CHAPTER
2 Relations and Functions
RELATIONS
A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a
subset of the cartesian product A × B. The subset is derived by
describing a relationship between the first element and the second
element of the ordered pairs in A × B. The second element is called
the image of the first element.
DOMAIN OF A RELATION
The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R
form a set A to a set B is called the domain of the relation R.
RANGE OF A RELATION
The set of all second elements in a relation R from a set A to a set
B is called the range of the relation R. The whole set B is called
the co-domain of the relation R.
Note: Range ⊆ Co-domain.
Note: The total number of relations that can be defined from a set
A to a set B is the number of possible subsets of A × B. If n(A) = p
and n(B) = q, then n (A × B) = pq and the total number of relations
is 2pq.
TYPES OF RELATION
In this section, we intend to define various types of relations on a
given set A.
1. Empty / Void Relation: Let A be a set, then f ⊆ A × A and
so it is a relation on A. This relation is called the void or
empty relation on A.
2. Universal Relation: Let A be a set, then A × A ⊆ A × A and
so it is a relation on A. This relation is called the universal
relation on A.
Note: The void and the universal relations on a set A are
respectively the smallest and the largest relations on A.
3. Identity Relation: Let A be a set, then the relation
IA = {(a, a) : a ∈ A} on A is called the identity relation on
A. In other words, a relation IA on A is called the identity
relation, if every element of A is related to itself only.
Ex: The relation IA = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} is the identity
relation on set A = {1, 2, 3}. But relations R1 = {(1, 1), (2, 2)}
and R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)} are not identity relations
on A, because (3, 3) ∉ R1 and in R2, element 1 is related to
element 1 and 3.
4. Reflexive Relation: A relation R on set A is said to be
reflexive if every element of A is related to itself.
Thus, R is reflexive ⇔ (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ A. A relation
R on a set A is not reflexive if there exists an element
a ∈ A such that (a, a) ∉ R.
Ex: Let A = {1, 2, 3} be a set. Then R = {(1, 1), (2, 2),
(3, 3), (1, 3), (2, 1)} is a reflexive relation on A. But
R1 = {(1, 1), (3, 3), (2, 1), (3, 2)} is not a reflexive relation
on A, because 2 ∈ A but (2, 2) ∉ R1.
Ex: A relation R on N defined by (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ x ≥ y is a
reflexive relation on N, because every natural number is
greater than or equal to itself.
Note:
(i) The identity relation on a non-void set A is always
reflexive relation on A. However, a reflexive on A is
not necessarily the identity relation on A. For example,
the relation R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b)} is a
reflexive relation on set A = {a, b, c} but is not the
identity relation on A.
(ii) The universal relation on a non-void set A is reflexive.
5. Symmetric Relation: A relation R on a set A is said to be a
symmetric relation iff (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R for all a, b ∈ A
i.e. aRb ⇒ bRa for all a, b ∈ A.
Ex: Let L be the set of all lines in plane and let R be a relation
defined on L by the rule (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ x is perpendicular to
y. Then R is symmetric relation on L, because L1 ⊥ L2 ⇒ L2
⊥ L1 i.e. (L1, L2) ∈ R ⇒ (L2, L1) ∈ R.
Ex: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let R1 and R2 be relation on A given
by R1 = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (3, 1), (2, 2) (4, 1)} and R2 = {(1, 1),
(2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)}. Clearly, R1 is a symmetric relation on
A. However, R2 is not so, because (1, 3) ∈ R2 but (3, 1) ∉ R2.
Note:
(i) The identity and the Universal relations on a non-void
set are symmetric relations.
 (ii) A relation R on a set A is not a symmetric relation if
there are at least two elements a, b ∈ A such that (a, b) 1 1
∈ R but (b, a) ∉ R.
a −b > ⇒ b−a = a −b >
2 2
(iii) A reflexive relation on a set A is not necessarily Hence symmetric.
symmetric. For example, the relation R = {(1, 1),
(2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)} is a reflexive relation on set Let a = 1, b = – 1 and c = ,
A = {1, 2, 3} but it is not symmetric.
6. Transitive Relation: Let A be any set. A relation R on 1 5 1

a −b = 2 > so (a, b) ∈ R; b − c = >
A is said to be a transitive relation iff (a, b) ∈ R and 2 2 2
(b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R for all a, b, c ∈ A i.e. aRb and So (b, c) ∈ R
bRc ⇒ aRc for all a, b, c ∈ A. 3 1 1
But a − c = 1 − = >/ so (a, c) ∉ R .
Note: The identity and the universal relations on a non-void 2 2 2
set are transitive. Hence R is not a transitive relation.
7. Equivalence Relation: A relation R on a set A is said to (iv) Reflexive, not symmetric, transitive
be an equivalence relation if R is reflexive, symmetric and a
transitive. Since = 1 i.e. every number divides itself, hence R
a
8. Anti Symmetrical Relation: Let A be any set. A relation is reflexive.
R on set A is said to be an anti symmetric relation iff
If a divides b then b does not divide a unless (a = b)
(a, b) ∈ R and (b, a) ∈ R ⇒ a = b for all a, b ∈ A.
hence the relation is not symmetric.
If a divides b and b divides c then it is clear that a will

Train Your Brain

divide c. Hence transitive.
Example 2: Show that the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3}
given by R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2 3)} is reflexive
Example 1: Check the following relations for being but neither symmetric nor transitive.
reflexive, symmetric, transitive and thus choose the
Sol. R is reflexive, since (1, 1), (2, 2) and (3, 3) lie in R.
equivalence relations if any. Also, R is not symmetric, as (1, 2) ∈ R but (2,1) ∉ R.
(i) a R b iff | a | ≤ b; a, b ∈ set of real numbers. Similarly, R is not transitive, as (1, 2) ∈ R and (2, 3) ∈ R
(ii) a R b iff a < b; a, b ∈ N. but (1, 3) ∉ R.
1 Example 3: Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers
(iii) a R b iff | a – b| > ; a, b ∈ R.
2 given by R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a – b} is an equivalence
(iv) a R b iff a divides b; a, b ∈ N. relation.
Sol. R is reflexive, as 2 divides (a – a) for all a ∈ Z. Further,
Sol: if (a, b) ∈ R, then 2 divides a – b. Therefore, 2 divides b
(i) Not reflexive, not symmetric but transitive – a. Hence, (b, a) ∈ R, which shows that R is symmetric.
Let a = –2 and b = 3; (–2, 3) ∈ R. Since |–2| ≤ 3 is Similarly, if (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R, then a – b and b – c
true are divisible by 2. Now, a – c = (a – b) + (b – c) is even.
Since |–2| = 2 –2 hence relation is not Reflexive So, (a – c) is divisible by 2. This shows that R is transitive.
Since |3| ≤ –2 is wrong hence relation is not symmetric Thus, R is an equivalence relation in Z.
Now Let a, b, c be three real numbers such that
| a | ≤ b and | b | ≤ c
| a | ≤ b ⇒ b ≥ 0, so | b | ≤ c ⇒ b ≤ c
Hence | a | ≤ c is true so the given relation is transitive. Concept Application
(ii) Not reflexive, not symmetric but transitive.
Since no natural number is less than itself hence not 1. Let W denote the words in the English dictionary.
reflexive, Define the relation R by: R = {(x, y) ∈ W × W | the
words x and y have at least one letter in common}.
If a < b then b < a is false. Hence not symmetric.
then R is –
If a < b then b < c clearly a < c. Hence transitive
(a) Reflexive, symmetric and not transitive
(iii) Not reflexive, symmetric, not transitive. (b) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive
1 (c) Reflexive, not symmetric and transitive

a − a = 0 >/ hence it is not reflexive.
2 (d) Not reflexive, symmetric and transitive

2 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 Representation of Function
2. If A = {x ∈ Z + ; x < 10 and x, is a multiple of 3 or 4},
Function machines are sometimes used to illustrate how
where Z + is the set of positive integers, then the total
number of relations on A is functions behave.
(a) 225 (b) 220 (c) 210 (d) 215 x

3. Let R = {(3, 3), (5,5), (9, 9), (12, 12), (5, 12), (3, 9),
(3, 12), (3, 5)} be a relation on the set A = {3, 5, 9,
12}. Then R is
I double the
(a) Reflexive, symmetric but not transitive input and
(b) Symmetric, transitive but not reflexive then add 3
(c) An equivalence relation
(d) Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric 2x + 3
4. Let P be the relation defined on the set of all real So, if 4 is fed into the machine, 2(4) + 3 = 11 comes out.
numbers under their domain such that P = {(a, b) : This function can be written as:
sec2 a – tan2b = 1}. Then P is
f : x  2x + 3
(a) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
(b) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
(c) Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive function f such that x is converted into 2x + 3
(d) An equivalence relation Two other equivalent forms we use are: f (x) = 2x + 3 or y = 2x + 3
Consequently, f (2) = 7 indicates that the point (2, 7) lies on the
graph of the function.
DEFINITION OF FUNCTION
y
Relation from set A to set B is known as a function if each element
(2, 7)
from set A is uniquely connected with set B. Every function is a
relation but every relation is not a function. f(x) = 2x + 3
Ex: (0, 3)
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B ={a, b, c, d, e} be two and let R1, R2, R3 x
and R4 be relations from set A to set B. These mappings are shown
(– 3, 0)
as follows: 2
1 R1 a
2 b (–4, –5)
c
3 d
e
4
Note:
R2 a
1
b ™ f (x) is read as “f of x”.
2 c
3 d ™ f is the function which converts x into f (x), i.e.,
4 e
f : x → f (x) .
R3
1
a ™ y = f (x) is sometimes called the image of x.
b
2 c (a) Ordered pair: Every function from A → B satisfies the
3 d
4
e following conditions:
(i) f ⊂ A × B
1
R4 (ii) ∀ a ∈ A there exist b ∈ B
a
2
b (iii) (a, b) ∈ f and (a, c) ∈ f ⇒ b = c
3
4
c (b) Formula based (uniformly/non-uniformly)
d
(i) f : R → R, f (x) = 4x, f (x) = x2 (uniformly defined)
Now see that R1 is not function from set A to set B, since there is
 x + 1 −1 ≤ x < 4
an element 3 ∈ A which is not associated with any element of B. R2 (ii) f ( x )  (non-uniformly defined)
and R3 are the functions from A to B, because under R2 and R3 each  −x 4 ≤ x < 4
element in A is associated with a unique element in B. But R4 is  x 2 x≥0
not a function from A to B because an element 4 ∈ A is associated (iii) f ( x )  (non-uniformly defined)
with two elements c and d in B. − x − 1 x < 0

P Relations and Functions 3

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 VERTICAL LINE TEST TO DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN AND RANGE
IDENTIFY A FUNCTION OF A FUNCTION
If we are able to draw even a single vertical line (parallel to y-axis) Let f : A → B, then the set A is known as the domain of f and the
which cuts the graph of curve more than one point, then it is not set B is known as co-domain of f. If a member ‘a’ of A is associated
to the member ‘b’ of B, then ‘b’ is called the f-image of ‘a’ and
a function.
we write b = f (a). Further ‘a’ is called a pre-image of ‘b’. The set
{f (a) : a ∈ A} is called the range of f. Clearly f (A) ⊆ B.
If only expression of f (x) is given (domain and co-domain are not
x mentioned), then domain is set of those values of ‘x’ for which f (x)
is real, while co-domain is considered to be (–∞, ∞) (except in ITFs)
Yes, function
A function whose domain and range are both subsets of real
numbers is called a real function.
Algebraic Operations on Functions : If f and g are real valued
functions of x with domains A and B respectively, then both f and g are
defined in A ∩ B. Now we define f + g , f − g , (f · g) and (f/g) as follows:
x
(i) (f ± g) (x) = f (x) ± g(x) 
Not function domain in each case is A ∩ B
(ii) (f . g) (x) = f (x) . g(x) 
Ex:
 f  f ( x)
(i) y2 = 4x (iii)   (x) = domain is {x  x ∈ A ∩ B}.
g g ( x)
There exists a vertical line which cuts the graph at more provides that g(x) ≠ 0
than one point, then it is not a function.
METHOD TO FIND RANGE OF FUNCTION
Let function y = f (x)
Range of function = set formed by values of y
Range of Trigonometric Functions
(i) f (x) = a sin x + b cos x.

− a 2 + b 2 ≤ a sin x + b cos x ≤ a 2 + b 2

Range of f (x)  − a 2 + b 2 , a 2 + b 2 
 
(ii) x2 + y2 = 4 2n 2n
(ii) If f (x) = sin x + cos x, n ∈ N – {1}
There exists a vertical line which cuts the graph at more  1 
than one point, then it is not a function. Range ∈  n−1 , 1
2 
(iii) If f (x) = sin2n+1 x + cos2n+1 x, n ∈ N then
Range ∈ [–1, 1]
There are many approaches for computing range depending upon
x the function we are dealing.
Using
graph

(iii) y = x3 – 6x + 11x – 6 Convert x into y

we get x = g(y)

y = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) then domain of g(y)
Computing range
We cannot draw even a single vertical line which cuts the Function
Using range of
graph at more than one point, so it is a function.
Sub-function
y present in function

Using application
1 2 3
of derivatives
(Monotonicity)

4 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

Monotonicity of Function {x | –2 < x ≤ 1} or x ∈ ] –2, 1 ] or (–2, 1] has number line graph
Increasing Function x
If x1 > x2 ⇒ f (x1) ≥ f (x2) for all such x1 and x2 in domain and –2 1
if f (x) is a continuous and differentiable function, then f ′(x) ≥ 0 {x | x ≤ 0 or x > 4} i.e., x ∈ ] –∞, 0], ] 4, ∞ [ or (– ∞, 0] has
for increasing function. number line graph
Decreasing Function
x
If x1 > x2 ⇒ f (x1) ≤ f (x2) for all such x1 and x2 in domain 0 4
and if f (x) is a continuous and differentiable function, then A function but wish to know when the function is positive,
f ′(x) ≤ 0 for decreasing function. negative, zero or undefined. A sign diagram enables us to do this
Intervals have corresponding graphs. and is relatively easy to construct.
{x | x ≥ 3} or x ∈ [3, ∞ [ or [3, ∞) is read “the set of all x such that A sign diagram consists of:
x is greater than or equal to 3” and has number line graph ™ a horizontal line which is really the x-axis.
™ positive (+) and negative (–) signs indicating that the graph
x
3 is above and below the x-axis respectively.
{x | x < 2} or x ∈ ] –∞, 2 [ or (–∞, 2) has number line graph ™ critical values, the numbers written below the line,
which are the graph’s x-intercepts (y = 0) or where y is
x undefined.
2

4
Function y = (x + 2)(x – 1) y = –2(x – 1)2 y=
x

Graph y y y
1 x

x x
–2 1

Sign diagram + – + – –
x – +
–2 1 x 1
0 x

In general:
™ When a factor has an odd power there is a change of sign
about that critical value and x-intercepts.
Draw a sign diagram of: (a) (x + 3)(x – 1)
Train Your Brain
(a) (x + 3)(x – 1) has critical values of –3 and 1. Example 4: Find the domain of the following functions:
+ – + (i) f (x) = x2 − x − 6 + 6− x
x
–3 1 (ii) f (x) = 3x − x3
We try any number x−2 1− x
(iii) f (x) = +
> 1, e.g., x = 2 x+2 1+ x
As (5)(1) > 0
we put a + sign here. (iv) f (x) = sin x + 16 − x 2
As the factors are ‘single’ the signs alternate giving: (v) y = log(x – 4) (x2 – 11x + 24)
+ – + (vi) y = log 3 (cos(sin x))
–3 1 x
P Relations and Functions 5
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 Sol. (i) x2 – x – 6 ≥ 0 and 6 – x ≥ 0 x−4
(iii) f (=
x) 16 − x 2 (iv) f ( x ) =
(x – 3) (x + 2) ≥ 0 and x ≤ 6 x−4
Sol:
(i) Range y ∈ [0, ∞)

–2 3 6
x ≥ 3 or x ≤ –2 and x ∈ (–∞, 6]
x ∈ (–∞, –2] ∪ [3, ∞) and x ∈ (–∞, 6]

∴ x ∈ (–∞, –2] ∪ [3, 6] O 3

(ii) 3x – x3 ≥ 0 ⇒ x3 – 3x ≤ 0
⇒ x(x2 – 3) ≤ 0 ⇒ x(x – 3 ) (x + 3)≤0 x
(ii) y =
2

∴ x ∈ (− ∞, − 3 ] ∪ [0, 3] x +1
– + – + Method I:
Domain x ∈ R
0 yx2 – x + y = 0
– 3 3
Quadratic in x has real roots as x ∈ R
x−2 1− x
(iii) ≥ 0 and ≥0 ∴ Discriminant D ≥ 0 ⇒ 1– 4y2 ≥ 0
x+2 1+ x  1 1
x−2 ⇒ (2y – 1) (2y +1) ≤ 0 ⇒ y ∈  − , 
Now ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 2 or x < −2  2 2
x+2
Here at y = 0 quadratic vanishes, so we have to check
1− x
Also ≥ 0 ⇒ −1 < x ≤ 1 this separately
1+ x Put y = 0
Hence, the given function has empty domain i.e. ⇒ x = 0 (a point with in domain)
domain of function = φ. ⇒ y = 0 point is included in the range
(iv) sin x ≥ 0 and 16 − x2 ≥ 0 Note: If there is no point of x in the domain for the value
⇒ 2nπ ≤ x ≤ (2n + 1)π of y for which quadratic vanishes, we have to remove that
point from range.
and −4 ≤ x ≤ 4
Method II:

∴ Domain is [−4, −π] ∪ [0, π] x 1 1
=f ( x) = we known that x + ≥ 2
(v) y = log(x−4) (x2 − 11x + 24) 1+ x 2
1  x
 + x
 x 
Here ‘y’ would assume real value, if
x − 4 > 0 and ≠ 1, x2 − 11x + 24 > 0
1 1
⇒0< ≤
1 2
⇒ x > 4 and ≠ 5, (x − 3) (x − 8) > 0 x+
x

⇒ x > 4 and ≠ 5, x < 3 or x > 8
1  1   1
⇒ x > 8 ⇒ Domain (y) = (8, ∞). ⇒ ∈  − , 0  ∪  0, 
 1   2   2
(vi) y = log 3 (cos(sin x)) x+ 
 x
Here ‘y’ would assume real value if, But division by x is done by us
So at x = 0, y = 0
log3 (cos (sin x)) ≥ 0 ⇒ cos (sin x) ≥ 1
 1 1
⇒ cos(sin x) = 1 as −1 ≤ cosθ ≤ 1 ∴ Range y ∈  − , 
 2 2

⇒ sin x = 0 ⇒ x = nπ, n ∈ I
(iii) f (x) = 16 − x 2 , Domain x ∈ [–4, 4]
Hence, domain consists of the multiples of π i.e.
Domain = {nπ : n ∈ I}. ⇒ f (x) > 0, y = 16 − x 2
Example 5: Find the range of each of the following ⇒ x2 + y2 = 16
functions.
Equation of semicircle
x
(i) f (x) = | x – 3 | (ii) f ( x) = ∴ Range y ∈ [0, 4]
1 + x2

6 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 4 7. Range of f (x) = ln (3x2 – 4x + 5) is
 11 
(a) n , ∞  (b) [n 10, ∞)
 3 

–4  11   11 
4 (c) n , ∞  (d) n , ∞ 
 6   12 
8. Range of f (x) = 4 + 2 + 1 is
x x

x−4 (a) (0, ∞) (b) (1, ∞)

(iv) f (x) =
,x≠4 (c) (2, ∞) (d) (3, ∞)
x−4
1 , x>4 x−2
⇒ f (x) =  9. Range of function f (x) = 2
−1 , x < 4 x − 4x + 3
∴ Range y ∈ {–1, 1} (a) (–∞, 0) (b) R
(c) (0, ∞) (d) R – {0}
1 10. For each of the following graphs find the domain and
range
4 y
(–3, 5)
–1
x

Example 6: Find the range of following function:

y = ln (2x – x2) y = –3
Sol. Using maxima-minima, we have
(2x – x2) ∈ (– ∞, 1]
(a)
For log to be defined accepted values are
2x – x2 ∈ (0, 1] y
(2, 5)
∴ Range is (–∞, 0]
Example 7: Find the domain of f (x) = 7–xPx–3
y=x+2
Sol. f (x) = 7–xPx–3
x
For domain
7 – x ≥ 0, and x – 3 ≥ 0 and 7 – x ≥ x – 3 (–1, –3)
x ≤ 7 and x ≥ 3 2x ≤ 10
x=1
x≤5
x ∈ {3, 4, 5} (b)
Range ∈ {f (3), f (4), f (5)}
Range ∈ {1, 3, 2}
For each of the following graphs state the domain and range:
1. Domain is {x | x ≤ 8} or x ∈ ] –∞, 8]
Range is {y | y ≥ –2} or y ∈ [ –2, ∞[

Concept Application y
(4, 3)
− log 0.3 ( x − 1)
5. The domain of the function f (x) = is
x2 + 2x + 8
(a) (1, 4) (b) (–2, 4) x
(c) (2, 4) (d) [2, ∞)
6. Domain of definition of the function (8, –2)
3
f (x) = = 2 + log10 ( x 3 − x ) , is
4− x 2. Domain is {x | x is in R} or x ∈ R
(a) (1, 2) (b) (–1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) Range is {y | y ≥ –1} or y ∈ [ –1, ∞[
(c) (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞) (d) (–1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)

P Relations and Functions 7

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 y y

x
x (–1, –3)

(2, –1) 2. x can take any value. So, the domain is {x | x is in R} or x ∈

R. y cannot be > 1. So, the range is {y | y ≤ 1} or y ∈ ]–∞, 1].
GRAPHICAL NOTE y
(2, 1)
y
x
Range
2 (3, 2)
x

3 Domain 3. x can take all values except x = 2. So, the domain is {x | x ≠ 2}.
Likewise, the range is {y | y ≠ 1}.
The domain consists of all real x such that x ≥ 3 and we write this as
y
{x | x  3} or x  [3, [.

the set of all x such that x  3 y=1

Likewise the range would be {y | y ≥ 2} or y ∈ [2, ∞].
1. All values of x ≥ –1 are permissible. So, the domain is x
{x | x ≥ –1} or x ∈ [–1, ∞[. All values of y ≥ –3 are permissible.
So, the range is {y | y ≥ –3} or y ∈ [–3, ∞[. x=2

IMPORTANT TYPE OF FUNCTIONS

™ If a graph contains a small open circle such as —o—, this point is not included.
™ If a graph contains a small filled-in circle such as ——•, this point is included.
™ If a graph contains an arrow head at an end such as —→ then the graph continues indefinitely in that general direction, or the shape
may repeat as it has done previously.
(1) Trigonometric function:
Function Domain Curve Range
(i) f (x) = sin x x∈R y ∈ [–1, 1]
y = sin x
1
–/2 3/2
/2 
x
–2 –3/2 – 2

–1

(ii) f (x) = cos x x∈R y ∈ [–1, 1]

y = cos x
1
–/2 3/2
–2 –3/2 –   2 5/2
x
/2

–1

8 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 (iii) f (x) = tan x π y = tan x y∈R
x ∈ R – (2n + 1) ,n∈Ι
2

–π
π π x
3π π 0 3π
– –
2 2 2 2

(iv) f (x) = cot x x ∈ R – nπ, n ∈ Ι y = cot x

y∈R

3π
2
–π π π x
π 0 2π
–
2 2

(v) f (x) = cosec x x ∈ R –nπ, n ∈ Ι y = cosec x y ∈ (−∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞)

– x
0
–

–1

(vi) f (x) = sec x π y = sec x y ∈ (−∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞)

x∈R – (2n+1) ,n∈Ι
2
1

– 
x
– – 0  

–1

(2) Polynomial Function: If a function f defined by f (x) = a0xn (v) f (x) = c, (c ≠ 0), is a non-linear function (its degree is zero).
+ a1xn – 1 + a2 xn–2 +.......+ an where a0, a1, a2 ........ an ∈ R, (vi) f (x) = 0 is a polynomial function whose degree is not defined
n∈W (3) Algebraic Function: A function is called an algebraic
If a0 ≠ 0, then f (x) is called nth degree polynomial function function, if it can be constructed using algebraic operations
and domain is x ∈ R. such as additions, subtractions, multiplication, division
Note: taking roots etc. on algebraic expressions
(i) If n is odd, then polynomial is of odd degree. Its range is (i) f (x) = x 4 + 5 x 2 + x + (x3 + 5)3/5 → algebraic function.
always R. x+7
(ii) f (x) = x 2 + 7 + en x + → algebraic function.
(ii) If n is even, then polynomial is of even degree. Its range is x2 + 7
never R. y is an algebraic function of x, if it is a function that
(iii) A polynomial function of degree one with no constant term satisfies an algebraic equation of the form P0(x) yn +
is called odd linear function. P1(x) yn–1 + .... + Pn–1(x).y + Pn(x) = 0, where n is a
positive integer and P0(x), P1(x) ..... are polynomials in
i.e. f (x) = ax, a ≠ 0 x, e.g. x3 + y3 – 3xy = 0.
(iv) f (x) = ax + b, a ≠ 0 is a linear polynomial function.
P Relations and Functions 9
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Note: Thus, | x | is the distance of x from 0 on the number line.
(i) All polynomial functions are algebraic but converse is not |x|
true. If x > 0
(ii) Function which are not algebraic are called as transcendental 0 x
function. |x|
If x < 0
e.g. exponential function, logarithmic function. x 0
5
( x + 5x ) 2 3/5 Algebraic definition
Ex. f (x) = + 3 x 2 + 5 x + 6 + n x →
x3  x if x≥0
The modulus of x, | x |= 
transcendental function − x if x<0
(4) Rational Function: It is a function of form y
g ( x) y=|x|
f (x) = , where g(x) and h(x) are polynomial function
h( x )
and h(x) ≠ 0 This branch This branch
is y = –x, x < 0. is y = x, x  0.
x 4 − 3x 2 + 2
e.g. f (x) = , x ≠ ±2
x2 − 4 x
(5) Logarithmic function: f (x) = logax, where x > 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1
a → base, x → number or argument of log. Notice that 72
= 49 7
= and (−5) 2 = 25 = 5. Thus
Case–I : 0 < a < 1 Case–II : a > 1 2
| x | = x is an equivalent definition of | x |.
f (x) = logax f (x) = logax Basic Properties of |x|
f (x) f (x) ™ || x || = | x |
™ Geometrical meaning of | x − y | is the distance between x and y.
(1,0) ™ | x | > a ⇒ x > a or x < −a if a ∈ R+
0 x 0 (1,0) x ™ | x | < a ⇒ −a < x < a if a ∈ R+ and x ∈ φ if a ∈ R––
™ | xy | = | x || y |
x |x|
Domain : x ∈ (0, ∞) Range : y ∈ R =
™ ,y≠0
y | y|
(6) Exponential function : f (x) = ax, where a > 0, a ≠ 1 ™ | x + y | ≤ |x| + |y|
a → Base, x → Exponent It is a very useful and interesting property. Here the equality
sign holds if x and y either both are non-negative or non-
Case–I : 0 < a < 1; Case–II : a > 1
positive (i.e. x . y ≥ 0). (| x | + | y |) represents the sum of
x distances of numbers x and y from the origin and | x + y |
1 e.g. a = 2, f (x) = 2x represents the distance of number x + y from the origin (or
e.g. a = 1/2, f (x) =  
2 distance between ‘x’ and ‘−y’ measured along the number
line).
f (x) f (x)
™ |x − y| ≥ |x| – |y|
Here again the equality sign holds if x and y either both
(1,0) are non-negative or non-positive (i.e. x · y ≥ 0). (| x | − | y |)
(1,0) represents the difference of distances of numbers x and y from
0 x 0 x the origin and | x − y | represents the distance between ‘x’ and
‘y’ measured along the number line. The last two properties
can be put in one compact form i.e., | x | – | y | ≤ | x ± y |
Domain : x ∈ R, Range : y ∈ (0, ∞) ≤ | x | + | y |.
(7) Absolute value function (Modulus function):  1; x > 0

Domain : x ∈ R; Range : y ∈ R+ ∪ {0} (8) Signum function: y = sgn (x) =  0; x = 0
 −1; x < 0
The modulus of a real number x is its distance from 0 on the
number line. Generally, we can also write
5 7 | x |
 x≠0
–5 0 7 sgn (x) =  x
 0 x=0
|7|=7 | –5 | = 5. it cannot be negative.

10 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 y 0 ; x ∈ I
(iii) {x} + {–x} = 
1 ; otherwise
1
Important properties of greatest integer function and
fractional part of x.
0 x (i) [ x ] ≥ n ⇒ x ≥ n or x ∈ [n, ∞) , n ∈ I
[ x ] > n ⇒ x ≥ n + 1 or x ∈ [n + 1, ∞), n ∈ I
–1
[ x ] ≤ n ⇒ x < n + 1 or x ∈ (−∞, n + 1), n ∈ I
[ x ] < n ⇒ x < n or x ∈ (−∞, n), n ∈ I
Domain : x ∈ R; Range : y ∈ {–1, 0, 1}
(ii) [[ x ]] = [ x ] , [{ x }] = 0, {[ x ]} = 0
(9) Greatest integer function (step-up function): The function
(iii) [n + x] = n + [ x ] where n ∈ I
f (x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function and is defined
as follows:  0, if x ∈ integer
(iv) [ x ] + [ −x ] = 
[x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x. −1, if x ∉ integer
0, if x ∈ integer
x (v) { x } + { −x } = 
x∈I 1, if x ∉ integer
[x]  [ x] + [ y ], if {x} + { y} < 1
(vi) [x + y] =  .
integer just less than x [ x] + [ y ] + 1, if {x} + { y} ≥ 1
x∉I
 [ x]   x 
Domain : R ; Range : I ; (vii)   =   , n ∈ N, x ∈ R
y  n  n
 1  2  n − 1
2 (viii) [ x] +  x +  +  x +  + ..... +  x + [n x] n ∈ N
=
 n   n   n 
1
(11) Equal or Identical Functions : Two functions f and g are
–2 –1 x said to be equal if :
1 2 3
(i) The domain of f = The domain of g ⇒ Df = Dg
–1
(ii) The range of f = The range of g ⇒ Rf = Rg
–2
(iii) f (x) = g(x), ∀ x ∈ their common domain.
Properties:
(i) [x] ≤ x < [x] + 1
(ii) [x + m] = [x] + m ; m ∈ I
Train Your Brain
 0 ; x∈I Example 8: Solve the following inequalities for real values
(iii) [x] + [–x] =  of x:
−1 ; x ∉ I
(10) Fractional part function: (i)|x − 1| < 2
(ii)|x − 3| > 5

y = f (x) = {x} = x – [x]
(iii)0 < |x − 1| ≤ 3
Domain : x ∈ R; Range : [0, 1) (iv) |x − 1| + |2x − 3| = |3x − 4|
Eg. {1.2} = 0.2 x−3
(v) ≤1
{–1.4} = .6 x2 − 4
Ex. {π}
=π–3 Sol. (i) x − 1 < 2
y
–1 < x < 3
1 x ∈ (–1, 3)

x –1 2 1 2 3
–1 –2 0 1 2 3 (ii) |x − 3| > 5

⇒ x − 3 < −5 or x − 3 > 5
Properties:
⇒ x < −2 or x > 8
(i) Fractional part of any integer is zero.
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (8, ∞)
(ii) {x + n} = {x}, n ∈ Ι
P Relations and Functions 11
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 (iii) 0 < |x − 1| ≤ 3 3

⇒ 3[x] = 2{x} ⇒ {x} = [ x]  …(i)
Here |x − 1| > 0 ⇒ x ≠ 1 2
Also, |x − 1| ≤ 3 ⇒ −3 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 3, 3
As 0 ≤ {x} < 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ [x] < 1
⇒ −2 ≤ x ≤ 4, x ≠ 1 ⇒ x ∈ [−2, 1) ∪ (1, 4]. 2
⇒ [x] = 0 ⇒ 0 ≤ x < 1
(iv) Since 3x − 4 = x − 1 + 2x − 3, |3x − 4| = |x − 1| +
3
|2x − 3| ⇒ from (i), {x} =. (0) = 0
2
⇒ (x − 1) (2x − 3) ≥ 0
Hence x = 0 is the only solution.
⇒ x ∈ (−∞, 1] ∪ [3/2, +∞). Example 11: Solve the equation, x2 − 4x + [x] + 3 = 0.
x−3 Sol. We are given that, x2 − 4x + [x] + 3 = 0
(v) ≤ 1 It is clear that x2 − 4 ≠ 0
x2 − 4 ⇒ x2 − 4x + x − {x} + 3 = 0
⇒ x ≠ 2, −2 ⇒ x2 − 3x + 3 = {x} ⇒ 0 ≤ x2 −3x + 3 < 1
2
Now x − 3x + 3
x−3 x−3
Now, ≤ 1 ⇒ −1 ≤ 2 ≤1 2
x2 − 4 x −4  3 3
= x−  + >0
x−3  2 4
Let us take up, 2 ≥ −1
x −4 ⇒ x2 − 3x + 3 > 0 for all x ∈ R
 −1 − 29   −1 + 29  Now consider x2 − 3x + 3 < 1
( x + 2)( x − 2)  x −   x −  ⇒ x2 − 3x + 2 < 0 ⇒ (x − 1) (x − 2) < 0
 2   2  ≥0
 ⇒ 2 2 ⇒ 1 < x < 2 ⇒ [x] = 1
( x + 2) ( x − 2)
Now from the original equation we have x2 − 4x + 4 = 0
 −1 − 29   −1 + 29  ⇒ (x − 2)2 = 0
 ⇒ x ∈  −∞,  ∪ (-2, 2) ∪  , ∞  ...(i)
 2   2  ⇒ x = 2, which does not satisfy 1 < x < 2
x−3 Thus the given equation does not have any solution.
Now let us take up, ≤1 Example 12: Find the domain of following functions.
x2 − 4
x − 3 − x2 + 4 − x2 + x + 1 (i) f (x) = ln(–2 + 3x – x2)
⇒ ≤ 0 ⇒ ≤0 −
1
( x 2 − 4) ( x 2 − 4) (ii) f ( x) = e x − 1
2

x2 − x − 1 (iii) f (x) = sin(2x + a − b), (a, b ∈ R)

⇒ ≥0
( x 2 − 4)
Sol. (i) f (x) = ln (−2 + 3x − x2)
 1+ 5  1− 5  for f (x) to define, −2 + 3x − x2 > 0
( x + 2)( x − 2)  x −   x − 
⇒  2  2  ⇒ x2 − 3x + 2 < 0 ⇒ (x − 1) (x − 2) < 0
≥0 ⇒ x ∈ (1, 2)
( x + 2) 2 ( x − 2) 2
So domain (f) : x ∈ (1, 2)
2 2 1
−
 1 5
(ii) f ( x) = e x − 1
2

1 − 5 1 + 5  for f (x) to define, x2 − 1 ≠ 0

⇒ x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪  ,  ∪ (2, ∞)  …(ii) ⇒ x≠±1
 2 2 
so domain (f) → x ∈ R − {1, −1}
 −1 − 29  1 − 5 1 + 5   −1 + 29  (iii) f (x) = sin(2x + a − b)
⇒ x ∈  −∞, ∪ , ∪ , + ∞ 
 2   2 2   2  for f (x) to define, 2x + a − b ∈ R
i.e. x ∈ R
Example 9: Solve the inequality [x]2 − 3[x] + 2 ≤ 0.
So, domain is x ∈ R
Sol. [x]2 − 3[x] + 2 ≤ 0 1 x
Example 13: Check whether f (x) = and g(x) = 2 are
⇒ ([x] − 1) ([x] − 2) ≤ 0 x x
identical function or not.
⇒ 1 ≤ [x] ≤ 2
1 x
⇒ 1 ≤ x < 3 ⇒ x ∈ [1, 3). Sol. Let f (x) =and g(x) = 2 then Df : R – {0} and Dg :
x x
Example 10: Solve the equation 4[x] = x + {x}. R – {0} ∴ Df = Dg
Sol. We are given that, 4[x] = x + {x} = [x] + 2{x} ⇒ Hence both functions are identical

12 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 Ex : Any function having singleton range like constant
Example 14: Check whether f (x) = sin x and function.
1 (5) Implicit function and Explicit function : If y has been
g(x) = are identical function or not.
cosec x expressed entirely in terms of ‘x’, then it is called an explicit
1 function. Otherwise, the function is known as implicit
Sol. Let f (x) = sin x and g(x) = then Df : x ∈ R and
cosec x function
Dg : x ∈ R – {nπ} Df ≠ Dg
Corresponding to each implicit equation there can be one,
⇒ Hence both functions are non-identical two or more explicit function satisfying it
Ex : y = x3 + 4x2 + 5x → Explicit function
Ex : x + y = sin y → Implicit equation
Ex : y = 1 – x → Explicit function
Concept Application
EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
{ x}
11. Range of the function f (x) = where {x}denotes Even Function
1 + { x}
If f (– x) = f (x),∀ x ∈ domain, then f (x) is even.
the fraction part function is
Function is symmetric about y-axis.
 1
(a) [0, 1) (b) 0,  The function x2, cos x, sec x etc., are even functions.
 2
In the given diagram we can observe that f (x)= cos x is an even
 1  1
(c) 0,  (d)  0,  function and symmetric about the y-axis.
 2  2
12. How many roots does the following equation possess y
y = cos x
3| x |(2 – | x |) = 1? 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 –3/2 –/2 /2 3/2
x
13. The number solution(s) of the equation [x] + 2{–x} 0
= 3x, is/are [where [.] represents the greatest integer
function and [.] denotes the fractional part of x] –1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
Odd Function
If f (– x) = – f (x), ∀ x ∈ domain, then f (x) is called odd function.
GENERAL DEFINITION Function is symmetric about origin or opposite quadrant.
The function x, sin x, cosec x, etc., are odd functions.
(1) Identity function : A function f : A → A defined by
f (x) = x ∀ x ∈ A is called the identity of A and denoted by IA. In the given diagram we can observe that f (x) = sin x is an odd
function and symmetric about origin.
Ex : f : R+ → R+ ; f (x) = en x and f : R → R ; f (x) = n ex
y = sin x
Every Identity function is a bijection.
1
(2) Constant function : A function f : A → B is said to be –π/2
constant function. If every element of set A has the same π/2 x
–π π
functional image in set B i.e. f : A → B ; f (x) = c ∀ x ∈ A –1
and c ∈ B is called constant function.
(3) Homogeneous function : A function is said to be
homogeneous w.r.t. any set of variables when each of its Even and Odd Function
term is of the same degree w.r.t. those variables. f (x) = 0 is the only function defined in R which is even as well as
odd function.
Ex. (i) f (x, y) = x2 + y2 + 5xy
Symbolically if, f (tx, ty) = tn . f (x, y), then f (x, y) is a Neither Even nor Odd Function
homogeneous function of degree n. If function f (– x) ≠ ± f (x), ∀ x ∈ domain, then f (x) is neither even
(4) Bounded Function : A function y = f (x) is said to be nor odd function.
bounded, if it can be express is the form of a ≤ f (x) ≤ b where
a and b are finite quantities. Even Extension
Ex : –1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ {x} < 1; –1 ≤ sgn (x) ≤ 1 but ex is If a function f (x) is defined on the interval [0, a], 0 ≤ x ≤ a, we
not bounded. define f (x) in the [– a, 0] such that f (x) = f (– x).
P Relations and Functions 13
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  f ( x) : x ∈ [0, a ]
Let k (x) =  Sol. (i) Even only
 f (− x) : x ∈ [−a, 0]
f (– x) = f (x)
Odd Extension ⇒ – (a + 2) x3 + a2 + 3a + 2 = (a + 2) x3 + a2 + 3a + 2
If a function f (x) is defined on the interval [0, a], 0 ≤ x ≤ a ⇒ 2 (a + 2) x3 = 0
∴x ∈ [– a, 0], we define f (x) = – f (–x) ⇒ a=–2
Let k be the odd extension then f (x) = 0 it is even and odd both for a = –2
for f (x) is even only, a ∈ φ,
 f ( x), x ∈ [0, a ]
k(x) =  (ii) Odd function only
− f (− x), x ∈ [−a, 0]
f (–x) = –f (x)
Remark: ⇒ – (a – 2) x3 + a2 + 3a + 2 = –(a + 2)x3 – (a2 + 3a + 2)
(a) f (x) – f (–x) = 0 ⇒ f (x) is even and f (x) + f (– x ) = 0 ⇒ 2(a2 + 3a + 2) = 0
⇒ f (x) is odd ⇒ 2(a + l)(a + 2) = 0
(b) A function may be neither even nor odd. ⇒ a = –1, – 2
(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined. For a = – 2, f (x) = 0 (even and odd function)
(d) Every even function is symmetric about the y-axis and For a = – l , f (x) = x 3
every odd function is symmetric about the origin. Odd function only, for a = –1
(e) A function (whose domain is symmetric about origin) can (iii) For a = –2, f (x) = 0 then f (x) is odd and even function
be expressed as a sum of an even and an odd function both.
f ( x) + f (− x) f ( x) − f (− x) Example 16: Let f (x) = x2 + x be defined on the interval
e.g. f (x) = +
2 2 [0, 2]. Find the odd and even extensions of f (x) in the
Even Odd interval [–2, 2].
(f) If f (x) is odd, then f ′(x) is even and if f (x) is even, then f ′(x)
Ans. Odd extension.
is odd.
 f ( x) ;0 ≤ x ≤ 2
(g) f(x) = K {constant} f ( x) = 
− f ( − x ) ; − 2 ≤ x < 0
Even extension
K=0  f ( x);0 ≤ x ≤ 2
Even & Odd f ( x) = 
function  f (−x); − 2 ≤ x < 0
(h) If f (x) is a combination of more than one function, then we
 x 2 + x; 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
can use the following table: =  2
Nature of the composition of functions  x − x; − 2 ≤ x < 0
f g f±g f g or f / g f (g(x)) g(f (x)) Example 17: Which of the following functions is odd ?
odd odd odd even odd odd (a) sgn x + x2000 (b) | x | – tan x
(c) x3 cot x (d) cosec x55
odd even Neither even nor odd even even
odd Sol. Let’s name the function of the parts (a), (b), (c) and
even even even even even even (d) as f (x), g(x), h(x) and φ(x) respectively. Now
(a) f (–x) = sgn (–x) + (–­x)2000 = –sgn x + x2000 ≠ f (x)
even odd Neither even nor odd even even
and ≠ –f (x)
odd
∴ f is neither even nor odd.
(b) g(–x) = |–x| – tan (–x ) = |x| + tan x

Train Your Brain ∴ g is neither even nor odd.

(c) h(–x) = (–x)3 cot (–x) = –x3 (–cot x) = x3 cot x
Example 15: Let f (x) = (a + 2) x3 + a2 + 3a + 2 find ‘a’ if = h(x)
f (x) is: ∴ h is an even function
(i) Even only (d) φ(–x) = cosec (–x)55 = cosec (–x55) = –cosec x55
(ii) Odd only = – φ(x)
(iii) Even and Odd both ∴ φ is an odd function.

14 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 Remark:
3
Example 18: f (x) = (tan x5) e x sgn x is
7
(a) A constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental
(a) An even function period.
(b) An odd function 1
(b) If f (x) has a period p, then f (–x), f (x ± a), f (x) ± a, and
(c) Neither even nor odd function f ( x)
f ( x) also has period p.
(d) None of these
Sol. f (x) = (tan (x5)) → Odd (c) If f (x) has a period T then f (ax + b) has a period T/|a|.
x3 sgn ( x 7 )
× e → Even (d) If f (x) has a period T1 and g(x) also has a period T2, then
so that f (x) is odd function. f ( x)
period of f (x) ± g(x) or is L.C.M of T1 and T2 provided
g ( x)
their L.C.M. exists. However, L.C.M. if exists, need not to be

Concept Application fundamental period. If L.C.M. does not exists then f (x) ± g(x)
f ( x)
or f (x) . g(x) or is non-periodic e.g. |sin x| has the period
14. Which of the following function is an odd function? g ( x)
π, |cos x| also has the period π
(a) f ( x ) = 1 + x + x2 − 1 − x + x2
∴ |sin x| + |cos x| also has a period π. But the fundamental period
 ax +1 of |sin x| + |cos x| is π/2.
(b) f ( x ) = x  x 
 a −1  Let f(x) = sin x, g(x) =[x], period of f(x) is π and period of g(x)
 1− x  is 1. As L.C.M of π and 1 doesn't exist, therefore period of
(c) f ( x ) = log  2 
1+ x  f(x) + g(x) doesn't exist. Hence, sin x + [x] is aperiodic.
(d) f (x) = k (constant) (e) If g is a function such that gof is defined on the domain of f
15. If f: [–20, 20] → R is defined by and f is periodic with T, then gof is also periodic with T as one
 x2  of its periods. Further if
f (x) =   sin x + cos x,
a # g is one-one, then T is the period of gof.
is an even function, then the set of values of a is # g is also periodic with T ′ as the period and the range of f is
(where [.] denotes greatest integer function) a subset to [0, T ′], then T is the period of gof.
(a) (–∞, 100) (b) (400, ∞) (f) Inverse of a periodic function does not exists.
(c) (–400, 400) (d) None of these (g)
16. If f (x) is an even function and satisfies the relation f (x) Period
1 sinnx, cosnx, cosecnx, π if n is even, 2π if n
x2f (x) – 2f   = g (x),
x secnx is odd.
where g(x) is an odd functions, then f (10) equals tannx, cotnx π for all values of n.
50 |sin x|n, |cos x|n, |tan x|n, π for all values of n.
(a) 0 (b)
79 |cot x|n
49 f (x) = c Periodic with no
(c) (d) 1
75 fundamental period.

PERIODIC FUNCTION Train Your Brain

A function f (x) is called periodic, if there exists a positive
number T (T > 0) called the period of the function such that Example 19: Find fundamental period of the following
f (x + T) = f (x), for all values of x and x + T within the domain functions if they are periodic
of f (x). The least positive period is called the principal or (i) f (x) = cos (sin x) + cos (cos x)
fundamental period of f. A function which is non-periodic also (ii) f (x) = x + sin x
known as aperiodic.
(iii) f (x) = cos (x + sin x)
E.g. The function sin x and cos x both are periodic over 2π and
(iv) f (x) = cos2x + sin4x
tanx is periodic over π.

P Relations and Functions 15

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 Sol. 3x x 2x
(i) f (x) = cos (sin x) + cos (cos x) (iv) f (x) = sin . (– cos ) (– tan ).
2 3 3
Clearly, we can see that 2π is a period of given Sol. (i) Period of sin x/2 is 4π while period of cos x/3 is 6π.
function: Hence period of sin x/2 + cos x/3 is 12 π {L.C.M. or

f (π + x) = cos (sin (π + x)) + cos (cos (π + x)) 4 and 6 is 12}
= cos (–sin x) + cos (–cos x) = cos (sin x) + cos (cos  x) (ii) Period of sin x = 2π ; Period of {x} = 1; but L.C.M.
We have received smaller period π. of 2π and 1 is not possible ∴ it is aperiodic
(iii) f (x) = cos x . cos 3x ; Period of f (x) is L.C.M. of
π   π   π 
f  + x  = cos  sin  + x   + cos  cos  + x    2π 
 2    2    2   2π,  = 2π but 2π may or may not be the
 3 
= cos (cos x) + cos (– sin x) fundamental period. The fundamental period can be
2π
= cos (cos x) + cos (sin x) = f (x) , where n ∈ N. Hence cross-checking for n = 1,
n
π 2, 3..... we find π to be fundamental period
Thus, fundamental period of f (x) is f (π + x) = (–cos x) (– cos 3x) = f (x)
2
(ii) f (x) = x + sin x 2π 2π π
(iv) Period of f (x) is L.C.M. of , ,

f ′(x) = 1 + cos x ≥ 0 3 / 2 1/ 3 3 / 2
4π 2π
Clearly, f (x) is increasing so it cannot be periodic. = L.C.M. of , 6π, = 12π
3 3
f(x) Mono.lnc.
y

–2 –
 x
Concept Application
2
Aperiodic

(iii) f (x) = cos (x + sin x) 17. Fundamental period of the function f (x) = |sin πx| +

f (2π + x) = cos (2π + x + sin (2π + x)) e3(x – [x]) (where [.] represent greatest integer function)
= cos (2π + x + sin x) = cos (x + sin x) is
(a) 1 (b) 2
Thus, periodic of f (x) = 2π
(iv) f (x) = cos2x + sin4x (c) (d) None of these
cos x and sin x both has period 2π,
Clearly seen that 2π is the period of f (x). 18. Let f (x) = sin [a ] x (where [.] denotes the greatest
integers function). If f is periodic with fundamental
π
Let check for the period = period π, then a belongs to
2
(a) [2, 3) (b) {4, 5}
π  π π
f  + x  = cos 2  + x  + sin 4  + x  (c) [4, 5] (d) [4, 5)
2  2  2 
2 4 2 4 19. If f (x) + f (x + a) + f (x + 2a) + … + f (x + na) = constant;
= (– sin x) + (cos x) = sin x + cos x
∀ x ∈ R and a > 0 and f (x) is periodic, then period of
= sin2x + (1 – sin2x)2 = sin2x + 1 + sin4x – 2 sin2x
f (x), is
= sin4x + 1 – sin2x = sin4x + cos2x = f (x) (a) (n + 1) a (b) e(n + 1)a
π (c) na (d) ena
The fundamental period of f (x) = .
2
20. If a, b be two fixed positive integers such that
Example 20: Find period of the following functions:
f (a + x) = b + [b3 + 1 – 3b2f (x) + 3b{f (x)}2 – {f (x)}3]1/3

x x for all real x, then prove that f (x) is a periodic and find
(i) f (x) = sin + cos
2 3 its period.
(ii) f (x) = {x} + sin x (a) 2a (b) 3a
(iii) f (x) = cos x . cos 3x (c) 5a (d) a

16 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS f(x)
f(x) = x2 + 1
(1) One-One Function (Injective mapping): A function f : A → B
is said to be a one-one function or injective mapping if for x1,
x2 ∈ A and f (x1) , f (x2) ∈ B, f (x1) = f (x2) ⇔ x1 = x2 or x1 ≠ x2
⇔ f (x1) ≠ f (x2).
Diagrammatically an injective mapping can be shown as (0, 0)
x
–x2 –x1 x1 x2
A B

Graph of f(x) = x2 + 1
OR Many-one function
A B (ii) If a function is one-one, it cannot be many-one and
vice versa.
(iii) If f and g both are one-one, then fog and gof would also
be one-one (if they exist).

Remark: (3) Onto-function (Surjective mapping): If the function

(i) Any function which is strictly increasing or decreasing f : A → B is such that each element in B (co-domain) is the
in its domain, is one−one . f image of atleast one element in A, then we say that f is a
(ii) If any line parallel to x−axis cuts the graph of the function function of A ‘onto’ B. Thus f : A → B is surjective iff ∀
atmost at one point, then the function is one−one. b ∈ B, ∃ some a ∈ A such that f (a) = b.
(2) Many-One function: A function f : A → B is said to be a Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as
many-one function, if two or more elements of A have the A B A B
same f image in B . Thus, f : A → B is many-one, if for x1,
x2 ∈ A , f (x1) = f (x2) but x1 ≠ x2 .
Diagrammatically a many-one mapping can be shown as
A B Note that : If range ≡ co-domain, then f (x) is onto.
x (4) Into function: If f : A → B is such that there exists atleast
x21
one element in co-domain which is not the image of any
element in domain, then f (x) is into.
OR
A B Diagramatically into function can be shown as
A B A B
x
x21

Remark: Note that: A many-one function can be made one-one by

(i) A continuous function f (x) which has atleast one local redefining the domain of the original function.
maximum or local minimum, is many-one. In other Methods to determine one-one and many-one:
words, if a line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph of the ™ Let x1 , x2 ∈ domain of f and if x1 ≠ x2 ⇒ f (x1) ≠ f (x2) for every
function atleast at two points, then f is many-one. x1, x2 in the domain, then f is one-one else many-one.
™ Conversely if f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ x1 = x2 for every x1, x2 in the
f(x)
f(x) = 3x + 5 domain, then f is one-one else many-one.
™ If the function is entirely increasing or decreasing in the
domain, then f is one-one else many-one.
™ Any continuous function f (x), which has at least one local
maxima or local minima is many-one.
x
(0, 0) ™ All even functions are many-one.
™ All polynomial functions of even degree defined in R have at
least one local maxima or minima and hence are many one
Graph of f(x) = 3x + 5 in the domain R. Polynomial functions of odd degree can be
One-one function one-one or many-one.
P Relations and Functions 17
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 ™ If f is a rational function then f (x1) = f (x2) will always be (v) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f and g
satisfied when x1 = x2 in the domain. Hence we can write f (x­1) are two bijections such that gof is defined, then gof is also
− f (x2) = (x1 − x2) g(x1, x2) where g(x1, x2) is some function in a bijection.
x1 and x2. Now if g(x1, x2) = 0 gives some solution which is Functions that are one-to-one satisfy both the ‘vertical line test’
different from x1 = x2 and which lies in the domain, then f is and the ‘horizontal line test’.
many-one else one-one. This means that:
™ Draw the graph of y = f (x) and determine whether f (x) is one-
™ No vertical line can meet the graph more than once.
one or many-one.
™ No horizontal line can meet the graph more than once.
Methods to determine whether a function is onto or into :
™ If the function y = f (x) is one-to-one, it will have an inverse
™ If range = co-domain, then f is onto. If range is a proper subset function y = f  –1(x).
of co-domain, then f is into. ™ If a function y = f (x) is many-to-one, it will not have an
™ Solve f (x) = y for x, say x = g(y). inverse function.
Now, if g(y) is defined for each y ∈ co-domain and ™ Many-to-one functions can have inverse functions for a
g(y) ∈ domain of f for all y ∈ co-domain, then f (x) is onto. restricted part of the domain.
If this requirement is not met by at least one value of y in
co-domain, then f (x) is into.
Note: Any polynomial function f : R → R is onto, if degree is
odd; into, if degree of f is even.
Train Your Brain
Remark : x 2 − 8 x + 18
(i) If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice-versa. Example 21: Show that the function f ( x) = 2
x + 4 x + 30
(ii) If f and g are both onto, then gof or fog may or may not be is not one-one.
onto. Sol. A function is one-one if f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ x1 = x2 (only)
Thus a function can be one of these four types : Now
(a) one-one onto (injective and surjective)
f (x1) = f (x2)
x12 − 8 x1 + 18 x22 − 8 x2 + 18
⇒ =
x12 + 4 x1 + 30 x22 + 4 x2 + 30

⇒ 12x12x2 – 12x1x22 + 12x12 – 12x22 – 312x1 + 312x2 = 0

⇒ (x1 –x2) {12x1x2 + 12(x1 + x2) –312} = 0
(b) one-one into (injective but not surjective)
26 − x2
⇒ x1 = x2 or x1 =
1 + x2
Since f (x1) = f (x2) does not imply x1 = x2 alone, f (x)
is not a one-one function.
Example 22: Let f : N → I be a function defined as
(c) many-one onto (surjective but not injective) f (x) = x − 1000. Show that f is an into function.
Sol. Let f (x) = y = x − 1000
⇒ x = y + 1000 = g(y) (say)
Here g(y) is defined for each y ∈ I, but g(y) ∉ N for
y ≤ − 1000.
(d) many-one into (neither surjective nor injective) Hence f is into.
x
Example 23: Show that f : R → R, f (x) = is not
1+ | x |
bijective.
Sol. Let x1 and x2 be both positive.
(iii) If f is both injective and surjective, then it is called a x1 x2
f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ =
Bijective function. Bijective functions are also named as 1+ | x1 | 1+ | x2 |
invertible, non singular or bi-uniform functions.
x1 x
(iv) If a set A contains n distinct elements, then the number of ⇒ = 2
1 + x1 1 + x2
different functions defined from A → A is nn and out of it
n! are one-one.

18 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 ⇒ x1 = x2
If x1 and x2 are both negative, then Concept Application
x1 x

f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ = 2 ⇒ x1 = x2
1 − x1 1 − x2 x2
21. f : R → R, f (x) = , is
x1 x2 1 + x2
If x1 and x2 are of opposite sign, then =
1+ | x1 | 1+ | x2 | (a) Many-one function
cannot be true since the denominators are positive. (b) Odd function
i.e. if x1 and x2 are of opposite sign, then they cannot (c) One-one function
have the same image.
(d) None of these
x
Hence the function is one-one But if y = , 22. The function f : [2, ∞ ) → Y defined by f (x) = x2 – 4x + 5
1+ | x |
is both one-one and onto if
then y is numerically less than 1. Hence the function
(a) Y = R
cannot take values greater than or equal to 1. (b) Y = [1, ∞)
Therefore the function is not onto, hence not bijective. (c) Y = [4, ∞)
Example 24: (d) Y = [5, ∞)
(i) Find whether f (x) = x + cos x is one-one. 23. Let f : R → R be a function defined by f (x) =
(ii) Identify whether the function f (x) = –x3 + 3x² – 2x + 2x2 − x + 5
then f is
4; R → R is onto or into 7 x 2 + 2 x + 10
(iii) f (x) = x² – 2x + 3; [0, 3] → A. Find whether f (x) (a) One-one but not onto
is injective or not. Also find the set A, if f (x) is (b) Onto but not one-one
surjective.
(c) Onto as well as one-one
Sol.
(d) Neither onto nor one-one
(i) The domain of f (x) is R. f ′(x) = 1 – sin x.
24. Let f : R → R be a function defined by f (x) = x3 + x2
∴ f ′(x) ≥ 0 x ∈ complete domain
+ 3x + sin x. Then f is
and equality holds at discrete points only
(a) One-one and onto
∴ f (x) is strictly increasing on R. Hence, f (x) is one-
(b) One-one and into
one.
(c) Many one and onto
(ii) As co-domain = range, therefore given function is
(d) Many one and into
ONTO
25. Which one of the following function is surjective but
(iii) f ′(x) = 2(x – 1); 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
not injective?
 −ve ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

∴ f ′(x) =  (a) f : R → R, f (x) = x3 + x + 1
+ve ; 1 < x < 3
(b) f : [0, ∞) → (0, 1]; f (x) = e–|x|
f(x) (c) f : R → R, f (x) = x3 + 2x2 – x + 1
6
(d) f : R → R+, f (x) = 1 + x2
3
2

x
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
O 1 3 Let f : X → Y1 and g : Y2 → Z be two functions and the set
D = {x ∈ X: f (x) ∈ Y2}. If D φ, then the function h defined on

∴ f (x) is a non monotonic continuous function.
D by h(x) = g{f (x)} is called composite function of g and f and is
Hence, it is not injective. denoted by gof. It is also called function of a function.
For f (x) to be surjective, A should be equal to its Remark: Domain of gof is D which is a subset of X (the domain
range. of f). Range of gof is a subset of the range of g. If D = X, then
From graph, range is [2, 6] f (x) ⊆ Y2.

∴ A = [2, 6] fog means that g converts x to 2x + 3 and then f converts (2x + 3) to
(2x + 3)4. This is illustrated by the two function machines below:
P Relations and Functions 19
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 x
g-function machine

I double 2x + 3
and then
add 3
f-function machine

2x + 3 I raise the
number to
the power 4
(2x + 3)4

Algebraically, if f (x) = x4 and g(x) = 2x + 3, then

(fog)(x) = f (g(x)) fog (x) = f{g(x)}= f (1+ x2 ) = x 2 + 4
= f (2x + 3) {g operates on x first} Range of fog is [2, ∞).
= (2x + 3)4 {f operates on g(x) next} (ii) f (x) = 2
x , g(x) = x − 1.
and (gof)(x) = g(f (x)) Domain of f is [0, ∞), range of f is [0, ∞).
= g(x4) Domain of g is R, range of g is [−1, ∞).
= 2(x4) + 3 For gof (x)
= 2x4 + 3
Since range of f is a subset of the domain of g,
Properties of Composite Functions ∴ domain of gof is [0, ∞) and g{f (x)}= g( x ) = x − 1.
(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof ≠ fog. Range of gof is [−1, ∞)
(ii) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are For fog(x)
three functions such that fo(goh) and (fog)oh are defined, Since range of g is not a subset of the domain of f
then fo(goh) = (fog)oh.
i.e. [−1, ∞) ⊄ [0, ∞)
∴ fog is not defined on whole of the domain of g.

Train Your Brain Domain of fog is {x ∈ R, the domain of g : g(x)∈ [0, ∞),
the domain of f}.
Example 25: Describe fog and gof wherever is possible for Thus the domain of fog is D = {x ∈ R: 0 ≤ g(x) < ∞}
the following functions i.e. D = { x ∈ R : 0 ≤ x2 − 1}
(i) f (x) = x + 3 , g(x) = 1 + x2 = { x ∈ R : x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 1 }
(ii) f (x) = x , g(x) = x2 − 1. = (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
Sol. fog (x) = f{g(x)} = f (x2−1) = x 2 − 1 Its range is [0, ∞).
(i) Domain of f is [−3, ∞), range of f is [0, ∞).
Example 26: Let f (x) = x2, g(x) = sin x, h(x) = x , then
Domain of g is R, range of g is [1, ∞).
verify that [fo(goh)] (x) and [(fog)oh] (x) are equal.
For gof (x)
Since range of f is a subset of domain of g, Sol. f (x) = x2; g(x) = sin x; h(x) = x
∴ domain of gof is [−3, ∞) {equal to the domain of f} (sin x ) (sin
⇒ fo(goh) (x) = f = = x ) 2 sin 2 x
gof (x) = g{f (x)} = g( x + 3 ) = 1 + (x+3) = x + 4. (fog)oh (x) = sin2 (h(x)) = sin 2 x
Range of gof is [1, ∞). x −1 2
Example 27: Let f (x) = , f (x) = f{f (x)},
For fog(x) x +1
Since range of g is a subset of domain of f, f 3(x) = f{f 2(x)}, ....
∴ domain of fog is R {equal to the domain of g} f k + 1(x) = f{f k(x)}, for k = 1, 2, 3, ...., Find f 1998 (x).

20 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 x −1 27. If f : R+ → R+, f (x) = x2 + 1/x2 and g : R+ → R+, g(x) = ex
Sol. f (x) = , then the value of (gof) (x) equals
x +1
x −1 2 −2 2 1
−1 (a) e x + e x (b) e x + x−2
f −1 x=+1 −1 e
f 2(x) = f{f (x)} == ,
f +1 x −1 x 2x
(c) e + e –2x x2
(d) e . e
x −2
+1
x +1
−1 28. Let g(x) = 1 + x – [x]
−1
3 f 2 ( x) − 1 x x +1 1 if x < 0
f (x) = f{f (x)} = 2 = = , 
f ( x) + 1 −1 + 1 1 − x and f (x) = 0 =if x 0, then ∀ x, fog(x) equals to
x 1 if x > 0

x +1 (where [*] represents greatest integer function).
3 3 −1
f ( x ) − 1 f ( x ) − 1 1=−x
f 4 = f{f 3(x)} = = = x, (a) x (b) 1
f 3 ( x) + 1 f 3 ( x) + 1 x + 1 + 1
1− x (c) f (x) (d) g(x)
x + 1 29. Let f : [0, 1] → [1, 2] defined as f (x) = 1 + x and
f 5(x) = f{f 4(x)} = = f ( x) g : [1, 2] → [0, 1] defined as g(x) = 2 – x, then the
x −1
composite function gof is
Thus, we can see that f k(x) repeats itself at intervals of k = 4.
−1 (a) Injective as well as surjective
Hence, we have f 1998(x) = f 2(x) =   (b) Surjective but not injective
x
[∴ 1998 = 499 × 4 + 2] (c) Injective but non surjective
(d) Neither injective nor surjective
Example 28. Let f (x) = ex; R+ → R and g(x) = sin–1 x;
 π π
[–1, 1] →  − ,  . Find domain and range of fog(x)
 2 2 Inverse of a Function
π π
Sol. Domain of f (x); (0, ∞), Range of g(x):  − ,  ; Let f : A → B be a one-one and onto function, then their exists
 2 2 a unique function
values in range of g(x) which are accepted by f (x) are
g : B → A such that f ( x) = y ⇔ g ( y ) = x, ∀x ∈ A and y ∈ B.
 π
 0,  Then g is said to be inverse of f. Thus
 2
π g = f  –1 : B → A = {(f (x), x)|(x, f (x)) ∈ f}.
⇒ 0 < g(x) ≤
2 It may be clear from mapping diagram.
π Domain of f = {x1, x2, x3} = Range of f –1
⇒ 0 < sin–1x ≤
2
Range of f = {y1, y2, y3} = domain of f  –1
⇒ 0 < x ≤ 1
Hence, domain of fog(x) is x ∈ (0, 1] f:X Y f –1 : Y X
Therefore Domain : (0, 1]
X1 Y1 Y1 X2
Range : (1, eπ/2]
g
X2 Y2 Y2 X3
f
(0, π/2] π /2 X3 Y3 Y3 X1
(e , e ]
0
(0, 1]

Domain Range Note: (i) The inverse of a bijection is unique.

x
(ii) Inverse of an even function is not defined.
sin–1x e
To Find out Inverse of a Function
™ Check that y = f (x) is bijective (one-one and onto)
™ Find x in terms of y.
Concept Application ™ Replace x by f  –1(x) and y by x (because x is always taken as
independent variable)
26. If f : R → R, f (x) = x2 – 5x + 4 and g : R → R, g(x) = log x, Properties of Inverse Function
then the value of (gof) (2) is
(a) The graphs of f and g are the mirror images of each other
(a) 0 (b) ∞ in the line y = x. For example f (x) = ax and g(x) = loga x are
(c) – ∞ (d) Undefined inverse of each other, and their graphs are mirror images of
each other on the line y = x as shown below
P Relations and Functions 21
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 f ( x ) = a x ; a >1

 π
y sin  π + 
=
 3
(0,1) (0,1) f ( x) = a x , 0 < a < 1  2π π 2π 
= sin  π + + − 
 3 3 3 
(1,0) (1,0)

x
 2π  
x

x

y=

y=
= sin  π +  x −  
a
lo g g(x) = loga x
  3 
=
x)

 2π 
g(

y= − sin  x − 
 3 
(b) Normally, points of intersection of f and f  –1 lie on the straight
line y = x. However, it must be noted that f (x) and f –1(x) may 2π
sin −1 (− y )= x −
1 3
intersect otherwise also. e.g f (x) = 2π
x − sin −1 ( y ) = x
3
(c) In general fog(x) and gof (x) are not equal. But if f and g
2π
are inverse of each other, then gof = fog(x) and gof (x) can f −1 ( =
y) − sin −1 ( y )
be equal even if f and g are not inverse of each other. e.g. 3
f (x) = x + 1, g(x) = x + 2. However if fog(x) = gof (x) = x, then 2π
f −1 ( =
x) − sin −1 ( x)
g(x) = f  –1(x) 3
(d) If f and g are two bijections f : A → B, g : B → C, then the
inverse of gof exists and (gof)–1 = f  –1og–1. )
Example 30: A function f :  3 , ∞ →  7 , ∞ defined as,
2 4 )
(e) If f (x) and g(x) are inverse function of each other, then f (x) = x2 − 3 x + 4 . Then compute f −1 (x) and find the solution
1
f ′( g ( x)) = of the equation, f (x) = f −1 (x) .
g ′( x)
Sol. f (x) = y = x2 − 3 x + 4 ⇒ x2 − 3 x + (4 − y) = 0
1
(f) The function ( x)
f= , x ≠ 0, is called the reciprocal 3 ± 9 − 4 (4 − y ) 3+ 4y − 7
x
x= =
2 2
function. It is said to be a self-inverse function as f = f  –1.
3+ 4 x − 7

f −1 (y) =
2
Train Your Brain graphs of f −1 (x) and f (x) intersect each other at y = x
⇒ f (x) = x ⇒ x2 − 3 x + 4 = x ⇒ x = 2
Example 31: Find the inverse of the function
Example 29: Determine f  –1(x), if given function is invertible
(i) f : (–∞, –1) (–∞, –2) defined by x , x <1
2  2
f (x) = –(x + 1) – 2 f (x) =  x , 1≤ x ≤ 4

 π 7π  8 x , x>4
(ii) f :  ,  [–1, 1] defined by
6 6 
x , x <1
 π  2
f (x) = sin  x +  Sol. Given f (x) =  x , 1 ≤ x ≤ 4
 3

Sol. (i) f  -1 (x) = – 1 – −x − 2 8 x , x>4

2π Let f (x) = y ⇒ x = f  –1(y)  ...(1)

(ii) – sin–1x
3 y , y <1
 π 7π  
x∈ ,  ∴ x =  y , 1≤ y ≤ 4
6 6   y 2 / 64 , y 2 / 64 > 4

2π  π 2π 7 π 2π 
x– ∈ − , −  y , y <1
3  6 3 6 3

2π  π π  =  y , 1 ≤ y ≤ 16
z = x− ∈ − ,  y 2 / 64,
3  2 2   y > 16

22 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 Shift the graph of y = f (x) upwards by b units to gel the graph
y , y <1 of y = f (x) + b.
 Shift the graph of y = f (x) downwards by b units to get the
f  –1(y) =  y , 1 ≤ y ≤ 16
graph of y = f (x) – b.
 y 2 / 64, y > 16

y = f(x) + b, b > 0
[From (1)].
y = f(x)
 x, x <1
 y = f(x) – b, b > 0
Hence f  –1 (x) =  x , 1 ≤ x ≤ 16 .
 x 2 / 64, O
 x > 16

3. Drawing the graph of y = f (–x), from the known graph of

y = f (x).
Concept Application Step 1: Draw the graph of f.
Step 2: Take it’s image in y-axis. This image is the graph of
e x − e− x f (–x).
30. The Inverse of the function y = is
e x + e− x
1 1+ x 1 2+ x
(a) log (b) log y = f(–x) y = f(x)
2 1− x 2 2− x
1 1− x
(c) log (d) 2 log (1 + x)
2 1+ x

31. Let f ( x) =3 + x − 7 and g(x) be the inverse

2 4
function of f (x), then find the value of (f  –1 og–1) (17).
4. Drawing the graph of y = –f (x), from the known graph of
(a) 15 (b) 16 y = f (x).
(c) 17 (d) 18 Step 1: Draw the graph of f.
32. Let f : N → N where f (x) = x + (–1)x–1. Find the inverse Step 2: Take it’s image in x-axis. This image is the graph of
of f. y = –f (x).
3x − 8
=
33. Show that f ( x) , x ≠ 3 is a self-inverse
x−3 y =f(x)
function.

TRANSFORMATIONS OF GRAPHS
y = – f(x)
1. Drawing the graph of y = f (x ± a), a > 0 from the known graph
of y = f (x).
5. Drawing the graph of y = f (| x |) from the known graph of
Shift the graph of y = f (x) towards R.H.S. by a units to get the
graph of y = f (x – a). y = f (x).
Shift the graph of y = f (x) towards L.H.S. by a units to get the Step 1: Draw the graph of f only on the R.H.S. of y-axis.
graph of y = f (x + a). Step 2: Take it’s image in y-axis. The graph on R.H.S. and the
image on L.H.S. together form the graph of y = f (| x |).
y = f (x) Note: The graph off which lies on L.H.S. of y-axis has no role
y = f (x + a) a > 0 in the graph of y = f (| x |).
y = f (x – a) a > 0

x 0 – a x0 x0 + a
y = f (|x|)

2. Drawing the graph of y = f (x) ± b, b > 0, from the known O x

graph of y = f (x).

P Relations and Functions 23

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 6. Drawing the graph of y = | f (x) | from the known graph of Clearly if 0 < a < 1 then x > x0 and f (x) will stretch by 1/a units
y = f (x). against y-axis, and if a > 1, x < x0, then f (x) will compress by
| f (x) | = f (x) if f (x) ≥ 0 and | f (x) | = –f (x) if f (x) < 0. It means ‘a’ units against y-axis.
that the graph of f (x) and | f (x) | would coincide if f (x) ≥ 0 and Note that the point of maxima and minima are on the line
the portions where f (x) < 0 would get inverted in the upward parallel to the x-axis for both the curves above.
direction. 10. y = f (x) transforms to |y| = |f (x)|.
y i.e., y = f (x) → |y| = | f (x) |; is plotted in two steps.
(i) y = f (x) → y = | f (x) |
y = | f (x)| y = f (x) (ii) y = | f (x) | → |y| = | f (x) |
x Graphically it could be stated as;
O y
y = | f (x)|
y = f (x) y = f (x)

The figure would make the procedure clear.

x x
7. Drawing the graph of | y | = f (x) from the known graph of O O
y = f (x).
Step 1: Draw the graph of f.
Step 2: Delete that portion of the graph which lies below y = f (x) y = | f (x)|
x-axis. y
Step 3: Take the image in x-axis of the remaining portion of
the graph. |y| = |f(x)|
y
x
| y | = f (x) O

o x

y = f (x) y = |f (x)| |y| = |f (x)|

8. Drawing the graph of y = a. f (x) from the known graph of 11. y = f (x) transforms to y = [f (x)]; (where [•] denotes the greatest
integer function) i.e., f (x) → [f (x)].
y = f (x).
Step 1: Plot f (x).
y = a f (x), a >1
y = f (x) Step 2: Mark the intervals of unit length with integers as end
y = a f (x), 0 < a <1 points on y-axis.
Step 3: Mark the corresponding intervals {with the help of
x graph of f (x)} on x-axis.
Step 4: Plot the value of [f (x)] for each of the marked
intervals.
It is clear that the corresponding points (points with same x
co-ordinates) would have their ordinates in the ratio of 1 : a. 3
9. Drawing the graph of y = f (ax) from the known graph of 2
y = f (x).
y y = f (x) 1
y = f (ax), 1 < a

y = f (ax), 0 < a < 1

x
–1 y = [f(x)]

Let us take any point x0 ∈ domain of f (x). Let ax = x0 or –2

x
x= 0.
a x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8

24 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

12. y = f (x) transforms to y = f ([x]). Reciprocal Function
Here, mark the integers on the x-axis. Draw vertical lines 1
till they intersect the graph of f (x). From these intersection f ( x) = is defined as the reciprocal function.
x
points draw horizontal lines (parallel to x-axis) to meet the
nearest right vertical line, with a black dot on each nearest It has graph:
right vertical line. y=
1
y x
y = f (x) y = –x y=x
y = f ([x])
y (1, 1)

y = f([x])
x
(–1, –1)
–1
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 0 1 2 3 4 5

Notice that:
Step 1: Plot the straight lines parallel to y-axis for integral
values of x (say –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...). 1
™ f ( x) = is undefined when x = 0
Step 2: Now mark the points at which x = –3, x = –2, x = –1, x
x = 0, x = 1, ... on the curve. 1
Step 3: Take the lower marked point for x say if n < x < n + 1 ™ The graph of f ( x) = exists in the first and third quadrants
x
then take the point at x = n and draw a horizontal line to the
only.
nearest vertical line formed by x = n + 1, proceeding in this
way we get required curve. 1
™ f ( x) = is symmetric about y = x and y = –x.
13. y = f (x) transforms to y = f  –1(x) x
y = f  –1(x) is the mirror image of y = f (x) about y = x. ™ As x → ∞, f (x) → 0 (from above)
OR As x → –∞, f (x) → 0 (from below)
“Interchange x and y-axis when function is bijective.” As x → 0, (from right), y → ∞
Graphically it could be stated as: As x → 0, (from left), y → –∞
y y = f(x) 1
This is because the graph of y = is symmetrical about the
y=x x

–1
line y = x. Any function with a graph which is symmetrical about
y = f (x) the line y = x must be a self-inverse function.
x
O

Train Your Brain

Example 32: y = f (x) is given as shown
14. Sketching h(x) = Maximum {f (x), g(x)} and h(x) = Minimum ó
{f (x), g(x)}
(i) h(x) = maximum {f (x), g(x)} 1
 f ( x); when f ( x) > g ( x) –2 –1
⇒ h( x ) = 
 g ( x); when g ( x) > f ( x) ñ
0 1 2
\ Sketch f (x) when its graph is above the graph of g(x)
and sketch g(x) when its graph is above the graph of –1
f (x).
(ii) h(x) = minimum {f (x), g(x)}
 f ( x); when f ( x) < g ( x) Plot the following:
⇒ h( x ) =  (i) y = f (x + 1) (ii) y = f (x – 2)
 g ( x); when g ( x) < f ( x)
(iii) y = f (2x) (iv) y = 2f (x)
\ Sketch f (x) when its graph is lower and otherwise
sketch g(x).
P Relations and Functions 25
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 Sol. (v) y = |x2 –3 | x | + 2| (vi) y = | x2 +3 | x | + 2|
(i) y = f (x + 1)
Sol.
Graph of f (x) is shifted by 1 unit on left side along the
(i) y = x² – 3x + 2 ⇒ y = (x – 1) (x – 2) = f (x)
x-axis.
y
y

1 2

–3 –2
–1 0 1 x x
–2 1 2
–1

(ii) y = f (x – 2)
(ii) y = x2 + 3x + 2 ⇒ y = (x + 1) (x + 2) = f (–x)
Graph of f (x) is shifted by 2 units on right side along the
x-axis. [Take the image of f (x) about the y-axis]
y y

0 x
2
1 2 3 4 x
–2
–1 –1 0

(iii) y = f (2x)
1 1 (iii) y = x2 – 3| x | + 2 ( x 2 = | x | ⇒ x2 = | x |2)

k = 2 then = times
k 2 ⇒ y = | x |2 – 3| x | + 2 = f (| x |)
Graph of f (x) shrinks by 1/2 times along the x-axis. y
y
2
–2 –1 1 2
x
1

–1 –1/2
0 x
1/2 1 (iv) y = x2 + 3| x | + 2
–1 (f (x) = x2 – 3x + 2)
⇒ y = (–| x |)2 – 3(– | x |) + 2 ⇒ y = f (– | x |)
Sequence of transformation
(iv) y = 2f (x)
f (x) → f (– | x |)
Graph of f (x) expands by 2 times along the y-axis.
y y

2
2

–2 –1
x
0 1 2
–1 (v) y = |x2 – 3| x| + 2|
f (x) = x2 – 3x + 2

Example 33: Plot the following expressions: ⇒ y = |x2 – 3| x | + 2| = | f (| x |)|

(i) y = x2 – 3x + 2 (ii) y = x² + 3x + 2 Sequence of transformation
(iii) y = x2 –3| x | +2 (iv) y= x2 + 3 |x| + 2
f (x) → f (| x |) → | f (| x |)|

26 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 y 37. If |x2 – 5| x | + 6| = k, has 8 distinct solution, then ‘k’
lies in
2
38. Solve graphically
–2 –1 1 2 (i) |2x – 3| < x (ii) 2x < 3 | x |

(vi) y = |x2 + 3| x | + 2|
FUNCTIONAL EQUATION
f (x) = x2 – 3x + 2 Functional Equation is an equation where the unknown is a
function. On solving such an equation we obtain one or more
⇒ y = |x2 + 3| x | + 2| = | f (–| x |)|
functions as solutions. If x, y are independent variables, then
y (i) f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) ⇒ f (x) = k ln x or f (x) = 0.
(ii) f (xy) = f (x) . f (y) ⇒ f (x) = xn , n ∈ R.
2 (iii) f (x + y) = f (x) . f (y) ⇒ f (x) = akx , a > 0.
x
0 (iv) f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) ⇒ f (x) = kx,
where k is a constant.
1 1
(v) f ( x). f =  f ( x) + f   ⇒ f (x) = ± xn + 1
Solve graphically: |1 – 2x| > x + 1. x x
We draw graphs of y = |1 – 2x| and y = x + 1 on the same n is positive integer.
set of axes.
 1
 1 − 2 x for 1 − 2 x ≥ 0, i.e., x ≤ 2
y =|1 − 2 x |= Train Your Brain
−1 + 2 x for 1 − 2 x < 0, i.e., x > 1
 2 Example 34 : If f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) ∀ x, y ∈ R f (1) = 3,
y 10
then find ∑ f (r ).
r =1
y=x+1
y = |1 – 2x| 3
Sol. f (x) = kx; f (1) = k (1) = 3
f (x) = 3x
1
–1 x 10 10
 10 
1 2 =r 1=r 1
∑=
f (r ) ∑
= 3r
=
3 ∑ r 
r 1 
–1 2
 10 ⋅11 
= 3(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 9 + 10) = 3   = 165
Now |1 – 2x| > x + 1 when the graph of y = |1 – 2x| lies  2 
above y = x + 1, 1
Example 35: If 3 f ( x) − f   = loge x4 for x > 0, then
\ x < 0 or x > 2,  x
i.e., x ∈ ] –∞, 0 [ or x ∈ ] 2, ∞ [ . find f (ex).

1
Sol. 3 f ( x) − f   =
4 ln x
x
Concept Application Replace x →
1
x
1  1
34. Find the number of solution {3x – 1} − =0, where 3 f   − f ( x) =
−4 ln x
2  x 
{·} is fractional part function.
Eq. (1) × 3 + Eq. (2), we get
35. Find the number of solution of equation ln(2 – x) = ex.
1 1
36. If the equation ||x + 3| – 2| = p, has exactly three distinct 9 f ( x) − 3 f   + 3 f
  − f ( x) = 12 ln x – 4 ln x
x x
solution, then find the number of integral values of p, is

P Relations and Functions 27

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 ⇒ 8f (x) = 8 ln x ⇒ f (x) = ln x
Now f (ex) = ln ex = x Concept Application
Example 36: If f (x + y + 1) = ( f ( x) + f ( y ) )2 and
 1 2 1
f (0) = 1 ∀ x, y ∈ R. Determine f (x). 39. If y = f (x) satisfies the condition f  x +  = x + 2
 x  x
(x ≠ 0) then f (x) equals
Sol. Given f (x + y + 1) = ( f ( x) + f ( y ) )2 2
(a) –x + 2 2
(b) –x – 2
Putting x = y = 0; then f (1) = ( f (0) + f (0) )2 2
(c) x + 2 (d) x2 – 2
= (1 + 1)2 = 22 40. Given f (x) is a polynomial function of x, satisfying
Again putting x = 0, y = 1 Then f (2) = ( f (0) + f (1) )2 f (x)· f (y) = f (x) + f (y) + f (xy) – 2 and that f (2) = 5.
Then f (3) is equal to
= (1 + 2)2 = 32
(a) 10 (b) 24
and for x = 1, y = 1; f (3) = ( f (1) + f (1) )2
(c) 15 (d) None of these
= (2 + 2)2 = 42
41. If f : R → R satisfying f (x – f ( y)) = f ( f (y)) + xf ( y)
Similarly, f (x) = (x + 1)2 + f (x) – 1, for all x, y ∈ R, then find f (10).

Short Notes
Relations
If A and B are two non-empty sets, then a relation R and from A to
B is a subset of A × B.
Representation of a Relation
Roster form: In this form, we represent the relation by the set of
all ordered pairs belongs to R.
Set-builder form: In this form, we represent the relation R from
set A to set B as
R = {(a, b) : a ∈ A, b ∈ B and the rule which relate the elements
of A  and  B}.
Domain, Codomain and Range of a Relation
Let R be a relation from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set  B.
Then, set of all first components or coordinates of the ordered
pairs belonging to R is called the domain of R, while the set of all
second components or coordinates of the ordered pairs belonging
to R is called the range of R. Also, the set B is called the codomain
of relation R.
Thus, domain of R = {a : (a, b) ∈ R} and range of R = {b : (a, b)
∈ R}
Types of Relations
Empty or Void Relation: As f ⊂ A × A, for any set A, so f is a
relation on A, called the empty or void relation.
Universal Relation: Since, A × A ⊆ A × A, so A × A is a relation
on A, called the universal relation.
Identity Relation: The relation IA = {(a, a): a ∈ A} is called the
identity relation on A.
Reflexive Relation: A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive
relation, if every element of A is related to itself.
Thus, (a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ A ⇒ R is reflexive.
Symmetric Relation: A relation R on a set A is said to be
symmetric relation iff (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R, ∀ a, b ∈ A
i.e. a R b ⇒ bRa, ∀ a, b ∈ A
Transitive Relation: A relation R on a set A is said to be transitive
relation, iff (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R, ∀ a, b, c ∈ A
Equivalence Relation
A relation R on a set A is said to be an equivalence relation, if it is
simultaneously reflexive, symmetric and transitive on A.
Functions
Let and B be two non-empty sets, then a function f from set A
to set B is a rule which associates each element of A to a unique
element of B.
Domain, Codomain and Range of a Function
If f : A → B is a function from A to B, then
(i) the set A is called the domain of f(x).
(ii) the set B is called the codomain of f(x).
(iii) the subset of B containing only the images of elements of A
is called the range of f(x).
Number of Functions
Let X and Y be two finite sets having m and n elements respectively.
Then each element of set X can be associated to any one of n
elements of set Y. So, total number of functions from set X to set
Y is nm.

28 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

Number of One-One Functions (a) LCM of {T1, T2}, if there is no positive k, such that
Let A and B are finite sets having m and n elements repectively, f(k + x) = g(x) and g(k + x) = f(x).
 nP , n ≥ m 1
then the number of one-one functions from A to B is  m (b) LCM of {T1, T2}, if there exist a positive number k
2
 0, n < m such that f(k + x) = g(x) and g(k + x) = f(x).
n(n − 1)(n − 2)...(n − (m − 1)), n ≥ m (iv) If f(x) is periodic with period T, then kf (ax + b) is periodic
=  T
 0, n<m with period , where a, b, k ∈ R and a, k ≠ 0.
|a|
Number of Onto (or Surjective) Functions Properties of Even and Odd Functions
Let A and B are finite sets having m and n elements respectively, (i) gof or fog is even, if both f and g are even or if f is odd and
then number of onto (or surjective) functions from A to B is g is even or if f is even and g is odd.
n m − nC1 (n − 1) m + n C2 (n − 2) m − nC3 (n − 3) m + ..., n < m (ii) gof or fog is odd, if both of f and g are odd.
 d
= n !, n=m (iii) If f(x) is an even function, then f(x) is an odd function and
0, n>m dx

d
if f(x) is an odd function, then f(x) is an even  function.
Number of Bijective Functions dx
Let A and B are finite sets having m and n elements respectively, (iv) The graph of an even function is symmetrical about Y-axis.
them number of bijective functions from A to B is (v) The graph of an odd function is symmetrical about origin
n !, if n = m or symmetrical in opposite quadrants.
= 
0, if n > m or n < m (vi) An even function can never be one-one, however an odd
function may or may not be one-one.
Properties of Greatest Integer Function
Properties of Inverse Function
(i) [x + n] = n + [x], n ∈ I
(a) The inverse of a bijection is unique.
(ii) [–x] = –[x], x ∈ I
(b) If f : A → B is a bijection and g : B → A is the inverse of
(iii) [–x] = –[x] –1, x ∉ I
f, then fog =  IB and gof = IA, where IA & IB are identity
(iv) [x] ≥ n ⇒ x ≥ n, n ∈ I functions on the sets A & B respectively. If fof = I, then f is
(v) [x] > n ⇒ x ≥ n + 1, n ∈ I inverse of itself.
(vi) [x] ≤ n ⇒ x < n + 1, n ∈ I (c) The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection.
(vii) [x] < n ⇒ x < n, n ∈ I (d) If f & g are two bijections f  : A → B, g : B → C & gof exist,
(viii) [x + y] = [x] + [y + x – [x]] for all x, y ∈ R then the inverse of gof also exists and (gof)–1 = f–1 og–1.
(ix) [x + y] ≥ [x] + [y] (e) The graph of f –1 obtained by reflecting the graph of f about
the line y = x.
Important Points To Be Remembered
(i) Constant function is periodic with no fundamental period. General
1 If x, y are independent variables, then :
(ii) If f (x) is periodic with period T, then and f ( x) are
f ( x) (a) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = klnx
also periodic with same period T. (b) f(xy) = f(x) · f(y) ⇒ f(x) = xn, n ∈ R or f(x) = 0
(iii) If f (x) is periodic with period T1 and g(x) is periodic with (c) f(x + y) = f(x) · f(y) ⇒ f(x) = akx or f(x) = 0
period T2. then f (x) + g(x) is periodic with period equal to (d) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.

P Relations and Functions 29

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 Solved Examples

1. Find the domain and range of the following Νοw we find out the range,
x Since, 0 < log1/2(x2 + 4x + 4) < ∞
(i) f (x) = cos–1 log[ x ] , where [.] denotes the greatest
x ⇒ –∞ < log3 [log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4)] < ∞
integer function. Thus, range y ∈ R
(ii) f (x) = log[x–1] sin x, where [.] denotes greatest integer
function. (iv) f (x) = 2 − x + 1 + x
(iii) f (x) = log3{log1/2(x2 + 4x + 4)}. Domain of f (x) = {x |2 – x ≥ 0 and 1 + x ≥ 0}
(iv) f (x) = 2 − x + 1+ x ∴ Domain of f (x) = [–1, 2]
Sol.
( )
2
(i) For domain Again, {f (x)}2 = 2 − x + 1+ x
[x] > 0 and [x] 1 9  1
2

So, [x] ≥ 2, so x ∈ [2, ) = 3 + 2 (2 − x)(1 + x) =3 + 2 −x− 

4  2
x
For range, if x ∈ [2, ∞), then =1 ∴ The greatest value of {f (x)}2

x 1
π 9
So, f (x) = cos–1 0 = =
3+ 2 6 when x = 2
=
2 4
π
Range of f (x) = 2
The least value of { f ( x)} = 3 + 0 = 3,
2
Thus, Domain: [2, ∞) ; Range: {π / 2} 1 3
when x – = , i.e. x = 2
(ii) f (x) = log[x–1]sin x 2 2
sin x > 0 ⇒ x ∈ (2nπ, (2n + 1)π) ∴ The greatest value of f (x) = 6


Ηere, [x – 1] > 0 and [x – 1] ≠ 1 and the least value of f (x) = 3
⇒ x ∈ [3, ∞) ∴ Range of f (x) = [ 3, 6]

∞
Domain x ∈ [3, π) ∪  (2nπ, (2n + 1)π). 2. If the range of function
n =1
x2 + x + c 5 3
For range, sin x ∈ (0, 1] and [x – 1] ∈ [2, ∞) f (x) = , x ∈ R is  ,  , then find c.
2
x + 2x + c 6 2
So, range ∈ (−∞, 0] Sol.
2
(iii) First, to find the domain log 3 [log1/ 2 ( x + 4 x + 4)] exists x2 + x + c 2
Let y = ⇒ ( y − 1) x + (2 y − 1) x + c( y − 1) =
0
if, 2
x + 2x + c
log1/2(x2 + 4x + 4) > 0 As x is real, so D ≥ 0
+ – + ⇒ (2y – 1)2 ≥ 4c(y – 1)2
⇒ 4y2 + 1 – 4y ≥ 4cy2 − 8cy + 4c
–3 –1 ⇒ 4(c – 1)y2 + 4(1 – 2c)y + (4c – 1) ≤ 0 ...(1)

1
0
5 3
⇒ x2 + 4x + 4 <   But we are given y∈  , 
2 6 2 

(6y – 5)(2y – 3) ≤ 0 ⇒ 12y2 – 28y + 15 ≤ 0 ...(2)
[using logax < b ⇒ x > ab, if 0 < a < 1] ∴ On comparing (1) and (2), we get:
⇒ x2 + 4x + 4 < 1 ⇒ x2 + 4x + 3 < 0
c − 1 1 − 2c 4c − 1
= = c 4
⇒=

⇒ (x + 1)(x + 3) < 0 ⇒ –3 < x < –1 ...(1) 3 −7 15
and x2 + 4x + 4 > 0 ⇒ (x + 2)2 > 0 ...(2) 3. If the function f satisfies the relation f (x + y) + f (x – y) =
Which is always true except for x = –2 2f (x)·f (y) for all x, y ∈ R and f (0) ≠ 0, prove that f (x) is an
even function.
Thus, from (1) and (2), we have
Sol. Given f (x + y) + f (x – y) = 2f (x)·f (y)...(1)
Hence, Domain : x ∈ (−3, −2) ∪ (−2,−1) Replacing x by y and y by x in (1), we have:

30 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 f (y + x) + f (y – x) = 2f (y)·f (x)
⇒ h(π/6) ≤ h(x) ≤ h(π/3)
⇒ f (x + y) + f (y – x) = 2f (x)·f (y)...(2)
From (1) and (2), we have f (x – y) = f (y – x).
 1 π
⇒ loge  2 + −  ≤ loge h(x) ≤ loge (1 + 2 3 – π)
Now, putting y = 2x we get f (–x) = f (x)  3 2
Hence, f (x) is an even function.
∴ Range of f (x) is
4. Find the range of the following functions
(i) f (x) = loge (sin x sin x + 1) where 0 < x < π/2.   1 π 
 log e  2 + −  , log(1 + 2 3 − π) 
(ii) f (x) = loge (2 sin x + tan x – 3x + 1)   3 2 
π π 5. Let f : R – {2} → R function satisfying the following
where ≤x≤
6 3 functional equation,
Sol.
 2 x + 29 
2f (x) + 3f   = 100x + 80, ∀ x ∈ R – {2}.
(i) 0 < x < π/2 ⇒ 0 < sin x < 1  x−2 
∴ Range of loge (sin xsin x + 1) for 0 < x < π/2 Determine f (x).
= Range of loge (xx + 1) for 0 < x < 1 3  2 x + 29 
Sol. We have, f (x) = – f  + 50x + 40 ...(1)
x log x
Let h(x) = xx + 1 = e e + 1 2  x−2 
x log x 2 x + 29
∴ h′(x) = e e (1 + loge x) ⇒ h′(x) > 0 for x > 1/e and
Replacing x by in the given functional equation we
x−2
h′(x) < 0 for x < 1/e get,

∴ h(x) has a minima at x = 1/e   2 x + 29  
 2  + 29 
 ln x   1/ x 
 2 x + 29  3 x−2   + 50 
2 x + 29 
− f 
lim  lim 
f  + 40

=
 x →0  −1/ x 2 
Also lim+ h( x) =
1+ e x →0  1/ x 
1+ e
= 2 x + 29
x →0  x−2  2   
− 2
  x−2 
  x−2  
   
=
= 1 + e0 2 and
= lim− h( x) 2
x →1
 2 x + 29  3  2 x + 29 
1 ⇒ f =− f ( x) + 50   + 40 ...(2)
1
∴ 0 < x < 1 ⇒ 1 +   < (xx + 1) < 2

e  x−2  2  x−2 
e Putting (ii) in (i), we get,
 1
 9  2 x + 29 
1 e
f (x) = f (x) – 75   – 60 + 50x + 40
⇒ loge  1 +    < loge (xx +1) < loge 2
4  x−2 
  e
  9  2 x + 29 
⇒ f (x) – f (x) = 20 – 50x + 75  
Y 4  x−2 
(1 , 2)  2 x + 29 
(0, 2) ⇒ f (x) = 20 – 50x + 75  
 x−2 
f(x)  2 x + 29 
1/e ⇒ f (x) = 16 – 40x + 60  
1 + (1/e)  x−2 
O X
1/e 1

6. Two functions are defined as under,
  −1
   x +1 x ≤1  x 2 , −1 ≤ x < 2
∴ Range of f (x) ≡  log e  1 + e  , log e 2  e
f ( x) =  g ( x) = 
    2 x + 1 1 < x ≤ 2 ,  x + 2, 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
(ii) Let h(x) = (2 sin x + tan x – 3x + 1) Find fog and gof.
⇒ h′(x) = (2 cos x + sec2 x – 3)  g ( x) + 1, g ( x) ≤ 1
Sol. (fog) (x) = f (g(x)) = 
2 cos3 x − 3cos 2 x + 1 2 g ( x) + 1, 1 < g ( x) ≤ 2
=
cos 2 x
Let us consider, g(x) ≤ 1 :
∴ h′(x) > 0 ⇒ 2 cos3 x – 3 cos2 x + 1 > 0 (i) x2 ≤ 1 , −1 ≤ x < 2
⇒ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x < 2 ⇒ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
 1
(cos x – 1)2  cos x +  > 0 ∀ x ∈ [π/6, π/3] (ii) x + 2 ≤ 1, 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 ⇒ x ≤ −1, 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 ⇒ x ∈ φ
 2
⇒ h(x) is an increasing function of x Let us consider, 1 < g(x) ≤ 2,

P Relations and Functions 31

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 (iii) 1 < x2 ≤ 2, −1 ≤ x < 2 2 ≤ f (x) ≤ 3 ⇒ x = 1 and f (x) = x + 1
⇒ x ∈ [− 2 , −1) ∪ (1,
2 ],  ( x + 1) 2 ,
−2 ≤ x < 1
−1 ≤ x < 2 ⇒ 1 < x ≤ 2 g(f (x)) = 
x + 3 4, =
= x 1
(iv) 1 < x + 2 ≤ 2, 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 i.e. g(f (x)) = (x + 1)2, −2 ≤ x ≤ 1
⇒ −1 < x ≤ 0, 2 ≤ x ≤ 3, x ∈ φ y g(x) = x + 2

 x + 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2 5
Thus f (g(x)) =  2
2x + 1
2 x + 1, 1 < x ≤ 2 f(x) = 3
3
Now, let us consider gof: f(x) = 2
2
 f 2 ( x), −1 ≤ f ( x) < 2 –2 x+1
gof = g(f (x)) = 
x
 f ( x) + 2, 2 ≤ f ( x) ≤ 3 –1 1 2
f(x) = –1
Let us consider −1 ≤ f (x) < 2 :
(i) −1 ≤ x + 1 < 2, x ≤ 1 ⇒ −2 ≤ x < 1, x ≤ 1 x
7. Let f1(x) = +10 for all x ∈ R, and
⇒ −2 ≤ x < 1 3
(ii) −1 ≤ 2x + 1 < 2, 1 < x ≤ 2 fn(x) = f1(fn–1(x)) for n ≥ 2. Then find fn(x).
⇒ −1 ≤ x < 1/2, 1 < x ≤ 2 ⇒ x ∈ φ Sol. We have
Let us consider 2 ≤ f (x) ≤ 3: fn(x) = f1(fn–1(x)), n ≥ 2
(iii) 2 ≤ x + 1 ≤ 3, x ≤ 1 ⇒ 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, x ≤ 1 ⇒ x = 1 1
(iv) 2 ≤ 2x + 1 ≤ 3, 1 < x ≤ 2 ⇒ 1 ≤ 2x ≤ 2, 1 < x ≤ 2 ⇒ f2(x) = f1(f1(x)) = f (x) + 10
3 1
⇒ 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 1, 1 < x ≤ 2 ⇒ x ∈ φ x 10
1 x 
( x + 1) 2 , −2 ≤ x < 1 =  + 10  + 10 = 2 + + 10
3 3  3 3

g(f (x)) = 
 x + 3, x= 1 1
It can also be written as g(f (x)) = (x + 1)2, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 1. f3(x) = f1=
(f2(x)) f 2 ( x) + 10
3
 g ( x) + 1, g ( x) ≤ 1 1  x 10 
Graphical method: f (g(x)) = 
 2 g ( x ) + 1, 1 < g ( x) ≤ 2 =  + + 10  + 10
3  32 3 
Here g(x) becomes the variable that means we would draw x 10 10
the graph g(x). It is clear that = 3
+ + + 10
3 32 3
g(x) ≤ 1 ∀ x ∈ [−1, 1]
1
and 1 < g ( x) ≤ 2 ∀ x ∈ (1, 2] f4(x) = f1(f3(x)) = f (x) + 10
3 3
2
 x + 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 1  x 10 10 

⇒ f (g(x)) =  2
2 x + 1, 1 < x ≤ 2
=  3 + 2 + + 10  + 10
3 3 3 3 
 f 2 ( x), −1 ≤ f ( x) < 2 x 10 10 10
Now, g(f (x)) =  = + + + + 10
 f ( x) + 2, 2 ≤ f ( x) ≤ 3 34
33 32 3
y g(x) = x + 2
Continuing in this manner, we obtain
4
x 10 10 10
g(x) = 2 f n ( x)= n
+ n −1
+ n−2
+…+ + 10
2 3 3 3 3
g(x) = x2
 1 
1  1− n 
x
x = n + 10  3 
–1 1 2 3 3  1− 1 
 
 3 
In this case f (x) becomes the variable and we will draw the
graph of f (x). x  1  x − 15
= n + 15 1 − n  = n + 15
From the graph we observe that 3  3  3
−1 ≤ f (x) < 2 ⇒ x ∈ [−2, 1) and f (x) = x + 1

32 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 8. Knowing the graph of y = f (x) draw y
f ( x) + f ( x) f ( x) − f ( x)
y= and y =
2 2
Sol. Let graph
y
y = f(x)
0 x
2

For x ≤ 2, range of f is (–∞, 2 + p2] and

x For x > 2 range of f is (2p + 5, ∞)
O For range of f to be R,
y f(2+) ≤ f(2) ⇒ 2p + 5 ≤ 2 + p2
y = |f(x)| p2 – 2p – 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ (p – 3)(p + 1) ≥ 0
⇒ p ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [3, ∞) but p > 0.
Hence, p ∈ [3, ∞) given p ∈ [−100,100]
Sum of acceptable values of P
S = 3 + 4 + ...... + 100 = 5050 – 3 = 5047.
x
O 10. Function f : A → Β where n(A) = 6, n(B) = 4
(i) Total number of functions
y | f ( x) | + f ( x) (ii) Number of one-one functions
y= (iii) Number of many-one functions
2
(iv) Number of onto functions
(v) Number of into functions
Sol.
f : A → Β : n(A) = 6, n(B) = 4
x (i) Total number of functions = 46
O (ii) Set B has only 4 elements and domain has 6 elements,
as definition of function says that each element from
y domain has unique image in set B, so all 6 elements
can not have 6 different images in set B so no injective
mapping is possible Number of one-one functions = 0.
(iii) Number of many - one functions = 46 – 0 = 46
 [all possible functions are many-one]
(iv) Number of onto functions = No. of ways of 6 distinct
x things are distributed among 4 persons such that each
O received atleast one things.
= Group of 1, 1, 1, 3 toys + Group of 1, 1, 2, 2 toys
f ( x)- | f ( x) |  6!   6! 1
y= =  3   4!+  2 2
×  4!
2  3!(1!) 3!   (2!) (1!) 2! 2! 
9. Let a function f defined form R → R as 6 ⋅5⋅ 4 6 ⋅5⋅ 4 ⋅3
= 4!  +
 x + p2 , for x ≤ 2  6 2 × 4 
f ( x) =  . If the function is surjective,
 px + 5, for x > 2 = 24[20 + 45]= 24(65)= 1560
the find the sum of all possible integral values of p in [–100, 11. Let f (x) = ax + b, where a and b are integers. If f ( f (0)) = 0
100] and f ( f ( f (4))) = 9, then find value of
Sol. f ( f ( f ( f (10))))
For f to be surjective, range = co-domain Sol. f (x) = ax + b; f (0) = b
 x + p2 , for x ≤ 2 f (f (0)) = a·b + b = 0
f ( x) = 
 px + 5, for x > 2 ⇒ (a + 1)b = 0 ⇒ a = –1 or b = 0

P Relations and Functions 33

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 f (f (f (4)))) = 9 Eq. (2) – Eq. (1) we get
f (f (4a + b)) = 9 (n + 1) f (n + 1) = (n + 1)[(n + 2) f (n + 1) − nf (n)]
⇒ f (a(4a + b)+ b) = 9
⇒ f (n + 1) = (n + 2) f (n + 1) − nf (n)
⇒ f (4a2 + ab + b) = 9
⇒ a(4a2 + ab + b) = 9 ⇒ (n + 1) f (n + 1) − nf (n) =0
⇒ 4a3 + a2 b + ab + b = 9 ⇒ nf (n) =+
(n 1) f (n + 1)
9
when b = 0, 4a3 = 9 ⇒ a3 = ⇒ 2 f (2) = 3 f (3) = … = nf (n)
4
⇒ a is not an integer Form (1).
when a =−1, −4 + b − b + b =9 ⇒ b =13 f (1) + [nf (n) + nf (n) ..... to (n – 1) terms] = n(n + 1)f (n)
∴
f ( x) =− x + 13
⇒ f (1) + (n – 1) nf (n) = n(n + 1) f (n) ⇒ f (1) = 2n f (n)
∴
f ( f ( x)) = −(− x + 13) + 13 = x 1 1
⇒ 2n
= ∴ = 4020
f ( f ( f (=
f (10)))) f=
( f (10)) 10 f ( n) f (2010)
∴
14. Find the sum of all such numbers a that for any of them the
12. If the function f (x) and g(x) are defined on R → R such that equation |||||x – 5| –l | –l | –l | –l | = x – a has infinitely many
f (x) solutions.
 2π  2 2π  2 5π
= cos2 x + cos2  x +  + cos  x −  + cos Sol. (c) In the figure below is pictured the graph of the functions
 3   3  4
y = |||||x – 5| –1| –1| –1| –1|
and g(2) = –1, then find the value of cot– 1(g(f (1))) + cos–1 y
(g(f (2)))
y=x–a
Sol.
 2π   2π  5π
f ( x) =cos 2 x + cos 2  x +  + cos 2  x −  + cos 2 1
 3   3  4 a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
2
 − cos x sin x 3 
⇒ f ( x) = cos 2 x +  − 
 2 2  Thus, the given equality has infinitely many solutions
2 for any of the following values a = 1, a = 3, a = 5, a = 7,
 cos x sin x 3  1
+  +  + a = 9. Hence, the sum of all values is equal to 25.
 −2 2  2 x2
15. Given that f ( x) = . Evaluate the
1 x 2 − 100 x + 5000
⇒ f ( x) =cos 2 x + cos 2 x + 3sin 2 x + 2 3 sin x cos x +
4 expression f (1) + f (2) + ... + f (100).
1 Sol. [101] Note that
cos 2 x + 3sin 2 x − 2 3 sin x cos x  +
2 x2 2x2
=f ( x) = , thus
3 3 1 x − 100 x + 5000 x + ( x − 100) 2
2 2
⇒ f ( x) = cos 2 x + sin 2 x +
2 2 2 2x2 2(100 − x) 2
⇒ f ( x=) 2 ∀x ∈ R f ( x) + =
f (100 − x) + = 2
x 2 + ( x − 100) 2 (100 − x) 2 + x 2
3π 7π We have that
So, cot −1 (−1) + cos −1 (−1)
= +=
π
4 4 f (1) + f (2) + ... + f (100) = (f (1) + f (99)) + ... + (f (49) + f (5l))
13. Let f : N → R be such that + f (50) + f (100)
(i) f (1) = 1 = 98 + 1 + 2 = 101
(ii) f (1) + 2f (2) + 3f (3) +......+ nf (n) = n(n + 1) f (n), 3
2
16. Let f ( x) = x . Evaluate the expression f (f (f (1))) +
1 f (f (f (2))) + ... + f (f (f (13))).
for n ≥ 2, then find
f (2010)
(=
x )
3
3 2 3
2 4
Sol. Given, ( f ( x))
Sol. [819] Note that, f = x ,
f (1) + 2 f (2) + 3 f (3) +…+ nf (=
n) n(n + 1) f (n) ...(1)
(=
x )
3
3 2
( f ( f (=
x)) )
2 4 3
and f ( f (= f ( x))) x2 .
Putting (n + 1) in place of n, we get
f (1) + 2 f (2) +…+ nf (n) + (n + 1) f (n + 1) Thus, it follows that
f (f (f (1))) + f (f (f (2))) + ... + f (f (f (13))) = 12 + 22 + ... +
=(n + 1)(n + 2) f (n + 1) ...(2) 132 = 819.

34 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 17. Find the range of following functions: y = x2, x  0
y
 
(i) f (x) = log2  sin x − cos x + 3 2  y= x
 2 
 
(ii) f (x) = log 2 ( 2 − log (16sin
2
2
x + 1) ) (d)
x
Sol.
y=x
 sin x − cos x + 3 2 
(i) Let y = log2  
 2 19. Assume R and S are (non-empty) relations in a set A. which
 
of the relations given below is false
 π (a) If R and S are transitive, then R ∪ S is transitive
2 y sin  x −  + 3 ⇒ −1 ≤ 2 y − 3 ≤ 1
⇒=
 4 (b) If R and S are transitive, then R ∩ S is transitive
(c) If R and S are symmetric, then R ∪ S is symmetric
⇒ 2 ≤ 2y ≤ 4 ⇒ y ∈ [1, 2]

(d) If R and S are reflexive, then R ∩ S is reflexive
(ii) f (x) = log
( 2 – log2 (16 sin2x + 1))
2
Sol. (a) For example on the set A = {1, 2, 3}, the relations R = {(1, 1),
1 ≤ 16 sin2x + 1 ≤ 17
(1, 2)} and S = {(2, 2), (2, 3)} are transitive but relations
∴ 0 ≤ log2 (16 sin2x + 1) ≤ log217 R ∪ S = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (2, 3)} is not transitive, since
∴ 2 – log2 17 ≤ 2 – log2 (16 sin2x + 1) ≤ 2 (1, 2) ∈ R ∪ S and (2, 3) ∈ R ∪ S but (1, 3) ∉ R ∪ S.
Now consider 0 < 2 – log2 (16 sin2x + 1) ≤ 2 20. If the equation e||x| – 2| + b = 2 has four solution then b lies in
∴ −∞ < log
[2 – log2(16
2 sin2x + 1)] ≤ log 2
2 (a) (ln2 – 2, ln2) (b) (–2, ln2)

∴ The range is (–∞, 2] (c) (0, ln2) (d) None of these
18. Consider f (x) = x2. Sol. (a) Given equation can be written as ||x|– 2| = ln2 – b.
(a) Explain why the function defined above does not have Plot the graph and find the range of b such that there exist
an inverse function. four points of intersection.
(b) Does f (x) = x2 where x ≥ 0 have an inverse function? 21. Which of the following is/are not a function ([.] and {.}
(c) Find f  –1(x) for f (x) = x2, x ≥ 0. denotes the greatest integer and fractional part functions
(d) Sketch y = f (x), y = x and y = f  –1(x) for f in (b) and f  –1 respectively)?
in (c). 1 x!
(a) (b)
Sol. (a) It does not pass the ‘horizontal line test’. ln[1 | x |] {x}

(b) If we restrict the domain to x ≥ 0 or x ∈ [0, ∞), or in fact ln( x − 1)
any domain which makes f one-to-one, it satisfies the (c) x! {x} (d)
‘horizontal line test’ and so has an inverse function. (1 − x 2 )

y f(x) = x2, x  0 1
Sol. (a, b, d) f ( x) = is defined if [1 – |x|] > 0 and
ln[1− | x |]
1 – [x] ≠ 1 ⇒ [1 – |x|] ≥ 2 ⇒ 1 – |x| ≥ 2 ⇒ |x| ≤ –1 which is
not possible.
x
x!
f ( x) = . Here x! is defined only when x is natural
(c) f is defined by y = x≥0 x2, {x}
\ f  –1 is defined by x = y2, y ≥ 0 number, but {x} becomes zero for these values of x. Hence,
f (x) is not defined in this case.
∴ y =± x, y ≥ 0

f (x) – x! {x} is defined for x being a natural number. Hence,
f (x) is a function whose domain x ∈ N.
∴ y =x ln( x − 1)
f ( x) = . Hence ln(x – 1) is defined only when
{as − x is ≤ 0}
(1 − x 2 )
−1
So, f ( x) = x x – 1 > 0 ⇒ x > 1. Also 1 – x2 > 0 for denominator, i.e., –1
< x < 1. Hence, f (x) is not defined for any value of x.

P Relations and Functions 35

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 Exercise-1 (Topicwise)

RELATIONS   1 
10. The domain of f (x) = sin −1  log 2  x 2   is
1. The relation R defined in N as aRb ⇔ b is divisible by a is   2 
(a) Reflexive but not symmetric (a) (– ∞, – 2) ∪ (2, ∞) (b) [–1, 1]
(b) Symmetric but not transitive (c) (– 2, – 1) ∪ (1, 2) (d) None of these
(c) Symmetric and transitive
1
(d) None of these 11. Domain of f (x) = is: (Here [x] represents greatest
[ x] − x
2. If A is the set of even natural numbers less than 8 and B is integer function)
the set of prime numbers less than 7, then the number of (a) (–∞, 0) (b) (0, ∞)
relations from A to B is
(c) R – I (d) φ
(a) 29 (b) 92
(c) 32 (d) 29–1 sin[ x − 1]
12. Domain of the function f ( x) = where [x]
[ x − 1][ x + 2]
3. Let R be a reflexive relation on a set A and I be the identity
relation on A. Then denotes the greatest integer function less than x, is
(a) R ⊂ I (b) I ⊂ R (a) All real x (b) [–2, –1)
(c) R = I (d) R = 2I (c) R − [−2, −1) ∪ [1, 2) (d) R – [–2, 2]

4. The relation “is subset of” on the power set P(A) of a set A 13. The domain of the function
is f (x) = 24 – xC3x – 1 + 40 – 6xC8x – 10 is
(a) Symmetric (b) Anti-symmetric (a) {2, 3} (b) {1, 2, 3}
(c) Equivalency relation (d) None of these (c) {1, 2, 3, 4} (d) None of these
5. Let R be a relation over the set N × N and it is defined by 14. Domain of the function
(a, b) R (c, d) ⇔ a + d = b + c. Then R is  2 x − 1  3tan −1 x
f (x) = (1 – 3x)1/3 + 3 cos– 
 3 is
(a) Reflexive only (b) Symmetric only  3 
(c) Transitive only (d) An equivalence relation  1 1  1 
(a)  − ,  (b)  − ,1
6. The number of reflexive relations of a set with four elements  3 3  2 
is equal to  1 1
(c) [–1, 2] (d)  − , 
(a) 216 (b) 212  4 2
(c) 28 (d) 24 15. The midpoint of domain of the function
7. Let R be a relation on the set N of natural numbers defined g(x) = 4 − 2 x + 5
by nRm ⇔ n is a factor of m (i.e., n|m). Then R is
− 1
(a) Reflexive and symmetric (a) (b)
4
(b) Transitive and symmetric
2 3
(c) Equivalence (c) (d)
3 2
(d) Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
RANGE
DOMAIN x2 + x + 2
=
16. Range of the function f ( x) ; x ∈ R is
1 x2 + x + 1
8. Domain of the function 2− x − is
9 − x2 (a) (1, ∞) (b) (1, 11/7]
(a) (–3, 1) (b) [–3, 1] (c) (1, 7/3] (d) (1, 7/5]
(c) (–3, 2] (d) [–3, 1) 17. The range of the function,
9. Domain of f (x) = log(2x – 5)(x2 – 3x – 10)
= (
y log 7 2(sin x − cos x) + 5 is )
(a) [5, ∞) (b) (−∞, 2) ∪ (5, ∞) (a) R (b) Z
(c) [log7 4, log7 5] (d) [2 log7 3, 2]
(c) (5/2, 3) (d) None of these

36 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 18. Which of the following function(s) has the range [–1, 1] 27. If f (x) = cos (ax) + sin (bx), then which of the followings is
 1  false
(a) f (x) = cos(2 sin x) (b) g(x) = cos  1 − 
2 (a) f (x) is periodic a and b both are rational
 1+ x 
(c) h(x) = sin(log2 x) (d) k(x) = tan(ex) (b) Non-periodic if a is rational but b is irrational
(c) Non-periodic if a is irrational but b is rational
19. The range of the function f (x) = cos(cos–1{x}) is (where {.}
denotes the fractional part function) (d) None of these
(a) [0, 1) (b) [0, 1] 28. Function f (x) = sin x + tan x + sgn (x2 – 6x + 10) is
(c) (0, 1) (d) (0, 1] (a) Periodic with period 2π
1 (b) Periodic with period π
20. The range of the function y = is (c) Non-periodic
2 − sin 3 x
(d) Periodic with period 4π
1  1 
(a)  ,1 (b)  ,1 | sin x | + | cos x |
3  3  29. The period of f (x) = is
| sin x − cos x |
1 
(c)  ,1 (d) None of these (a) π/2 (b) π
3 
(c) 2π (d) None of these
21. The range of the function y = log3(5 + 4x – x2) is
(a) (0, 2] (b) (–∞, 2] 30. The fundamental period of function, where [.] denotes
greatest integer function.
(c) (0, 9] (d) None of these
 1  2
f ( x) = [ x] +  x +  +  x +  − 3 x + 15
EVEN AND ODD FUNCTION  3  3
2
(a) 1/3 (b) 2/3
22. The function f ( x) = log( x + x + 1) , is (c) 1 (d) Non-periodic
(a) An even function
(b) An odd function TYPES OF FUNCTION
(c) A Periodic function
x−m
(d) Neither an even nor odd function 31. Let f : R – {n} → R be a function defined by f ( x) =
x−n
23. If f (x) = 2x6 + 3x4 + 4x2 then f ′(x) is where m ≠ n. Then
(a) Even function (b) An odd function (a) f is one-one onto (b) f is one-one into
(c) Neither even nor odd (d) Both even-odd (c) f is many one onto (d) f is many one into
24. Which of the following function is even function x2 − 4
x x
 a −1  32. Let f ( x) = for |x| > 2, then the function
a +1 x2 + 4
(a) f ( x) = (b) f ( x) = x  x 
ax −1  a +1 f : (– ∞, –2] ∪ [2, ∞) → (–1, 1) is
x −x (a) One-one into (b) One-one onto
a −a
(c) f ( x) = (d) f (x) = sin x (c) Many one into (d) Many one onto
a x + a− x
33. If f : R → S defined by f ( x) =sin x − 3 cos x + 1 is onto,
1+ x then the interval of S is
25. If f ( x) = log , then f (x) is
1− x (a) [–1, 3] (b) [1, 1]
(a) Even function (c) [0, 1] (d) [0, –1]
(b) f (x1) f (x2) = f (x1 + x2) 34. If R denotes the set of all real numbers then the function f :
f ( x1 ) R → R defined f (x) = [x]
(c) = f ( x1 − x2 )
f ( x2 ) (a) One-one only (b) Onto only
(d) Odd function (c) Both one-one and onto (d) Neither one-one nor onto

COMPOSITE FUNCTION
PERIODIC FUNCTION
−1, If x < 0
26. If f : R → R is a function satisfying the property f (x + 1) + 
and f ( x) =
35. Let g(x) = 1 + x – [x] = 0, If x 0, then for all
f (x + 3) = 2 ∀ x ∈ R then the period (may not be fundamental
 1, if x > 0
period) of f (x) is 
(a) 3 (b) 4 values of x the value of fog(x)
(c) 7 (d) 6 (a) x (b) 1 (c) f (x) (d) g(x)

P Relations and Functions 37

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 36. The function f (x) is defined in [0, 1] then the domain of 44. Let S be the set of all real numbers. Then the relation
definition of the function f [ln(1 – x2)] is given by R = {(a, b) : 1 + ab > 0} on S is
(a) x ∈ {0} (a) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
{ } {
(b) x ∈ − 1 + e − 1 ∪ 1 + 1 + e } (b) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
(c) Symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
(c) x ∈ (– ∞, ∞)
(d) Reflexive, transitive and symmetric
(d) None of these
45. Let R1 be a relation defined by
37. If f (x) = x3 – x and g(x) = sin 2x, then
R1 = {(a, b)|a ≥ b, a, b ∈ R} Then R1 is
  π  3
(a) g[f (1)] = 1 (b) f  g    = − (a) An equivalence relation on R
12
   8
(b) Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
(c) g {f (2)} = sin 2 (d) None of these (c) Symmetric, Transitive but not reflexive
(d) Neither transitive not reflexive but symmetric
INVERSE OF FUNCTION
46. The equation x2 – 12x + 35 = [x] + [–x] has
ex – e– x
38. The inverse of the function y = is (where [x] denotes largest integer less than or equal to x)
ex + e– x (a) No solution (b) 4 solutions
1 1+ x 1 2+ x
(a) log (b) log (c) 3 solutions (d) 2 solutions
2 1− x 2 2− x
47. If the equation |2 – x| – |x + 1| = k has exactly one solution,
1 1− x then number of integral values of k is
(c) log (d) 2 log (1+ x)
2 1+ x (a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3
39. Let f (2, 4) → (1, 3) be a function defined by
48. The range of the function f (x) = 4 − x 2 + x 2 − 1 is
x
f (x) = x −   , then f –1 (x) is equal to
2 (a)  3, 7  (b)  3, 5 
   
 (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
(c)  2, 3  (d)  3, 6 
x    
(a) 2x (b) x +  
2 sin −1 ( x − 3)
(c) x + 1 (d) x – 1 49. The domain of the function f ( x) = is
9 − x2
MISCELLANEOUS (a) [1, 2) (b) [2, 3) (c) [1, 2] (d) [2, 3]
40. The function f (x) = log10 cos(2πx) exists 50. Which of the following functions are not injective mapping
(a) For any rational (a) f (x) = |x + 1|, x ∈ [–1, ∞)
(b) Only when x is a positive integer 1
(b) g(x) = x + ; x ∈ (0, ∞)
(c) Only when x is fractional x
(d) For any integer value of x including zero (c) h(x) = x2 + 4x – 5 ; x ∈ (0, ∞)
41. Let f (θ) = sin θ (sin θ + sin 3θ). Then f (θ) (d) k(x) = e–x ; x ∈ [0, ∞)
(a) ≥ 0 only when θ ≥ 0 (b) ≤ 0 for all real θ 51. The function f : [2, ∞) → Y, defined by f (x) = x2 − 4x + 5 is
(c) ≥ 0 for all real θ (d) ≤ 0 only when θ ≤ 0 both one-one and onto if
42. If a polynomial function ‘f ‘ satisfies the relation (a) Y = R (b) Y = [1, ∞)
(c) Y = [4, ∞) (d) Y = [5, ∞)
 
2 2  f ( x)  52. The function f : R → R defined by f (x) = 6x + 6| x | is
 
log2 (f (x)) = log 2  2 + + + ...∞  ⋅ log 3 1 +  (a) One-one and onto (b) Many-one and onto
 3 9   1
 f   (c) One-one and into (d) Many-one and into
  x
and f (10) = 1001, then the value of f (20) is  π2   π2 
(a) 2002 (b) 7999 (c) 8001 (d) 16001
53. If f (x) = cos   x + sin  −  x, where [.] denotes the
2  2
43. R is a relation over the set of real numbers and it is given by greatest integer function, then which of the following is not
nRm nm ≥ 0. Then R is correct?
(a) Symmetric and transitive π 1
(b) Reflexive and symmetric (a) f (0) = 1 (b) f  =
3 3 +1
(c) A partial order relation π
(c) f   =0 (d) f (π) = 0
(d) An equivalence relation 2
38 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW
54. Which one of the following pair of functions are 63. If f (x) is a function that is odd and even simultaneously, then
identical? f (3) – f (2) is equal to
(l n x) (a) 0 (b) 1
(a) e 2 and x (c) 2 (d) 3
(b) (tan x) and cot–1 (cot x) 64. Which of these functions is not a self-inverse function, i.e.,
f  –1(x) = f (x)?
(c) cos2 x + sin4 x and sin2 x + cos4 x
(a) f (x) = 2x (b) f (x) = x
|x|
(d) and sgn (x) where sgn(x) stands for signum function. 2
x (c) f (x) = –x (d) f ( x) =
x
1  x  65. For each of the following graphs find the domain and range:
55. If f (x) = cos(n x), then f (x) f (y) –  f   + f ( xy )  has
the value 2  y 
y

(b) 1
(5, 3)
(a) –1 (–1, 1)
2 (a)
(c) –2 (d) None of these x
56. If f (1) = 1 and f (n + 1) = 2f (n) + 1 if n ≥ 1, then f (n) is equal
to
(a) 2n + 1 (b) 2n y
n
(c) 2 – 1 (d) 2n–1 – 1
57. If ‘f ’ and ‘g’ are bijective functions and fog is defined, then
fog must be (b) x
y = –1
(a) Injective (b) Surjective
(c) Bijective (d) Into only x=2

1 y
58. The function f (x) = [x] + , x ∉ Ι is a/an (where [ · ] denotes
2
(0, 2)
greatest integer function)
(a) Even (b) Odd
(c) Neither even nor odd (d) None of these (c)
x
f ( x)
59. Let f be a function satisfying of x, then f (xy) = for all
y y
positive real numbers x and y; if f (30) = 20, then the value
of f (40) is
(a) 15 (b) 20
(c) 40 (d) 60 (d) x
60. If the following functions are defined from R to R then
(1, –1)
identify the function which is bijective.
e x + e− x y
(a) f ( x) = (–1, 2)
2
(b) f (x) = x4 – 3x3 + 1
(e)
(c) f (x) = 18x3 – 21x2 + 8x – 1 x

(d) f (x) = x3 – 4x2 + 16x + 17 (2, –2)

61. Let f : [–1, 1] → [0, 2] be a linear function which is onto, (–4, –3)
then f (x) is/are y
(a) 2 – x (b) 1 + x
(c) x – 1 (d) x + 2
62. Let f be a function satisfying 2f (x) – 3f (1/x) = x2 for any (f) –1 x
x ≠ 0, then absolute value of f (2) is
(a) 1.5 (b) 1.75 x=2
x = –2
(c) 2 (d) 2.25
P Relations and Functions 39
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 Exercise-2 (Learning Plus)

1. Let R be a relation on the set N be defined by {(x, y)| x, 9. Let f (x) = x2 and g(x) = sin x for all x ∈ R. Then the
y ∈ N, 2x + y = 41}. Then R is set of all x satisfying (fogogof) (x) = (gogof) (x), where
(a) Reflexive (fog)(x) = f (g(x)), is
(b) Symmetric (a) ± nπ , n ∈ {0,1, 2,...}
(c) Transitive
(b) ± nπ , n ∈ {1, 2,...}
(d) Not Reflexive, symmetric, transitive
π
2. Let f : (e, ∞) → R be defined by f (x) = ln (ln(ln x)), then (c) + 2nπ, n ∈ {... − 2, −1, 0,1, 2,...}
2
(a) f is one one but not onto
(d) 2nπ, n ∈ (..., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ...)
(b) f is onto but not one-one
10. It is given that f (x) is an even function and satisfy the relation
(c) f is one-one and onto
(d) f is neither one-one nor onto xf ( x 2 )
f (x) = then the value of f (10) is
2 + tan 2 x. f ( x 2 )
x2 − 4
3. Let ‘f’ be a function from R to R given by f (x) = 2 . (a) 10 (b) 100
Then f (x) is x +1
(c) 50 (d) None of these
(a) One-one and into (b) One-one and onto π πx π
(c) Many-one and into (d) Many-one and onto 11. The period of sin [ x] + cos + cos [ x], where [x]
4 2 3
4. Which of the following pair of functions are identical? denotes the integral part of x is
π (a) 8 (b) 12
(a) f (x) = sin–1 x + cos–1 x and g(x) =
2 (c) 24 (d) Non-periodic
–1 –1
π 12. Let f (x) = x(2 – x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. If the definition of ‘f ’ is extended
(b) f (x) = tan x + cot x and g(x) =
2 over the set, R – [0, 2] by f (x + 2) = f (x), then ‘f’ is a
π (a) Periodic function of period 1
(c) f (x) = sec–1 x + cosec–1 x and g(x) =
2 (b) Non-periodic function
(d) All of these
(c) Periodic function of period 2
5. If f (x) = 2 sin2θ + 4 cos (x + θ) sin x · sin θ + cos (2x + 2θ)
(d) Periodic function of period 1/2
π 
then value of f 2(x) + f 2  − x  is 13. If the minimum value of y = (x – 2) (x – 4) (x – 6) (x – 8) + 16,
4 
is m then (m + 3) equals
(a) 0 (b) 1
(a) 0 (b) 3
(c) –1 (d) x2
(c) 6 (d) 15
6. Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c are rational and
f : Z → Z, where Z is the set of integers. Then a + b is 14. Evaluate the expression
1 2 102
(a) A negative integer
3103 3103 3103
(b) An integer 1
+ 2
+ ... + 102
.
(c) Non-integral rational number 3 + 3

103
3 103
+ 3 3
103
+ 3
(d) None of these (a) 50 (b) 51
7. The fundamental period of the function (c) 52 (d) 53
4  x−π  x−π 15. Given that
f (x) = 4 cos  2 
− 2 cos  2  is equal to
 4π   2π  1 2 999
f ( x)
= + + ... +
(a) π3 (b) 4π2 x( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x + 2) ( x + 999)( x + 1000)
(c) 3π2 (d) 2π3
1 1 1
8. If x and y satisfy the equation y = 2 [x] + 3 and y = 3[x – 2] and g ( x) = + + ... + .
simultaneously, where [ · ] denotes the greatest integer x x +1 x + 999
function, then [x + y] is equal to Evaluate the following expression f (–1001) – g(–1001).
(a) 21 (b) 9 (a) 998 (b) 1000
(c) 30 (d) 12 (c) 100 (d) 999

40 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 16. Find the product of all numbers belonging to the domain of
function 25. The domain of the function f ( x=
) x12 − x 9 + x 4 − x + 1
is
f ( x) = − x 2 + 11x − 24 + log 2 (cos πx). (a) (–1, 1) (b) (–∞, –1) (c) (1, ∞) (d) (–∞, ∞)

(a) 192 (b) 48 26. If R be a relation < from A = {1, 2, 3, 4} to B = {1, 3, 5} i.e.,
(c) 384 (d) 16 (a, b) ∈ R iff a < b, then RoR–1 is
2x + 1 (a) {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)}
17. Let f ( x) = log 2 . Evaluate the expression f (f (1)) +
2x − 1 (b) {(3, 1), (5, 1), (3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4)}
f (f (2)) + ... + f (f (40)). (c) {(3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 5)}
(a) 420 (b) 820 (d) {(3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)}
(c) 210 (d) 400 27. A function f : R → R satisfies the condition
18. If R and R′ are symmetric relations (not disjoint) on a set A, x2 f (x) + f (1 − x) = 2x − x4. Then f (x) is
then the relation R ∩ R′ is (a) – x2 – 1 (b) – x2 + 1
(a) Reflexive (c) x2 − 1 (d) – x4 + 1
(b) Symmetric
28. Let D ≡ [− 1, 1] is the domain of the following functions,
(c) Transitive
state which of them are injective?
(d) None of these
(a) f (x) = x2 (b) g(x) = x3
19. The range of f (x) = [sin x + [cos x + [tan x + [sec x]]]],
(c) h(x) = sin 2x (d) k(x) = sin (πx/2)
x ∈ (0, π/3), where [.] denotes the greatest integer function
≤ x, is  1− x 
29. Let f (x) =   , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and g(x) = 4x (1 – x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
(a) {0, 1} (b) {–1, 0, 1} 1+ x 
then
(c) {1} (d) None of these
20. The period of function 2{x} + sin πx + 3{x/2} + cos 2πx 1 − 4 x + 4 x2
+ |tan πx| (where {x} denotes the fractional part of x) is (a) fog = ,0≤x≤1
1 + 4 x − 4 x2
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) None of these 1 − 4 x − 4 x2 1
21. The number of solutions of 2 cos x = |sin x|, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4π, is (b) fog = , ≤x≤1
1 + 4 x − 4 x2 2
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) Infinite 8 x(1 − x)
(c) gof = ,0≤x≤1
| x| | x|
22. Let f ( x) = e{e sgn x} and g ( x) = e[ e sgn x ] , x ∈ R where {} (1 + x) 2
and [.] denotes the fractional and integral part functions,
8 x(1 + x)
respectively. Also h(x) = log(f (x)) + log(g(x)) then for real (d) gof = ,0≤x≤1
x, h(x) is (1 + x) 2
(a) An odd function
30. Which of following pairs of functions are identical.
(b) An even function −1
(c) Neither and odd nor an even function (a) f (x) en sec x and g(x) = sec−1 x

(d) Both odd as well as even function (b) f (x) = tan (tan−1 x) and g(x) = cot (cot−1 x)
23. Let the function f (x) = 3x2 – 4x + 8 log ( 1 + | x | ) be defined (c) f (x) = sgn (x) and g(x) = sgn (sgn (x))
on the interval [0, 1]. The even extension of f (x) to the (d) f (x) = cot2 x. cos2 x and g(x) = cot2 x − cos2 x
interval [–1, 0] is
31. Let f, g : R → R be defined by f (x) = 3x – 1 + |2x + 1| and
(a) 3x2 + 4x + 8 log(1 + | x |)
(b) 3x2 – 4x + 8 log(1 + | x |) 1
g(x) = ((3x + 5) – |2x + 5|), then
(c) 3x2 + 4x – 8 log(1 + | x |) 5
(d) 3x2 – 4x – 8 log (1 + | x |) (a) fog = gof
24. If f (x) + f (x + 4) = f (x + 2) + f (x + 6) ∀ x ∈ R, and (b) (fog)–1 = gog
100 (c) y = min (fog(x), (fog (x))2, (fog(x))3, ... (fog(x))101) is
f (5) = 10, then ∑r =1
f (5 + 8r ) equal to not differentiable at exactly three distinct values of x.
(a) 1000 (b) 100 fogofogofog ... fog (5) = 3
(d)   
(c) 10000 (d) 10 100times

P Relations and Functions 41

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 32. Let f be a real valued function such that for any real x, 39. Match the column
f (15 + x) = f (15 – x) and f (30 + x) = –f (30 – x). Then which
of the following statement is true? Column – Ι Column – ΙΙ
(a) f is odd (b) f is even A. The period of the function y = sin (2πt p. 1/2
(c) f is periodic (d) f is not periodic + π/3) + 2 sin (3πt + π/4) + 3 sin 5πt
33. Absolute value of the parameter a, for which the given B. y = {sin (πx)} is a many one function q. 8
function f (x) = 1 + ax, a 0 is the inverse of itself, is for x ∈ (0, a), where {x} denotes
2 2
fractional part of x, then a may be
 x   x 
34. If f  ″(x) = – f (x) and g(x) = f  ′(x) and F (x) =  f    +  g    C. The fundamental period of the r. 2
  2   2
function y = 1
and given that F (5) = 5, then F (10) is equal to 2
 | sin(π / 4) x | sin(π / 4) x 
 x 2 + x + 1  4 x 2 + x + 2   + 
and f ( x)  2
35. If f; (0, ∞) → N= + 2   cos(π / 4) x | cos(π / 4) x | 
 x + 1   2x +1 
D. If f : [0, 2] → [0, 2] is bijective s. 0
 9x2 + x + 3   n2 x2 + x + n  function defined by f (x) = ax2 + bx + c,
+  + ... +   , n ∈ N then find f (3)
2
 3x + 1 
2
 nx + 1  where a, b, c are non-zero real
numbers, then f (2) is equal to
for n = 10 ([.] is G.I.F.)
Comprehension (Q. 36 to 38) 40. Match the following

Column – Ι Column – ΙΙ
 x 2 − 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
Consider the function f (x) =  A. p. x+1
 nx, 1< x ≤ e  x + 1, x < 0
f ( x) =  2 then f (f (x))
Let f1(x) = f (|x|)  x − 1, x ≥ 0
f2(x) = |f (|x|)|
for –1 ≤ x < 0 is:
f3 (x) = f (–x) B. 2 tan x  x−3
Now answer the following questions. If f   q.
 1 + tan 2 x  2
36. Number of positive solution of the equation 2f2 (x) – 1 = 0
is (are) (cos 2 x + 1) (sec 2 x + 2 tan x)
=
(a) 4 (b) 3 2
(c) 2 (d) 1 then f (x) is
C. r. x2 + 2x
37. Number of integral solution of the equation f1 (x) = f2(x) is If f (x + y + 1) = ( f ( x) + f ( y )) 2
(are) x, y ∈ R and f (0) = 1, then f (x) is:
(a) 1 (b) 2
D. x s. (x + 1)2
(c) 3 (d) 4 If 4 < x < 5 and f (x) =   + 2x + 2
38. If f4 (x) = log27 (f3(x) + 2), then range of f4(x) is 4
where [.] denotes G.I.F. then f  –1(x)
(a) [1, 9] is :

1  41. Solve graphically

(b)  , ∞ 
3  (i) |x2 – x| > 2 (ii) |x| – 2 ≥ |4 – x|
42. Show that (f o f  –1)(x) = (f  –1of  )(x) = x for
 1 x+3
(c) 0, 
 3 (i) f (x) = 3x + 1 (ii) f ( x) =
4
(d) [1, 27] (ii) f ( x) = x

42 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 Exercise-3 (JEE Advanced Level)

MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 6. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Equation sgn (x) = sin–1 x has one solution.
1. The maximum value of the function defined by f (x) = min
(ex, 2 + e2 – x, 8) is α then integral value of x satisfying the (b) Equation |x2 – 4| x | + 3| = 1 has six solutions.
x ( x − [ α ]) (c) If α is solution of equation log10 x2 – log10(–x) = 4, then
inequality < 0 is sgn (α) = 1
2
x − [α]x + 12 (d) Equation (sin–1 x)3 + (cos–1 x)3 + (tan–1 x)3 = 3 sin–1 x ·
Note: [k] denotes greatest integer function less than or equal cos–1 x · tan–1 x has no solution
to k.
(where sgn(·) denotes signum function)
(a) 1 (b) 3
7. Let x = {a1, a2, ..., a6} and Y = {b1, b2, b3}. The number
(c) 5 (d) 6
of functions f from x to y such that it is onto and there are
2. Let: f : A → B and g : B → C be two functions and exactly three elements x in X such that f (x) = b1 is
gof : A → C is defined. Then which of the following (a) 75 (b) 90
statement(s) is (are) incorrect? (c) 100 (d) 120
(a) If gof is onto then f must be onto
8. If f : R → R is an invertible function such that f (x) and
(b) If f is into and g is onto then gof must be onto function. f  –1 (x) are symmetric about the line y = –x, then
(c) If gof is one-one then g is not necessarily one-one. (a) f (x) is odd.
(d) If f is injective and g is surjective then gof must be (b) f (x) and f  –1(x) may not be symmetric about the line
bijective mapping y = x.
3. Let f be a constant function with domain R and g be a certain (c) f (x) may not be odd.
function with domain R. Two ordered pairs in f are (4, a2 – 5)
(d) None of these.
f
and (2, 4a – 9) for some real number a. Also domain of 9. Let f be an injective function such that f (x) f (y) + 2 = f (x)
is R – {7}. Then g
+ f (y) + f (xy) ∀ x, y ∈ R. If f (4) = 65 and f (0) ≠ 2, then
(a) a = 2 (b) (f (10))100 = 1 f (x) is equal to, ∀ x ∈ R.
1 (a) x3 – 1 (b) x3 + 2
(c) (100) g(7) = 1 (d) ∫ f ( x)dx = 1 (c) x3 + 1 (d) x2 + 49
0

 1   1  COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS

4. Let f : R –   → R –  be a function defined
5 2  5 2  Comprehension (Q. 10 to 12):
 x–2 5  x3 x 2
as f (x) =   then which of the following is(are) f ( x) = + + ax + b ∀ x ∈ R
 5 2 x –1  3 2
correct? 10. Least value of ‘a’ for which f (x) is injective function, is

( (
(a) f f f ( f ( 2017 ) ) = 2017. )) (a) 1
4
(b) 1
(b) f (x) = f –1 (x) has more than 3 real roots.
(c) f (x) is a bijective function. 1 1
(c) (d)
2 8
(d) f ( f ( f ( x) ) ) = ( f ( f ( f ( f ( x) ) ) ) ) ∀ x ≠ 5 1 2 . 11. If a = – 1, then f (x) is
5. A function f : R → R is defined by (a) Bijective (b) Many-one and onto
f (x + y) – kxy = f (x) + 2y2 x, y ∈ R (c) One-one and into (d) Many-one and into
and f (1) = 2; f (2) = 8, 12. f (x) is invertible iff
 1  1  1 
where k is some constant, the f ( x + y ). f   equal to: (a) a ∈  , ∞  , b ∈ R (b) a ∈  , ∞  , b ∈ R
(where x + y ≠ 0)  x+ y 4  8 
(a) 1 (b) 4  1  1
(c) a ∈  −∞,  , b ∈ R (d) a ∈  −∞,  , b ∈ R
(c) k (d) f (1)  4  4

P Relations and Functions 43

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Comprehension (Q. 13 to 15): Let the function f be defined in 19. The number of functions f : R → R which satisfy the given
(0, 1). Two more functions are given as g(x) = ex and h(x) = ln | x |. functional equation is
(a) 1 (b) 2
13. The number of solution of the equation g(x) · h(g(x)) = 1 is
(c) 3 (d) None of these
(a) 0 (b) 1
Comprehension (Q. 20 to 22): θ is said to be well behaved if it
(c) 2 (d) 3
 π
14. Domain of f (g(x)) + f (h(x)) is lies in interval  0,  . They are intelligent if they make domain
2  
(a) (–e, –1) (b) (–e, –1) ∪ (1, e) of f + g and g equal. The values of θ for which h(θ) is defined are
handsome. Let
(c) ( e , e) (d) (1, e)
15. Let f be one-one function with range (1, 2) and gof (x) is f ( x) = θx 2 − 2(θ2 − 3) x − 12θ , g ( x) = ln( x 2 − 49),
defined then domain of f –1 og–1 (x) is θ 
(a) (0, 1) (b) (e, e2)
=h(θ) ln  ∫ 4 cos 2 tdt − θ2  , where θ is in radians.
0 
(c) ( e , e) (d) (– ∞, 0)
20. Complete set of values of θ which are well behaved as well
Comprehension (Q. 16 to 17): If the function f (x) satisfies the as intelligent is
equation 3 π 3 7 
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
f (x + 1) + f (x – 1) = 3 f (x) for all x ∈ R, 4 2 5 8 

16 Period of f(x) is 5 π 6 π
(c)  ,  (d)  , 
6 2  7 2 
(a) 12 (b) 3
(c) 18 (d) 6 21. Complete set of values of θ which are intelligent is
6 7  π
(a)  ,  (b)  0, 
9

17. If f (2) = 9, find the sum ∑ f (2 + 12r )

r =0
7 2  3 
1 6 1 π
(a) 90 (b) 91 (c)  ,  (d)  , 
4 7 2 2
(c) 99 (d) 81
22. Complete set of values of θ which are well behaved,
Comprehension (Q. 18 to 19): Consider a function f : R → R intelligent and handsome is
such that (f (x) + f (z))(f (y) + f (t)) = f (xy – zt) + f (xt + yz) where
 π 6 π
x, y, z, t ∈ R (a)  0,  (b)  , 
2   7 2 
18. For the non-constant function, f : R → R, f (x) is
3 π 3 π
(a) Even (b) Odd (c)  ,  (d)  , 
4 2 5 2 
(c) Neither even nor odd (d) None of these

Comprehension (Q. 23 to 25):

Consider ax4 + (7a – 2b)x3 + (12a – 14b – c)x2 – (24b + 7c)x + 1 – 12c = 0, has no real roots and
log ( π+ e ) (ax 4 + (7 a − 2b) x 3 + (12a − 14b − c) x 2 − (24b + 7c) x + 1 − 12c)
f1 ( x) =
a − sgn(1 + ac + b 2 )

      7 
=f 2 ( x) 2 log cos  tan −1  sin  π  cos  π  x +       .
2      2      
    

23. Domain of f1(x) is

(a) [–4, –3] (b) (–∞, 3] ∪ [4, ∞) 25. Number of positive integers in range of f2(x) in the domain
(c) (–∞, –4] ∪ [–3, ∞) (d) [3, 4] of f1(x) is
(a) 0 (b) 1
24. Number of integers in range of f2(x) is
(c) 2 (d) 3
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3

44 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE QUESTIONS 29. Matrix match
26. Match the following: Column-I Column-II
List-I List-II (Function) (Period)
A. |sin 4x| + |cos 4x| p. p/16
A. 7{x}4 + 9{x}3 {–x} – 5{x}2 + 9{x}{–x} – 2 p. 0
= 0, {x} is factional part of x, then 2x may B. sin8 8x + cos8 8x q. p/8
be equal to
C. sin2 x + cos4 x + 2 r. p/4
B. If 2y2+ 2xy – 5x = 0 has non-negative q. 2
D. cos(cos 2x) + cos (sin 2x) s. p/2
integral solutions in x and y then y may be
equal to
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
C. A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8} number r. 3 30. If f is a function such that f (0) = 2, f (1) = 3 and f (x + 2) =
of one-one function f : A → B such that f (i) 2f (x) – f (x + 1) for every real x, then f (5) is
–i≥2∀i∈A 31. An odd function is symmetric about the vertical line x = a
∞
If (a > 0) and if ∑ [f (1 + 4r)] = 8, then find the value of f (1).
r

 r =0

 x + sin x, x ∈ (0, π) 32. Let f : R → R such that

 f (x – f (y)) = f (f (y)) + x f (y) + f (x) – 1 x, y ∈ R.
D. f ( x) =  0, x= π s. 4
 Then find the value of |(f (16))| – 125.
1
π +1− , x ∈ (π, ∞) 33. The function f satisfies the functional equation 3 f(x) +
 1 + ( x − π) 2
 x + 59 
then the value of x for which f (x) = f  –1(x) 2f   = 10x + 30 for all real x ≠ 1. The value of f (7)
 x −1 
t. 5 is equal to
34. The total number of solutions of [x]2 = x + 2 {x}, where [.]
(a) A → (r, t); B → (p, q); C → (p); D → (p)
and {.} denote the greatest integer and the fractional part
(b) A → (s); B → (r); C → (p); D → (s)
functions, respectively, is equal to
(c) A → (p); B → (r); C → (q); D → (t)
(d) A → (p); B → (q); C → (t); D → (s) 1
cos x −
27. If x, y, z ∈ R satisfies the system of equations x + [y] + {z} 2
35. Find the domain of f ( x) =
= 12.7, [x] + {y} + z = 4.1 and {x} + y + [z] = 2 (where {.}
6 + 35 x − 6 x 2
and [.] denotes the fractional and integral parts respectively),
then match the following:  3 + a sin x 
36. Let f ( x) = ln   is odd function then number of
Column – Ι Column – ΙΙ  b + 5sin x 
A. {x} + {y} p. 7.7 possible ordered pairs of (a, b) is (a, b ∈ R)
37. Number of non-negative integers in the domain of function
B. [z] + [x] q. 1.1 in the interval x ∈ (0, 4)
C. x + {z} r. 1

=f ( x) log ( x + 2{ x}) ([ x]2 − 5[ x] + 7)
D. z + [y] – {x} s. 3
(where [∙] denote greatest integer function and {∙} denote
(a) A → (r); B → (s); C → (p); D → (q) fraction part function) is
(b) A → (q); B → (p); C → (s); D → (q)
(c) A → (q); B → (p); C → (s); D → (r) 38. Let f : {k, k + 1, k + 2, ..., 2007} → {1, 2, 3, ..., n} be defined
(d) A → (s); B → (q); C → (p); D → (r)  2007 
by f ( x) =   (where [.] denotes the greatest integer
28. Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8} and f : A → B, then  x 
the number of functions ‘f ’ possible for: k
function). The maximum value of   such that it is not possible
10 
Column – Ι Column – ΙΙ to make f an onto function for any value of n is ________.
A. i + f (i) < 10, i ∈ {1, 3, 5, 7} p. 16 39. Let f(x) = ax17 + b sin x sin 2x ∙ sin 3x + cx2 sgn(sin x) + d

B. q. 24  e x − e− x 
f (i) – i > 2, i ∈ {1, 3, 5, 7} log( x + 1 + x 2 ) + x(| x + 1| − | x − 1|)  x −x 
e +e 
C. f (i) ≥ 6, i ∈ {1, 3, 5, 7} r. 0
be defined on the set of real numbers, (a > 0, b, c, d ∈ R) if
D. f (i) ≠ i + 1, i ∈ {1, 3, 5, 7} s. 81 f(–7) = 7, f(–5) = –5, f(–2) = 3, then the minimum number of
zeroes of the equation f(x) = 0 is equal to ________.
P Relations and Functions 45
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 Exercise-4 (Past Year Questions)

JEE MAIN 2e 2 x .
7. Let f : R → R be a function defined f ( x) =
1. The domain of the function e2 x + e
 x2 − 5x + 6 
cos −1    1   2   3   99 
 x 2 − 9  Then f  + f + f  + ..... + f  is
f ( x) = is (2022)  100   100   100   100 
log e ( x 2 − 3 x + 2)
equal to __________. (2022)
(a) (–∞, –1) ∪ (2, ∞)
(b) (2, ∞) 8. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. Define
 2n, if n = 1, 2,3, 4,5
1
(c)  − ,1 ∪ (2, ∞) as f (n) =  .

 2  2n − 11 if n =6, 7,8,9,10
Let g : S → S be a function such that
1  3 + 5 3 − 5 
(d)  − ,1 ∪ (2, ∞) −  , 
n + 1, if n is odd
fog (n) =  , then

 2   2 2  n − 1, if n is even
2. The number of one-one function f : {a, b, c, d} →{0, 1, g(10) ((g(1) + g(2) + g(3) + g(4) + g(5)) is equal to (2022)
2, ...., 10} such that 2f (a) – f (b) + 3f (c) + f (d) = 0 is _____.
9. Let a function f : N → N be defined by
 (2022)
3. Let f : N → R be a function such that f (x + y) = 2f (x) f (y) for 
natural numbers x and y. If f (1) = 2, then the value of α for  2n, n = 2, 4, 6,8,....
10 
512 20 f ( n) = n − 1, n = 3, 7,11,15,.... then, f is (2022)
which ∑ f = (α + k ) (2 − 1) holds, is (2022)
k =1 3  n +1
(a) 2 (b) 3  , n = 1,5,9,13,....
(c) 4 (d) 6  2
4. Le f : R → R be a function defined by (a) One-one but not onto
1 (b) Onto but not one-one
  x 25  25
 50 (c) Neither one-one nor onto
f ( x ) = 2  1 −  (2 + x )  .
  2   (d) One-one and onto
  
10. The probability that a randomly chosen one-one function
If the function g(x) = f (f (f (x))) + f (f (x)), the greatest integer
from the set {a, b, c, d} to the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} satisfies
less than or equal to g (1) is ___ . (2022)
f (a) + 2f (b) – f (c) = f (d) is (2022)
x −1
5. Le f= ( x) , x ∈ R − {0, −1,1} . If f n + 1(x) = f ( f n(x)) 1 1
x +1 (a) (b)
for all n ∈ N, then f 6(6) + f 7(7) is equal to 24 40
 (2022) 1
1
7 3 (c) (d)
(a) (b) − 30 20
6 2
7 11 11. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then the number of elements in the set
(c) (d) − {f : S × S → S : f is onto and f (a, b) = f (b, a) ≥ a ∀ (a, b) ∈
12 12 S × S} is (2022)
6. Let f : R → R be defined as f (x) = x – 1 and
 −1  1 
x 2  2sin  2 
g : R – {1, –1} → R be defined as g ( x) = . 12. The domain of the function cos–1   4 x − 1   is
2
x −1  π 
Then the function fog is (2022) (2022)
(a) One-one but not onto function  1 1
(b) Onto but not one-one function (a) R − − , 
 2 2
(c) Both one-one and onto function
(d) Neither one-one nor onto function (b) (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) ∪ {0}

46 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

  −1   1 
21. A function f (x) is given by f ( x) = 5x , then the sum
(c)  −∞,  ∪  , ∞  ∪ {0}
 2  2  5x + 5
1 2 3  39 
 −1   1  of the series f   + f   + f   + ... + f   is
(d)  −∞,  ∪ , ∞  ∪ {0}  20   20   20   20 
 2   2 
equal to (2021)
13. Let c, k ∈ R. If f (x) = (c + 1) x2 + (1 – c2)x + 2k and f (x
+ y) = f (x) + f (y) – xy, for all x, y ∈ R, then the value of 19 49
(a) (b)
2( f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + ... f (20)) is equal to ________. 2 2
29
(c) 39
(2022)
(d)
14. Let f (x) and g(x) be two real polynomials of degree 2 and 1 2 2
respectively. If f (g(x)) = 8x2 – 2x, and g( f (x)) = 4x2 + 6x + 22. Let R = {P, Q) | P and Q are at the same distance from the
1, then the value of f (2) + g(2) is _______. (2022) origin} be a relation, then the equivalence class of (1, –1) is
2
15. The number of roots of the equation, (81)sin x + (81)cos x
2
the set (2021)
= 30 in the interval [0, π] is equal to (2021) (a) S = {(x, y) | x2 + y2 = 1}
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 2 (b) S = {(x, y) | x2 + y2 = 4}
x−2 (c) S = {(x, y) | x2 + y2 = 2 }
16. Let f : R – {3} → R – {1} be defined by f ( x) = .
x−3
(d) S = {(x, y) | x2 + y2 = 2}
Let g : R → R be given as g(x) = 2x – 3. Then, the sum of
23. Let A = {1, 2, 3 ....., 10} and f : A → A be defined as
13
all the values of x for which f −1 ( x) + g −1 ( x) = is equal
2 k + 1 , if k is odd
to (2021) f (k ) =  . Then the number of possible
(a) 7 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 3 k , if k is even

17. Let f : R → R be defined as f (x) = 2x – 1 and functions g : A → A such that gof = f is (2021)
1 (a) 105 (b) 10C5
x−
g : R – {1} → R – {1} be defined a g ( x) = 2. (c) 55 (d) 5!
x −1
Then the composition function f (g(x)) is (2021) x2 − x − 2
24. Let f (x) = sin–1 x and g ( x) = .
(a) Both one-one and onto 2 x2 − x − 6
(b) Onto but not one-one If g(2) = lim g(x), then the domain of the function fog is
x→2
(c) Neither one-one nor onto (2021)
(d) One-one but not onto  4 
(a) (−∞, −2] ∪  − , ∞  (b) (−∞, −1] ∪ [ 2, ∞ )
1 β  3 
18. If a + α = 1, b + β = 2 and af ( x) + αf  = bx + , x ≠ 0
x x  3 
(c) (−∞, −2] ∪ [ −1, ∞ ) (d) (−∞, −2] ∪  − , ∞ 
1  2 
f ( x) + f  
x 25. Let R1 and R2 be two relation defined as follows
then the value of the expression is (2021)
1 R1 = {(a, b) ∈ R2 : a2 + b2 ∈ Q} and
x+
x R2 = {(a, b) ∈ R2 : a2 + b2 ∉ Q}, where Q is the set of the
19. Let f, g : N → N such that f (n + 1) = f (n) + f (1) ∀ n ∈ N and rational numbers. Then (2020)
g be any arbitary function. Which of the following statements (a) Neither R1 nor R2 is transitive
is NOT true? (2021) (b) R2 is transitive but R1 is not transitive
(a) f is one-one (c) R1 and R2 are both transitive
(b) If fog is one-one, then g is one-one (d) R1 is transitive but R2 is not transitive
(c) If g is onto, then fog is one-one 5
(d) If f is onto, then f (n) = n ∀ n ∈ N 26. If g(x) = x2 + x – 1 and (gof) (x) = 4x2 – 10x + 5, then f  
4
20. Let x denote the total number of one-one functions from a is equal to (2020)
set A with 3 elements to a set B with 5 elements and y denote
the total number of one-one functions from the set A to the 1 −3
(a) (b)
set A × B. Then (2021) 2 2
(a) y = 273x (b) 2y = 91x −1 3
(c) (d)
(c) y = 91x (d) 2y = 273x 2 2
P Relations and Functions 47
W
 27. Let A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then the number of 34. Let f (x) = loge(sin x), (0 < x < π) and g(x) = sin–1(e–x),
elements in the set C = {f : A → B | 2 ∈ f (A) and f is not (x ≥ 0). If α is a positive real number such that a = (fog)′ (α)
one-one} is ______. (2020) and b = (fog) (α), then (2019)
2
(a) aα – bα – a = 0 (b) aα + bα – a = –2α2
2
28. For a suitably chosen real constant a, let a function,
a−x (c) aα2 + bα + a = 0 (d) aα2 – bα – a = 1
f : R – {–a} → R be defined by f (x) =
. Further suppose
a+x 35. Let S = x ∈ R : x ≥ 0 and 2 | x − 3 | + x ( x − 6) + 6 = 0}.
that for any real number x ≠ – a and f (x) ≠ – a, (fof)(x) = x. Then S (2018)
(a) Contains exactly one element
 1 (b) Contains exactly two elements
Then f  −  is equal to (2020)
 2 (c) Contains exactly four elements
1
(a) – 3 (b) (d) Is an empty set
3
1
(c) −
3
(d) 3 JEE ADVANCED
29. If {p} denotes the fractional part of the number p, then 4x
36. Let the function f : [0, 1] → R be defined by f ( x) =
 3200  4x + 2
  , is equal to (2020) Then the value of
 8 
 1   2   3   39  1
5 7 3 f  + f  + f   + .... + f  − f   is ___
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d)  40   40   40   40  2
8 8 8 8
 (2020)
1
30. For x ∈ R – {0, 1}, let f 1 (x) = , f 2 ( x) = 1 − x and 37. If the function f : R → R is defined by f (x) = | x | (x – sin x),
x
1 then which of the following statements is TRUE? (2020)
f3 ( x) = be three given functions. If a function,
1− x (a) f is one-one, but not onto
J(x) satisfies (f2oJof1) (x) = f3(x), then J(x) is equal to (b) f is onto, but not one-one
 (2019) (c) f is both one-one and onto
1 (d) f is neither one-one nor onto
(a) f3(x) (b) f3 ( x)
x 38. Let X be a set with exactly 5 elements and Y be a set with
(c) f2(x) (d) f1(x) exactly 7 elements. If α is the number of one-one functions
from X to Y and β is the number of onto functions from Y to
31. Let a function f : (0, ∞) → [0, ∞) be defined by
1
X, then the value of (β – α) is _____ . (2018)
1 5!
f (x) = 1 − . Then f is (2019)
x
π π 
(a) Not injective but it is surjective 39. Let f ( x) = sin  sin  sin x   for all x ∈ R and g(x) =
(b) Injective only
6 2 
(c) Neither injective nor surjective π
sin x for all x ∈ R. Let (fog) (x) denote f (g(x)) and (gof)
(d) Both injective as well as surjective 2
10 (x) denote g(f (x)). Then which of the following is (are) true?
32. Let ∑ f (a + k=
) 16(210 − 1), where the function f satisfies
k =1
 (2015)
 1 1
f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all natural numbers x, y and f (1) = 2 (a) Range of f is  − , 
 2 2
then the natural number ‘a’ is (2019)
(a) 4 (b) 3 1 1
(b) Range of fog is  − , 
(c) 16 (d) 2  2 2
33. Let f (x) = x2, x ∈ R. For any A R, define g(A) = {x ∈ R,
f ( x) π
f (x) ∈ A}. If S = [0, 4], then which one of the following (c) lim =
x →0 g ( x) 6
statements is not true ? (2019)
(a) f (g(S)) ≠ f (S) (b) f (g(S)) = S (d) There is an x ∈ R such that (gof) (x) = 1
(c) g(f (S)) = g(S) (d) g(f (S)) ≠ S

48 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

  π π π
40. Let f :  – ,  → R be given by (c) + 2n π, n ∈ {.....–2, –1, 0, 1, 2,....}
 2 2 2
f (x) = (log(sec x + tanx))3. Then (2014)
(d) 2nπ, n ∈ {...., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2,....}
(a) f (x) is an odd function
(b) f (x) is a one-one function 44. The function f : [0, 3] → [1, 29], defined by
(c) f (x) is an onto function f (x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is (2012)
(d) f (x) is an even function
(a) One-one and onto (b) Onto but not one-one
41. Let a ∈ R and let f : R → R be given by
(c) One-one but not onto (d) Neither one-one nor onto
f (x) = x5 – 5x + a. Then (2014)
(a) f (x) has three real roots is a > 4 45. If f is an even function defined on the interval (–5, 5), then four
(b) f (x) has only real root if a > 4  x +1 
real values of x satisfying the equation f ( x) = f   are
(c) f (x) has three real roots if a < – 4  x+2
(d) f (x) has three real roots if – 4 < a < 4  (1996)
42. The function f (x) = 2|x| + |x + 2| – ||x + 2| – 2 |x|| has a local
minimum or a local maximum at x = (2013)  4 − x2 
46. If f ( x) = sin log   , then the domain of f (x) is
 1− x 
−2  
(a) – 2 (b)
3  (1985)
2 47. Let f be a one-one function with domain {x, y, z} and
(c) 2 (d)
3 range {1, 2, 3}. It is given that exactly one of the following
43. Let f (x) = x2 and g(x) = sin x for all x ∈ R. Then the set of all statements is true and the remaining two are false : f (x) = 1,
x satisfying (fog o g o f) (x) = (g o g o f) (x), where (fog) (x) f (y) ≠ 1, f (z) ≠ 2 determine f  –1 (1).  (1982)
= f (g(x)), is (2012) 48. Let A and B be two sets each with a finite number of elements.
Assume that there is an injective mapping from A to B and
(a) ± n π , n ∈ {0, 1, 2,....}
th at there is an injective mapping from B to A. Prove that
(b) ± n π , n ∈ {1, 2,....} there is a bijective mapping from A to B. (1981)

P Relations and Functions 49

W
 ANSWER KEY

CONCEPT APPLICATION
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b)
10. (a) Domain : (–3, ∞) Range : (–3, –5) (b) Domain : R–{1} Range : R–(–3, 5).11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d)
14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b)
24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (a) 31. (a) 32. (c)
 1
33. The inverse of f is f itself. 34. ∞ 35. [1] 36. [2] 37.  0, 4  38. (a) (1, 3) (b) R 39. (d)
 
40. (a) 41. [–49]

EXERCISE-1 (TOPICWISE)
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (d)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (b) 50. (b)
51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (c) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (d)
61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (a)
65. (a) Domain ≡ (–1, 5], Range ≡ (1, 3] (b) Domain ≡ R–{2}, Range ≡ R–{–1} (c) Domain ≡ R, Range ≡ (0, 2]
(d) Domain ≡ R, Range ≡ [–1, ∞) (e) Domain ≡ [–4, ∞), Range ≡ [–3, ∞) (f) Domain ≡ R–{–2, 2}, Range ≡ R–(–1, 0]

EXERCISE-2 (LEARNING PLUS)

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b,d) 29. (a,c) 30. (b,c,d)
31. (a,c) 32. (a,c) 33. [1] 34. [5] 35. [55] 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (c)
39. (a → qr, b → qr, c → q, d → s) 40. (a → r, b → p, c → s, d → q) 41. (a) R–[–1, 2],(b) [3, ∞)

EXERCISE-3 (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

1. (a,c,d) 2. (a,b,c,d) 3. (a,b,c) 4. (a,b,c) 5. (b,c) 6. (b,d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (a → q, b → r, c → p, d → s)
 −1 π   5π 
29. (a → q, b → p, c → s, d → r) 30. [13] 31. [0.875] 32. [2] 33. [4] 35.  ,    ,6 36. [3]
37. [2] 38. [4] 39. [7]  6 3  3 

EXERCISE-4 (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

JEE Main
1. (d) 2. [31] 3. (c) 4. [2] 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. [99] 8. (190) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. [37] 12. (d) 13. [3395] 14. [18] 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. [2] 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. [19] 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (b)
JEE Advanced
36. [19.00] 37. (c) 38. [119] 39. (a,b,c) 40. (a,b,c) 41. (b, d) 42. (a, b) 43. (a) 44. (b)

45. ±3 ± 5 46. (–2, 1) 47. (y)

2

50 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 CHAPTER

2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

INTRODUCTION GRAPH OF INVERSE

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
f : A → B is bijective ↔ f  –1 : B → A exists and it is also bijective.
sin–1 x, cos–1 x, tan–1 x etc. represents angles or real numbers whose (a) f (x) = sin x f –1(x) = sin–1x
values of sine, cosine and tangent is ‘x’, provided that the value f : [–π/2, π/2] → [–1, 1] f –1 : [–1, 1] → [–π/2, π/2]
in numerical form is smallest. These can be written as arc sin x, y
y=x
y

arc cos x etc. y = arc sinx y = arc sinx

p/2 p/2
It is worthwhile noting that the functions sin x, cos x etc. are 1 y = sinx
in general not invertible. Their inverse is defined by choosing an –p/2 –1
x –1
appropriate domain & co-domain so that they become invertible. 0 1 p/2 0 1 x
For this reason the chosen value is usually the simplest and easy –1
y = sinx
to remember. –p/2
y = arc sinx
y=x –p/2
y = arc sinx
Note: 1. sin–1x is totally different from (sinx)–1 (Think yourself)
Note: 2. Graph of f (x) and f  –1(x) are symmetric about y = x Note: sin–1x is θ, then θ is the numerically smallest angle, either
line negative or positive whose sine is equal to x.
Remarks:
DOMAIN & PRINCIPLE VALUE RANGE (i)sin–1 x is monotonic increasing in its domain.
OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC (ii)It is a bounded function.
FUNCTIONS (iii)It is an odd function.
(iv) It is aperiodic.
Principle value (v) It is continuous .
S. No. Function Domain
range (PVR) π π
(vi) Note that sin −1 x]max = and sin −1 x]min = −
 π π 2 2
1. y = sin–1x x ∈ [–1, 1] y ∈ – , 
 2 2 (b) f (x) = cos x f –1(x) = cos–1 x
f : [0, π] → [–1, 1] f –1 : [–1, 1] → [0, π]
2. y = cos–1x x ∈ [–1, 1] y ∈ [0, p] y
y = arc cosx
y=x
 π π y
3. y= tan–1x x∈R y ∈− ,  p/2 p
 2 2
1
4. y = cot–1x x∈R y ∈ (0, p) p/2 p
x p/2
–1 0 1
–1 1
π y = cosx
5. y = sec–1x x ∈ (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞) y ∈ [0, π] −  
2 x
y=x –1 0 1

 π π Note: cos–1x is θ, then θ is the angle ∈ [0, π], whose cosine is

6. y = cosec–1x x ∈ (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞) y ∈  − ,  − {0}
 2 2 equal to x.
Remarks: Note: sec–1x is θ, then θ is the angle ∈ [0, π/2) ∪ (π/2, π], whose
(i) cos–1 x is monotonic decreasing in its domain. secant is equal to x.
(ii) It is a bounded function. Remarks:
(iii) It is aperiodic. (i) sec–1 x is increasing whenever it is defined.
(iv) It is neither even nor odd. (ii) It is neither even nor odd function.
(v) It is continuous.
(iii) It is aperiodic.
(c) f(x) = tan x f –1 (x) = tan–1 x
f : (–π/2, π/2) → R f –1 : R → (–π/2, π/2) (iv) It is a bounded function.
y
y=x
(f) f (x) = cosec x,
 y = tanx
y f : [–π/2, 0) ∪ (0, π/2] → (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞)
/2
y = arc tanx f –1(x) = cosec–1 x,
– –/2 /2 y = arc tanx
0 /2 
x f –1 : (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞) → [–π/2, 0) ∪ (0, π/2]
x
Note: cosec–1x is θ, then θ is the angle ∈ [–π/2, 0) ∪ (0, π/2],
y = arc tanx 0
–/2
y = arc tanx

y=x
y = tanx
– –/2
whose cosecant is equal to x.
Remarks:
(vi) Note that cos–1 x]max = p and cos–1 x]min = 0 (i) cosec–1x is monotonic decreasing within domain.
Note: tan–1x is θ, then θ is the angle ∈ (–π/2, π/2), whose tangent y
/2
is equal to x.
Remarks:
(i) tan–1 x is monotonic increasing in its domain.
(ii) It is an odd function. –1 0 1
(iii) It is a continuous function.
(iv) It is aperiodic. x
(v) It is a bounded function. –/2
(d) f (x) = cot x f –1 (x) = cot–1 x
(ii) It is an odd function.
f : (0, π) → R f –1 : R → (0, π)
(iii) It is aperiodic.
y=x
 y
(iv) It is a bounded function.

Note: Basis on the above discussion we get following results:
y = arc cotx
/2 y = arc cotx
y = arc cotx
/2 (i) All inverse trigonometric functions shows angle.
/2 

–/2
y = arc cotx (ii) If x ≥ 0 then all six trigonometric functions sin–1 x, cos–1 x,
x
y=x –
0  tan–1 x, sec–1 x, cosec–1 x, cot–1 x shows acute angle.
y = cotx
(iii) If x < 0 then sin–1 x, tan–1 x and cosec–1 x, shows angle
Note: cot–1x is θ, then θ is the angle ∈ (0, π), whose cotangent is between – π/2 to 0 (IV quadrant).
equal to x. (iv) If x < 0 then cos–1 x, cot–1 x and sec–1 x shows obtuse angle
Remarks: (II quadrant).
(i) cot–1 x is monotonic decreasing in its domain. (v) III quadrant never used in inverse trigonometric functions.
(ii) It is neither even nor odd function.
(iii) It is a continuous function.
(iv) It is aperiodic. Train Your Brain
(v) It is a bounded function.
Example 1: Find domain of sin–1 (2x2 + 1)
(e) f (x) = sec x, f : [0, π/2) ∪ (π/2, π] → (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞)
Sol. Let y = sin–1 (2x2 + 1)
f –1 (x) = sec–1 x,
For y to be defined –1 ≤ (2x2 + 1) ≤ 1
f –1 : (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞) → [0, π/2) ∪ (π/2, π]
y ⇒ –2 ≤ 2x2 ≤ 0 ⇒ x ∈ {0}

Example 2: Find range of sin–1 x2 + x + 1
/2
Sol. Let f(x) = x2 + x + 1
1 1 1
= x2 + 2. x + + 1 −
0 1
x 2 4 4
–1

52 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 2
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE
 1 3
= x+  + TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
 2 4
3 P-1
f(x) ≥
4 (i) y = sin (sin–1 x) = x (ii) y = cos (cos–1 x) = x
3 x ∈ [–1, 1], y ∈ [–1, 1] x ∈ [–1, 1], y ∈ [–1, 1]
≤ f ( x) ≤ 1 [ sin −1 ( x), − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and f ( x) ≥ 0]
4 y y
1 1
3
sin–1 ≤ sin −1 f ( x) ≤ sin −1 1

x
y=

y=
2 45° 45°
x x
–1 0 1 –1 0
π π 1
Range ≡  ,
3 2 
–1 –1
Example 3: Simplify  
− 2 (iii) y = tan (tan x) = x (iv) y = cot (cot–1 x) = x
–1
−1  −1  −1  −1 
sin −1  −1
 + cos   − tan (− 3) + cot   x ∈ R, y ∈ R x ∈ R, y ∈ R
 2   2   3 y y

−π 2π  −π   2π 
Sol. The value = + − + 

x
x

y=
y=
4 3  3   3  45° 45°
x x
0 0
π 2π π 2π 17 π
= − + + + =
4 3 3 3 12

Example 4: Find the value of

(v) y = cosec (cosec–1 x) = x (vi) y = sec (sec–1 x) = x
 1  1  |x| ≥ 1, | y | ≥ 1 | x | ≥ 1, | y | ≥ 1
    tan cos −1   + tan −1  −  .
 2  3  y
y
y=x
y=x 1
1
 1  1 
Sol. tan cos −1   + tan −1  − 
 2  3  x
x –1 0 1
–1 0 1
 π  π 
= tan  +  −  
 3  6 
–1
–1 y=x
y=x

π 1 P-2
= tan   =
6 3
 π π
(i) y = sin–1 (sin x), x ∈ R, y ∈  − ,  , is periodic function
 2 2
with period 2π and it is an odd function
 π
 −π − x , − π ≤ x ≤ − 2

Concept Application –1 
sin (sin x) = 

π
x , − <x<
2
π
2
 π
 π− x , 2 ≤ x ≤ π
π  1  
1. Find the value of sin  − sin −1  −  
 3  2  y

2. Find the value of cosec [sec–1 ( – 2 ) + cot–1 (–1)] /2

3. Find the domain of y = sec–1 (x2

x

+ 3x + 1)
2
y=
y=
+

x–
2

–

/2


y=
y=

–/2
 x2 
x
+
x)

x
4. Find the domain of y = cos–1  2  – –/2 – 0 /2  
1+ x 
5. Find the range of sin–1|x| + sec–1|x| –/2

P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 53

W
 e.g. sin–1(sin1) = 1; sin–1 (sin2) = π – 2; sin–1(sin3)
= π –3; sin–1(sin4) = π–4; sin–1(sin5) = 5 – 2π

(ii) y = cos–1 (cos x), x ∈ R, y ∈ [0, π], is periodic function with

period 2π and it is an even function

 −x , −π≤ x ≤ 0
 x , 0< x≤π
 (v) y = cosec–1 (cosec x), x ∈ R – {nπ, n ∈ I}, y ∈
cos–1 (cos x) = 
 2π − x , π < x ≤ 2π  π   π
 x − 2π , 2π < x ≤ 3π  − 2 , 0  ∪  0, 2  is periodic function with period 2π and
   
it is an odd function
y

y=
2

2
x+

y=

y=

2
–x
y=

–x

x
0
– – /2 – – /2 /2 /2

e.g. cos–1(cos1) = 1; cos–1 (cos2) = 2; cos–1(cos3) = 3;  π 

(vi) y = sec–1 (sec x), x ∈ R – (2n − 1) , n ∈ I  ,
 2 
cos–1(cos4) = 2π – 4; cos–1(cos5) = 2π – 5
 π π 
y ∈ 0,  ∪  , π  is periodic function with period 2π
 π   2 2 
(iii) y = tan–1 (tan x), x ∈ R – (2n + 1) , n ∈ I  ; and it is an even function
 2 
y
 π π 
y ∈  − ,  is periodic function with period π and it is an
 2 2

y=

2

y=

x
3π π
y=


2
x+

–x

x + π ; − <x<− 2

–x
2 2
y=


 π π x
odd function tan–1 (tan x) =  x ; − <x< – –/2 – –/2
0
/2  /2 
 2 2
 π 3π
x − π ; <x<
 2 2

y Train Your Brain


Example 5: Find the value of sin–1 (sin 7) and
2
sin–1 (sin (–5)).



x
x+

Sol. Let y = sin–1 (sin 7)

y=

x–
y=

y=

2
 π π
–2 3 – –
 O   3 x sin–1 (sin 7) ≠ 7 as 7 ∉  − , 
 2 2
–
2 2 2 2
5π
 2π < 7 < graph of y = sin–1 (sin x) is as :
–
 2 y
2
/2
(iv) y = cot–1 (cot x), x ∈ R – {nπ, n ∈ I}, y ∈ (0, π), is periodic
x

2
y=
y=
+

x–
2

–

function with period π and it is neither an even nor odd /2



y=
y=

–/2
x
+
x)

x
– –5 –/2 – 0 /2   7 /2
x + π ; − π < x < 0

function cot–1 (cot x) =  x ; 0 < x < π –/2

 x − π ; π < x < 2π


54 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 5π
From the graph we can see that if 2π ≤ x ≤
2
, then Concept Application
y = sin–1(sin x) can be written as :
  3  
y = x – 2π 6. Evaluate: cos  cos –1    .
∴ sin–1 (sin 7) = 7 – 2π   2  
Similarly if we have to find sin–1 (sin(–5)) then 7. Evaluate: y = cos–1 (cos 8)

3π 8. Evaluate: cot–1 (cot (– 10) )

 – 2π < – 5 < –
2 9. Evaluate: y = cosec–1 (cosec (4))
∴ from the graph of sin–1 (sin x), we can say that
sin–1 (sin(–5)) = 2π + (–5) = 2π – 5 P-3
Example 6: Evaluate following 1
(i) cosec–1x = sin–1 ; |x| ≥ 1
(i) sin(cos–1 3/5) x
(ii) cos(tan–1 3/4) 1
(ii) sec–1x = cos–1 ; |x| ≥ 1
π  1  x
(iii) sin  − sin −1  −  
 2  2   –1 1
 tan x , x>0
Sol. (i) Let cos–1 3/5 = θ then cos θ = 3/5 ⇒ sinθ = 4/5 (iii) cot–1x = 
π + tan –1 1 , x < 0
∴ sin(cos–1 3/5) = sin θ = 4/5  x
(ii) Let tan–1 3/4 = θ then tan θ = 3/4 ⇒ cosθ = 4/5 P-4
∴ cos(tan–1 3/4) = cos θ = 4/5
(i) sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 x; – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
π  1   π  π  (ii) cosec–1 (–x) = – cosec–1 x; |x| ≥ 1
(iii) sin  − sin −1  −   = sin  −  −  
 2  2   2  6  (iii) tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1x; x ∈ R
2π 3 (iv) cot–1 (–x) = π – cot–1 x; x ∈ R
= sin =
3 2 (v) cos–1 (–x) = π – cos–1 x; – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(vi) sec–1 (–x) = π – sec–1 x; |x| ≥ 1
 3
Example 7: Find the value of sin  tan −1  .
 4 P-5

 3  −1 3  3 π
Sol. sin  tan −1  = sin  sin = (i) sin–1 x + cos–1 x = ; |x| ≤ 1
 4  5 5 2
Example 8: Let y = sin–1(sin 8) – tan–1(tan 10) + cos–1 (cos 12) π
(ii) tan–1 x + cot–1 x = ;x∈R
– sec–1(sec 9) + cot–1(cot 6) – cosec–1(cosec 7). 2
π
If y simplifies to aπ + b then find (a – b). (iii) sec–1 x + cosec–1 x = ; |x| ≥ 1
2
Sol. sin–1(sin 8) = sin–1(sin(3p – 8)) = 3π – 8
 π
tan–1(tan 10) = tan–1(tan(10 – 3p)) = 10 – 3π , x>0
1  2
Note: tan −1 x + tan −1 = 
cos–1(cos 12) = cos–1(cos(4p – 12)) = 4π – 12 x  π
− , x<0
sec–1(sec 9) = sec–1(sec(9 – 2p)) = 9 – 2π  2
cot–1(cot 6) = cot–1(cot(6 – p)) = 6 – π P-6
cosec–1(cosec 7) = cosec–1(cosec(7 – 2p)) = 7 – 2π x
(i) sin =
−1
x cos −1 1 −=
x 2 tan −1
y = (3π – 8) + (3π – 10) + (4π – 12) + (2π – 9) +
 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1)
1 − x2
(– π + 6) + (2π – 7) = 13π – 40 (| x | <1)

⇒ a = 13 and b = – 40 −1 1 − x
2
1
 1  −1  1 
= cot
= sec −=   cosec  
⇒ a – b = 13 – (– 40) = 53 x 2
 1− x  x
 (0 < x ≤ 1) (| x | ≤ 1) − {0}
(0 ≤ x ≤ 1)

P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 55

W
 −1
 1 − x2 
(ii) cos = x sin −1 1 −=
x 2 tan −1    1 
 x  11. Evaluate: tan  cos –1   
 
(0 ≤ x ≤ 1) (0 < x ≤ 1)  3 
12. There exists a positive real number x satisfying
 x  −1 1
 1   x2 
= cot −1  =  sec
= cosec −1   cos (tan–1 x) = x. The value of cos–1   is
2  x  2 
2
 1− x  (| x | ≤ 1)  1− x  π π
 (| x | < 1) (0 ≤ x < 1)
(a) (b)
10 5
 x   1 
−1
(iii) tan x sin
= = −1
  cos −1   2π 4π
2  2  (c) (d)
 1+ x   1+ x  5 5
( x ∈ R) (0 ≤ x < ∞ )

13. The range of values of p for which the equation

1  1+ x 2  sin cos–1 (cos(tan–1 x)) = p has a solution is
= cot −1  = −1
x 2 cosec −1 
 sec 1 += 
x  x   1 1 
( x > 0)
  (a)  − ,  (b) [0, 1)
 ( x ≥ 0) ( x∈R − {0})
 2 2
 1 
(c)  ,1 (d) (–1, 1)
 2 
Train Your Brain 14. Let f (10)=
10

∑  cot
 −1 1 
− tan −1 k  , k ≠ 0.
k = −10 k 
  −2  
Example 9: Find the value of tan cot −1   
  3 
 −1  −2   P-7
Sol. Let y = tan cot     …(i)
  3  (i) tan–1 x + tan–1y
 cot–1 (–x) = π – cot–1x, x ∈ R
 −1 x + y
(i) can be written as  tan 1 − xy , x > 0, y > 0 and xy < 1(acute angle)

  2  = 
y = tan π − cot −1    π + tan −1 x + y , x > 0, y > 0 and xy > 1(obtuse angle)
  3 
 1 − xy
 2
y = – tan  cot −1  x− y
 3 (ii) tan −1 x − tan −1 y =
tan −1 , x > 0, y > 0
1 1 + xy
 cot–1 x = tan–1 if x > 0
x  x− y
3 3  tan −1 if xy > −1
 1 + xy
∴ y = – tan  tan −1  ⇒ y = – 
 2  2  x > 0, y < 0
 x− y 
Example 10: Find the value of sin–1 (– 3/2 ) + i.e. tan −1 x − tan −1 y=  π + tan −1   if
  1 + xy  and xy < −1
cos–1(cos (7π/6).
   x < 0, y > 0
Sol. sin–1 ( – 3/2 ) = – sin–1 ( 3/2 ) = – π/3 and cos–1 −π + tan −1  x − y  if
  1 + xy  and xy < −1
(cos (7π/6) = cos–1 cos (2π – 5π/6) = cos–1 cos(5π/6) = 5π/6

hence sin–1 ( – 3/2 ) + cos–1 (cos (7π/6) Note: (i) tan–11 + tan–12 + tan–13 = π (remember)
π 5π π π
= – + = (ii) cot–11 + cot–12 + cot–13 =
  (remember)
3 6 2 2
(iii) tan–1x + tan–1y + tan–1z
 −1  x + y + z − xyz 
 tan   , where x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
1 − ( xy + yz + zx ) 
Concept Application 

 and xy + yz + zx < 1
= 
 −1  x + y + z + xyz 
1 1 π + tan 1 − ( xy + yz + zx )  , where x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
10. Evaluate: tan–1 (1) + tan–1   + tan–1  
2 3   
 and xy + yz + zx > 1

56 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

P-8
3
Example 12: Find the value of sin−1 +
 (
sin −1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2
) cos −1
11
+ cot −1 3 .
73
 2
 if x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 and x + y ≤ 1
2 146
−1 −1
(i) sin x + sin y = 3 5
( )
 −1 2 2 Sol. tan−1 + tan−1 + cot−1 3 =
 π − sin x 1 − y + y 1 − x 8 11

 if x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 and x 2 + y 2 > 1  3 + 5 

tan −1  8 11  + cot−1 3
1− 3 . 5 
 8 11 
(ii) sin −1 x − sin
= −1
(
y sin −1 x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x 2 , ) = tan −1 (1) +
π π π 5π
= + =
6 4 6 12
 x > 0; y > 0
Example 13: If cos–1 x/2 + cos–1 y/3 = θ, prove that
P-9
9x2 + 12 xy cosθ + 4y2 = 36 sin2θ

(i) cos −1 x + cos=

−1
(
y cos −1 xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 , ) Sol. Let cos–1 x/2 = α, and cos–1 y/3 = β
∴ cosα = x/2 and cos β = y/3.
 x > 0, y > 0 and x2 + y2 ≤1 ⇒ Given, α +β = θ ∴ cos (α + β) = cos θ
⇒ cos α cos β – sin α sin β = cos θ
 (
cos –1 xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 ;
) x y x2 y2
 ⇒ . − 1− 1− = cos θ
–1 –1  x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 and x ≤ y 2 3 4 9
(ii) cos x − cos y =


(
− cos –1 xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 ; ) ⇒
xy
−
4 − x2 . 9 − y 2
= cos θ
 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 and x > y 6 6

⇒ (xy – 6cos θ)2 = (4 – x2) (9 – y2)
⇒ x2y2 + 36cos2θ – 12xy cosθ = 36 – 9x2 – 4y2 + x2y2

Train Your Brain ⇒ 9x2 – 12y cosθ + 4y2 = 36 (1 – cos2θ)

⇒ 9x2 – 12xycosθ + 4y2 = 36sin2θ.
Example 11: Prove that,
π 1 a
1 1 3 π Example 14: Prove that tan  + cos −1 
sin–1 + sin–1 + sin–1 = . 4 2 b
3 3 11 11 2
π 1 a 2b
+ tan  − cos −1  = .
1 1 3  4 2 b  a
Sol. tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1
2 2 7 2 2 a a
Sol. Let cos–1 =θ ∴ cosθ =
1 + 1 b b
2 2 7 2 3
= tan–1 + tan–1 π θ π θ
1− 1 2 L.H.S. = tan  +  + tan  − 
28  4 2  4 2
θ θ
9 2 3 1 + tan 1 − tan
= tan–1 + tan–1 = 2 + 2
27 2 θ θ
1 − tan 1 + tan
2 3 2 2
= tan–1 + tan–1 2 2
3 2  θ  θ
1 + tan  + 1 − tan 
2  2
3 3 π = 
= cot–1 + tan–1 = 2 θ
2 2 2 1 − tan
2

P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 57

W
  θ 2
2 1+ tan 2  17. Evaluate: The value of α so that sin –1 ,
2 2 2b 5
=  = = = R.H.S. 3
2 θ cos θ a
1- tan sin–1 , sin–1 α are the angles of a triangle is
2 10
12 4 63 −1 1 1 1
Example 15: Evaluate cos–1 + sin–1 – tan–1 (a)    (b)    (c)    (d)
13 5 16 2 2 2 3
12 4 63
Sol. Let z = cos–1 + sin–1 – tan–1
13 5 16
4 π 4
SIMPLIFIED INVERSE
 sin–1 = – cos –1 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
5 2 5
12  π 4 63
∴ z = cos–1 +  − cos −1  – tan –1  −1 −1
13  2 5 16 −π − 2sin x ; − 1 ≤ x <
 2
π  −1 4 12  63  − 1 1
z = –  cos − cos −1  – tan –1  …(i) (i)
= sin–1 2x 1 − x 2  2sin −1 x ; ≤x≤
2  5 13  16 2 2

4 12 4 12  −1 1
 > 0, > 0 and < π − 2sin x ; < x ≤1
5 13 5 13  2
4 12 y
∴ cos–1 – cos–1
5 13
π
 4 12 16 144 
=  × + 1−
cos–1 1−  2
 5 13 25 169  x
–1 1 1 1
 63  – 0
= cos–1   2 2
 65  π
∴ equation (i) can be written as –
2
π  63   63 
z = – cos –1   – tan –1   –1
 2 cos x ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
2  65   16  (ii) cos–1 (2x2 – 1) = 
–1
 63   63  2π − 2 cos x ; − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0
z = sin–1   – tan–1    …(ii)
65
   16  
3
 63   63 
 sin–1   = tan–1  
 65   16 
∴ from equation (ii), we get 2

 63   63 
∴ z = tan–1   – tan–1   ⇒z=0 2
 16   16  1

–1 0 1

Concept Application 2x
 π + 2 tan –1 x

; x < –1
(iii) tan–1
= 2  2 tan –1 x ; –1 < x < 1
1− x 
15. Evaluate: Solve the equation, –1
 – π + 2 tan x ; x >1
x +1 x −1
tan–1 + tan–1 = tan–1 (–7) y
x −1 x
1  π
16. E v a l u a t e : T h e v a l u e o f t a n – 1  2 tan 2 A  +
  2
tan–1 (cot A) + tan–1 (cot3 A) for 0 < A < (π/4) is x
–1 0
(a) 4 tan–1 (1) (b) 2 tan–1
(2) π
(c) p (d) none –
2

58 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

  – π – 2 tan –1 x ; x < –1
2x  2 2 π
(iv) sin–1
=  2 tan –1 x ; –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 Sol. (i) Let cos–1 = θ. Then cos θ = and 0 < θ <
1 + x2  3 3 2
–1
 π – 2 tan x ; x > 1
1 −1 2  1 
Now, tan  cos=  tan  θ 
y 2 3 2 
 1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ 1− 2 / 3
2 == =
1 + cos θ 1 − cos 2 θ 1 − (2 / 3) 2
x
–1 0 1 1/ 3 1
 = =
– 9−4 5
2
3
 1 − x2   2 tan –1 x ; x ≥ 0 θ 1 − cos θ 1 − 2 / 3 1
(v) cos–1   =  tan2
Alter: = = =
2 –1 2 1 + cos θ 1 + 2 / 3 5
1+ x   –2 tan x ; x ≤ 0
y θ 1  θ π π
 ∴ tan = ⋅ As 0 < < < 
2 5  2 4 2

1 1 π
(ii) Let tan–1 = θ. Then tan θ = and 0 < θ <
5 5 2

 1 π  π
x Now, tan  2 tan −1 −  = tan  2θ − 
0  5 4  4
2 tan θ
−1
tan 2θ − 1 1 − tan 2 θ
Train Your Brain = =
1 + tan 2θ 1 + 2 tan θ
1 − tan 2 θ
1 1 5π 2 1
Example 16: Show that cot–1 + 2 cot–1 = −1+
7 3 4 2 tan θ − 1 + tan 2 θ
= =5 25
1 1 1 − tan 2 θ + 2 tan θ 1 − 1 + 2
Sol. cot–1 + 2 cot–1
7 3 25 5
π 1 π 1 10 − 25 + 1 −14 −7
= – tan–1 + 2  − tan −1  = = =
2 7 2 3 25 − 1 + 10 34 17
3π  −1 1 1
= −  tan + 2 tan −1 
2  7 3
3π  −1 1 2 ⋅1/3   1   –1 –1
= −  tan + tan −1   < 1  – π – 3sin x ; –1 ≤ x ≤ 2
2  7 1 − (1/3) 2   3  
 1 1
3π  −1 1 3 (vi) sin–1 (3x – 4x3) =  3sin –1 x ; – ≤ x ≤
= −  tan + tan −1   2 2
2  7 4  –1 1
π – 3sin x ; 2 ≤ x ≤ 1
 1 3  
3π  +   1 3 
= − tan  7 4 
−1
 . < 1
2  1 − 1 . 3   7 4  y
 7 4

3π 3π π 5π
= – tan–1 1 = – = –
1 2
2 2 4 4
2 x
Example 17: Evaluate –1 0 1 1
1 2  1 π 2
(i) tan  cos −1  (ii) tan  2 tan −1 −  
 2 3   5 4 –
2
P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 59
W
  –1 –1
 –2π + 3cos x ; – 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
 ⇒ x√3 = 1 − x 2 Squaring we get 3x2 = 1 – x2
(vii) cos–1 (4x3 – 3x) =  2π – 3cos –1 x ; – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ⇒ 4x2 = 1 ⇒ x = ± 1/2
 2 2
 –1 1 Verification: When x = 1/2
 3cos x ; ≤ x ≤1
 2
L.H.S. of equation = cos1 ( 3 /2) + cos–1 (1/2)
y
 = π/6 + π/3 = π/2 = R.H.S. of equation
When x = –1/2,

x L.H.S. of equation = cos–1 ( – 3/2 ) + cos–1 (–1/2)


2 = π – cos–1 ( 3/2 ) + π – cos–1 (1/2)

–1/2 0 1/2 1 = π – π/6 + π – π/3 = 3π/2 ≠ R.H.S. of equation

–1
 –1 –1 ∴ x = 1/2 is the only solution
 π + 3 tan x ; x<
 3 5π2
(viii) tan–1  3x − x3   –1 1 Example 19: Solve for x : (tan–1 x)2 + (cot–1 x)2 = .
=  2 
  3 tan –1 x ; <x< 8
 1 − 3 x   3 3
 –1 1 5π2
−π + 3 tan x ; x> Sol. We have, (tan–1 x)2 + (cot–1 x)2 =
 3 8
 y 5π2
⇒ (tan–1 x +cot–1 x)2 – 2 tan–1 x. cot–1 x =
2 8
2
π 5π2
⇒   – 2 tan–1 x. (π/2 – tan–1 x) =
0 1
x 2 8
1
–
3 3 π2 π 5π2
⇒ – 2. . tan–1 x + 2 (tan–1 x)2 =
 4 2 8
–
2 3π2
⇒ 2 (tan–1 x)2 – π tan–1 x – =0
8
EQUATIONS INVOLVING INVERSE ⇒ tan–1 x = − π/4, 3π/4 ⇒ tan–1 x = –π/4; x = –1
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS  π π
{neglecting tan–1 x = 3π/4 as tan–1 x ∈  − ,  }
 2 2
The equation involving inverse trigonometric functions can be
simplify using substitution and trigonometric formulae, examples
are shown below.

Train Your Brain Concept Application

Example 18: Solve cos–1 x 3 + cos–1x = π/2.
18. If 3sin–1 (log2x) + cos–1 (log2y) = p/2 and sin–1 (log2x)
Sol. Given, cos–1 x 3 +cos–1 x = π/2 …(1)
1 1
⇒ cos–1 x 3 = π/2 – cos–1 x + 2 cos–1 (log2y) = 11p/6, then the value of 2
+
x y2
⇒ cos cos–1 x 3 = cos (π/2 – cos–1x) is equals to
2 (a) 6 (b) 7
⇒ x 3 = sin cos–1x or x 3 = sin sin–1 1− x
(c) 5 (d) 7/2
1 19. Total number of the solution of the given equation
1 – x2 sin [2cos–1{cot (2tan–1x)}] = 0 are
(a) 2 (b) 3
x (c) 4 (d) 6

60 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 IN EQUATIONS INVOLVING INVERSE 22. If the solution set of inequality (cosec –1 x) 2
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS π
– 2 cosec–1 x ≥ (cosec–1 x – 2) is (– ∞, m ] ∪ [n, ∞)
6
Using some standard inverse trigonometric function graph or by then (m + n) equals
analytical approach many typical expressions can be simplified. (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) –3
23. The set of values of x, satisfying the equation
Train Your Brain tan2(sin–1x) > 1 is
(a) [–1, 1]
Example 20: Find the interval in which cos–1 x > sin–1 x + 1.
Sol. We have, cos–1 x > sin–1 x + 1 {for cos–1 x to be real;  2 2
(b)  − , 
x ∈ [–1, 1]}
 2 2 
⇒ π/2 – sin–1 x > sin–1 x + 1
 2 2
⇒ π/2 – 1 > 2 sin–1 x ⇒ π/4 – 1/2 > sin–1 x (c) (–1, 1) –  − , 
π 1   π 1   2 2 
⇒ sin  −  > x ∴ x ∈  −1, sin  4 − 2  
 4 2    2 2
(d) [–1, 1] –  − , 
Example 21: Find the solution set of the inequation  2 2 
sin–1 (sin 5) > x2 – 4x
Sol. sin–1(sin 5) > x2 – 4x
⇒ sin–1[sin(5 – 2π)] > x2 – 4x
⇒ x2 – 4x < 5 – 2π SUMMATION OF SERIES
⇒ x2 – 4x + (2π – 5) < 0
To solve these types of series we generally use inverse trigono-
⇒ 2– 9 − 2π < x < 2 + 9 − 2π
metric function formulae like tan–1 x – tan–1 y, cot–1 x – cot–1 y etc.
(
⇒ x ∈ 2 – 9 – 2π , 2 + 9 – 2π )
Train Your Brain
Concept Application 4
Example 22: Sum the series, tan −1 +
1+ 3⋅4
 −1 1 
 sin  tan−1
6
+ tan −1
8
+ …… to ‘n’ terms.
20. If α = sin  3  and
1+8⋅9 1 + 15 ⋅ 16
 3 
 
  2 (n + 1)
Sol. Tn = tan −1
 −1  1   2  1 + {(n + 1) 2 − 1} {(n + 1) 2 }
β = cos  cos   – sin–1    then
  5  5 
2n + 2
= tan−1
1 + (n + 2 n) (n + 1) 2
2
β 2
3 2
is equal to
(3α − 4α )
 2n + 2 
(a) 1 (b) 2 = tan–1  
 1 + n (n + 2) (n + 1) (n + 1) 
(c) 3 (d) 4
1  (n + 1) (n + 2) − n (n + 1) 
( )
21. If A = 2 tan –1 2 2 − 1 and B = 3 sin –1  
3
= tan−1  
 1 + { n (n + 1) } { (n + 1) (n + 2) } 
–1 3
+ sin   , then:
5 = tan−1 (n + 1) (n + 2) − tan −1 n (n + 1)
(a) A = B (b) A < B Put n = 1, 2, 3, …, n and add, we get Sn = tan−1
(c) A > B (d) None of these. (n + 1) (n + 2) − tan−1 2

P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 61

W
 Example 23: Sum the series upto ‘n’ terms, tan
2 2
−1 2
4
+ Concept Application
2
tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + ..... to n terms.
9 16 25 5

Also show that, S∞ = tan−1 3.

24. The value of 10 cot ∑ cot −1 ( k 2 + k + 1) is equal to
k =1
(a) 5/2 (b) 14
2
Sol. T n = tan−1 (c) –14 (d) 7
n2 + 2 n + 1
−1  1  −1  2 − 1 
=
25. Sum of infinite senes s sin   + sin  
(n + 2) − n  2
= tan−1  6 
1 + n (n + 2)
 3− 2  n − n −1 
= tan−1 (n + 2) – tan −1 (n) + sin −1 

−1
 + ... + sin   + ... ∞
 2 3   n(n + 1) 
Hence,
(a) p/4 (b) p
Sn = tan−1 (n + 2) + tan−1 (n + 1) − (tan−1 1 + tan−1 2) (c) p/2 (d) 2p
π π  1+ 2 
S∞ = Lim Sn= + −  π + tan −1  –1
  = tan 3
n →∞ 2 2   1− 2 

Short Notes
Principal Values and Domains of Inverse (v) y = cosec (cosec–1 x) = x, | x | ≥ 1, | y | ≥ 1, y is aperiodic.
Trigonometric/circular Functions (vi) y = sec (sec–1 x) = x, | x | ≥ 1 ; | y | ≥ 1, y is aperiodic.
Function Domain Range
P-2:
π π  π π
(i) y = sin–1 x –1≤x≤1 − ≤y≤ (i) y = sin–1 (sin x), x ∈ R, y ∈  − ,
2 2  . Periodic with period
 2 2
2p.
(ii) y = cos–1 x –1≤x≤1 0≤y≤p
y
π π
(iii) y = tan–1 x x∈R − <y< 
2 2
y=
x

2
x
y=
+

2
y=
–(

x–
2

 3



–
–
y=

y=
+

2 45° 2
x)

π π –2 –  
(iv) y = cosec–1 x x ≤ –1 or x ≥ 1 ;y≠0 – 32 2
O
− ≤y≤
x
2
2 2

– 2
π
(v) y = sec–1 x x ≤ –1 or x ≥ 1 0 ≤ y ≤ p; y ≠
2 (ii) y = cos–1 (cos x), x ∈ R, y ∈ [0, p], periodic with period 2p.
(vi) y = cot–1 x x∈R 0<y<p
y
Properties of Inverse circular Functions
P-1:
y=
2

(i) y = sin (sin–1 x) = x, x ∈ [–1, 1], y ∈ [–1, 1], y is aperiodic.

x

2
x+

y=

y=

2
–x

(ii) y = cos (cos–1 x) = x, x ∈ [–1, 1], y ∈ [–1, 1], y is aperiodic.

y=

–x

(iii) y = tan (tan–1 x) = x, x ∈ R, y ∈ R, y is aperiodic. x

0
(iv) y = cot (cot–1 x) = x, x ∈ R, y ∈ R, y is aperiodic. – – /2 – – /2 /2 /2

62 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

  nπ  P-3:
(iii) y = tan–1 (tan x), x ∈ R –  ,n∈I 1
2 (i) cosec–1 x = sin–1 ; x ≤ – 1, x ≥ 1
x
y
1
 (ii) sec–1 x = cos–1 ; x ≤ – 1, x ≥ 1
x
2
 1
 tan −1 ; x > 0


x

x+

y=
x

x–
−1
(iii) cot x = 
y=

y=
2
–2 3 –  O   3 x π + tan −1 1 ; x < 0
–
2
–
2 2 2  x
P-4:

– (i) sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 x, – 1 ≤ x ≤1
2
(ii) tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1 x, x ∈ R
(iv) y = cot–1 (cot x), x ∈ R – {np}, n ∈ I, y ∈ (0, p), periodic (iii) cos–1 (–x) = p – cos–1 x, – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
with period p.
(iv) cot–1 (–x) = p – cot–1 x, x ∈ R
(v) sec–1 (–x) = p – sec–1 x, x ≤ –1 or x ≥ 1
(vi) cosec–1 (–x) = – cosec–1 x, x ≤ –1 or x ≥ 1
P-5:
π
(i) sin–1 x + cos–1 x = ; –1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
π
(ii) tan–1 x + cot–1 x = ; x∈R
2
(v) y = cosec–1 (cosec x), x ∈ R – {np}, n ∈ I, y ∈ π
(iii) cosec–1 x + sec–1 x = ; |x|≥1
 π   π 2
 − 2 , 0  ∪  0, 2  y, is periodic with period 2p.
    P-6:
y
 –1 x + y
 tan 1 − xy ,
 
 where x > 0, y > 0 and xy < 1
2

2
x


y=


x–

 –1 x + y
3
(i) tan –1 x + tan –1 y =
–
π + tan ,
y=

2 45° 2
3 – O   2 x  1 − xy
–
2 2  where x > 0, y > 0 and xy > 1

 π , where x > 0, y > 0 and xy = 1
–
  2
2

x− y
(vi) y = sec–1 (sec x), y is periodic with period 2p (ii) tan–1 x – tan–1 y = tan–1 where x > 0, y > 0
1 + xy
 π  π π 
x ∈ R – (2n − 1)  , n ∈ I , y ∈  0,
∪ ,π
 2  2   2  (iii) sin­–1 x + sin–1 y = sin–1 ( x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 ) ,
y
 where x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 & (x2 + y2) < 1
 π
 x Note that: x2 + y2 < 1 ⇒ 0 < sin–1 x + sin–1 y <

–

y= 2
2x –
y= 2
(iv) sin–1 x + sin–1 y = p – sin–1 ( x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 ) ,
x  where x > 0, y > 0 and x2 + y2 > 1.
–2 3 –  O   3 2
– –
2 2 2 2 π
Note that: x2 + y2 > 1 ⇒ < sin–1 x + sin–1 y < p.
2

P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 63

W
 y
(v) sin–1 x – sin–1 y = sin–1 [ x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x 2 ] /2

where x > 0, y > 0. 1 1

(vi) cos −1 x + cos=

−1
(
y cos −1 xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 ; x, y ≥ 0 ) –1 1
x

−1 −1 1
(vii) cos x − cos y = 1

 ( )
 cos −1 xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 , x > 0, y > 0 and x
< y
 –/2
 
( )
− cos −1 xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 , x > 0, y > 0 and x > y 
 
(d) y = f(x) = sin–1 (3x – 4x3)

 −1 1
 −(π + 3 sin x) if −1 ≤ x ≤ −
2
 x + y + z − xyz  
(viii) tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z = tan–1    1 1
1 − xy − yz − zx  = 3 sin x
−1
if − ≤x≤
2 2
if x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 & xy + yz + zx < 1. 
 π − 3 sin −1 x 1
if ≤ x ≤1
Note that: In the above results x & y are taken positive. In  2
case if these are given as negative, we first apply P-4 and y
then use above results. /2

Simplified Inverse Trigonometric Functions

D D
 2 tan −1 x if | x| ≤ 1
 2x   −1
(a) y = f(x) = sin–1  =  π − 2 tan x
2 
if x >1 – 3/2 – 1/2 + 1/2
 1 + x   −(π + 2 tan −1 x) if
x
 x < −1 –1 3/2 1

/2
1 – /2
D

x (e) y = f(x) = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x)

–1 0 1
D  −1 1
1 3 cos x − 2π if −1 ≤ x ≤ −
2

–/2  −1 1 1
=  2π − 3 cos x if − ≤x≤
2 2

 1 − x 2   2 tan −1 x if x ≥ 0 3 cos −1 x 1
(b) y = f(x) = cos–1  = if ≤ x ≤1
2   2
 1 + x   −2 tan x if x < 0
−1

y
y 


D /2 1
D D

/2
x
–1 0 1

 2 tan −1 x if | x| < 1
2x  −1 –1 –1/2 +1/2
(c) y = f(x) = tan–1 = π + 2 tan x if x < −1
1 − x2 
x
– 3/2
 −(π − 2 tan −1 x) if x >1
3/2


64 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

  −1 1  2 cos −1 x 0 ≤ x ≤1
 −(π + 2 sin x) −1 ≤ x ≤ − (g) cos–1 (2x­2 – 1) = 
 2 −1
 2π − 2 cos x −1 ≤ x ≤ 0
−1
(f) sin= (
2x 1 − x2
 −1
 2 sin x

) −
1
2
≤x≤
1
2 3


 −1 1
 π − 2 sin x ≤ x ≤1 2
 2

y 2
1
/2

–1 0 1
– 1
–1 2
x
1 1
2

–/2

Solved Examples

1. Find the sum of the first n terms of the series

1
cot–1 (3) + cot–1 (7) + cot–1 (13) + cot–1 (21) +…
Sol. Given xr+1 = (1 + xr ) , let x0 = cos θ, 0 ≤ q ≤ π
2
1 1 θ
Sol. Let tr denote the rth term of the series 3, 7, 13, 21, … and x1 =
(1 + x0 ) = (1 + cos θ ) = cos   ,
2 2 2
S = 3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + … + tn
Also S = 3 + 7 + 13 + … + tn–1 + tn 1 1  θ  θ 
x2 = (1 + x1 ) = 1 + cos  = cos  2 
Subtracting we get 2 2  2 2 
0 = 3 + 4 + 6 + … + 2n – tn
 θ 
⇒ tn = 3 + 4 + 6 + … + 2n similarly, x3 = cos  
 23 
1
= 3 + (n – 1) (4 + 2n) = n2 + n + 1 ………………………………
2
 1   θ 
Let Tr = cot–1 (r2 + r + 1) = tan–1  2  xn = cos  
 r + r + 1  2n 
 r +1− r  θ θ
= tan–1  –1 –1
 = tan (r + 1) – tan r ⇒ x1x2x3 … xn up to infinity = cos
. cos 2 .
 1 + r ( r + 1)  2 2
Thus, the sum of the first n terms of the given series is θ θ sin θ
cos … cos =  …(i)
 n +1−1  23
2 n
2 . sin θn
n
tan–1 (n + 1) – tan–1 (1) = tan–1   2
1 + 1 (n + 1) 
\ x1x2 … xn … ∞ = lim (x1 x2 … xn)

 n  n→∞
= tan–1    
n + 2 sin θ
= lim  n  [using (i)]

n→∞  2 . sin θ 
1  2n 
2. I f x r + 1 = (1 + xr ) , x r ≤ 1 , t h e n s h o w t h a t
2
sin θ sin θ
= lim =  …(ii)
1 − x02 n →∞ sin θn θ
= cos–1 x0. θ. 2
x1 x2 x3 .... upto infinity θ
2n
P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 65
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\ required ordered pairs are
1 − x02
1 − cos 2 θ

\ = [using (ii)] (0, 0), (2π, 0) and (–2π, 0).
x1 x2 x3 … x∞ sin θ
θ Hence required number is 3
= θ = cos–1 (x0) [ cos q = x0] y

1− x02

⇒ = cos–1 x0
x1 x2 x3 ... ∞
3. Find the set of values of parameter ‘a’ so that the equation,
(sin–1 x)3 + (cos–1 x)3 = ap3 has a solution. –2p –p p 2p x
0
Sol. (sin–1 x)3 + (cos–1 x)3 = ap3
⇒ (sin–1x + cos–1 x) {(sin–1 x + cos–1 x)2 – 3 sin–1 x. cos–1 x}
= ap3 1 
5. Prove that, tan–1  tan 2 A  + tan–1 (cot A) + tan–1 (cot3 A)
π 2 2 

⇒ – 3 sin-1 x . cos–1x = 2 aπ2  π
4  π , if 0 < A < 4
2 = 
π  π
⇒ sin–1 x 
− sin –1 x  = (1 – 8a)  0 , if π < A < π
2  12  4 2
π –1 π2 Sol. Case-I
⇒ (sin–1 x)2 –
sin x = – (1 – 8a)
2 12 π π π
2
cot A > 1, if 0 < A < and cot A < 1, if <A< .
 π π 2
π 2 4 4 2
⇒  sin –1 x −
 = (8a – 1) +
 4 12 16 Hence, tan–1 (cot A) + tan–1 (cot3 A)
2
 π π2 cot A + cot 3 A π
⇒  sin –1 x −
 = (32a – 4 + 3) = π + tan–1 4
, if 0 < A <
 4 48 1 − cot A 4
2 2
 π π cot A + cot 3 A cot A
⇒  sin –1 x −
 = (32a – 1) Also =
 4 48 4
1 − cot A 1 − cot 2 A
 π π
Now, sin–1 x ∈  − ,
 cos A sin A sin 2 A 1
 2 2 = =– =– tan 2 A
3π π π (sin 2
A − cos A 2
) 2 cos 2 A 2

⇒ – ≤ sin–1 x – ≤
4 4 4 1 
2 2
Hence, tan–1  tan 2 A  + tan–1 (cot A) + tan–1 (cot3 A)
 π 9π 2 
⇒ 0 ≤  sin –1 x −
 ≤
 4 16 = π in the first case,
2 2
π 9π Case-II

⇒ 0≤ (32a – 1) ≤
48 16
π π
⇒ 0 ≤ (32 a – 1) ≤ 27
If < A < then, cot A < 1
4 2
1 7 Hence, tan–1(cot A ) + tan–1 (cot3A)

⇒ ≤a≤
32 8
 cot A + cot 3 A 
 1 7 = tan–1 
Thus, the required set of values of ‘a’ is  ,  .  1 − cot 4 A 
 32 8   
4. Find the number of ordered pairs of (x, y), which satisfy y =
= tan–1 
 (
cot A 1 + cot 2 A 
 )
|sin x| and y = cos–1 (cos x), where – 2 π ≤ x ≤ 2 π.
Sol. ln [0, π], y = cos–1 (cos x) = x  ( )(
 1 − cot 2 A 1 + cot 2 A 
 )
In [π, 2π], y = cos–1 {cos(2 π – x)} = 2 π – x  cot A 
In [– π, 0], y = cos–1 cos (– x) = – x = tan–1  
 1 − cot 2 A 
In [–2π, –π], y = cos–1 {cos (2 π + x)} = 2π + x
Plotting the graph, we have  1 
= tan–1  − tan 2 A   [Proved above]
 2 
66 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW
 1  8. cos–1 (cos 10) is equal to
= –tan–1  tan 2 A 
2  (a) 4π + 10 (b) 4π – 10
(c) – 4π + 10 (d) 10
1 
(
∴ tan–1  tan 2 A  + tan −1 ( cot A ) + tan −1 cot 3 A
2 
) Sol. (b)
9. If (cot–1 x)2 – 3 (cot–1 x) + 2 > 0, then x lies in
1  −1  1 
= tan–1  tan 2 A  − tan  tan A  = 0

(a) (cot 2, cot 1) (b) (– ∞, cot 2) ∪ (cot 1, ∞)
 2   2 
(c) (cot 1, ∞) (d) (–∞, cot 1) ∪ (cot 2, ∞)
6. The value of,
Sol. (b) (cot–1 x – 1) (cot–1 x – 2) > 0
  2 − 3 
cot  sin −1 –1 12 –1   is ⇒ x < cot 2 or x > cot 1
sin–1   + cos + sec 2
   4  4  (cot–1 x is a decreasing function)
  
10. No. of integral values of x for which inequality
π
(a) 0 (b) 5
4 sin −1 (sin(t)) ≤ π − is, where
2
π π
(c) (d) 2x2 + 3
6 2 (i) t =
x2 + 1
Sol. We have sin–1
 2x2 + 3 
  2 − 3  (ii) t  2
=  ([⋅] is G.I.F.)
–1 12
 cot  sin −1   + cos + sec –1 2   x +1 
   4  4 
   Ans. (i) (3)
= sin–1 (ii) (0)
  2  2( x 2 + 1) + 1 1
  −1  3 − 1 –1 3 1  = 2+ 2
–1 Let t=
 cot  sin  2 2  + cos 2 + cos 2   ( x 2 + 1) ( x + 1)
   
 
⇒2<t≤3
= sin-1 [cot (150 + 300 + 450)] 5 5
Now sin −1 sin t ≤ π − ⇒ π−t ≤ π−
= sin-1 [cot 900] = sin-1 0 = 0 2 2
Hence (a) is the correct answer. 5 2x2 + 3 5
7. If a sin–1 x – b cos–1 x = c, then a sin–1 x + b cos–1 x is equal
⇒t ≥ ⇒ 2 ≥
2 x +1 2
to
Now it can be solved x2 – 1 ≤ 0.
πab + c(b − a )
(a) 0 (b)  1 + x − 1 − x 
a+b 11. The simplest form of tan −1   , 0 < x < 1, is
 1 + x + 1 − x 
π π ab + c (a − b)
(c) (d) 1 1
2 a+b (a) cos −1 x (b) π − cos −1 x
2 2
Sol. a sin–1 x – b cos–1 x = c
bπ π π 1
we have b sin–1 x + b cos–1 x = (c) − cos −1 x (d) − cos −1 x
2 2 4 2
bπ Sol. (d) Putting x = cos 2θ, we have
(a + b) sin–1 x =
+c
2
 1 + cos 2θ − 1 − cos 2θ 
(b π) tan −1  
+c  1 + cos 2θ + 1 − cos 2θ 
⇒ sin x = 2
–1
a+b  2 2 
−1  2 cos θ − 2sin θ  −1  cos θ − sin θ 
(a π) = tan =   tan  
−c 

2 2
2 cos θ + 2sin θ   cos θ + sin θ 
similarly, cos –1 x = 2 –1
so that a sin x +
a+b π
[as 0 < x < 1 ⇒ 0 < cos 2θ < 1 ⇒ 0 < 2θ <
π a b + c ( a − b) 2
b cos–1 x =
a+b π
⇒0<θ< and cos θ > 0, sin θ > 0]
Hence (d) is the correct answer. 4
P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 67
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 −1 1 − tan θ  −1 1 − tan θ  π
= tan
=   tan   14. The value of x which satisfies tan −1 (2 x) + tan −1 (3 x) =
is
1 + tan θ  1 + tan θ  4
 π  π 1
= tan −1  tan  − θ  = −θ (a) x = –1 (b) x =
 4  4 3
 
1
 π π π (c) x = (d) None of these
as 0 < θ < 4 ⇒ 0 < 4 − θ < 4  6
  π
12. The number of ordered pair(s) (x, y) which satisfy Sol. (c) tan −1 2 x + tan −1 3 x =
4
y = tan–1 tan x & 16(x2 + y2) – 48πx + 16πy + 31π2 = 0, is
taking tangent on both sides
(a) 0 (b) 1
⇒ tan(tan–1 2x + tan–1 3x) = 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
2 x + 3x
y ⇒ 1
=
Sol. (d) π 1 − 2 x × 3x
2 5x
⇒ =1
1 − 6x2
3π 5π ⇒ 6x2 + 5x – 1 = 0
π π 2 2π x
0 2 ⇒ (6x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
2
1
π ⇒x=−1,
– 6
2
 sin x + cos x 
−1 π
15. Prove that cos   = x−
 2  4
16(x2 + y2) – 48πx + 16πy + 31π2 = 0
π 5π
31π2 when < x <
x 2 + y 2 − 3πx + πy + =0 4 4
16

2
3π   π 9π 2
2
−1  sin x + cos x 
−1  1 1 
x − + y + = Sol. cos = cos  sin x + cos x 
     2   2 2 
 2   2 16
13. If the value of limit  π π
= cos −1  sin x sin + cos x cos 
n 1 + k (k − 1)(k + 1)(k + 2)   4 4
lim ∑ cos −1  
x →∞  k (k + 1)   π  π

k =2   =cos −1 cos  x −   =x−
  4  4
120π
is equal to then the value of k is  π 5π π 
k
as 4 < x < 4 ⇒ 0 < x − 4 < π 
(a) 360 (b) 700   
(c) 720 (d) 240 16. The number of solutions of equation cos –1 (1 – x) +
 1 k (k − 1)(k + 1)(k + 2)  nπ
−1
Sol. (c) Tk cos 
= +  m cos–1 x = , (where m > 0; n ≤ 0)
2
 k (k + 1) k (k + 1) 
(a) 0 (b) 1
1 1
=
Let x = ,y (c) 2 (d) None of these
k k +1
nπ
(k + 1) 2 − 1 k (k + 2) Sol. (d) cos −1 (1 − x) + m cos −1 x =
1 2
1− y2 = 1− 2
= =
(k + 1) k +1 k +1 Domain x ∈ [0, 1]
 1  −1 1 cos–1 (1 – x) + m cos–1 x > 0 ( m > 0)
= Tk cos −1   − cos , substituting n = 2, 3,
 k +1 k There is no solution.

2 2
 1  −1 1 π π π  x −1 x  x
S = lim cos −1   − cos = − = =
17. Function f ( x)  cos −1  + π sin −  sin −1  is

n →∞
 n + 1  2 2 3 6  2 2  2
π 120π symmetrical about
S n= =
6 k (a) x-axis (b) y-axis

⇒ k = 720 (c) y = x (d) y = –x

68 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 2 2 (LHS)max = (RHS)min
 x −1 x  x
=
Sol. (b) f ( x)  cos −1  + π sin −  sin −1  x = 1, y = –1 = z
 2 2  2
 4x 
 x x  x x x 20. If f ( x) = sin −1  2 
then the value of
=  cos −1 + sin −1   cos −1 − sin −1  + π sin −1  4+ x 
 2 2  2 2 2
f (2 2) − f ( 2) is
π x π x x
= cos −1 − sin −1 + π sin −1 π
2 2 2 2 2 (a) 0 (b)
2
π  −1 x x  π2
 cos
= + sin −1 = 3π
2  2 2 4 (c) p (d)
4
10 10
m
18. If the sum ∑∑ cot −1
 = k π, find the value of k.
n


x 
2⋅ 
n 1=
= m 1
−1 2  2 tan −1 x ; −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
Sol. (a) sin  = 2
10
 1 2 3 10  1+ x  2
S
Sol. [25] = ∑  tan
n =1
−1

n
+ tan −1 + tan −1 + ... + tan −1 
n n n

 4 


Now consider f (2 2) − f ( 2)

10
1 1 1 1 1
∑ tan −1

n
tan −1 1 + tan −1 + tan −1 + ... + tan −1
= 
2 3 9 x − (2 tan −1 2) − 2 tan −1
π
x − 2  =
= 0
n =1
2 2
1
+ tan −1 21. Let the ordered pair of integers (xi, yi) where i = 1, 2, ..., n
10 π
satisfy the equation tan–1 x + tan–1 8 = tan–1 y + . For the
10
2 2 2 2 2 2
∑
n =1
tan −1 = tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1 +
n 1  2 3 4 polygon so formed in xy plane which of the following is/are
(a) It is a rectangle
2 2 (b) It is not cyclic
+ tan −1 + ... + tan −1
5 10 (c) It is symmetric about line y = x
10
3 3 3 3 3 (d) It is symmetric about line x + y = 0
∑ tan −1

n
= tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1 +
1 2 3 4
n =1
−1 −1 1
tan −1
Sol. (b, d) tan x − tan y =
8
3 3
+ tan −1 + ... + tan −1 1 x− y
5 10 = ⇒
10
10 10 10 10 8 1 + xy
∑ tan
n =1
−1

n
= tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1 +
1 2 3 and since (x, y) and (–y, –x) both satisfy.

10 10 22. g(x) = [(sin–1 x)2], f(x) = [(cos–1 x)2] [.] is G.I.F., then incorrect
tan −1 + ... + tan −1 statement is
4  10

(a) Max value of f(x) (for x > 0) is 2
 [45 such pair each pair have value equal to p/2] (b) Max value of g(x)f(x) (for x > 0) is 1
5π 45π 50π (c) Max value of f(x) is 9
+ =S= = 25π ⇒ k= 25
(d) One of the possible value of g(x)f(x) is 16
2 2 2
Sol. (b) Maximum value of g(x)f(x) (for x > 0) is 0
19. For x, y, z, t ∈ R, if sin–1 x + cos–1 y + sec–1 z ≥ t2 − 2π t
+ 3p, then find the value of π
(a) Since, cos −1 0 =
 2
 2  2
sec  tan −1 x + tan −1 y + tan −1 z + tan −1  t  π

  π   and   > 2
2
π 5π (c) Maximum value of cos–1x is p
Sol. [1] t 2 − 2πt + +
2 2 f ( x) max =[(π) 2 ] =9

2
π 5π 
2 π  5π
π (d) for x ∈ (cos 3, − sin 2]
= t −2 t+ + =  t −  + ,
2 2 2  2  2 g(x) . f (x) = 16.

P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 69

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 Exercise-1 (Topicwise)

DOMAIN AND PRINCIPLE VALUE, RANGE 1  5 

OF ITF 8. tan  cos −1    =
 2  3  
3π
1. If sin –1 x + sin –1 y + sin –1 z = , then the value of 3− 5 3+ 5
2 (a) (b)
9 2 2
x100 + y100 + z100 – 101 101
is equal to: 2 4
x +y + z101 (c) (d)
(a) 0 (b) 3 3− 5 3+ 5
(c) –3 (d) 9 9. sin [cot–1 cos tan–1x] is equal to:
n π  x2 − 1   x−2 
2. If cot –1   >   , n being a natural number, then (a)  2  (b)  2 
π 6  x +2  x +1
maximum value of n is:
(a) 1 (b) 5  x2 + 1 
(c)  2  (d) None of these
(c) 9 (d) None of these
 x +2
3. If a ≤ tan–1x + cot–1x + sin–1x ≤ b. Then
10. If θ = cot–1 cos x – tan–1 cos x , then sinθ =
π
(a) a = 0, b = π (b) b = x x
2 (a) tan (b) tan2 ( )
π 2 2
(c) a = (d) None of these
4 1 –1 x
4. If range of the function f(x) = tan–1(3x2 + bx + 3), x ∈ R (c) tan ( ) (d) None of these
2 2
 π
is  0,  , then square of sum of all possible values of
2  1 + x2 − 1
11. The value of 2 tan–1 is equal to:
b will be x
(a) 0 (b) 18 (a) cot–1x (b) sec–1x
(c) 72 (d) None of these (c) tan–1x (d) None of these
12. If cot–1 7 + cot–1 8 + cot–1 18 = θ, then cotθ =
PROPERTIES OF ITF (a) 1/3 (b) 3 (c) 1/2 (d) 2
5. tan–1 [tan (–6)] is equal to 1
(a) 2π – 6 (b) 2π + 6 13. The value of cos (2 cos–1x + sin–1x) at x = is:
5
(c) – 2π + 6 (d) – 6
2 6 2 6
1 1 (a) (b) –
6. sin–1x + sin–1 + cos–1x + cos–1 = 5 5
x x
π 3 6
(a) π (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 5
3π 2x 1 − x2
(c) (d) None of these 14. If 3 sin–1 – 4 cos–1
2 1 + x2 1 + x2
2π 2x π
7. If sin–1x + sin–1y = , then cos–1x + cos–1y = + 2 tan–1 = then x =
3 2
3
1− x
2π π
(a) (b) 1
3 3 (a) 3 (b)
3
π
(c) (d) π (c) 1 (d) None of these
6
70 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW
 23. The number of positive integral solutions of the equation
 4  2 
15. The value of tan  cos −1   + tan −1    is y 3
 5  3  tan

−1
x + cos −1 sin −1
= is:
1+ y 2 10
6 17
(a) (b) (a) one (b) two
17 6
(c) zero (d) None of these
16
(c) (d) None of these
7 INEQUALITY INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC
16. sec2(tan–1 2) + cosec2(cot–1 3) = FUNCTION
(a) 5 (b) 13 24. If cos–1x > sin–1x, then:
(c) 15 (d) 6 (a) x < 0 (b) –1 < x < 0
1 1
(c) 0 ≤ x < (d) –1 ≤ x <
EQUATION INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC 2 2
FUNCTION
25. Solution set of inequation (cos–1x)2 – (sin–1x)2 > 0 is:
 π 3 π  1   1 
17. If sin–1  tan  – sin–1 – = 0 then x is a root of the (a) 0, (b)  –1,
 4 x 6  
 2  2
equation:
(a) x2 – 6x + 10 = 0 (b) x2 – x – 6 = 0 (c) ( –1, 2 ) (d) None of these
(c) x2 + x – 6 = 0 (d) x2 – x – 12 = 0
26. Which one of the following is correct?
1 (a) tan 1 > tan–11 (b) tan 1 < tan–11
18. Solution of equation tan (cos–1x) = sin (cot–1 ) is:
2 –1
(c) tan 1 = tan 1 (d) None of these
7 5 27. Complete solution set of tan2(sin–1x) > 1 is:
(a) x = ± (b) x = ±
3 3  1   1 
(a)  –1, –  ∪ ,1
3 5  2  2 
(c) x = ± (d) None of these
2  1 1 
(b)  − ,  ~ {0}
19. For which value of x,  2 2
sin (cot–1 (x + 1)) = cos (tan–1 x) (c) (–1, 1) ~ {0}
(a) 1/2 (b) 0 (d) None of these
1
(c) 1 (d) –
2 SUMMATION OF SERIES
20. Number of solutions of the equation 1 2 4
π 28. tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1 + .......... ∞ =
sin–1(x2 + 4x + 3) + cos–1 (x2 + 6x + 8) = is 3 9 33
2
(a) p/4 (b) p/2
(a) one (b) two
(c) p (d) None
(c) three (d) infinite values of x
1 π 29. If a1, a2, a3, .........an is an A.P. with common difference d
21. If sin–1x + cot–1   = , then x is:
2 2 then
1   d  –1  d 
(a) 0 (b) tan  tan –1   + tan   +......
5   1 + a1a2   1 + a2 a3 
2 3  d 
(c) (d) + tan –1    is equal to:
5 2  1 + an –1an  
5 π2 (n – 1)d (n – 1)d
22. If (sin–1x)2 + (cos–1x)2 = , then x equals: (a) (b)
8 a1 + an 1 + a1an
−1
(a) (b) 1 nd an – a1
2 (c) (d)
1 + a1an an + a1
(c) 0 (d) None of these

P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 71

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RANGE OF SOME SPECIAL INVERSE ∞
 2 3
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
37. ∑ cot
r =1
–1
 r +  equals to
 4
30. If minimum value of (sin–1x)2 + (cos–1x)2 is (a) tan–12 (b) cot–1 2
π2 (c) 2tan–1 1 (d) None of these
, then the value of k is
k 38. Range of ƒ(x) = sin–1 x + tan–1 x + sec–1 x is:
(a) 4 (b) 6  π 3π   π 3π 
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
(c) 8 (d) None of these 4 4  4 4 
31. The equation (sin–1x)3 + (cos–1x)3 = ap3 has no solution for  π 3π 
(c)  ,  (d) None of these
1 1 4 4 
(a) α > (b) α =
32 32 1000 1000

(c) α < 1 (d) α <

1 39. If ∑ sin xi = 500 π then value of
−1

i =1
∑x
i =1
i

32
(a) 500 (b) 100 (c) 100000 (d) 1000
GRAPHICAL PROBLEMS AND NUMBER OF 40. If f(x) = x+ sin–1 cos–1
x + tan–1 x + cot–1 x + sec–1 x, then
f(x) lies in the interval
SOLUTION
(a) [π, 2p] (b) (π, 2π)
32. The number of solution of equation
 3π   3π 
π cot–1(x–1) + (π–1) cot–1x = 2π – 1 (c)  π,  ∪  , 2π  (d) None of these
 2   2 
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3  x 2 x3   x4 x6  π
41. If sin–1  x − + − ...  + cos–1  x 2 − + − ...  =
33. Which of the following best represents graph of  2 4   2 4  2
f (x) = cot–1(4 – x2):
for 0 <| x |< 2 , then x equals

p p 1 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) – (d) – 1
2 2
(a) (b)
p/2  1 
p/2 x2 x
42. cos −1  x 2 + 1 – x 2 1 – = cos −1 − cos −1 x
 2 4  2
holds if:
p p (a) |x| ≤ 1 (b) x ∈ R
(c) (d) p/2 (c) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 (d) – 1 ≤ x ≤ 0
p/2 43. The sum of solution of equation
3π
2 sin–1 x 2 + x + 1 + cos–1 x 2 + x = is –λ then λ equals
n n (a) 0 (b) 1 2
34. If ∑ cos –1 αi =0, then ∑ α
i =1
i =
(c) 2 (d) 3
i=1
(a) n (b) –n 44. The number of real solutions of the equation 1 + cos 2 x =
2
(c) 0 (d) None of these sin–1 (sin x), – π ≤ x ≤ π, is
35. If x + y + z = xyz then tan–1x + tan–1y + tan–1z is (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) None of these
π
(a) p (b)
2  5π   5π 
45. The value of cos–1  cos  + sin–1  sin  is
(c) 1 (d) tan–1 (x y z)  3   3 
π
x –1 x +1 π (a) 0 (b)
36. If tan–1 + tan–1 = , then x = 2
x−2 x+2 4
2π 10π
1 1 (c) (d)
(a) ± (b) – 3 3
2 2 46. Total number of ordered pairs (x, y) satisfying
5
(d) ± 1
|y| = cos x and y = sin(sin–1 x), is equal to

(c) ±
2 2 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

72 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 47. The trigonometric equation x 1 
52. If f (x) = cos–1 x + cos–1  + 3 − 3 x 2  , then :
sin–1x = 2sin–1 a has a solution for -
2 2 
1 1
(a) < |a| < (b) All real values of a 2 π 2 2 π
2 2 (a) f   = f   2 cos −1
(b)= −
3 3 3 3 3
1 1
(c) |a| < (d) |a| ≤
2 2 1 π 1 1 π
(c) f   = f   2 cos −1
(d) = +
48. If sin–1(sin x) = π – x then x belongs to 3 3 3 3 3
(a) R (b) [0, p]  1 − tan 2 ( x / 2 ) 
53. Let f (x) = cos–1  
 π 3π   1 + tan 2 ( x / 2 ) 
(c)  ,  (d) [π, 2p]  
2 2 
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about
49. The function f(x) is defined on the interval [0, 1]. Then no. f (x)?
of integers in the domain of f(sin x) if x ∈ (0, 2π) (a) Domain is I
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (b) Range is [0, π]
50. The number of ordered pair(s) (x, y) of real numbers (c) f (x) is odd
satisfying the equation 1 + x2 + 2x sin (cos–1 y) = 0 is (d) f (x) is non-derivable in (π, 2π)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
1 1 1
 π
cos −1 sin  x +  54. Find the sum of the series , tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1
51. Let f (x) = e  3
then 2 8 18
1
5π 13π + tan–1 +…∞
 8π  32
(a) f  8π  = e 18 (b) f  = e 18 π
 9  (a) 0 (b)
 9  2
π 11π π
 7 π  12
(c) f  =e (d) f  − 7 π  =
e 12
(c)
4
(d) None of these
 4   4 

Exercise-2 (Learning Plus)

1. If a, b, c be positive real numbers and the value of 4. The set of values of ‘a’ for which x2 + ax + tan–1 (x2 – 4x + 5)
b (a + b + c) + cot–1(x2 – 4x + 5) = 0 has at least one solutions is
a (a + b + c)
θ = tan–1 + tan–1 +
bc ca (a) ( −∞ , − 2π  ∪  2π , ∞ )

tan–1
c (a + b + c)
then tan θ is equal to: (b) ( −∞ , 2π ∪ ) ( 2π , ∞ )
ab
(c) R
(a) 0 (b) 1 (d) None of these
a+b+c 5. If 1< x < 2 , then number of solutions of the equation
(c) (d) None of these
abc tan–1(x – 1) + tan–1 x + tan–1(x + 1) = tan–1 3x, is/are
 2x  (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
2. The number of solution of the equations 2sin −1  
–πx3 = 0 is equal to  1 + x2  6. If α, β, γ are the roots of the equation x3 + mx2 + 3x + m = 0,
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 then the general value of tan–1 α + tan–1 β + tan–1 γ is:
π
3. If 0 < x < 1, then 1 + x 2 [{x cos (cot–1 x) + sin (cot–1 x)}2 – 1]1/2 (a) ( 2n + 1)
is equal to: 2
(b) np
x
(a) (b) x nπ
1 + x2 (c)
2
(c) x 1 + x 2 (d) (d) Dependent upon the value of p
1 + x2
P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 73
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 7. If [cot–1 x] + [cos–1 x] = 0, where x is a non negative real  1 
number and [ . ] denotes greatest integer function, then set 16. The true set of values of ‘K’ for which sin–1 
2 
of values of x is –  1 + sin x 
Kπ
(a) (cos1, 1] (b) (cot1, 1] = may have a solution is:
6
(c) (cos1, cot1) (d) None of these
1 1
(a)  ,  (b) [1, 3]
n
 2r −1 
8. ∑ tan 
−1
2 r − 1  is equal to 4 2
r =1 1+ 2 
1 1 
π (c)  ,  (d) [2, 4]
(a) tan–1(2n) (b) tan–1(2n) – 6 2
4
π 17. Range of the function f (x) = cot–1 {–x} + sin–1 {x} +
(c) tan–1(2n+1) (d) tan–1(2n+1) –
4 cos–1 {x}, where {.} denotes fractional part function:
3π  3π
9. If cos–1 p + cos–1 q + cos–1 r = π. Then value of p2 + q2 + r2 (a)  ,π (b)  , π 
4
+ 2pqr + 4 is equal to-  4   
(a) 1 (b) 0
 3π  3π 
(c) 5 (d) 3 (c)  ,π (d)  ,π
 4  
 4 
 (1 − sin x) + (1 + sin x) 
10. The value of cot–1   is 18. The range of f(x) = sec–1 (log3 cot x + logcot x 3) is
 (1 − sin x) − (1 + sin x)  π π   π 2π   π
(a)  ,  ∪  ,  (b)  0, 
(a) π – x (b) 2π – x 3 2   2 3   2
(c) x / 2 (d) π – x / 2
 2π 
11. tan–1 x > cot–1 x then find x: (c)  , π (d) None of these
 3 
(a) [–1, 1] (b) (– ∞, ∞)
(c) (1, ∞) (d) (– ∞, 1] 19. The complete set of values of x for which 2 tan–1 x + cos–1
 1 − x2 
5  12  π  2  is independent of x is
12. If x > 0 and sin–1   + sin–1   =
 x 2
then x = 1+ x 
x
(a) (–∞, 0] (b) [0, ∞)
(a) 7 (b) 13
(c) (–∞, –1] (d) [1, ∞)
(c) 17 (d) 34
20. Let g(x) = ax + b, where a < 0 and g is defined from
13. If a = sin (cot–1 x) and b = cot (sin–1 x) where x > 0 then [1, 3] onto [0, 2] then the value of cot (cos–1 (|sin x| + |cos x|)
1 + sin–1 (–|cos x| – |sin x|)) is equal to
− x2 =
?
x2 (a) g(1) (b) g(2)
b2 a2 (c) g(3) (d) g(1) + g(3)
(a) (b)
a2 b2  17 
21. Consider the equation sin  x − 6 x +  + cos k = π ,
−1 2 −1

(a 2 + 1)  2  2
(c) (d) None of these then incorrect statement is
(b 2 − 1)
14. Set of values of x satisfying cos–1 x > sin–1 x (a) The largest value of k for which equation has 2 distinct
solution is 1
 1  1
(a)  0,  (b)  0,   1 
 2  2 (b) The equation must have real root if k ∈  − ,1
 2 
1  1   1
(c)  , 1 (d)  , 1 (c) The equation must have real root if k ∈  −1, 
2  2   2

15. The maximum value of sec–1 

(
 7 − 5 x2 + 3 
 is ) (d) The equation has unique solution if k = −
1
2
 (
 2 x2 + 2 
 ) 22. Number of the integers not satisfying in the domain of the
5π 5π 2  1 
(a) (b) function sin −1  cos −1  2   is
6 12 π  4 x − 1 
7π 2π (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) (d)
12 3 (c) 0 (d) More than 2

74 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 23. If f(x) and g(x) are periodic functions with period 7 and π
x 30. Let f (x) = sin–1x + cos–1x. Then is equal to:
11, respectively. Then the period of F ( x) = f ( x) g   2
5
x  1
− g ( x) f   is (a) f  −  (b) f (k2– 2k + 3), k ∈ R
3  2
(a) 177 (b) 222  1 
(c) f  ,k ∈ R (d) f (–2)
(c) 433 (d) 1155 1+ k2 
24. Number of integral values of k for which the equation 31. Match the statement in Column-I with statements in
4 cos–1 (–|x|) = k has exactly two solutions, is Column‑II.
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 6 (d) 7 Column-I Column-II

25. Let m be the number of elements in the domain of f(x) where A. cos–1 λ+ µ+ cos–1 cos–1 ν = 3π p. 2n
f(x) = sin–1 [sec (3 tan–1 x)] + cos–1 [cosec (3 cot–1 x)], then then λµ + µν + νλ is
the value of m is B. q.
π π
(a) 3 (b) 4 If sin–1 x + tan–1x = , then 2 sin −1 x −
2 6
(c) 1 (d) 0 5 (2x2 + 1) is
x C. r. 10
3 − 3x 2 
2n 2n

26. The function f (x) = cos–1 x + cos–1 

2
+  , then;

∑ sin −1
xi = nπ then ∑x i is
2 i =1 i =1
 
 π 10π 
(a) Range of f (x) is  ,  D. f (x) = s. 3
3 3 
 3 1 
 π 5π  sin–1  x− 1 − x2  ;
(b) Range of f (x) is  ,   2 2 
3 3  1
x ≤ 1 is − ≤ x ≤ 1
 1
(c) f (x) = is one-one for x ∈  −1,  2
 2
(a) (A) → s ; (B) → r ; (C) → p ; (D) → q
1 
(d) f (x) = is one-one for x ∈  ,1 (b) (A) → r ; (B) → s ; (C) → p ; (D) → q
2 
(c) (A) → s ; (B) → r ; (C) → q ; (D) → p
∞
4n
27. ∑ tan −1 is equal to: (d) (A) → p ; (B) → r ; (C) → p ; (D) → s
n =1 n − 2n 2 + 2
4
32. Match the statement in Column-I with statements in
(a) tan–12 + tan–13 (b) 4 tan–11
Column‑II.
(c) p/2 (d) sec −1 (− 2)
Column-I Column-II
28. If f (x) = (sin–1x)2 + (cos–1x)2, then:
2 A. Period of cos 2px + [2x] + [–2x] is p. 4
(a) f (x) has the least value of π
B. q. 3
8 18  –1 4 2
tan  cos + tan −1  is
5π2 17  5 3
(b) f (x) has the greatest value of equal to
8
C. 10 r. 2
π2 4 + ∑ sin −1 sin r  is equal to
(c) f (x) has the least value of r =1
16
2 D.  12  3 s. 1
(d) f (x) has the greatest value of 5π If tan −1  x  = 2sin −1 then
4 7  5
29. If a, b are the roots of the equation
6x2 + 11x + 3 = 0, then – x is (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)

(a) Both cos–1 a and cos–1 b are real (a) (A) → s ; (B) → r ; (C) → p ; (D) → q
(b) Both cosec–1a and cosec–1b are real (b) (A) → p ; (B) → q ; (C) → r ; (D) → s
(c) Both cot–1a and tan–1b are real (c) (A) → s ; (B) → q ; (C) → r ; (D) → r
(d) Both tan–1a and tan–1b are real (d) (A) → p ; (B) → q ; (C) → s ; (D) → r
P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 75
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 33. Match the statement in Column-I with statements in Column-II. 38. Find the number of points where I(x) is not differential -
(Find number of solutions) (a) 1 (b) 2
Column-I Column-II (c) 0 (d) Infinite
A. x2 cot x = 1, x ∈ [0, 2π] p. 5 39. Find the set of x such that J(x) is increases-
B. 2cos x = |cos x|, x ∈ [0, 2π] q. 2 (a) (–1, 0) (b) (–1, 1/ 2 )
C. If f(x) is a polynomial of degrees 5 r. 1 (c) (–1, 1) (d) None of these
with real coefficients such that f(|x|) Numerical Type Questions (Q. 40 to 50)
= 0 has 8 real and distinct roots,
40. If the range of m for which the equation cosec–1 x = mx has
then the number of roots of f(x) = 0
 λπ 
D. π|x| (π – |x|) =1 s. 4 exactly two solutions is  0, then λ is equal to
 10 
(a) (A) → s ; (B) → r ; (C) → p ; (D) → q
pπ
(b) (A) → p ; (B) → q ; (C) → r ; (D) → s 41. If maximum value of tan–1 x + 2sin–1 x + 3 sec–1 x is
q
(c) (A) → r ; (B) → q ; (C) → p ; (D) → s
(d) (A) → p ; (B) → q ; (C) → s ; (D) → r where p, q are coprime integers, then p – q equals.
Passage (Q. 34 to 36): It is given that A = (tan–1x)3 + (cot–1x)3, 42. tan–1n, tan–1(n + 1) and tan–1(n + 2), n ∈ N, are angles of a
where x > 0 & B = (cos–1t)2 + (sin–1t)2, triangle if n _________
  π 43. The number of ordered pairs (x, y) satisfying |y| = cos x and
where t∈  0, –1 –1
 & sin x + cos x = 2 for –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 &
 2 y = sin–1 (sin x), where –2π ≤ x ≤ 3π is _________
π
tan–1x + cot–1 x = ∀ x∈R 44. Absolute difference of greatest & least value of cos–1x2,
2
  –1 1   π
34. The interval in which A lie is  x∈  ,   is , then k = 
  2 2  k
 π3 π3   3 3 
(a)  ,  (b)  π , π  45. The number of elements in the range of the function:
8 2  
 32 8 
2  2 5  4
 π3 π3  y = sin–1  x +  + cos–1  x −  where [.] denotes the

(c)  ,  (d) None of these 9 9   
 10 5 
  greatest integer function is
35. Maximum value of B is
46. Number of integers in solution set of [sin–1 x] > [cos–1 x],
2 2 2
π π π where [.] denotes greatest integer function
(a) (b) (c) (d) None
8 16 4 47. The function defined as,
36. If least value of A is λ & maximum value of B is µ then 1
|ln{ x}|
  λ − µπ   f ( x) = e
−
− {x} |ln{ x}| , x ∉ I ,
cot–1  cot   = 0, x ∈ I
  µ 
π −π 7π −7 π then sum of possible values of [cos–1 (f(x))] is ([∙] is G.I.F.,
(a) (b) (c) (d) {∙} is F.P. of x)
8 8 8 8
Passage (Q. 37 to 39): Let us define here three functions in the  π2 5 π2 
domain of [–1, 1], f (x) = sin–1x, g(x) = cos–1 x 48. If the range of (sin –1 x) 2 + (cos –1 x) 2 is  , .
 a b 
Now another function Then (a + b) =
I (x) = max. {f (x), g(x)}, –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 −1 1 3
=
49. If α 2 tan + sin −1 and
J (x) = min {f (x), g(x)}, –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 2 5
On the basis of above passage, answer the following questions : 12 4 16
=β cos −1 + sin −1 − tan −1 . So cot (a + b) is
37. Find the range of J(x) 13 5 63
 π   π π
(a)  – , 0  (b)  – ,  50. The number of solutions of the equation
 2   2 4
|tan–1|x|| = ( x 2 + 1) 2 − 4 x 2 is
 π π
(c)  – ,  (d) None of these
 2 2

76 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 Exercise-3 (JEE Advanced Level)

MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS −1  3x 4 + 6 x 2 − 1 

7. Let f ( x) = sin  2 3  then the value of
1. If the range of the function f (x) = tan–1 (3x2 + bx + c) is  ( x + 1) 
 π  (domain is R), then:
0, 2  ;  1°
  f  tan 22 
2 
(a) b2 = 3c (b) b2 = 4c 
(c) b2 = 12c (d) b2 = 8c π π
(a) (b) −
2. Let f (x) = sin–1 x – cos–1 x, then the set of values of k for 4 4
which of |f (x)| = k has exactly two distinct solutions is: 3π π
(c) (d)
 π
(a)  0, 
 π
(b)  0,  4 6
 2  2
−1
 1 − 4 x 2 − 2 3x 
π 3π  3π  8. If f ( x) = tan  
(c)  ,  (d)  π,   3 − 12 x 2 + 2 x 
 
  2
2 2 
 3 +1  1 
−1 1 − x2 then the value of f   − f   is equal to
3. If 0 < x < 1, then tan is not equal to  4 2  2 2
1+ x
−5π −π
1 −1 1+ x (a) (b)
(a) cos −1 x (b) cos 12 12
2 2
−π 5π
1− x 1 1+ x (c) (d)
(c) sin
−1
(d) tan −1 6 12
2 2 1− x
9. Which of the following is/are correct?
2
−1 x (a) cos(cos(cos–1 1)) < sin(sin–1(sin(π – 1)) < sin(cos–1
4. For y = cos , incorrect statement is
1+ x (cos(2π – 2))
(a) Implicit form is (1 + x) cos y = x2 (b) cos(cos(cos–1 1)) < sin(cos–1 (cos2π – 2)) < sin(sin–1
(sin(π – 1)) < tan(cot–1(cot 1))
1 − 5 1 + 5 
(b) x ∈  ,  5000 2500
 2 2  (c) ∑ cos−1 (=
cos ( 2t π − 1) ) ∑ cot −1 ( cot ( t π + 2 ) )
=t 1 =t 1
(c) x ∈ [–3 sin 18°, sin 54°]
where t ∈ I
(d) x ∈ [–2 sin 18°, 2 sin 54°]
(d) cot–1 cot cosec–1 cosec sec–1 sec tan tan–1 cos cos–1 sin–1
 π sin 4 = 4 – π
5. If the solution set of (cot–1 x)(tan–1 x) +  2 −  cot–1 x
 2 n
 1 ∞
∞  K  
 π a 10. S = 3∑  ∑ cot −1 1 + 2 ∑ r 3   , then S can’t be
– 3 tan–1 x – 3  2 −  > 0, is (cot a, cot b) then   is = n 1= π
 K 1
 =r 1  
 
 2 b 
(where [.] is G.I.F.) (a) 2021 (b) 2022
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2023 (d) 2000
(c) 2 (d) –1 11. Let f : R → R defined by f (x) = cos–1(–{–x}), where {x} is
fractional part function. Then which of the following is/are
6. If x2 + ax + b = 0 has two distinct negative integral roots and
2
correct?
 2 −1   tan −1 x  (a) f is many-one but not even function
log
 1/ 2  cot x + 1  + a log1/ 2  1 − =a −b
 π   π  (b) Range of f contains two prime numbers
has no real solution. Then find the minimum value of a. (c) f is a periodic
(a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1 (d) Graph of f does not lie below x-axis

P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 77

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  18. Positive value of x for
1  x2 
12. If the domain of f (x) = cos –1 log 3    where, cos (2 sin–1 (cot ( tan–1 ( sec (6 cosec–1 x))))) + 1 = 0 is
π   3 
x > 0 is [a, b] and the range of f (x) is [c, d], then: 3
(a) 3 (b)
(a) a, b are the roots of the equation x4 – 3x3 – x + 3 = 0 2
2
(b) a, b are the roots of the equation x4 – x3 + x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 (c) (d) None of these
3
(c) a3 + d3 = 1
(d) a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 11 19. The sum of series
π 10 50
13. If tan–1 (sin2q + 2 sin q + 2) + cot–1 (4sec2f + 1) = has sec–1 2 + sec–1
+ sec–1 +.....
solution for some q and f then 2 3 7
(a) sin q = –1 (b) sin f = 1 (n 2 + 1) (n 2 − 2n + 2)
(c) cos q = 1 (d) cos f = –1 …+ sec–1
is
(n 2 − n + 1) 2
14. The solution(s) of the equation cos–1 x = tan–1 x satisfy
(a) tan–1 1 (b) tan–1 n
5 −1 5 +1 (c) tan–1(n + 1) (d) tan–1 (n – 1)
(a) x 2 = (b) x 2 = Comprehension (Q. 20 to 22): Consider the two equations in x;
2 2
 cos −1 x   sin −1 x 
5 −1 5 −1 (i) sin   =1 (ii) cos  =0
(c) sin(cos −1 x) = (d) tan(cos −1 x) =
 y  
y 
2 2
The sets X1, X2 ∈ [–1, 1]; Y1, Y2 ∈ I – {0} are such that
 3sin 2θ 
−1
15. sin  = X1 : the solution set of equation (i)
 5 + 4 cos 2θ 
X2 : the solution set of equation (ii)
 6 tan θ  1  Y1 : the set of all integral values of y for which equation
(a) sin −1  2  (b) 2 tan −1  tan θ  (i) possess a solution
 9 + tan θ  3 
Y2 : the set of all integral values of y for which equation
 1   (ii) possess a solution
 2  tan θ   Let C1 be relation defined by xC1y for x ∈ X1, y ∈ Y1 and
−1  3  
(c) sin  2  (d) All of these (x, y) satisfy (i).
1 
 1 +  tan θ   Let C2 be relation defined by xC2y for x ∈ X2, y ∈ Y2 and
 3   (x, y) satisfy (ii).
 
2 On the basis of above information, answer the following
2
16. Consider, f ( x) = tan −1   , g ( x) = sin −1   and questions:
2 
x  4+ x  20. The number of ordered pair (x, y) satisfying relation C1 is
h(x) = tan (cos–1 (sin x)). Identify the correct statement(s): (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
4 21. The number of ordered pair (x, y) satisfying relation C2 is
(a) For x > 0, (h(f(x)) + h(g(x))) is equal to (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
x
22. C1 : X1 → Y1 is a function which is
(b) For x < 0, (h(f(x)) + h(g(x))) is equal to 0
(a) One-one (b) Many-one
(c) For x > 0, (h(f(x)) + h(g(x))) is equal to x
(c) Onto (d) Into
x
(d) For x < 0, (h(f(x)) + h(g(x))) is equal to Comprehension (Q. 23 to 25): Let inverse
4 trigonometric functions be defined as follows:
 π 3π 
COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS sin −1 x : [−1,1] →  ,  ; cos–1 x : [–1, 1] → [0, p];
Comprehension (Q. 17 to 19): We know Inverse trigonometric 2 2 
function have defined domain & range & [x] denotes greatest  π 3π 
tan −1 x : R →  ,  ; cot–1 x : R → (p, 2p);
integer less than or equals to x. Answer the following 2 2 
17. If [sin–1 cos–1 sin–1 tan–1 x] = 1 then x belong to the interval
 π π
(a) [–1, 1] cosec −1 x : ( −∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) →  − ,  − {0};
(b) [tan sin cos 1, tan sin cos sin 1]
 2 2
(c) [tan sin cos2, tan sin cos sin 1] π
sec −1 x : ( −∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) → [0, π] −   .
(d) None of these 2

78 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

Match maximum value of expression in Column-I and minimum value of expression in Column-II to corresponding values given in
Column-III.

Column-I Column-II Column-III

I. sin–1 x + cos–1 x i. tan–1 x + cot–1 x P. 0

π
II. sin–1 (–x) + sin–1 x ii. tan–1 x + tan–1 (–x) Q.
2

5π −1 1 −1
iii. sec   + cos ( x)
−1 −1
III. cot x + cot (− x) − R. 2p
2 x
 

−1  1  −1 5π
IV. cosec   + sin x − π iv. sec–1 x + cosec–1 x S.
x 2

23. Which of the following combination is correct? 27. Match the statement in Column-I with statements in
(a) (I) (i) (P) (b) (I) (ii) (R) Column‑II.
(c) (I) (i) (S) (d) (II) (i) (R)
24. Which of the following combination is correct? Column-I Column-II
(a) (II) (ii) (R) (b) (III) (iii) (S) A. f (x) = sin2 2x –2sin2 x p. Range contains
(c) (IV) (iv) (P) (d) (I) (i) (Q) no natural number
25. Which of the following combination is correct? B. q. Range contains
4
(a) (III) (iv) (Q) (b) (IV) (ii) (P) f (x) = (sin–1 (sin πx)) atleast one
(c) (II) (iv) (P) (d) (I) (ii) (Q) π integer
MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE QUESTIONS C. r. Many one but not
f (x) = 1+ ln ( cos ( sin x ) ) even function
26. Match the column:
Column-I Column-II D.  x2 + 1  s. Both many one
f ( x ) = tan −1  2  and even function
 x + 3
1− x 1+ x 
If tan  sin −1 + cos −1  t. Periodic but not
 2 2 
A.
 p. 2 odd function
= sin (tan–1 2),where x is a positive
(a) (A) → p,q,s,t ; (B) → q, r ; (C) → q,s ; (D) → p,s
27 x 2
real number, then = (b) (A) → q,s,t ; (B) → r, s ; (C) → q,s ; (D) → p,s
5
(c) (A) → p,s,t ; (B) → q, r ; (C) → q,s ; (D) → p,s
B. lim ( 3x + 32 x )
1/ x
= q. 6 (d) (A) → p,q,s ; (B) → q, r ; (C) → q,s ; (D) → p,s
x→∞
−1 2 −1 2
=28. y [(sin x) ][(cos x) ] [⋅] is G.I.F.
If sin–1
  tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3   List-I List-II
C.  sin  cot −1 1 + cot −1 2 + cot −1 3   = x r. 9
   A. If x ∈ [–1, cos 3] p. 16
then π – x is equal to B. If x ∈ [cos 2.91, cos 2.89] q. 6

If the vertices of a quadrilateral is given C. If x ∈ (cos 3, − sin 2] r. 18

2 2 2 2
D. by (x –9) + (y –4) = 0, and area of s. 3
∆ D. If x ∈ [cos 2.64, –sin 1] s. 8
quadrilateral is ∆ then is equal to
4
(a) (A) → s ; (B) → r ; (C) → p ; (D) → q
(a) (A) → p ; (B) → r ; (C) → p ; (D) → s
(b) (A) → r ; (B) → s ; (C) → p ; (D) → q
(b) (A) → p ; (B) → q ; (C) → r ; (D) → s
(c) (A) → s ; (B) → r ; (C) → q ; (D) → p
(c) (A) → s ; (B) → q ; (C) → r ; (D) → p
(d) (A) → p ; (B) → r ; (C) → p ; (D) → s
(d) (A) → s ; (B) → r ; (C) → p ; (D) → q

P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 79

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NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS 33. T h e n u m b e r o f s o l u t i o n s o f t h e e q u a t i o n

29. Consider f(x) = |x – 1| + |2x – π| + |x – 3| and  1 − x2 − 2 x 

cos–1  
g(x) = sin–1 x + tan–1 x. The value of x for which f(g(x)) is
 ( x + 1)2  = π(1–{x}), for x ∈ [0, 76] is equal to
 
π (where {.} denote fraction part function)
minimum is k sin where k, λ ∈ N then find k + λ. 34. F i n d t h e n u m b e r o f i n t e g e r s i n t h e d o m a i n o f
λ
1
30. For k ∈ , let the solutions of the equation .
f (x) =
ln cos −1 x
1
cos (sin–1 (x cot (tan–1 (cos (sin–1 x))))) = k, 0 < |x| < 35. Consider two geometric progressions a1, a2, a3, ..., an & b1,
2
be a and b, where the inverse trigonometric functions take 1
b2, b3, ..., bn with a=
r = 2r −1 and another sequence t1,
only principal values. If the solutions of the equation x2 – br
1 1 α b −1 1
bx – 5 = 0 are + 2 and , then 2 is equal to =
t2, t3, ..., tn such that tr tan , ([⋅] is G.F.I.) then
2
α β β k 2ar + br
 n

31. The number of pair solution (x, y) of the equation 1 + x2 +

∑
 n →∞ tr  is
lim

2x sin (cos–1 y) = 0 is ………. r =1

36. Number of integral values of K for which the system of equations;

 3sin 2α   tan α  K π2
32. tan–1  5 + 3cos 2α  + tan
–1
 4 
    cos −1 x + (sin −1 y ) 2 = ...(i)
4
λα π π π4
= where – < α < , a ≠ 0then find λ. (sin −1 y ) 2 cos −1 x = ...(ii)
4 2 2 16
possesses solutions

Exercise-4 (Past Year Questions)

JEE MAIN 4. Given that the inverse trigonometric functions take principal
values only. Then, the number of real values of which satisfy
1. Let x * y = x2 + y3 and (x * 1) * 1 = x * (1 * 1). Then a value
 (2021)
 x4 + x2 − 2 
of 2sin −1   is (2022)  3x  −1  4 x 
4 2
 x + x +2 sin −1 
 + sin   = sin −1 x is equal to :
 5   5 
π π π π (a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2 6 5. The sum of possible values of x for
−1 1−1  1   1  8
2. 50 tan  3 tan   + 2 cos   + tan −1 ( x + 1) + cot −1 
=tan −1   is : (2021)
 2  5   x − 1   31 
  

1 −1  is equal to ________. (2022) 32 33
4 2 tan  tan (2 2)  (a) − (b) −
2  4 4
1 sin −1 x cos −1 x 31
3. If 0 < x < and = , then a value of 30
2 α β (c) − (d) −
4 4
 2πα  −1
(α ) cot −1 2 + cot −1 8 + cot −1 18 + cot −1 32 +……
sin   is  (2022) 6. If cot=
 α+β upto 100 terms, then a is :
2 2 2 2
 (2021)
(a) 4 (1 − x )(1 − 2 x ) (b) 4 x (1 − x )(1 − 2 x ) (a) 1.02 (b) 1.33
2 2 2 2
(c) 2 x (1 − x )(1 − 4 x ) (d) 4 (1 − x )(1 − 4 x ) (c) 1.01 (d) 1.00

80 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 7. The number of solutions of the equation 14. Considering only the principal values of inverse functions,
the set
 1  2
sin −1  x 2 +  + cos −1  x 2 −  =
x 2 , for x∈[–1,1], and  π
 x ≥ 0 : tan ( 2 x ) + tan ( 3 x ) =
–1 −1
 3  3
A=  (2019)
 4
[x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, is :
(a) contains two elements
 (2021)
(b) contains more than two elements
(a) 0 (b) Infinite
(c) is a singleton
(c) 2 (d) 4
(d) is an empty set
 4 5 16  1
8. 2π −  sin −1 + sin −1 + sin −1  is equal to : (2020) 3
 5 13 65  15. If α = cos–1   , β = tan–1   ,
5 3  
π 7π π
(a) (b) where 0 < α, β < , then α – β is equal to : (2019)
2 4 2
3π 5π  9  9
(c) (d) (a) sin–1   (b) tan–1  
2 4  5 10   14 
9. If S is the sum of the first 10 terms of the series
 9   9 
(c) cos–1   (d) tan–1  
1 1 1  1   5 10   5 10 
tan −1   + tan −1   + tan −1   + tan −1   + ...,
 3  7  13   21 
then tan (S) is equal to : (2020)  12  –1  3 
16. The value of sin–1   – sin   is equal to : (2019)
 13  5
6 5
(a) – (b)
5 11  63  −1  33 
(a) π − sin −1   (b) π − cos  
10 5  65   65 
(c) (d)
11 6
π  56  π  9 
 2  (c) − sin −1   (d) − cos −1  
−1  3  π 3 2
−1
10. If cos   + cos  = , x > then x is equal to 2  65   65 
 3x   4x  2 4
y
 (2019) 17. If cos–1 x – cos–1 = α, where – 1≤ x ≤ 1, –2 ≤ y ≤ 2,
2
145 145 y
(a) (b) x≤ , then for all x, y, 4x2 – 4xy cos α + y2 is equal to
12 10 2 (2019)
(a) 4 sin2 α – 2x2y2 (b) 4 cos2 α + 2x2y2
146 145
(c) (d) (c) 4 sin2 α (d) 2 sin2 α
12 11
11. If x = sin–1(sin10) and y = cos–1(cos10), then y – x is equal JEE ADVANCED
to : (2019)
18. Considering only the principal values of the inverse
(a) π (b) 7 π
trigonometric functions, the value of(2022)
(c) 0 (d) 10
3 2 1 2 2π 2
 19  n  cos −1 2
+ sin −1 2
+ tan −1
12. The value of cot  ∑ cot  1 + ∑ 2p   is :
−1
(2019) 2 2+π 4 2+π π
 n 1=  p 1 
=    is ________.
21 19 22 23 19. For any positive integer n, let Sn : (0, ∞) → R be defined by
(a) (b) (c) (d)
19 21 23 22 (2021)
13. All x satisfying the inequality (cot–1 x)2 – 7 (cot–1 x) + 10 > 0, n  1 + K ( K + 1) x 
lie in the interval: (2019) Sn(x) = ∑ cot − 
x
,
(a) (–∞, cot 5) ∪ (cot 4, cot 2) K=  
π π
(b) (cot 2, ∞ ) where for any x ∈ R, cot–1(x) ∈ (0, p) and tan–1 ∈  − ,  .
(c) (– ∞ , cot 5) ∪( cot 2, ∞)  2 2
(d) (cot 5, cot 4) Then which of the following statements is (are) TRUE?

P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 81

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 2 L e t f : E 1 →  b e t h e f u n c t i o n d e f i n e d b y
π −1  1 + 11x 
(a) S10(x) = − tan   , for all x > 0
2  10 x   x 
(b) lim cot(Sn(x)) = x, for all x > 0 f (x) = loge   and g : E2 →  be the function defined
n→∞  x −1 
π
(c) The equation S3(x) = has a root in (0, ∞)   x 
4 by g(x) = sin–1  log e    .
1   x −1  
(d) tan(Sn(x)) ≤ , for all ≥ 1 and x > 0
2  (2018)
20. The value of Column-I Column-II

–1 1 10  7 π k π   7 π (k + 1)π   in the The range of  1   e 

sec  ∑ sec  +  sec  +  A.
f is
p.  −∞,  ∪≤ , ∞
 4 k = 0  12 2   12 2   1− e   e −1 
The range of
interval  − π , 3π  equals(2019) B.
g contains
q. (0, 1)
 
 4 4
21. The number of real solutions of the equation The domain  1 1
C.
of f contains
r.  − 2 , 2 
 ∞ ∞
x
i

sin −1  ∑ x i +1 − x ∑ 
 
 2 The domain

=i 1 =i 1  D. s. (–∞, 0)∪ (0, ∞)
of g is
π   x ∞  i ∞
–cos–1  ∑  −  − ∑ (− x)  lying in the interval
i
=  e 
2=  2 i 1
 i 1=  t.  −∞,
 e − 1 
 1 1
 − ,  is ______ (Here, the inverse trigonometric
 2 2 1 e 
 π π u. (–∞, 0) ∪  , 
functions sin–1 x and cos–1 x assume value in  − ,  and  2 e − 1
 2 2
[0, π], respectively.) (2018) The correct option is :
22. For any positive integer n, define ƒn:(0, ∞) →  as (a) (A) → s ; (B) → q ; (C) → p ; (D) → p
(b) (A) → r ; (B) → r ; (C) → u ; (D) → t
 1 
f n ( x ) = Σ nj =1 tan −1   for all x ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) (c) (A) → s ; (B) → q ; (C) → p ; (D) → u
 1 + ( x + j )( x + j − 1)  (d) (A) → s ; (B) → r ; (C) → u ; (D) → t
(Here, the inverse trigonometric function tan–1x assume
 π π 6 –1  4 
values in  − ,  .) 24. If α = 3sin–1   and β = 3cos   , where the inverse
 2 2  11  9
Then, which of the following statement(s) is (are) TURE? trigonometric functions take only the principal values, then
 (2018) the correct option(s) is(are)
(
(a) Σ5j=1 tan 2 f j ( 0 ) =
55 ) (2015)
(a) cos β > 0 (b) sin β < 0
(b) Σ 10
j=1 (1 + f '
j ( 0 ) ) sec ( f ( 0 ) ) =
2
j10
(c) cos (α + β) > 0 (d) cos α < 0
1
(c) For any fixed positive integer n, lim tan ( f n ( x ) ) = 25. Let f : [0, 4π] → [0, π] be defined by f(x) = cos–1 (cos x). The
x →∞ n number of points x ∈ [0, 4π] satisfying the equation f(x) =
(d) For any fixed positive integer n, lim sec 2 ( f n ( x ) ) = 1 10 − x
x →∞
is(2014)
 x  10
23. Let E1 =  x ∈  : x ≠ 1and > 0  and  23  n

 x −1  26. The value of cot  ∑ cot −1  1 + ∑ 2k   is
=  n 1=  k 1 
 −1   x    (2013)
E2 =  x ∈ E1 : sin  log e 
  is a real number  .
   x −1    23 25
(a) (b)
 Here, the inverse trigonometric function  25 23
  23 24
 −1  π π  (c) (d)
 sin x assumes value sin − , .
 2 2 
    24 23

82 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW

 27. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using 28. Let (x, y) be such that
the code given below the lists: π
 (2013) sin–1(ax) + cos–1(y) + cos–1(bxy) =  (2007)
2
List-I List-II
Column-I Column-II
1/2
 1  cos (tan −1 y ) + y sin(tan −1 y ) 2  A. If a = 1 and b = 0, p. lies on the circle
   + y 4
1 5 then (x, y) x2 + y2 = 1
A.  y 2  cot(sin −1 y ) + tan(sin −1 y )   p.
    2 3 B. If a = 1 and b = 1, q. lies on (x2 – 1) (y2 – 1)
takes value then (x, y) =0
If cos x + cos y + cox z = 0 = sin x + sin y + sin C. If a = 1 and b = 2, r. lies on y = x
B. x- y q. 2 then (x, y)
z then possible value of cos is
2 D. If a = 2 and b = 2, s. lies on (4x2 – 1)
then (x, y) (y2 – 1) = 0
π 
If cos  − x  cos 2x + sin x sin 2x sec x = (a) (A) → s ; (B) → r ; (C) → p ; (D) → q
4 1
C. cos xsin 2x sec x + cos  π + x  cos 2x then r. (b) (A) → p ; (B) → q ; (C) → p ; (D) → s
  2
4  (c) (A) → p ; (B) → r ; (C) → q ; (D) → s
possible value of sec x is
(d) (A) → p ; (B) → q ; (C) → r ; (D) → s

(
D. If cot sin
−1 2
)
1 − x = sin{tan–1 (x 6 )}, x s. 1
≠ 0, then. One possible value of x is
29. The number of real solutions of
π
tan −1 x( x + 1) + sin −1 x 2 + x + 1 = is (1999)
2
Codes :
A B C D (a) Zero (b) One
(a) s r p q (c) Two (d) Infinite
(b) s r q p 30. Solve the following equation for x.
(c) r s q p π
tan −1 2 x + tan −1 3 x =  (1978)
(d) r s p q 4

P Inverse Trigonometric Functions 83

W
 ANSWER KEY

CONCEPT APPLICATION
3
1. [1] 2. [–1] 3. (–∞, –3] ∪ [ –2, –1] ∪ [0, ∞) 4. R 5. {p/2} 6. 7. 8 – 2π
2
π
8. 4 π – 10 9. y = π – 4 10. 11. 2 2 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. [10p] 15. x = φ 16. (c)
2
17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (c) 21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (c)

EXERCISE-1 (TOPICWISE)
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (c)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (b)
51. (b) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (c)

EXERCISE-2 (LEARNING PLUS)

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (b, c) 27. (a, d) 28. (a, d) 29. (c, d)
30. (a,c) 31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (b)
40. [5] 41. [3] 42. [1] 43. [5] 44. [6] 45. [1] 46. [1] 47. [1] 48. [12] 49. [0]
50. [4]

EXERCISE-3 (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a,c,d)
10. (a,b,c,d) 11. (a,b,c,d) 12. (a, d) 13. (d) 14. (a, c) 15. (a, c) 16. (b, c) 17. (b) 18. (c)
19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (d) 22. (a, c) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b)
29. [12] 30. [12] 31. [1] 32. [4] 33. [76] 34. [2] 35. [0] 36. [1]

EXERCISE-4 (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

JEE Main
1. (b) 2. [29] 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (c)

JEE Advanced
18. [2.36] 19. (a, b) 20. [0] 21. [2] 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b, c, d) 25. [3] 26. (b) 27. (b)
28. (b) 29. (c) 30. [–1, 1/6]

84 JEE (XII) Module-1 PW