ`m nmœ©^y_rdaM amï´>nVr PmH$sa hþgoZ `m§À`m AH$mbr _¥Ë`y_wio
(3 _o 1969) [aH$må`m Pmboë`m OmJoda H$m±J«og {d{Y_§S>i njmZo 12 Owb¡ amoOr S>m°. Zrb_ g§Ord
aoÈ>r `m§Mr C_oXdma åhUyZ {Z`wº$s Ho$br. {d{Y_§S>i njmZo Ho$bobr hr {Z`wº$s Jm§Yr `m§Zm _mÝ`
ZìhVr. Ë`m§Zr {damoYr C_oXdma VËH$mbrZ Cnamï´>nVr ìhr. ìhr. {Jar `m§Zm nmqR>~m Omhra Ho$bm.
`mM doir Jm§Yr `m§Mo _w»` g{Md d {dœmgy g„mJma nr. EZ. hŠga `m§Zr Jm§Yr `m§Zm H$moUVm
Var YmS>gr {ZU©` KoÊ`mMr gyMZm Ho$br. OmUH$mam§À`m _Vo, amï´>n{VnXmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$s_wio XmoZ JQ>
nS>boë`m H$m±J«og njmda à^wËd {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Jm§Yr à`ËZerb hmoË`m. amï´>r`rH$aUmÀ`m {ZU©`mbm
OZVoH$Sy>Z _moR>çm à_mUmda nmqR>~m {_iob `mMr ImÌr g„mJma nr. EZ. hŠga `m§Zr Jm§Yr
`m§Zm {Xbr. Amnë`m {ZU©`mV AW©_§Ìmb`mMm AS>Wim ZH$mo åhUyZ Jm§Yr `m§Zr Am°b B§{S>`m H$m±J«og
d{Hª$J H${_Q>rMr ~¡R>H$ g§në`mZ§Va Ho$di VrZM {Xdgm§V _moamaOr XogmB© `m§À`mH$S>rb AW©ImVo
VS>H$m\$S>H$s H$mTy>Z Vo ñdV:H$So> KoVbo, _mÌ Cnn§VàYmZ nX Ë`m§À`mH$So> VgoM R>odbo; na§Vw _moamaOr
XogmB© 16 Owb¡ amoOr Ë`mhr nXmMm amOrZm_m {Xbm. Jm§Yr `m§Zr [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo JìhZ©a Eb. Ho$. Pm
`m§Zm {X„rbm ~±H$m§À`m amï´>r`rH$aUmda MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r 17 Owb¡ amoOr ~mobdyZ KoVbo. Eb. Ho$.
Pm `m§Zr gmoeb H§$Q´>mobÀ`m ~mOyZo V`ma Ho$bobm àñVmd KoD$Z {X„r JmR>br; na§Vw Jm§Yr `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm
Ë`m§Mo åhUUo _m§S>Ê`mMr g§Yr Z XoVmM, amï´>r`rH$aUmg§~§Yr V`ma hmoV Agboë`m {dYo`H$mMm _gwXm
V`ma H$aÊ`mV _XV H$aÊ`mMr gyMZm Ho$br. 18 Owb¡bm Jm§Yr `m§Zr Am{W©H$ YmoaUm§Mo g{Md Am`.
Or. nQ>ob `m§Zm amï´>r`rH$aUmÀ`m {ZU©`mMr H$ënZm XoV 72 Vmgm§Zr `m g§X^m©V amï´>mbm CÔoeyZ Ë`m§Zm
H$amì`m bmJUmè`m ^mfUmMm _gwXm V`ma H$aÊ`mMr gyMZm Ho$br. Ë`mdoir nQ>ob `m§Zm Ë`m§Zm XmoZ
_hÎdmÀ`m gyMZm Ho$ë`m. n{hbr gyMZm åhUOo naXoer ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU H$ê$ ZH$m d Xþgar åhUOo

19
gJù`m ImgJr ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mEodOr gw_mao 85 Q>¸o$ Vo 90 Q>¸o$ ì`dgm` Á`m _moR>çm
~±H$m§_YyZ Amho Aem _moOŠ`mM ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU H$amdo. Ë`mZwgma OyZ 1969 _Yrb eodQ>À`m
ewH«$dmar Á`m ~±H$m§À`m R>odr 50 H$moQ>r én`m§nojm OmñV AmhoV Aem 14 ImgJr ~±H$m§Mr `mXr V`ma
H$aÊ`mV Ambr Am{U e{Zdmar, 19 Owb¡ 1969 amoOr 14 ImgJr ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mÀ`m
dQ>hþH$_mda VËH$mbrZ Cnamï´>nVr d à^mar amï´>nVr, Oo amï´>n{VnXmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sgmR>r Jm§Yr
`m§Mo C_oXdma hmoVo, Aem ìhr. ìhr. {Jar `m§Zr ñdmjar Ho$br Am{U 14 ~±H$m§À`m amï´>r`rH$aUmMm
Eo{Vhm{gH$ {ZU©` ApñVËdmV Ambm.

20
 3) EHy$U amï´>r`H$aU / {dbrZrH$aU Pmboë`m ImOJr ~±H$m :-
1 Owb¡ 1955 amoOr B§{n[a`b ~±Ho$Mo amï´>r`rH$aU H$éZ ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMr (SBI)Mr
{Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
19 Owb¡ 1969 amoOr amï´>nVtÀ`m dQ>hþHw$_mÛmao 50 H$moQ>r é. nojm A{YH$ R>odr AgUmè`m 14
_moR>çm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ~±H$ ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm `m dQ>hþHy$_mbm Ý`m`mb`mV
AmìhmZ XodyZ Vmo KQ>Zm ~mø R>a{dbm. 14 \o$~«wdmar 1970 bm Zdm dQ>hþHy$_ H$mT>Ê`mV Ambm. 31
_mM© 1970 bm Ë`mMo H$m`ÚmV énm§Va H$aÊ`mV `odyZ nwd©bjr åhUOoM 19 Owb¡ 1969 nmgyZ bmJy
H$aÊ`mV Ambm. hr amï´>r`rH$aUmMr {e\$mag hOmar g{_VrZo Ho$br hmoVr.
amï´>r`rH$aU Pmboë`m 14 ~±H$m :-
1) ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m
2) `w{Z`Z ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m
3) ~±H$ Am°\$ ~S>moXm
4) ~±H$ Am°\$ _hmamï´>
5) n§Om~ Z°eZb ~±H$
6) B§{S>`Z ~±H$
7) B§{S>`Z Amoda{gO ~±H$
8) g|Q´>b ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m
9) H°Zam ~±H$
10) qg{S>Ho$Q> ~±H$
11) `wZm`Q>oS> H$_{e©Ab ~±H$
12) Abmhm~mX ~±H$
13) `wZm`Q>oS> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m
14) XoZm ~±H$
`m ~±H$m§À`m amï´>r`rH$aUmZ§Va EHy$U 87 H$moQ>r é. ZwH$gmZ ^anmB© XoÊ`mV Ambr. gdm©V OmñV
ZwH$gmZ ^anmB© g|Q´>b ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m (17.5 H$moQ>r) Va gdm©V H$_r ZwH$gmZ ^anmB© ~±H$ Am°\$
_hmamï´> d B§{S>`Z ~±H$ `m§Zm àË`oH$s 2.3 H$moQ>r én`o XoÊ`mV Ambo.

21
 amï´>r`rH$aUmMm Xþgam Q>ßnm :-
15 E{àb 1980 amoOr Á`m ~±H$m§À`m R>odr 200 H$moQ>r é. nojm A{YH$ hmoË`m Aem 6 ~±H$m§Mo
amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m ~±H$m nwT>rbà_mUo -
1) Am§Y« ~±H$
2) {dO`m ~±H$
3) H$m°nm}aoeZ ~±H$
4) Amo[aE§Q>b ~±H$ Am°\$ H$m°_g©
5) n§Om~ E°ÝS> qgY ~±H$
6) Ý`w ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m

EHw$U amï´>r`rH¥$V ~°H$m :-

SBI d {VÀ`m ghm Cn~¢H$ - 7
1996 bm amï´>r`rH$aU - 14
15 E{àb 1980 amoOr amï´>r`rH$aU - 6
EHy$U = 27

gZ 1980 _Ü`o amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m 6 ~±H$m§n¡H$s EH$ Agbobr Ý`w ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMo
1993 bm n§Om~ Z°eZb ~±Ho$V {dbrZrH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m_wio amï´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$mMr g§»`m 27
BVH$s Pmbr. 2005 _Ü`o IDBI ~±H$ {b_rQ>oS> hr gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb 28 dr ~±H$ R>abr hmoVr.
na§Vw ñQ>oQ> Am°\$ gm¡amï´>mMo ñQ>oQ> ~±Ho$_Ü`o {d{bZrH$aU Pmë`mZo amï´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m§Mr g§»`m nwÝhm 27
Pmbr.

22
 2.3 g§emoYZ {df`mMo {dûcofUm :-
amï´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m d _mb_ÎmmM| ImOJrH$aU H$aÊ`m _mJMm gaH$maMm hoVw d hmoUmao n[aUm_ :
AmnU _mJrb Aä`mgboë`m g§emoYZmZwgma gaH$ma ^maVr` AW©emómÀ`m Ñï>rZo _mJrb
gaH$mam§Zr ImOJr _mb_Îmm Á`m XoehrVmÀ`m d OZhrVmÀ`m hmoË`m Ë`m§Mo amï´>r`H$aU H$ê$Z XoemÀ`m
Am{W©H$ nm`m^aUrgmR>r Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm hmoVm. nU AmVmÀ`m gaH$maÛmao Oo ImOJr H$aZ d
{dbrZrH$aUmMo Oo à`moJ Ho$bo OmV AmhoV Ë`mdê$Z ^{dî`mV Ë`mMo ^maVr` Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg d
Jar~ d H$_©Mmar dJm©da Ë`mMo H$m` n[aUm_ hmoD$ eH$VmV `mMm Aä`mg H$aUo {VVHo$M JaOoMo
AgyZ AmnU Ë`mMm Aä`mg Mmby KS>m_moS>tÀ`m AmYmao H$ê$.
1) ~±H$mMo amï´>r`H$aU d AmVmÀ`m gaH$maMo {dMma.
2) ImOJrH$aUmMo _wio H$moUH$moUË`m g_ñ`m `oD$ eH$VmV.
3) gaH$magmR>r ~±H$m AmoP H$m dmQ>V AmhoV.
4) ImOJr ~±H$ {déÕ gaH$mar ~°H$ `m§À`mV VwbZm.
5) ImOJrH$aZm {déÕ H$_©Mmè`m§Mo g§n d Ë`mMo n[aUm_.
6) ImOJrH$aU d {dbrUr H$aZmÀ`m à{H«$`m.
7) {dbrZrH$aU H$aÊ`m_mJMr H$maUo.
8) {dbrZrH$aUm _wio CØdUmao n[aUm_.
9) {dbrZrH$aU åhUOo H$m`.
10) ImOJrH$aU Xoe {hVmMo Amho H$s Zmhr `mda ^maVr` AW©Vk S>m°. ^aV PyZPyZdmbm `m§Mo
{dMma.

1) ~±H$m§M§ amï´>r`rH$aU d AmVmÀ`m gaH$maMo amï´>r`H$aU Pmboë`m ~±H$m ~Ôb

{dMma :-
1969 gmbr B§{Xam Jm§Yr gaH$maZo 14 ~±H$m§M§ amï´>r`rH$aU Ho$b§ hmoV§. XoemVë`m gd©M ñVam§Mm
{dH$mg H$aÊ`mMr gm_m{OH$ O~m~Xmar {Z^mdV Zgë`mMm Am{U Ho$di _mbH$ Am{U YZmT>çm§À`m
hmVmVë`m H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m ~Zë`mMm Amamon `m ~±H$m§da hmoVm. `m {ZU©`mbmM ~±H$m§À`m
amï´>r`rH$aUmMr gwédmV _mZb§ OmV§.
_mÌ, Ë`mAmYr 1955 gmbr gaH$maZo ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMm H$ma^ma Amnë`m hmVr KoVbm

23
hmoVm. {edm`, 1980 gmbr _moamaOr XogmB© `m§À`m OZVm njmÀ`m gaH$maZo AmUIr 6 ~±H$m§M§
amï´>r`rH$aU Ho$b§ hmoV§. ~±H$ amï´>r`rH$aUmÀ`m 52 dfmªZ§Va {dÚ_mZ gaH$ma ho MH«$ AmVm CbQ>
{XeoZo {\$adÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV§`.
Ia§Va 1991 gmbr Pmboë`m Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Z§Va ì`mnma H$aU§ ho gaH$maM§ H$m_ Zmhr, Ag§
dma§dma åhQ>b§ Job§. H$mhr {Xdgm§nydu n§VàYmZ Za|Ð _moXr `m§Zrhr hmM _wÔm nwÝhm EH$Xm OmoaH$gnUo
_m§S>bm hmoVm.

2) ImOJrH$aUm_wio H$moUË`m g_ñ`m `oD$ eH$VmV?

gaH$ma gd©M joÌm§_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmda ImOJrH$aU åhUOoM gaH$mar H§$nÝ`m {dH$Ê`mMm
H$m`©H«$_ am~dUma Amho. BVH§$M Zmhr Va ñQ´>°Q>o{OH$ joÌmVë`m H§$nÝ`mhr gaH$maÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr
R>odÊ`mda Am_Mm ^a AgUma Zmhr, Ag§hr `m gaH$maZo åhQ>b§ Amho.
~±H$m§Mr EH$ _moR>r g_ñ`m Aer H$s gd©M njm§À`m gaH$mam§Zr _V§ {_idÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$mZwZ`r
KmofUm Ho$ë`m Am{U Ë`mMm ~moOm gaH$mar ~±H$m§À`m Im§Úmda Ambm. `mM§ gdm©V _moR>§ CXmhaU
åhUOo H$O©_m\$s Aem `moOZm§_wio gaH$mar ~±H$mMr n[apñWVr EdT>r {~KS>br H$s gaH$mabm Ë`mV
^m§S>db AmoVyZ Ë`m§Zm nwÝhm C^ H$amd§ bmJb§.
am{ï´>`rH$aUmZ§Va AZoH$ gwYmaUm Am{U gaH$maZo ^m§S>db Q>mHy$Zhr `m gaH$mar ~±H$m§À`m g_ñ`m
nyU©nUo H$YrM g§në`m Zmhr. BVH§$M Zmhr Va ImOJr ~±H$m Am{U naXoer ~±H$m§À`m VwbZoV {S>nm°{OQ>
(R>od) Am{U H«o$S>rQ> (O_m) `m XmoÝhr AmKmS>çm§da amï´>r` ~±H$m _mJo nS>V Agë`mM§ {MÌ Amho.
~wS>rV H$O© Á`mbm ñQ´>oñS> AgoQ> åhUVmV Ë`m~m~VrV gaH$mar ~±H$m Iyn nwT>o AmhoV.

3) gaH$magmR>r ~±H$m AmoP§ H$m dmQ>V AmhoV :-

Joë`m VrZ dfmªV gaH$maZo amï´>r` ~±H$m§Zm {XS> bmI H$moQ>r én`m§M§ ^m§S>db nwadb§ Amho. Va EH$
bmI H$moQ>r én`m§hÿZ A{YH$Mr a¸$_ [aH°{nQ>bm`PoeZ ~m±S>À`m énmV {Xbr Amho. `mnwT>o gaH$maMo
BamXo ñnï> AmhoV.
gaH$ma EH$m {XK© `moOZoda H$m_ H$aVo`. Á`mA§VJ©V Joë`m H$mhr dfmªV gaH$mar ~±H$m§Mr g§»`m
28 dê$Z 12 da Ambr Amho. `m Cd©[aV ~±H$m§M§hr bdH$amV bdH$a ImOJrH$aU H$aÊ`mMr
gaH$maMr BÀN>m Amho. H$mhr H$_Hw$dV ~±H$m§Mm geº$ ~±H$m§_Ü`o {db` H$am`Mm Am{U Cd©[aV ~±H$m

24
{dH$m`À`m, Agm hm \$m°å`w©bm Amho.
Ag§ Ho$ë`mZo gaH$mabm ~±H$m§Zm ~wS>Ê`mnmgyZ dmMdÊ`mgmR>r dma§dma Ë`mV ^m§S>db AmoVÊ`mMr
JaO CaUma Zmhr. hm {dMma n{hë`m§XmM g_moa Ambm Amho, AemVbm ^mJ Zmhr. Joë`m drg dfmªV
{df`mda AZoH$Xm MMm© Pmbr Amho. _mÌ, gÎmmYmar Am{U {damoYH$ `m§À`m dmXmV hm {df` H$YrM
VS>rg Jobm Zmhr.
~±H$m§M§ am{ï´>`rH$aU EH$ amOH$s` {ZU©` hmoVm Am{U åhUyZM Ë`m§À`m ImOJrH$aUmMm {ZU©`hr
amOH$maUmbmM H$amdm bmJob, Ag§ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo _mOr JìhZ©a dm`. ìhr. aoÈ>r `m§Zr åhQ>b§ hmoV§.
amOH$maUmZo hm {ZU©` KoVë`mM§ gÜ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrdê$Z ñnï> hmoV§.

4) ImOJr ~±H$ {déÕ gaH$mar ~±H$ `m§À`mV VwbZm :-

XoemV gaH$mar ~±H$m Am{U ImOJr ~±H$m `m§À`m àJVrMr VwbZm Ho$br Va Odinmg àË`oH$mM
AmKmS>rda ImOJr ~±H$m§Zr _mJo Q>mH$ë`mM§ {XgV§. Joë`m H$mhr dfmªV Am`grAm`grAm` ~±H$, `og
~±H$, EpŠgg ~±H$ Am{U bú_r {dbmg ~±H$ `mgma»`m ImOJr ~±H$m§_Ü`o Anhma Pmë`mMr àH$aU
CKS> Pmbr. Ë`m_wio ImOJr ~±H$m§_Ü`o CÎm_ H$m_ hmoV§, hm `w{º$dmX Xþ~im nS>Vmo.
{edm`, EImXr ~±H$ ~wS>Ê`mÀ`m C§~aR>çmda `oD$Z R>onVo Ë`mdoir gaH$mabmM nwT>o `oD$Z {Vbm
~wS>Ê`mnmgyZ dmMdmd§ bmJV§ Am{U Ë`mdoir hr O~m~Xmar Hw$R>ë`m Zm Hw$R>ë`m gaH$mar ~±Ho$À`mM
Im§Úmda `oD$Z nS>Vo, hoXoIrb Ia§ Amho. `mM H$maUmñVd ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va AmOn`ªV XoemVbr Hw$R>brhr
eoS>çwëS> H$_{e©Ab ~±H$ ~wS>mbobr Zmhr.

5) ImOJrH$aUm {déÕ H$_©Mmè`m§Mo g§n d Ë`mMo n[aUm_ :-

~±H$ `y{Z`ÝgZo ImOJrH$aUm{damoYmV {XK©H$mbrZ bT>çmMr `moOZm AmIbr Amho. ~wS>rV H$Om©À`m
dgwbrgmR>r H$R>moa H$m`Xoera H$madmB© H$aÊ`mEodOr Am`~rgrgmaIm H$m`Xm AmUU§, EH$m _moR>çm
H$Q>mMm ^mJ Agë`mMmhr Ë`m§Mm Amamon Amho. H$maU gaVoeodQ>r `mV gaH$mar ~±H$m§Zm Amnë`m
H$Om©da hoAaH$Q> KoU§ åhUOo _yi aH$_onojmhr H$_r a¸$_ ñdrH$mê$Z àH$aU {_Q>dU§, ^mJ AgV§.
`wZm`Q>oS> \$moa__Ü`o gm_rb Agboë`m gd© `y{Z`ÝgMo H$_©Mmar Am{U A{YH$mar gmo_dma Am{U
_§Jidmar g§nmda OmUma AmhoV. `mAmYr ewH«$dmar _hm{edamÌr, åhUOo gbJ nmM {Xdg ~±H$mM
H$m_H$mO ~§X amhrb. ImOJr ~±H$m gwê$ AgVrb. _mÌ, ImOJr ~±H$m§H$So> EHy$U ~±qH$J ì`dhmamMm

25
EH$ V¥{VAm§e H$ma^ma Amho. Cd©[aV XmoZ V¥{VAm§e H$ma^ma gaH$mar ~±H$m§_YyZ MmbVmo. Ë`m_wio `m
g§nmMm _moR>m n[aUm_ OmUdy eH$Vmo.
`mV n¡go O_m H$aUo Am{U H$mT>Uo, `mì`{V[aº$ MoH$ pŠbA[a¨J, ZdrZ ImVr CKS>Ê`mM§ H$m_,
S´>mâQ> V`ma H$aUo Am{U H$O© à{H«$`oÀ`m H$m_H$mOmda n[aUm_ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. _mÌ, EQ>rE_ gw{dYm
gwê$ amhrb. ñQ>oQ> ~±Ho$À`m emIm§_Ü`o H$m_ gwê$ R>odÊ`mÀ`m Cnm``moOZm Ho$ë`mM§ ~±Ho$Zo gm§{JVb§
Amho. Varhr H$mhr {R>H$mUr g§nmMm n[aUm_ OmUdy eH$Vmo.

6) ImOJrH$aU d {dbrZrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`m :-

{Z_©bm grVmam_Z `m§Zr gJù`mV AmYr n§Om~ Z°eZb ~±H$, Amo[aE§Q>b ~±H$ Am°\$ H$m°_g© Am{U
`wZm`Q>oS> ~±H$ `m§À`m {dbrZrH$aUmMr KmofUm Ho$br. AmVm gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mr g§»`m 12 da `oUma
Amho.

Xþgar gJù`m§V _moR>r ~±H$ :-

n§Om~ Z°eZb ~±H$, Amo[aE§Q>b ~±H$ Am°\$ H$m°_g© Am{U `wZm`Q>oS> ~±H$ `m 3 ~±H$m§M {dbrZrH$aU
hmoB©b. `m_wio 17.95 bmI H$moQ>r ì`dhmamg{hV hr XoemVrb gJù`mV _moR>r ~±H$ Agob
· _moXr gaH$ma H§$nÝ`m {dHy$Z 1 bmI H$moQ>r C^o H$aUma H$m?
· gUmgwXrÀ`m H$mimV gmoZ§ _hmJÊ`mMr hr AmhoV H$maU§...
· RBIÀ`m 1.76 bmI H$moQ>tZr _moXr gaH$ma AW©ì`dñWm éimda AmUUma H$m?

Mm¡Wr gJù`m§V _moR>r ~±H$ :-

H°Zam ~±H$ Am{U qg{S>Ho$Q> ~±Ho$M§ {dbrZrH$aU hmoB©b. 15.20 bmI H$moQ>r ì`dhmamg{hV hr
XoemVrb gJù`m§V _moR>r Mm¡Ï`m H«$_m§H$mMr ~±H$ Agob, Ag§ Ë`m§Zr nwT>o gm§{JVb§.

nmMdr gJù`m§V _moR>r ~±H$ :-

`wZm`Q>oS> ~±H$, Am§Y« ~±H$ Am{U H$m°nm}aoeZ ~±Ho$M {dbrZrH$aU hmoB©b, Ag§hr Ë`m§Zr åhQ>b§.
`m_wio emIm§À`m g§»`oV hr XoemVrb gJù`m§V _moR>r nmMì`m H«$_m§H$mMr ~±H$ Agob.

26
 gmVdr gJù`m§V _moR>r ~±H$ :-
B§{S>`Z ~±H$ Am{U Abmhm~mX ~±Ho$M§ {dbrZrH$aU hmoB©b. 8.08 bmI H$moQ>r ì`dhmamg{hV hr XoemVrb
gJù`mV _moR>r gmVì`m H«$_m§H$mMr ~±H$ Agob, Ë`m nwT>o åhUmë`m.

7) {dbrZrH$aU H$aÊ`mMr H$maU§ H$m`?

{dbrZrH$aUmÀ`m H$maUm{df`r ~mobVmZm Á`oð> AW©VÁk ê$nm aoJo-{ZËgwao åhUVmV, `m ~±H$m§Mm NPA
_moR>m Amho. bhmZ ~±H$m [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m {ZJamUrImbr Amho. Ë`m§Zm ñdV…M§ ApñVËd {Q>H$dU§ AdKS>
hmoUma Amho. NPA dmT>b§ AgVmZm ~±H$m§H$So> nwaog§ ^m§S>db ZgV§. Ë`m_wio Á`m _moR>çm ~±H$m AmhoV Ë`mV
N>moQ>çm ~±H$m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm, Va EH${ÌVnUo ^m§S>db O_m hmoV§ Am{U Vo `mo½` nÕVrZo dmnaVm `oB©b.
Xþga§ åhUOo `m ~±H$m§Mo àý AZoH$ hmoVo. AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m dmT>rMm Xa H$_r Pmbm Amho. bKwCÚmoJ R>ßn
Pmbo AmhoV, Joë`mdfu eoVH$s CÚmoJmVhr AZoH$ AS>MUr hmoË`m. `m gJù`mMm n[aUm_ ~±H$m§da hmoVmo
Am{U N>moQ>çm ~±H$m§Zm `mVyZ ~mhoa `m`bm H$R>rU OmV§. nU Ë`mMdoir _moR>çm ~±Ho$dahr Ë`mMm ~moOm
hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§M§ ho b¾ BVH§$ gmon§ Zmhr. ho O~aXñVrZo bmdyZ {Xbob§ b¾ Amho. Am{W©H$ X~mdm_wio
gaH$mabm ho H$amd§ bmJb§ Amho. Ag§ Ë`m åhUmë`m.
Va ~±H$m§À`m gj_rH$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo hm _hÎdmMm {ZU©` Amho Ag§ _V AW©VÁk AO` dmqi~o ì`º$
H$aVmV.
8) {d{bZrH$aUm_wio CØdUmao n[aUm_ :-
gÜ`mMr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr nmhVm gaH$mabm ho nmD$b CMbmd§ bmJb§ Amho Ag§ _V ê$nm aoJo {ZËgwao
ì`º$ H$aVmV. H$maU BVH$ ^m§S>db gaH$mabm XoVm Amb§ ZgV§ Ag§ Ë`m§M§ _V Amho.
gaH$maÀ`m `m KmofUo{df`r ~mobVmZm ~±H$ Eåßbm°B©O Agmo{gEeZMo _mOr g{Md {dœmg CQ>Jr `m§Zr
~r~rgr _amR>rbm gm§{JVb§, `mbm AmnU ~±H$ gwYmaUm åhUy eH$V Zmhr. H$maU ~w{S>V H$O© AgUmè`m
XmoZ ~±H$m§M§ {d{bZrH$aU Ho$b§, Va Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar ~±H$ hr _moR>r Agob, nU Vr geº$ Amho Ag§
åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. ho XmoZ b§JS>çm§Zm nm` ~m§YyZ EH$Ì nim`bm gm§JÊ`mgmaI§ Amho. ~±H$m§Zm geº$
H$am`M§ Agob Va ~±H$m_Ybr W{H$V Am{U ~wS>rV H$O© dgyb H$am`bm hdrV. ~±H$m§Mr ~w{S>V H$O© amB©Q>
Am°\$ H$aU§ ho R>odrXmam§À`m n¡em§da nmUr gmoS>Ê`mgmaI§ Amho. gaH$maM§ ho YmoaU AW©ì`dñWobm IS²>S>çmV
ZoUma Amho.
`m {d{bZrH$aUmÀ`m H$_©Mmè`m§da hmoUmè`m n[aUm_m~Ôb {dMmab§ AgVm CQ>Jr åhUmbo, gaH$maZo

27
Omhra Ho$b§` H$s H$_©Mmar H$_r Ho$bo OmUma ZmhrV. nU Joë`m 10 dfmª_Ü`o gaH$maZo ZdrZ
H$_©Mmar ^aVr Ho$bobrM Zmhr. V§ÌkmZmÀ`m _XVrZo Am{U Amho Vo _Zwî`~i dmnê$Z Amåhr ~±H$m
Mmbdy Ag§ gaH$mabm dmQ>V§`.

9) {dbrZrH$aU åhUOo H$m`? :-

XmoZ ~±H$m {dbrZ Pmë`mda N>moQ>çm ~±Ho$Mr AmoiI nyU©nUo nwgbr OmVo. AmVm {dbrZ Pmboë`m
~±H$m amï´>r` nmVirdaÀ`m Agë`m Var Ë`m§Mr àmXo{eH$ nmVirda EH$ doJir AmoiI hmoVr. CXm.
~±H$ Am°\$ _hmamï´> hr _hmamï´>mV AmoiIbr OmVo nU Ho$ai_Ü`o AmoiIbr OmV Zmhr. _mÌ {g{S>Ho$Q>
~±H$ {VWo AmoiIbr OmB©b. ~±H$ Am°\$ ~S>moXmV {dbrZ Pmbobr XoZm ~±H$ JwOamVMr hmoVr Va {dO`m
~±H$ X{jUoVbr hmoVr. _mÌ {dbrZrH$aUm_wio hr AmoiI nwgbr OmVo.
{dbrZH$aU Pmë`mZ§Va ~±H$m§À`m emIm§Mr g§»`m H$_r hmoVo. Ë`m_wio AZoH$m§À`m ZmoH$arda JXm
`oÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. _moR>çm ~±Ho$V N>moQ>r ~±H$ {dbrZ Pmë`mda Ë`m§Mr AmoiI H$m`_ amhV Zmhr.
Ë`m_wio _moR>çm ~±Ho$À`m H$m_mÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vrer OwidyZ ¿`md§ bmJV§. Ë`m_wio EHy$UM {dbrZrH$aUmMr
à{H«$`m åhUOo _moR>m _memZo bhmZ _membm {Jië`mMm àH$ma Amho Ag§ ê$nm aoJo {ZËgwao Z_yX
H$aVmV.

10) ImOJrH$aU Xoe {hVmMo Amho H$s Zmhr `md ^maVr` AW©Vk S>m°.
^aV PwZPwZdmbm `m§Mo {dMma :-
S>m°. ^aV PwZPwZdmbm `m§Zr `mnydu Amnë`m boImV Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo H$s, gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mo
ImOJrH$aU ìhmdo. Ë`m§Mm _w»` ^a `mda hmoVm H$s, gaH$mar ~±H$m§Mo _w»` A{YH$mar Am{U ~±H$m§Mr
_mbH$s Agbobo gaH$ma `m§Mo {hV {^Þ AmhoV, Va ImOJr ~±H$m_Ü`o _w»` A{YH$mar d _mbH$
`m§À`mV g_Ýd` AgVmo. VgoM {ZH¥$ï> H$Om©_wio ~±H$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoV AgVo. `m {df`mMm gdmªJrU
{dMma H$aVmZm, 70 À`m XeH$mV B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr ImOJr ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU H$aVmZmMm Ë`m§Mm
amOH$s` hoVy ~mOybm R>odyZM _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo nm{hOo.
amï´>r`rH$aUmnydu àm_w»`mZo ehamVM emIm Agboë`m ~±H$m§Zm Z§Va IoS>monmS>r - g§nyU© ^maV^a
emIm CKS>Uo ^mJ, nS>bo. nU, Ë`m_wio gd©M ~±H$m§Mm emIm{dñVma Am{U ì`dgm` H¡$H$nQ>tZr
dmTy>Z ~±H$m gd© OZVon`ªV nmohmoMë`m. Am_ OZVobm ~¢qH$J godm àW_M CnbãY Pmë`m, Á`mMr

28
Iar JaO hmoVr.
H|$Ð d amÁ` emgZmÀ`m gd© Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm Am{U `moOZm Ho$di ~±H$m§_m\©$VM am~{dë`m
OmVmV. H$maU, ~±H$m§Mr {dœmgmh©Vm d H$m`©j_Vm gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m§nojm Zoh_rM J{Verb, VËna
d nmaXeu AgVo. gaH$mar ~±H$m§Vrb H$maHw$ZmÀ`m OmJmhr Cƒ Ah©Vmàmá Am{U ñnYm©Ë_H$ narjoÛmam
^aë`m OmV Agë`mZo, Ë`m§Mr j_Vm OmñV AgVo Am{U A{YH$mardJ© Va Am`EEg d Am`nrEgÀ`m
~m¡{ÕH$ XOm©Mo AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Aem VÁk H$_©Mmè`m§À`m ^ademdaM AmO ~±H$m§Mo ñn¥hUr` H$m`©
gwê$ Amho, ho _mZboM nm{hOo. _mÌ, `m `§ÌUoVhr AZoH$ Xmof AmhoV.
{ZH¥$ï> XOm©Mo H$O©{dVaU :-
gaH$mar `moOZm am~dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Agë`mZo, _Zmbm nQ>V Zgbo Var H$O© dmQ>Ê`mMr Or
gº$s H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$mao H$arV Ambr AmhoV, Ë`m_wio Ago KS>V AgVo. VmaU ZH$mo, H$maU hdo
`m ^y{_Ho$_wio H$O© XoUo ^mJ nS>Vo. nrH$H$O© WH$sV R>odUmè`mghr nwZ:nwÝhm H$O© ÚmdoM bmJVo.
dgwbr XoÊ`mMr j_Vm Am{U H$O©\o$S>rMr Zgbobr BÀN>m, `m§H$So> Xþb©j H$aUo ^mJ nS>Vo. Mma bmI
én`m§n`ªVÀ`m {ejU H$Om©bm Om_rZ ZH$mo, JhmUhr ZH$mo, Aem gº$ gyMZm AmhoV. Oa EImÚm
emIm{YH$mè`mZo H$O© dmngr ìhmdr, `m hoVyZo Oar Om_rZ KoVbm, Var Ë`mÀ`m{déÕ H$madmB© hmoVo.
Ago H$O© KoUmao {ejU nyU© Pmë`mda Hw$R>o ZmoH$ar H$aVmV, ho ~±H$m§Zm g_OVhr Zmhr Am{U H$O}
WH$sV hmoVmV. dma§dmaÀ`m H$O©_m\$s_wio H$O© naV\o$S> hr ~±H$m§gmR>r ~o^ademMr Pmbobr Amho. ñnï>
{XgV AgVmZmhr, Z XoÊ`mgmaIo H$O©dmQ>n ~±H$m§Zm H$amdo bmJVo, hr emoH$m§{VH$m Amho d Ë`m_wioM
nwaoer H$O©dgwbr Z hmoÊ`mMm amoJ dmT>bm Amho. hr Pmbr emImñVamdaMr n[apñWVr AmVm _moR>çm
H$Om©Mm {dMma H$ê$. ~è`mM bmoH$m§Zm ho _mhrVM Zmhr H$s, nmM H$moQ>tnojm A{YH$À`m àË`oH$
H$Om©bm ~±Ho$À`m g§MmbH$ _§S>imMr _§Owar Amdí`H$ AgVo Am{U àË`oH$ ~±Ho$À`m g§MmbH$ _§S>imda
H|$Ð gaH$ma d [aPìh© ~±H$ `m§Mm EHo$H$ g§MmbH$ AgVmo. hOmamo H$moQ>r én`m§Mr H$O} hr g§MmbH$
_§S>ioM _§Oya H$arV AgVmV. ~aoMXm AZoH$ ~±H$m EH$Ì `oD$Z _moR>o H$O© gm_y{hH$ arË`m _§Oya
H$aVmV. Ë`mVrb EH$ brS> ~±H$ (nwT>mH$ma KoUmar) AgVo, Or gd© Aä`mg H$ê$Z àË`oH$ ~±Ho$bm
{VMm EHy$U H$Om©Vrb dmQ>m _§OwargmR>r ~¡R>H$sV R>odVo. [aPìh© ~±H$ d H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m g§MmbH$m§Ûmao
_§Oya àH$ënm§Zm {damoY H$aUo åhUOo Amnbo g§MmbH$nX J_mdUo, hr pñWVr BVa gd© g§MmbH$m§Zm
ñnï> {XgV Agë`mZo, Aer H$O} g§MmbH$ _§S>i _§Oya H$aVo. nU, `m H$Om©À`m dgwbrMr H$moUVrhr
O~m~Xmar g§MmbH$ _§S>imda qH$dm g§MmbH$m§da ZgVo. Vo _moH$io gwQ>VmV d gd© O~m~Xmar ~±H$

29
A{YH$mè`m§daM nS>Vo. OwÝ`m H$mimV _moR>r H$O} {dO` _„²`m, Zrad _moXr Aem§Zm `mM nÕVrZo
àmá Pmbr, Á`mMo n[aUm_ AmO g§nyU© Xoe ^moJV Amho.
AmVm WH$sV H$OmªÀ`m àË`j n[aUm_m§Mm {dMma H$ê$. Á`m H$Om©Mr {Z`{_V dgwbr hmoV Zmhr,
Ë`m§Mr dJ©dmar H$ê$Z, Ë`m dJ©dmarZwgma àË`oH$ H$O©ImË`mVrb aH$_oZwgma EH$m {d{eï> aH$_oMr
VaVyX ~±H$m§Zm Amnë`m Zâ`mVyZ H$amdr bmJVo. Á`m ImË`m§Zm ~Å>m ImVo åhUVmV. Ë`mVrb g§nyU©
aH$_oMr VaVyX Amnë`m Zâ`mVyZ ~±H$m§Zm H$amdr bmJVo. Ë`m_wioM ~±H$m§Mo Vmio~§X nmaXeu hmoV
AgVmV. Ë`mgmR>r hr ì`dñWm Amdí`H$M AgVo. hr VaVwXrMr a¸$_ hOmamo H$moQ>r én`m§Mr AgVo.
H$maU, ~±H$m§Mr H$O}gwÕm bmImo H$moQ>r én`m§Mr AgVmV. Aem VaVwXr Pmboë`m ImË`m§Zm doJio
H$mTy>Z Ë`m§Zm Write åhUOo ~Å>m ImVo åhUVmV. {damoYr amOH$s` nj `mg H$O©_m\$s åhUVmV.
Vo nyU©nUo MyH$ Amho. hr _m\$s ZgVo. ~±H$m§Zm Aem ImË`m§À`m dgwbrMo g§nyU© H$m`Xoera A{YH$ma
AgVmV Am{U Vgo à`ËZ Zoh_rM gwê$ AgVmV. _mÌ, X¡Z§{XZ H$m_mMm aoQ>m ~KVm emIm à_wIm§Zm
ho dgwbrMo H$m_ eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. nwaoem _Zwî`~imÀ`m A^mdr emImñVamda hr dgwbr H$m`©dmhr
VËnaVoZo hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì, gj_ à^mdr `§ÌUm ~±H$ ñVamda am~{dÊ`mMo Xm{`Ëd
AmVm [aPìh© ~±Ho$ZoM CMbbo nm{hOo d Ë`mda {Z`§ÌUhr R>odbo nm{hOo. `m dgwbr_wio gd© ~±H$m§Mm
Z\$mhr EH$X_ dmT>Uma Amho. AmO Ë`mMrM JaO Amho.
^maVmgma»`m {dñVrU© àXoemV OoWo H$moamoZm AmnÎmr_wio AW©ì`dñWoV _§Xr Amho VoWohr {dH${gV
XoemVrb H$O©ImË`mdarb VaVwXrMo {Z`_ bmJy Ho$ë`m_wio, 2021 _mM© d Ë`mnwT>rb H$mimV AZoH$
~±H$m VmoQ>m XmIdVrb. Ë`m_wio ho H$R>moa VaVwXrMo {Z`_ {e{Wb H$ê$Z dñVw{Zð> ~ZdUo, hr
àmW{_H$ O~m~Xmar [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo nma nmS>Uo Amdí`H$ Pmbo Amho. Vo Xm{`Ëd {Z^mdÊ`mMr {ZVmÝV
Amdí`H$Vm Amho. gaH$mar ~±H$m§Zm AmVm 50 df} Pmbr AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr ñdV…Mr gd©H$f `§ÌUm C^r
Ho$br Amho. gd© gaH$mar `moOZm ì`dpñWV am~dyZ, ~±H$m§Mm gd© ì`mn gm§^miyZ J«mhH$m§Mo g_mYmZhr
àmá H$aÊ`mV gaH$mar ~±H$m `eñdr R>aë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ho$di EImÚm dfuÀ`m Am{W©H$ n[aUm_
m§À`m AmYmao (VmoQ>çm_wio) hr gd© ^¸$_ `§ÌUm ImOJr ^m§S>dbXmam§À`m hmVmV XoUo åhUOo Ë`m§Zm
Am`Vm Jwbm~Om_yZ XoÊ`mgmaIo Amho. Ë`mMr H$mhrhr JaO Zmhr.
AmOMr ImOJr ~±H$m§Mr AdñWm åhUOo VmaodaMr H$gaV Amho. gd© Mm§Jbo H$O©Xma Ë`m§À`m
H«o${S>Q> aoqQ>JZwgma gaH$mar ~±H$m§VyZ H$_r XamZo H$O© KoVmV. n[aUm_r, ImOJr ~±H$m§Zm Xþæ`_ d
{Væ`_ XOm©À`m H$O©Xmam§Zm OmñV XamZo H$O© Úmdo bmJVo. H$maU ~MV H$aUmao J«mhH$hr, gaH$mar

30
~±H$m§Mo ì`mO XoÊ`mMo Xa H$_r Agbo Var VoWoM Jw§VdVmV. Ë`m_wio OmñV ~MV XamMo Am{_f XmIdyZ
ImOJr ~±H$m ~MV ñdrH$maVmV. n[aUm_r Ë`m§Zm ì`mOXa dmT>dmdo bmJVmV. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo
Ë`m§Mm Z\$m H$_r hmoVmo. gaH$mar ~±H$m§Mo ImOJrH$aU Pmë`mg Ë`m§Zmhr `m {dfdVw©imV gh^mJr
ìhmdoM bmJob. ImOJr ~±H$m§À`m gaH$mar `moOZm§À`m A§_b~OmdUrVrb Ho${dbdmUm gh^mJ nmhVm,
gaH$mar ~±H$m§Mo ApñVËd g§nwï>mV Amë`mg gaH$mar `moOZm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr AeŠ` hmoD$Z XoemMo
XrK©H$mbrZ ZwH$gmZ hmoB©b, hohr bjmV ¿`mdoM bmJob. Ë`m_wio gaH$mar ~±H$m§Mo ImOJrH$aU
XrK©H$mbrZ ZwH$gmZXm`r R>aUma Amho.

31
 àH$aU -3
3 g§emoYZ {df¶mMm {ZîH$f©:-

3.1 àñVmdZm :-
g§nyU© Aä¶mg Ho$ë¶mda ImOJrH$aU d {dbrZrH$aU gaH$mabm {hVmMo dmQ>V Agbo Var ^m{dî¶mV
˶mMo n[aUm‘ ’$bXm¶r hmoVrbM Zmhr. gaH$maÀ¶m A{Yn˶mImbr Agboë¶m ~±H$m d gaH$mar
‘mb‘Îmm øm ImOJr YUmS>çm§À¶m A{Yn˶mImbr ¶oD$Z gaH$maMo h¸$ H$‘r hmoD$Z ˶mMm n[aUm‘
^{dî¶mVrb XoemÀ¶m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg YmoH$m {Z‘m©U hmoD$ eHo$b ¶mV e§H$m Zmhr. ~±H$m§Mr pñWVr
ñdmV§Í¶ nyd©H$mbrZ gmdH$mar nÕVrZwgma nyd©dV hmoʶmMr eŠ¶Vmhr Q>miVm ¶oD$ eH$V Zmhr.

3.2 {ZîH$f© :-
g§nyU© g§emoYZmVyZ nw{T>b ‘w»¶ {ZîH$f© {XgyZ ¶oVmV.
1) gaH$maÀ¶m {Z‘w©VdUyH$ d ImOJr YmoaUmZo hOmamo H$‘©MmOè¶mda ~oH$marMr Hw$èhmS>.
2) {ZJw©VdUyH$sH$aU åhUOo H$m¶ d ˶mMo hmoUmao n[aUm‘.
3) gaH$maÀ¶m ImOJrH$aU YmoaUmMr gܶm pñWVr d n[aUm‘.
4) ~±H$m§Zm H$m‘mMo ñdmV§Í¶ XoD$Z ˶m§Mr O~m~Xmar {ZürV H$aUo JaOoVo.
5) ImOJrH$aUm‘wio hmoUmè¶m n[aUm‘mda gaH$maMo ‘V
6) gaH$mar ñWmda ‘mb‘Îmm {dHy$Z hr ñWmda ‘mb‘Îmm gaH$mar g§nÎmr dmT>{dʶmMm {dMma
H$emgmR>r.

1) gaH$maÀ¶m {ZJwªVdUwH$ d ImOJr YmoaUmZo hOmamo H$‘©Mmè¶m§da

~oH$marMr Hw$èhmS> :-
^maVmVë¶m 24 H§$nݶm§M§ {ZJwªVdUwH$sH$aU Am{U ImOJrH$aUmMr à{H«$¶m bdH$aM gwê$ hmoUma
Amho. 2019-20 ¶m Am{W©H$ dfm©V 1 bmI 5 hOma H$moQ>r én¶o C^maʶmgmR>r gaH$maZ§ hm {ZU©¶
KoVbm Amho. hm {ZYr AW©g§H$ënr¶ VyQ> ^ê$Z H$mT>ʶmgmR>r Vg§M H$ë¶mUH$mar ¶moOZm§da IM©
H$aʶmV ¶oUma Amho.
‘mÌ, {ZJw©VdUwH$sH$aU Am{U ImOJrH$aUm‘wio {deofV… gaH$mar H§$nݶm ImOJr CÚmoOH$m§À¶m

32
hmVmV Joë¶mg ZmoH$arda JXm ¶oB©b, Aer ^rVr bmImo gaH$mar H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zm dmQ>V Amho.
¶m ^rVr‘wioM gaH$mar H§$nݶm§‘Ybo H$‘©Mmar Am{U H$‘©Mmar g§KQ>Zm§Zr ImOJrH$aUmMm {damoY
H$aʶmMm {ZU©¶ KoVbm Amho. gÎmmYmar ^mOner g§b¾ Agboë¶m ^maVr¶ ‘OXÿa g§KmMo OZab
goH«o$Q>ar ~«Ooe Cnmܶm¶ åhUVmV, ImOJrH$aU Am{U {ZJwªVdUwH$sH$aUmbm {damoY H$aʶm‘mJo XmoZ
H$maU§ AmhoV. n{hb§ H$maU åhUOo EH$Xm H$m gaH$mar H§$nZrM§ ì¶dñWmnZ ImOJr CÚmoOH$m§À¶m
hmVmV Job§ H$s ZmoH$a H$nmV Odinmg {Z{üV AgVo Am{U Xþga§ åhUOo Am‘Mm Agm AZw^d Amho
H$s ImOJr H§$nZr H$‘©Mmè¶m§À¶m {hVmnojm Z’$m H$‘dʶmbm OmñV ‘hÎd XoVo.
ZrVr Am¶moJmMo Cnmܶj amOrd Hw$‘ma ¶m§À¶m ‘Vo {ZJw©VdUwH$sH$aU Am{U ImOJrH$aU
H$m¶ÚmZwgmaM H$aʶmV ¶oV§. Vo gm§JVmV, ‘r Q´>oS> ¶w{Z¶Ýger ~mobbmo Amho Am{U VmoQ>çmV OmUmè¶m
H§$nݶm§‘ܶo H$m‘ H$aʶmMr BÀN>m Zgë¶mM§ ˶m§Zr gm§{JVb§ Amho. Amnë¶mbm Zâ¶mVë¶m H§$nZrgmR>r
H$m‘ H$am¶bm AmdS>ob Ag§ ˶m§M§ åhUU§ Amho.

2) {ZJw©VdUwH$sH$aU åhUOo H$m¶ ˶mMo n[aUm‘ :-

{ZJwªVdUwH$sH$aUmV H§$nZrMm ‘mbH$s h¸$ gaH$maH$S>oM AgVmo Am{U H§$nZrM§ ì¶dñWmnZhr
gaH$maÀ¶mM {Z¶§ÌUmImbr AgV§. ˶m‘wio ¶m à{H«$¶o‘wio ZmoH$aH$nmV qH$dm ~iO~arZo {Zd¥Îmr
H$aʶmMo àH$ma KS>V ZmhrV. ‘mÌ gaH$maZo H§$nZrVbo Amnbo gd©À¶m gd© qH$dm ~hþg§»¶ eoAa
{dH$bo Va ‘mÌ gaH$maMm H§$nZrdaMm ‘mbH$s h¸$ OmVmo Am{U ì¶dñWmnZmdaM§ {Z¶§ÌU nyU©nUo
g§nV§. Aem n[apñWVrV H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zm R>odU§ qH$dm ˶m§Zm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$U§, hm {ZU©¶ KoʶmMo g§nyU©
A{YH$ma ImOJr H§$nZrH$S>o OmVmV.
AZoH$ àH$aUm§‘ܶo H$‘©Mmè¶m§Mr ZmoH$ar OmVo qH$dm ˶m§Zm doioAmYr {Zd¥Îmr Koʶmg ^mJ nmS>b§
OmV§. gaH$mar H$‘©Mmar nwaogo gj‘ ZgVmV Am{U ˶m§À¶mV ì¶mdgm{¶H$Vmhr ZgVo, Aer ImOJr
H§$nݶm§Mr VH«$ma AgVo.
BSNL H$‘©Mmar g§KQ>ZoMo OZab goH«o$Q>ar nr. A{^‘ݶy ¶m§Zm ho Amamon A{O~mV ‘mݶ ZmhrV. Vo
åhUVmV, Am‘À¶mda H$aʶmV Ambobo Amamon ¶mo½¶ ZmhrV. ImOJr H§$nZrVë¶m H$‘©Mmè¶m§EdT>rM
ì¶mdgm{¶H$Vm Am‘À¶mVhr Amho. H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zr J«mhH$m§er H$g§ dmJmd§ Am{U ˶m§Mr dV©UyH$ H$er
Agmdr, ¶mgmR>r Amåhr AZoH$ H$m¶©H«$‘ am~dbo AmhoV. Amåhr ñ‘mQ>© AmhmoV Am{U Mm§Jb§ H$m‘hr
H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Amnë¶m H§$nZrMr Amåhmbmhr H$miOr AgVo.

33
 3) gaH$mar ImOJrH$aU YmoaUmMr gܶm pñWVr d n[aUm‘ :-
AW©VÁk {ddoH$ H$m¡b gm§JVmV, H$s ImOJrH$aU Pmb§ åhUOo H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zm dmè¶mda gmoSy>Z XoVmV
Ag§ hmoV Zmhr. H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zm Am{W©H$ n°Ho$O {Xbo OmVo. A{YH$ Iwbmgodma nÕVrZo g‘OmdyZ gm§JVmZm
Vo åhUVmV, H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zm VRS {‘iob, ˶m§Zm PF {‘iob Am{U ˶m§Zm ˶m§Mr J«°À¶wQ>rgwÕm {‘iob.
BSNL ‘ܶo 1 bmI 75 hOma H$‘©Mmar AmhoV Am{U ¶m H§$nZrM§ Omi§ ^maV^a Amho.
Ag§ AgyZhr EHo$H$mir ~bmT>ç Agbobr hr H§$nZr AmO ‘aUmgÞ AdñWobm nmoMbr¶. A{^‘ݶy
gm§JVmV, H$s H§$nZrH$S>o ^m§S>db Zmhr Am{U H§$nZrV AmYw{ZH$VoMm A^md Amho.
H$mhr H$maUm§‘wio gaH$maZo ¶m H§$nZrbm 4G ñnoŠQ´>‘ IaoXrÀ¶m ~mhoa R>odb§ Amho. ¶mda g§Vmn
춺$ H$aV A{^‘ݶy åhUVmV, BSNLbm ‘ê$ Úm, {VM§ AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$ê$ ZH$m, {VÀ¶mV Jw§VdUyH$
H$ê$ ZH$m, AerM gaH$maMr BÀN>m {XgVo¶. [abm¶Ýg {O¶moÀ¶m CËH$fm©gmR>rM gaH$ma BSNL H$S>o
Xþb©j H$aV Agë¶mMm ˶m§Mm Amamon Amho. ¶m{df¶r {dMmaë¶mda ZrVr Am¶moJmMo amOrd Hw$‘ma
¶m§Zr à{V{H«$¶m Úm¶bm ZH$ma {Xbm.
BSNL ‘ܶo H$‘©Mmè¶m§Mr g§»¶m Iyn OmñV Amho Am{U H§$nZrda ^a‘gmR> H$O© Agë¶mM§ gaH$maM§
åhUU§ Amho. ˶m‘wioM gaH$maZo ¶m H§$nZrVë¶m 50 dfmªhÿZ OmñV d¶ Agboë¶m H$‘©Mmè¶m§g‘moa
VRS åhUOoM ñdoÀN>m{Zd¥ÎmrMm n¶m©¶ R>odbm Amho.
BSNL M§hr {ZJwªVdUwH$sH$aU hmoUma H$m, ho AOyZ ñnï> ho Zmhr. ‘mÌ, 4G ñnoŠQ´>nbm ‘mݶVm
XoD$Z gaH$ma {Vbm ñnYm©Ë‘H$ ~ZdV Amho.
gaH$maÀ¶m gdm©V ‘moR>çm H§$nݶm§n¡H$s EH$ Agboë¶m EAa B§{S>¶mM§ ImOJrH$aUhr bdH$aM gwê$
hmoUma Amho. ˶m‘wio EAa B§{S>¶mVë¶m H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zm Amnë¶m ^{dî¶mMr qMVm bmJyZ Amho. Joë¶mdfu
Ooìhm gaH$maZo hr H§$nZr {dH$m¶bm H$mT>br Voìhm H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zm nmM df© ZmoH$ardê$Z H$mT>Uma
Zmhr, Aer AQ> gaH$maZo R>odbr hmoVr. Aem H$R>moa {Z¶‘m‘wio H§$nZrbm Hw$UrM IaoXrXma {‘imbm
Zmhr. ¶§Xm ‘mÌ {Z¶‘ Am{U AQ>r {eWrb H$aʶmV Amë¶m AmhoV. ¶mdoir XmoZ df} ZmoH$a H$nmV
Z H$aʶmMr AQ> KmbʶmV Amë¶mMr ‘m{hVr Amho.
Xoe ~oamoOJmarÀ¶m g§H$Q>mVyZ OmV AgVmZm gaH$maZo hm {ZJwªVdUwH$sH$aUmMm Am{U ImOJrH$aUmMm
{ZU©¶ KoVbm Amho. Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) ¶m gaH$mar g§ñWoZo à{gÕ
Ho$boë¶m AhdmbmZwgma 2017-18 ¶m Am{W©H$ dfm©V XoemV 1 bmI 82 hOma VéU Am{U 2 bmI

34
72 hOma VéUr ~oamoOJma hmoVo.
2011À¶m OZJUZoZwgma XoemV 33 H$moQ>r 30 bmI VéU AmhoV. 2021 n¶ªV hr g§»¶m 36 H$moQ>r
70 bmI hmoʶmMr eŠ¶Vm Amho.
PLFS Xa VrZ ‘{hݶm§Zr XoemVë¶m ehar ^mJmVë¶m amoOJmamg§~§Yr Am{U Xadfu ehar Am{U
J«m‘rU Aem XmoÝhr ^mJmVë¶m amoOJmam{df¶rMm Ahdmb gmXa H$aVo. ¶m g§ñWoZo Am°ŠQ>mo~a Vo {S>g|~a
2018 ¶m {V‘m{h‘mMm Omo Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm Amho ˶mZwgma XoemVrb EH$ V¥Vr¶m§e nmÌ VéU
~oamoOJma AmhoV. ¶m AhdmbmZwgma ehar ^mJmVrb 15 Vo 29 d¶moJQ>mVrb ZmoH$arÀ¶m emoYmV
AgUmè¶m ~oamoOJma VéUm§Mr g§»¶m gbJ {Vgè¶m {V‘mhrV dmT>br Amho Am{U Joë¶m {S>g|~an¶ªV
~oamoOJmarMm Xa 23.7 Q>¸²$¶m§Zr dmT>bm Amho.
2018 À¶m {Vgè¶m {V‘mhrV {~hma‘ܶo gdm©{YH$ (40.9%) ~oamoOJma hmoVo. Xþgam H«$‘m§H$
Ho$aimMm hmoVm (37%) Va {Vgè¶m H«$‘m§H$mda Amo{S>em (35.7%) hmoV§. gdm©V H$‘r ~oamoOJma
(9.6%) JwOamV‘ܶo hmoVo.
2019 gmbÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$snydu ~oamoOJmarg§~§YrMm hm Ahdmb brH$ Pmbm Voìhm hr
A§{V‘ AmH$S>odmar Zgë¶mM§ gm§JV gaH$maZo gmadmgmad H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm.
¶m Am{W©H$ dfm©À¶m n{hë¶m {V‘mhrV OrS>rnr dmT>rMm Xa Kgaë¶mZo ~oamoOJmarMm Xa AmUIr
dmT>ʶmMr ^rVr AW©VÁk 춺$ H$aVmV.
‘mÌ, ~oamoOJmarMm {df¶ A{YH$ a§JdyZ gm§JʶmV Amë¶mM§ gaH$mabm dmQ>V§.
ZrVr Am¶moJmMo Cnmܶj amOrd Hw$‘ma gm§JVmV H$s ‘moXr gaH$maÀ¶m H$mimV gm‘mݶ ‘mUgmM§
Am¶wî¶ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV gwYmab§ Amho. ^maV AmO AmZ§Xr Amho. Xm[aÐaofoImbr AgUmè¶m§Mr g§»¶m
H$‘r Pmbr Amho. bmoH$m§Zm J°g Am{U drO {‘imbr Amho. eoVH$è¶m§À¶m hmVmV n¡gm Amho, bmoH$m§Zm
ñdÀN>VmJ¥h {‘imbr AmhoV. Vo nwT>o åhUVmV, gaH$maZo Aem AZoH$ ¶moOZm am~dë¶m AmhoV Á¶m‘wio
bmoH$m§M§ Am¶wî¶ gwYmab§ Amho, ˶m§M§ OrdZ‘mZ C§Mmdb§ Amho.

4) ~±H$m§Zm H$m‘mMo ñdmV§Í¶ XoD$Z ˶m§Mr O~m~Xmar {Z{üV H$aUo JaOoMo :-

H$moamoZm g§gJ© Am{U Q>mio~§XrÀ¶m g§H$Q> nmœ©^y‘rda gaH$maZo ~±qH$J joÌm{df¶r Eo{Vhm{gH$
{ZU©¶ KoVbm Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ì¶mnmar ~±H$m§Mr g§»¶m Mma Vo nmM BVH$s R>odyZ ~mH$s gmV
Vo AmR> ~±H$m§Mo ImOJrH$aU H$aUo ¶mV àñVm{dV Amho. hm {ZU©¶ ¶mo½¶ Agbm Var gd©gm‘mݶm§Mr

35
^md{ZH$ à{V{H«$¶m nmhVm ˶mMr A§‘b~OmdUr ‘mÌ AdKS> AgUma ho Z¸$s. 51 dfm©nydu ì¶mnmar
~±H$m§À¶m amï´>r¶H$aUmZo gwé Pmbobo EH$ dVw©i ˶m‘wio H$mhr A§er nyU© hmoUma Amho.
VËH$mbrZ amï´>nVrnXmÀ¶m {ZdS>UwH$sVrb amOH$s¶ Hw$aKmoS>r Mmby AgVmZm, njm§VJ©V Agboë¶m
qg{S>Ho$Q> JQ>mbm eh XoʶmgmR>r B§{Xam Jm§YtZr AW©ì¶dñWobm S>mdo diU {Xbo. ¶m amOH$s¶ à¶ËZmMm
(qH$~hþZm Y¸$mV§ÌmMm) EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ 19 Owb¡ 1969 amoOr, à^mar amï´>nVr ìhr. ìhr. {Jar ¶m§Zm
14 à‘wI ~±H$m§À¶m amï´>r¶H$aU dQ>hþHy$‘mbm ‘mݶVm Xoʶmg gm§JʶmV Ambo. ~±Ho$g§~§Yr EdT>m ‘moR>m
{ZU©¶ BVH$m ObX Am{U ’$maem MM}{dZm Pmbm hmoVm H$s, VËH$mbrZ Ama~rAm¶ JìhZ©a Eb. Ho$.
Pm ho {dœmgmV KoVbo Zmhr åhUyZ ZmamO AgyZ, Vo amOrZm‘m XoD$ eH$VmV, Aer AmdB© ˶mdoir
CR>br hmoVr. Voìhm ñdV… B§{XamOtZm ˶m§Zm nÌ {bhÿZ Wm§~dmdo bmJbo hmoVo.
EH§$Xa AW©ì¶dñWoVrb ~±H$m§Mo ñWmZ bjmV KoD$Z, Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ¶m AZwf§JmZo gH$mamË‘H$
~Xb H$aʶmH$aVm 1 ’o$~«wdmar 1969 nmgyZ ~±H$m§da gm‘m{OH$ {Z¶§ÌU AmUbo Jobo hmoVo. ‘mÌ
VËH$mbrZ amOH$s¶ CR>mR>odrV ˶m à¶moJmbm ’$maer g§Yr Z XoVm, gaH$maZo amï´>r¶H$aU aoQy>Z Zobo.
ObX H¥$fr, bKw CÚmoJ Am{U {Z¶m©V ¶m§V d¥Õr Am{U gd© ‘mJmg ^mJmMm {dH$mg ¶m§H$aVm ì¶mnmar
~±H$m§À¶m amï´>r¶H$aUmMo nmCb CMbʶmV Ambo Amho, Ago g§gXoV n§VàYmZ B§{XamOtZr gm§{JVbo.
à˶jmV qg{S>Ho$Q> JQ>mbm nmqR>~m XoUmè¶m ‘moR>çm CÚmoJnVtÀ¶m ^m§S>dbmMr H$m|S>r H$aUo Am{U
Jar~m§‘ܶo ZdrZ amOH$s¶ AmYma emoYUo ¶m amOH$s¶ H$WZ à¶ËZmMm (Political Narrative)
Vmo EH$ ^mJ hmoVm. åhUyZ Va Ho$di ì¶mnmar VÎdmda ¶m ~±H$m H$Yrhr Mmbdë¶m Joë¶m ZmhrV.
~±H$m§À¶m ~m~VrV Ama~rAm¶ hrM EH$‘od AWm°[aQ>r Agob Am{U ^mJYmaH$ åhUyZ gaH$ma ’$º$
H$mhr ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo AmIyZ XoB©b. ~±H$m§Zm H$m‘H$mOmMo nyU© ñdmV§Í¶ Agob, Ago AmœmgZ Pm
¶m§Zm ˶mdoiÀ¶m gaH$maH$Sy>Z XoʶmV Ambo hmoVo. ‘mÌ ~±H$m§À¶m amï´>r¶H$aUmdarb bmoH$g^oVrb
MM}V VËH$mbrZ COì¶m {dMmagaUrÀ¶m ñdV§Ì njmMo ImgXma {‘Zy ‘gmZr ¶m§Zr amï´>r¶H$aUm‘wio
bmb{’$VrMr ZmoH$aemhr {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z ^«ï>mMma d amOH$s¶ hñVjon dmT>ob, n[aUm‘V… ~±qH$J hm
gmV˶nyU© VmoQ>çmMm ì¶dgm¶ hmoB©b Ago ^mH$sV Ho$bo hmoVo. XþX£dmZo gaH$maZo Ama~rAm¶ JìhZ©abm
{Xbobo AmœmgZ nmibo Zmhr Am{U {‘Zy ‘gmZr ¶m§Zm Iao R>ê$ {Xbo.
gmd©^m¡‘ gaH$maMrM h‘r Agë¶mZo amï´>r¶H$aUmZ§Va bmoH$m§Mm ~±H$m§darb {dœmg dmT>bm.
˶m‘wio ˶m§À¶m R>odr dmT>ë¶m. ~±H$ AS>MUrV Amë¶mg gaH$ma Amnë¶mbm ‘XV H$aob hr ImÌr
Agë¶mZo ~±H$ H$O© dmQ>nhr ~oO~m~XmanUo dmT>bo. ¶mVyZ ~±qH$J ì¶dhma VÎdM ~Xbbo. ¶m

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~oO~m~XmanUmg Z¡{VH$ YmoH$m (Moral Hazard) Ago åhUVmV. ¶mVyZ {hVg§~§Y {Z‘m©U Pmbo.
¶mMr à{MVr ~±H$m§À¶m W{H$V H$Om©À¶m ñdê$nmV dma§dma Amë¶m‘wio, ¶m ~±H$m§Zm gmV˶mZo ^m§S>db
nwadyZ gaH$mahr AmVm WH$bobo {XgVo. åhUyZ gaH$mabmhr Iyn C{eam gwMbobo ho ehmUnU Amho.
˶mMo ñdmJV Pmbo nm{hOo.
amï´>r¶H$aUmZ§Va H$moU˶mhr gm‘m{OH$ - Am{W©H$ {ZH$fmda gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m ’$maem ¶eñdr
Pmboë¶m {XgyZ ¶oV ZmhrV. J«m‘rU emIm§Mm {dñVma, H¥$fr Am{U bKw CÚmoJm§Zm CnbãY Pmbobo
H$O© ¶mÀ¶m AmSy>Z Zoh‘rM ~±H$m§À¶m amï´>r¶H$aUmMo g‘W©Z H$aʶmV ¶oVo. amï´>r¶H$aUmnydu, 1955
‘ܶo B§nr[a¶b ~±H$ (AmOMr SBI) Vmã¶mV KoD$Z Ama~rAm¶Zo ho à¶ËZ VoìhmM gwê$ Ho$bo hmoVo.
{edm¶ bhmZ d gr‘m§V eoVH$ar, eoV‘Oya, N>moQ>o ì¶mdgm{¶H$ ¶m§Zm amï´>r¶H$aUmZ§Vahr ~±H$m H$O©
XoV Zìh˶m. åhUZ Va àmXo{eH$ J«m‘rU ~±H$m (RRBs) {dH${gV H$aʶmV Amë¶m.
Zm~mS>©À¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ nwZ{d©Îm gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë¶mZ§Va g§ñWmË‘H$ H¥$fr nVnwadR>m
dmT>bm. AmO H¥$fr nVnwadR>çmV dmT> hmoD$Zhr H¥$fr joÌmV ^m§S>dbr Jw§VdUyH$ ’$maer dmT>bobr
{XgyZ ¶oV Zmhr. dma§dma H¥$fr H$O©‘m’$s H$amdr bmJVo. H¥$fr bKw CÚmoJ Am{U {Z¶m©V joÌmÀ¶m
JaOoÀ¶m AZwf§JmZo Agbobm nVnwadR>m hm Anwam, Adoir d ZmoH$aemhr¶wº$ Agm Amho. AmOhr Ho$di
41 Q>¸o$ bhmZ d gr‘m§V eoVH$è¶m§Zm ~±H$m§À¶m H$O© nwadR>çmMo bm^ {‘iVmV. {edm¶ newnmbZ
d eoVr d ‘mgo‘mar ¶m joÌmbm A˶ën Agm H$O©nwadR>m hmoVmo. g‘^mJ Am{U ‘mb‘Îmm naVdm,
^m§S>db n¶m©áVm, J«mhH$ g‘mYmZ, V§ÌkmZ dmna ¶m H$m¶©j‘Vm {ZH$fmda ¶m ~±H$m ImOJr
~±H$mnojm ‘mJoM AmhoV. amï´>r¶H$aUmÀ¶m n{hë¶m n§Mdrg dfmªV Odinmg ‘ºo$Xmar AgyZhr Am{U
˶mZ§Va n§Mdrg dfmªV AmKmS>rMr ~mOy AgyZhr OJmVë¶m n{hë¶m e§^a ~±Ho$V ^maVmVbr ’$º$ EH$
~±H$ Amho. XoemVrb OrS>rnrÀ¶m Agbobm ~±H$ H$O©nwadR>m hm ’$º$ 50 Q>¸o$ BVH$m Anwam Amho.
amï´>r¶H$aUmZ§Va amOH$maUr, CƒnXñW ~±H$g© Am{U CÚmoOH$m§À¶m {ÌHw$Q>mZo g§JZ‘V H$ê$Z ~±H$m§Mr
{eñV~ÜX byQ> Ho$br. ‘moR>çm CÚmoJnVtÀ¶m H§$nݶm§Zm ’w$Jdboë¶m àH$ën AhdmbmÀ¶m AmYmao ‘moR>mbr
H$O© (’$moZ ~±qH$J) {Xbr Jobr. ¶mVbr AZoH$ H$O© WH$br (WH$dbr Jobr). H§$nZr hr H$m¶Xoera
춺$s Agë¶mZo Vr ~wS>mbr Va g§MmbH$m§À¶m ImOJr ‘mb‘ÎmoVyZ H$Om©Mr ^anmB© H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr.
¶mMm bm^ KoUmao EH$sH$S>o Zrad ‘moXr d {dO¶ ‘ëë¶m ¶m§gmaIo nmoñQ>a ~m°B©O AmhoV Va XþgarH$S>o
{~«O ‘mohZ qgJb (^yfU nm°da, ^yfU ñQ>rb A±S> nm°da H§$nZr) ¶mgmaIo 56 hOma H$moQ>r én¶o
WH$~mH$s Agbobo ‘moR>o IoimSy>hr AmhoV. gmo~V Vm|S>r bmdm¶bm eoVH$arhr AmhoV.

37
 Am§Y« àXoemVrb EH$m ImgXmamÀ¶m H§$nZrZo 38 hOma H$moQ>r én¶m§Mo H$O© WH$dbo Amho. Aem
AZoH$ WH$~mH$sXma H§$nݶm AmOr-‘mOr ImgXma àdV©H$ Agboë¶m AmhoV. aKwam‘ amOZ ¶m§Zr
2015 nmgyZ ~±H$m§Zr {ZpîH«$¶ ‘mb‘ÎmoMr a¸$‘ A{YH$ nmaXe©H$nUo XmIdʶmMo Am{U ˶mMr ñd-
^m§S>dbmVyZ VaVyX H$aʶmMo {ZH$f A{YH$ H$S>H$ Ho$ë¶mZo {ZpîH«$¶ ‘mb‘ÎmoÀ¶m ñdê$nmV ~±H$m§À¶m
H$nmQ>mVrb gm§JS>o ~mhoa nS>V AmhoV. ¶oWo ho AYmoaopIV H$aUo A˶mdí¶H$ Amho H$s, ‘¶m©{XV AWm©Zo,
ì¶mnmar ~±H$m ¶m Z’$m {‘idʶmH$[aVm ~MV H$aUmao Am{U H$O© KoUmao ¶mV ‘ܶñWr H$aUmè¶m
ì¶mnmar g§ñWm AgVmV. åhUyZ Va ¶m§Zm ì¶mnmar ~±H$m åhUVmV. ¶mo½¶ Vr OmoIr‘ nËH$ê$Z
R>odrXmam§Zr {dœmgmZo R>odbobo n¡go H$Om©D$ XoUo Am{U R>aboë¶m eVuZwgma R>odrXmam§Mo n¡go H$m¶©j‘nUo
naV H$aUo ho ¶m ì¶dgm¶mÀ¶m ¶emMo J‘H$ Amho. amï´>r¶H$aUmZ§Va {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m hrVg§~§{YV
ì¶dñWoZo ~±qH$JÀ¶m ¶m ‘yb^yV VÎdmbm haVmi ’$mgbo. n[aUm‘V… ¶m ~±H$m§Mm VmoQ>m Am{U {ZpîH«$¶
‘mb‘Îmm ¶mV dmT> hmoV Jobr. AmO Odinmg 10 bmI H$moQ>r EdT>r {ZpîH«$¶ ‘mb‘Îmm ¶mVyZ
{Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho. gwX¡dmZo eoVH$è¶m§À¶m H$O©‘m’$sÀ¶m ñdénmV ‘mJrb VrZ dfmªV amÁ¶m§Zr AS>rM
bmI H$moQ>r én¶o ~±H$m§Zm {Xë¶m‘wio hr a¸$‘ VodT>çmZo H$‘r Pmbr Amho.
R>odrXmam§Mo n¡go XoʶmH$[aVm Am{U {Xboë¶m H$Om©À¶m à‘mUmV ñdV…Mo n¶m©á ^m§S>db R>odʶmH$[aVm
¶m ~±H$m§Zm Amdí¶H$ Vo ^m§S>db àdV©H$ åhUyZ gaH$mabm (n¶m©¶mZo OZVobm) Úmdr bmJVo. 1990
À¶m XeH$mV drg hOma H$moQ>r én¶m§Mo ^m§S>db AemàH$mao XoʶmV Ambo hmoVo. CƒnXñWm§Mr g§JZ‘V
Agë¶mZo à^mdrnUo ¶m ~S>çm H§$nݶm§H$Sy>Z H$O© dgwbr hmoV Zmhr ¶mH$aVm ObX Cnm¶ åhUyZ
2016 ‘ܶo {XdmiImoarMm H$m¶Xm H$aʶmV Ambm. ~±qH$J hm YmoŠ¶mMm ì¶dgm¶ Agë¶m‘wio ~±H$m§Zr
{Xbobr H$mhr H$O© a¸$‘ ì¶mdgm{¶H$ H$maUm§‘wiohr ~wS>Vo. ˶m‘wio ImOJr ~±H$m§Mr H$O©hr ~wS>VmV.
‘mÌ ImOJr ~±H$m§À¶m W{H$V H$Om©À¶m VrZ Vo Mma nQ> OmñV WH$sV H$Om©Mo à‘mU gmd©O{ZH$
~±H$m§‘ܶo Amho. ¶og ~±H$ gma»¶m ImOJr ~±H$mMo WH$sV H$O© dmT>ë¶mMr qH$‘V ^mJYmaH$m§Zm
Am{U VËH$mbrZ g§MmbH$m§Zm Amnbm ~±Ho$Vrb {hñgm H$‘r H$ê$Z Am{U ~±Ho$Mo {Z¶§ÌU gmoSy>Z XodyZ
MwH$dmdr bmJbr. hmM {Z¶‘ Oa gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m§Zm bmdbm Va ¶m ~±H$m Ho$ìhmM ~§X nS>ë¶m
Ag˶m. ~±H$m§À¶m R>odtMm Amnë¶m {hVmH$[aVm dmna H$aʶmMm ‘moh amOH$maʶm§Zm gwQ>V Zmhr.
˶m‘wio ¶m ~±H$m§Mo ImOJrH$aU ghO hmoUma Zmhr. {hVg§~§YrVmMr àM§S> ‘moR>r bm°~r ¶m‘mJo Amho.
à^mdr H$O©dgwbr H$aʶmgmR>r Ho$boë¶m {XdmiImoar H$m¶ÚmVrb H$mhr VaVwXr H$S>H$ H$aʶm~Ôb
Ama~rAm¶ JìhZ©a Am{U gaH$ma ¶mV ‘V^oX Pmë¶mZo C{O©V nQ>ob Amnbm H$m¶©H$mi nyU© Z H$aVm

38
{ZKyZ Jobo Ago gyMH$nUo nQ>ob ¶m§À¶m nwñVH$mV Ambo Amho. ¶mdê$Z {hVg§~§Yr bm°~r {H$Vr à^mdr
Amho ¶mMr H$ënZm ¶mdr. ¶m§Zm eoVH$ar, bKw CÚmoJ, J«m‘rU ^mJ ¶m§À¶m‘mJo ghO bnVm ¶oVo. nU
åhUyZ, ImOJrH$aU Ho$ë¶mZo Aem àmW{‘H$ joÌmbm H$O© {‘iUma Zmhr hr {ZamYma ^rVr Amho.
AmO Ama~rAm¶Mr {Z¶m‘H$ Mm¡H$Q> àmW{‘H$ joÌ H$O©nwadR>m H$aʶmH$[aVm nwaoer Amho. Amdí¶H$
Agob Va ˶mgmR>r Vr A{YH$ gd©g‘mdoeH$ H$aVm ¶oVo. R>odrdarb {d‘m gd©M ~±H$m§Zm bmJy Amho.
AmO ImOJr ~±H$m XoemVrb H$O© JaOoÀ¶m 40 Q>¸o$ JaOm nyU© H$aV AmhoV. ¶mV eoVH$ar, bKw
CÚmoJ, Xþ~©b KQ>H$, {Z¶m©VXma ho gd© ¶oVmV. ¶m{edm¶ Mma Vo nmM ~±H$m gaH$maÀ¶m ‘mbH$sÀ¶m
amhUmaM AmhoV. Ama~rAm¶Mo gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m§nojm ImOJr ~±H$m§À¶m H$m‘H$mOmda A{YH$ {Z¶§ÌU
AgVo ho AZoH$m§Zm ‘mhrV ZgVo. OJmV MrZ dJiVm BVa H$moU˶mhr Xoem§‘ܶo gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mo
àm~ë¶ Zmhr.
CXmarH$aUmÀ¶m ¶wJmV gaH$maZo ì¶dgm¶ H$ê$ Z¶o ho VÎd ‘mݶ Ho$bo Agë¶mZo gZ 2000 À¶m
A§XmOnÌH$mV gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m§‘Yrb gaH$maMr ‘mbH$s 33 Q>¸²$¶m§n¶ªV H$‘r H$aʶmMm àñVmd
hmoVm. ‘mÌ {hVg§~§{YV ì¶dñWoZo Vmo hmUyZ nmS>bm. ¶mMr qH$‘V OZVobm MwH$dmdr bmJbr. AmO ¶m
~±H$m§Mm dmT>Vm VmoQ>m H$‘r H$aʶmgmR>r ~±H$m R>odtdarb ì¶mOXa H$‘r H$aV AmhoV Am{U aonmo XamVrb
KQ>r à‘mUo H$O© ì¶mOXa H$‘r H$aʶmg CËgwH$ ZmhrV. {d{dY àH$maMo ewëH$ gm‘mݶ J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z
dgyb H$aʶmV ¶oV Amho Vo ¶m‘wioM. eodQ>r H$aXm˶mZo {Xbobr H$a a¸$‘ {H$Vr {Xdg Aer VyQ> ^ê$Z
H$mT>ʶmgmR>r dmnamdr ¶mbm ‘¶m©Xm AmhoVM.
doi AgVmZmM ~±H$m§Mo ImOJrH$aU Ho$bo Va gaH$mabm ¶mMr H$mhr qH$‘V {‘iob. AݶWm
¶m àM§S> VmoQ>çmVë¶m ~±H$m§Zm {dH$V KoʶmMo Ym[aï²>¶hr Hw$Ur XmIdUma ZmhrV. nr. Oo. ZmB©H$
g{‘VrZohr gaH$maZo ~±H$ ì¶dgm¶mMo {Z¶§ÌU Z H$aVm ~±H$ ì¶dgm¶mVbr Jw§VdUyH$ a¸$‘ åhUyZ
~±H$m§H$S>o nhmdo Ago gwMdbo Amho. A°pŠgg ~±Ho$Vrb {hñgm hiwhiy {dHy$Z gaH$ma Amnbm {hñgm
H$‘r H$aV Amho. ˶mMàH$mao gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m§‘Yrb {hñgmhr H$‘r H$ê$Z doirM XþéñVr H$aUo
A˶mdí¶H$ Amho. ¶mH$aVm ’$ma ‘moR>m {damoY hmoD$ eH$Vmo. ‘mÌ gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmMr H$miOr KoD$Z
gaH$mabm ho YmoaU R>m‘nUo am~dmdo bmJob. {deof åhUOo {dÎm ‘§Ìmb¶mÀ¶m AI˶marVrb {dÎmr¶
godm {d^mJmÀ¶m H$MmQ>çmVyZ gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m§Zm ‘wº$ H$amdo bmJob. ~±H$m§Zm H$m‘mMo ñdmV§Í¶ XoD$Z
˶m§Mr O~m~Xmarhr {Z{üV H$amdr bmJob. Ago Pmbo VaM gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m AmË‘{Z^©a hmoVrb.
AݶWm, ~±H$ amï´>r¶H$aU hr XoemMr ’$gdUyH$ hmoVr Ago åhUUmao amÁ¶H$V}M nwÝhm XoemMr ’$gdUyH$

39
H$aVrb Am{U OZVobm Vo ‘yH$nUo ghZ H$amdo bmJob.
5) ImOJr H$aUm‘wio hmoUmè¶m n[aUm‘mda gaH$maMo ‘V :-
ImOJrH$aUmÛmao gaH$mar {hñgoXmar {dHw$Z gaH$mar ñWmda ‘mb‘Îmm dmT>{dUo ho gaH$maMo YmoaU
AgyZ gaH$ma amï´>r¶H¥$V ~±H$mÛmam gaH$mar {VOmoarg IMm©Mm ‘mJ© Amho d Vmo IM© dmM{dʶmgmR>r
gaH$maZo ImOJrH$aU YmoaU Amdb§~rbo Amho.
6) gaH$mar ñWmda ‘mb‘Îmm {dHy$Z hr ñWmda ‘mb‘Îmm gaH$mar g§nÎmr
dmT>{dʶmMm {dMma H$í¶mgmR>r :-
g§ajU IM© VgoM {dXoer H$O© ¶mVwZ gwYmaUm d gaH$maMm ~±H$mdarb A{dœmg ¶mMm {dMma
H$ê$Z gaH$mar {VOmoarV dmT> ìhmdr d Amnbo H$m¶© H$‘r H$aʶmÀ¶m CÔoemZo gaH$mar ñWmda
‘mb‘Îmm gaH$ma {dHw$Z Q>mH$ʶmÀ¶m à¶ËZmV Amho.

3.3 Cnm¶
~±H$mda {dbrZrH$aU d ImOJrH$aU C^o H$aʶmMo Vo gaH$maMo YmoaU Amho. ˶mg dmM{dʶmgmR>r
Imbrb Cnm¶ Adb§~bo Va ~±H$m ¶m g§H$Q>mVyZ ~mhoa ¶oD$Z XoemÀ¶m gj‘ AW©ì¶dñ¶og Mm§Jbr
‘XVJma R>é eH$VmV. ˶m§gmR>r ~±H$mdarb {Z~ªY d H$mhr Cnm¶¶moOZm AmIUo JaOoMo Amho. nwT>rb
‘wX²Úm§Ûmao AmnU ˶mda Cnm¶ ‘m§Sw> d Amdb§~w eH$Vmo.
1) gaH$maÀ¶m hñWjonmgh ~±H$m§Zm Am{W©H$ ‘XV H$aUo.
2) EZ nr E AH$mC§Q>g YmaH$mg gº$sMo {Z¶‘ bmdUo.
3) [aPd© ~±H$mÛmao ì¶mnmar ~±H$m§À¶m ì¶mnma YmoaUmV gwYma AmUZo.
4) gaH$maÛmam ~±H$m§À¶m Am{W©H$ ì¶dhmamV hñVjon H$‘r H$aUo.
5) ‘moR>-‘moR>çm CÚmoJnVr H$O©YmaH$m§Zm EZnrE AH$mC§Q²g ~m~VrZ H$R>moa {Z~ªY d AQ>r V¶ma
H$aUo.
6) ImOJrH$aU H$aʶmnojm OZVoÀ¶m O‘m R>odtÀ¶m d Aݶ Am{W©H$ ì¶dhmam§Zm gaH$mar
gwajVVoÀ¶m h‘rMr JaO J«mhH$m§Zm hdr AgZo JaOoMo Amho.

1) gaH$maÀ¶m hñVjonmgh ~±H$m§Zm Am{W©H$ ‘XV H$aUo :-

gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$mMo ì¶dhma ho gm‘mݶ OZVoÀ¶m n¡em§À¶m R>odtdaM Mmby AgVmV. ho n¡go OZVoMo

40
Agë¶m‘wio ¶mda ImOJr hñWjon hm ˶m n¡í¶mMm J¡admna hmoʶmMm qH$dm H$‘r gwajm h‘rMm
R>aVmo. ˶m‘wio ~±H$m§da gaH$mar hñWjonmMr JaO AmhoM Am{U ~±H$m§À¶mda gwÕm gaH$maMr dMH$
amhVo.

2) EZ nr E ImVoYmaH$m§g gº$sMo {Z¶‘ bmdUo:-

^maVmV gdm©V OmñV ~±H$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ ho EZnrE AH$ ImVoYmaH$m§À¶m ‘wioM hmoV AgwZ AZoH$ ~±H$m
~wS>rV ¶mM‘wio ~§X nS>ʶmMr pñWVr {Z‘m©U Pmë¶m AmhoV. ˶mMr CÎm‘ CXmhaU åhUOo {Zad ‘moXr
d ‘më¶m Aem ~bmT>ç YZH$m|Zr WH$sV H$Om©Mm ~moOm ~±H$m§da Q>mHw$U XoemVwZ nbm¶Z Ho$ë¶m‘wio
AZoH$ ~±H$m§Mo Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ Pmbo Amho.

3) [aPd© ~±H$m Ûmao ì¶mnmar ~±H$mÀ¶m ì¶mnma YmoaUm§da gwYma AmUZo:-

H$hr doiog amOH$s¶ Zo˶m§À¶m hñWjonm‘wio ~±H$m§Zm BÀN>m ZgVmZm qH$dm OmopI‘ ñdrH$mê$Z
H$O©‘§Owar Úmdr bmJVmV {hM H$O} naV ’o$S> Z Pmë¶mZo ~wS>rV R>aVmV, OZVoZo R>onboë¶m Amnë¶m
l‘mÀ¶m R>odr Aem doir YmoŠ¶mV ¶oVmV. ˶m‘wio [aPd© ~±H$m§Zo Z{dZ YmoaUo {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z ¶mda
Am§Hw$f bmdUo JaOoMo Amho.

4) gaH$ma Ûmam ~±H$m§À¶m Am{W©H$ ì¶dhmamV hñVjon H$‘r H$aUo:-

gaH$mar X~mdmMo AZoH$ n[aUm‘ ~±H$mda nS>V Amho. H$O©‘m’$s, g~grS>r Aem AZoH$ ¶moOZm
gaH$ma am~dVo nU ¶mMm n[aUm‘ ~±H$m§À¶m ì¶dhmam§da hmoV AgVmo.

5) ‘moR>-‘moR>çm CÚmoJnVr H$O©YmaH$m§À¶m EZnrE AH$mD$§Q>g ~m~VrV H$R>moa

{Z~ªY d AQ>r V¶ma H$aUo:-
gaH$mar YmoaU d {Z¶‘ H$R>moa ~ZdwZ ~wS>rV H$Om©Mo Oo {Z¶‘ AmhoV ¶mV ~Xb KS>{dUo JaOoMo
Amho. Á¶m‘wio ~wS>rV H$Om©Mm YmoH$m H$‘r H$aVm ¶oB©b.

6) ImOJrH$aU H$aʶmnojm OZVoÀ¶m O‘m R>odtÀ¶m d Aݶ Am{W©H$ ì¶dhmam§Zm

gaH$mar gwajVVoÀ¶m h‘rMr JaO J«mhH$m§Zm hdr AgZo JaOoMo Amho.

41
 ImOJrH$aU H$aʶmnojm OZVoÀ¶m O‘m R>odtÀ¶m d Am{W©H$ ì¶dhmam§Zm ~i XoʶmgmR>r gaH$maMo
~±H$m§da Am§Hw$f d ~±H$m§Zm Amnbr H$m¶©j‘Vm ˶m§À¶m H$‘©Mmar dJm©Mr gwa{jVVm ¶mMm {dMma H$ê$Z
~±H$m§Mm {dH$mg H$m¶©j‘Vm dmT>{dë¶mg ~±H$m ¶m amï´>r¶ CËnmXZ dmT>{dʶmgmR>r IwnM ’$m¶Xo{ea
R>aVrb ¶mV XþOmoam Zmhr.

7) ~±H$ H$‘©Mmar d gaH$mar ‘mb‘Îmm ¶m§Mo g§ajU :-

H$moU˶mhr {dH$mgmÀ¶m ~m~VrV H$‘©Mmar dJ© hm Hw$eb d ˶m§Mr H$m‘ H$aʶmMr àd¥Îmr Mm§Jbr
qH$dm H«$s¶merb Agob Va ˶mMm n[aUm‘ hm CËnÞmda hmoV AgVmo ¶mMm {dMma H$ê$Z H$‘©Mmar
dJm©À¶m gwajm d gaH$mar ‘mb‘Îmm§Mo g§ajU hmoUo JaOoMo AgwZ ^m§S>dbXma dJm©H$S>o ¶mMo ñWbm§VaU
Pmë¶mg ˶m§À¶m {H«$¶meº$sda d gº$sÀ¶m {df¶mda n[aUm‘ KSw>Z ¶oD$ eH$Vmo. ˶m‘wio ghm{OH$M
{dH$mgH$m‘m§Zm ˶mMm Iyn n[aUm‘ KSy>Z ¶oD$ eH$Vmo. ¶mgmR>r à~§YrH$aUmMm Cnm¶ Cn¶wº$ R>é
eH$Vmo.
8) ImOJrH$aUmda Aݶ VmoS>Jm emoYUo :-
gaH$mabm JaO Amho Vr ImOJrH$aU H$ê$Z Amnbr {hñgoXmar {dHw$Z g§nÎmr {‘idyZ XoemMm
{dH$mg KS>{dʶmnojm gj‘ ~±H$m§Mo ì¶dhma d Aݶ gaH$mar hñVjonmÀ¶m ‘mb‘Îmm, H§$nݶm§Mo
g~brH$aU H$ê$Z ˶m§À¶mH$Sw>Z Xoe {hVñna H$m¶© H$ê$Z KoʶmgmR>r ¶mo½¶ {ZU©¶ KoUo JaOoMo Amho.

9) gaH$ma AmË‘{Z^©¶ VËd gmoSy>Z ImOJrH$aUmH$S>o diʶmÀ¶m ‘mZ{gH$VoV

~Xb :-
gaH$maÛmam ~Zbobr hr ‘mZ{gH$Vm ~XbZo JaOoMo AgwZ Xþan[aUm‘m§Mm {dMma H$aUo Xoe {hVmMo
Amho.

10) H$‘©Mmar dJ© gaH$mar g§nÎmrMo g§ajU gaH$maMo n{hbo H$V©ì¶ Amho :-
H$‘©Mmar dJm©À¶m h¸$m§Mm, VgoM gaH$mar g§nÎmr d ~±H$m§VwZ O‘m OZVoÀ¶m g§nÎmrMo g§ajU ho
gaH$maMo n{hbo YmoaU AgZo JaOoMo AgwZ ˶m§Mo ImOJrH$aU H$aUo ho ¶mo½¶ Zìho.

42
 g§emoYZmMm {ZîH$f© :-
g§nyU© g§emoYZmÀ¶m AmYmao Amnë¶mbm nw{T>b {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm ¶oVrb.
1) gaH$ma Amnbr O~m~Xmar PQ>Hy$ nhmV Amho.
2) XoemÀ¶m {hVmMm {dMma H$ê$Z ^{dî¶mV ¶oUmè¶m AS>MUr dmT>{dʶmMo gaH$maMo YmoaU Amho.
3) OZVoÀ¶m ‘mb‘Îmm§Mo g§ajU Z H$aVm ˶mda Q>mM ¶oʶmMr {MÝho {XgwZ ¶oVmV.
4) YZmT>ç d ì¶mnmar gmdH$mar nÕVrMm Amdb§~ nwÝhm {XgwZ ¶oVmo.
5) H$‘©Mmar, ‘OXÿa ¶m§À¶m emofUmMr OwZr na§nam nwÝhm {XgwZ ¶oD$ bmJV Amho.
6) amoOJma dmT>VmZm {XgVrb nU amoOJmamMm ‘mo~Xbm ¶mo½¶ {‘iob ¶mMr h‘r {Xbr OmUma
Zmhr.
7) Xoe {dH$mgmg ‘XVJma R>aboë¶m ~±H$m øm YUmT>ç d gmdH$mam§À¶m H$‘mB©Mm lmoV ~UwZ,
OZVoÀ¶m ‘mb‘Îmm§Mo g§ajU YmoŠ¶mV ¶oʶmMr {MÝho {XgwZ ¶oVmV.
Z¸$sM gaH$maMo ho YmoaU Xoe {hV ñna Amho ¶mMm A§XmO bmdUo MwH$sMo R>éU XoemÀ¶m {dH$mgmda
¶mMm ‘moR>m n[aUm‘ hmoʶmMr eŠ¶Vm {Z‘m©U H$aʶmnojm ¶mMo ‘§WZ H$aUo gaH$maMo H$m‘ Amho Ago
øm g§nyU© g§emoYZmdê$Z {XgwZ ¶oVo.

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 àH$aU 4

g§emoYZ g§X^©gwMr

4.1 g§emoYZmÀ¶m nÕVr

gXa g§emoYZmgmR>r àmW{‘H$ gmYZm§Mm d Xþ涑 gmYZm§Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm Jobm
AgyZ, gXa {df¶mÀ¶m AmYmarV nwñVHo$, g§Ho$VñWio dV©‘mZ nÌo doJdoJù¶m
àH$maÀ¶m g§emoYZ VgoM dU©ZmË‘H$ nÕVr ¶m§Mm AmYma KoD$Z gXaMo g§emoYZ
nyU© Ho$bo Jobo Amho.

4.2 g§emoYZmMr nÕVr gmYZo

gXa g§emoYZmÀ¶m gmR>r nw{T>b gmYZm§Mm dmna Ho$bm
1) àmW{‘H$ gmYZo :- (AW©Vkm§Mo {dMma ˶m§À¶m n«H$meZmÛmao)
2) Xþ涑 gmYZo :- (gm§Ho${VH$ ñWio, dV©‘mZ nÌo)

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