ANOTHER EXAMPLE?

LOSS OF PHONEMES

Word: Walk

 Base Form (Infinitive): /wɔːk/ (phonetic transcription)

Now, let's look at the third person singular form (he/she/it walks). In English,
this often involves adding the morpheme "-s" to the base form of the verb.
However, this addition of the morpheme can lead to the loss of a phoneme:

 Third Person Singular Form: /wɔːks/ (phonetic transcription)

In this example, the addition of the "-s" morpheme leads to the loss of the
final /k/ phoneme in the base form. This is a common morphophonemic process
in English verb conjugation. Similar examples can be found with other verbs:

 Base Form: Jump

 Base Form: /dʒʌmp/ (phonetic transcription)
 Third Person Singular Form: /dʒʌmps/ (phonetic transcription)

Here, the addition of the "-s" morpheme results in the loss of the final /p/
phoneme in the base form.

ADDITION OF PHONEMES

Word: Cat

 Singular: /kæt/ (phonetic transcription)

 Plural: /kæts/ (phonetic transcription)

In this case, the morphological process of pluralization involves adding the

morpheme "-s" to the singular form. The addition of this morpheme introduces a
new phoneme, the /s/ sound, resulting in the word "cats."

Word: Goose

 Singular: /ɡuːs/ (phonetic transcription)

When we form the plural of "goose" by adding the morpheme "-s," we

introduce a new phoneme:
  Plural: /ɡuːsɪz/ (phonetic transcription)

In this case, the addition of the plural morpheme not only adds the expected /s/
sound but also introduces the vowel sound /ɪ/ before the /z/ sound. The singular
form "goose" and the plural form "geese" demonstrate how morphological
changes can lead to the addition of both consonantal and vowel phonemes.

ASSIMILATION
 Base Word: Possible
 /ˈpɒsəbl̩ / (phonetic transcription)
 Negation with Assimilation: Impossible
 /ɪmˈpɒsəbl̩ / (phonetic transcription)

In this example, the prefix "in-" changes to "im-" and assimilates with the initial
sound of the base word, resulting in the assimilated /m/ sound.

 Phrase: Far away

 /fɑːr əˈweɪ/ (phonetic transcription)

In this example, the /r/ sound is added to the end of "far" due to the following
word "away" starting with a vowel sound. The linking /r/ is a form of
assimilation that facilitates smoother transitions between words in connected
speech.

DISSIMILATION

Example: Dissimilation in "Comfortable"

 Base Form: /ˈkʌmftərbəl/ (phonetic transcription)

 Dissimilation in Pronunciation: /ˈkʌmftərtəbl̩ / (phonetic transcription)

In the base form "comfortable," the two adjacent /f/ sounds are dissimilated to
/ft/ to avoid the repetition of the same fricative. The dissimilation process
results in the pronunciation with a /t/ sound, making it easier to articulate and
improving the overall phonetic flow.

Example: Dissimilation in "Library"

 Base Form: /ˈlaɪˌbræri/ (phonetic transcription)

 Dissimilation in Pronunciation: /ˈlaɪˌbrɛri/ (phonetic transcription)
In this case, the dissimilation occurs between the two consecutive /r/ sounds in
the base form. The second /r/ sound changes to /ɛ/, creating a dissimilated
pronunciation that avoids the repetition of identical fricative sounds. This
modification contributes to the natural flow of speech and may make the
pronunciation more comfortable for speakers.

CONSONANT CHANGE
1. Word: Leaf
 Singular: /lif/ (phonetic transcription)
 Plural: /lifz/ (phonetic transcription)
In this example, the plural form "leaves" is formed by adding the plural
morpheme "-s." The final /f/ sound in the singular form changes to /v/ in
the plural form due to a phonological rule of final consonant voicing.
This voicing assimilates with the voicing of the following /z/ sound.
2. Word: Church
 Singular: /tʃɜːrtʃ/ (phonetic transcription)
 Plural: /tʃɜːrtʃɪz/ (phonetic transcription)
In the plural form "churches," the final /tʃ/ sound in the singular form
changes to /ʃ/ due to the influence of the plural morpheme "-es."

These examples demonstrate how the pronunciation of the final consonant in a

word can change when a morpheme is added for pluralization. This type of
morphophonemic process ensures smoother pronunciation and contributes to the
regularities observed in English pluralization patterns.

CHANGE OF SYLLABIC VOWEL OR DIPTHONGS

Example: Change of Syllabic Vowel in Verb Tense

1. Base Form (Present): /sɪŋ/ (phonetic transcription)

2. Past Tense Form: /sæŋ/ (phonetic transcription)

In this example, the base form "sing" has a syllabic vowel /ɪ/. However, in the
past tense form "sang," the vowel changes to /æ/. This change of the syllabic
vowel is a morphophonemic process that indicates a shift in tense.

Similarly:

3. Past Participle Form: /sʌŋ/ (phonetic transcription)

In the past participle form "sung," the syllabic vowel changes again, this time to
/ʌ/. This change reflects the morphophonemic process associated with forming
the past participle.

Example: Change of Syllabic Vowel in Verb Tense

1. Base Form (Present): /ɡɪv/ (phonetic transcription)

2. Past Tense Form: /ɡæv/ (phonetic transcription)

In the base form "give," the syllabic vowel is /ɪ/. However, in the past tense
form "gave," the vowel changes to /æ/. This alteration of the syllabic vowel is a
morphophonemic process indicating a shift in tense for this irregular verb.

Similarly:

3. Past Participle Form: /ɡɪvn/ (phonetic transcription)

In the past participle form "given," the syllabic vowel changes once more, this
time to /ɪ/. The change in the syllabic vowel is a part of the morphological
pattern associated with forming the past participle of the verb "give."

INSERTION
 Base Form: /aɪ hæv/ (phonetic transcription)

In casual speech, there might be an insertion of a /v/ sound between "I" and
"have," making the pronunciation smoother:

 Inserted Pronunciation: /aɪ v hæv/ (phonetic transcription)

Here, the insertion of the /v/ sound is a morphophonemic process that facilitates
more fluent speech.

 Base Form: /ˈɡʌvərmənt əˈfɪʃəl/ (phonetic transcription)

In connected speech, there might be an insertion of a schwa sound to ease the

transition between the final "t" in "government" and the initial "o" in "official":

 Inserted Pronunciation: /ˈɡʌvərməntəˈfɪʃəl/ (phonetic transcription)

Here, the insertion of the schwa sound is a morphophonemic process that

contributes to the fluidity of pronunciation.

SUPPLETION
Example: Suppletion in Pronouns

Suppletion can also occur in English pronouns, especially in the forms of "to
be" in the past tense:

 Present Tense: I am, you are, he/she/it is, we are, they are
 Past Tense: I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, they were

Here, the past tense forms "was" and "were" are completely different from the
base form "am," "are," and "is," illustrating the phenomenon of suppletion.

These examples showcase how insertion and suppletion can manifest in

different aspects of English, contributing to pronunciation ease and grammatical
irregularities.

 Base Form: good

In the comparative form, instead of adding a suffix like "-er," a completely

different word is used:

 Comparative Form: better

Here, the transformation from "good" to "better" involves suppletion, where an

entirely different form is used to express the comparative degree.