NEW MANILA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

(NMIA)

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROCEDURE

DOCUMENT CONTROL NO.: ____________________________

ã San Miguel Aerocity Inc. (SMAI) All rights reserved.

This document is classified as Restricted. Circulation is restricted to San Miguel Aerocity Inc.
(SMAI) and its designated associates, contractors and consultants. Neither the whole nor
any part of this document may be disclosed to any third party without the prior written
consent of SMAI.

Document security classification applies to this document.

Please familiarize yourself to the requirements
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DOCUMENT HISTORY
Revision Reason Date Description/Changes Status Prepared By Signature
No. For Issue
00 24/11/2023 Initial Document Rodrigo Cohitmingao

Reason For Issue and Status

Reason For Issue Status
IFR Issued For Review PFC Preliminary For Comment

IFA Issued For Approval A Approved

IFU Issued For Use SS Superseded

IFI Issued For information AC For Archiving

Document Authorisation
This document is authorised for issue.

Reviewed By: Approved By:

Name: Name:

Designation: Designation:

Signature Signature

Date: Date:

Name: Name:

Designation: Designation:

Signature Signature

Date: Date:
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. PURPOSE..................................................................................................................................................1
1.2. SCOPE......................................................................................................................................................1
1.3. APPLICABILITY............................................................................................................................................1
1.4. REVIEW AND IMPROVEMENT........................................................................................................................1
2. DEFINITION AND ABBREVIATION........................................................................................................... 1
2.1. DEFINITION OF TERMS.................................................................................................................................1
2.2. ABBREVIATION...........................................................................................................................................2
3. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS....................................................................................................................... 3
4. RESPONSIBILITIES.................................................................................................................................. 3
5. PROCEDURE:......................................................................................................................................... 3
6. TRAINING:........................................................................................................................................... 13
7. REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................ 13
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Purpose
This procedure defines minimum Health and Safety requirements for working in
confined spaces at any project sites, commissioning and facilities that could be
hazardous to personnel, environment or assets due to specific conditions within that
confined space.
1.2. Scope
This procedure applies to all employees, contractors, vendors, and visitors at the
SMAI project site who perform or are involved with confined space entry. Each
contractor shall ensure that its employees follow this procedure, as a minimum.
1.3. Applicability
This procedure shall be applicable and adhered to at all SMAI Project sites.
1.4. Review and Improvement
This procedure shall be updated once a year. The H&S Head or designated person
shall also monitor this procedure and update to comply with DOLE OSH and other
applicable international and local standards.

2. DEFINITION AND ABBREVIATION

2.1. Definition of Terms
Term Definition

Confined Space Confined Spaces are identified as any area with a limited
means of access/egress and subject to oxygen deficiency,
accumulation of flammable vapors, or any airborne contaminant
that exceeds established Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL).
Identification of Confined Spaces shall be determined by the
Contractor whereby signs have been posted to alert employees
of areas that have been classified as Confined Spaces. All
Confined Spaces will be treated as “Permit-Required Confined
Spaces” and therefore Confined Spaces where atmospheric
evaluation is recommended. The contractor shall accept the
responsibility to evaluate all potentially hazardous areas and
initiate the terms of this procedure.
Safe Systems of All the safety precautions (as defined and analyzed by a Risk
Work Assessment) that must be used to carry out a specified task
safely.
Escape Breathing Breathing apparatus designed to be donned by personnel in any
Apparatus emergency and used whilst they make their way to a safe
location. They provide protection for a limited time only.
As Low As Reasonably This means to reduce risk to a level which is as low as
Practicable reasonably practicable and involves balancing reduction in risk
against the time, trouble, difficulty, and cost of achieving it. This
level represents the point, objectively assessed, at which the

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time, trouble, difficulty, and cost of further reduction measures

Lower Flammable limit
Permissible Exposure
Limit
Threshold Limit Values
becomes unreasonably disproportionate to the additional risk
reduction obtained.
The minimum concentration of a vapor in air (or other oxidant)
below which propagation of flame does not occur on contact
with an ignition source. The LFL is usually expressed as a
volume percentage of the vapor in air.
The maximum concentration of any chemical in the air to which
a worker may be exposed continuously for eight hours without
any danger to health and safety.
The concentration of a particular substance (such as an air
pollutant) to which most workers can be exposed without
adverse health effects.

2.2. Abbreviation
Abbreviation Definition

SMAI San Miguel Aerocity Inc

OSH Occupational Safety & Health
ILO International Labour Organization
DOLE Department of Labor and Employment
TESDA Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
RCD Residual Current Device
H&S Health and Safety
SBM Standby Man
RPE Respiratory protective equipment (including breathing
apparatus).
ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practicable.
PPE Personal protective equipment.
LFL Lower Flammable Limit
PEL Permissible Exposure Limit
TLV Threshold Limit Values

3. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
AP00-IPT-HS-M01-0002 - Construction Safety Manual (Section 11; Confine Space)

SMAI-NMIA-HSM-PRO-0006 SMAI PERMIT TO WORK PROCEDURE

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4. RESPONSIBILITIES
i. Project Manager
 Is responsible for the strict compliance of the members of his / her unit to this
procedure.
ii. Health and Safety Department
 The H&S Department is responsible for Oversee and manage the
implementation of this procedure. Shall be responsible for review and update
of this procedure for any changes in OSH legislation relating to Machinery
and Equipment Inspection Plan and Procedure.
iii. Contractor Project / Site Manager
 The Contractor Project / Site Manager or most Senior On-site Representative
is accountable for the organization under his charge for its adherence of this
procedure.
 The Contractor Project / Site Manager shall verify the compliance with this
procedure and its effectiveness.
 The Contractor Project / Site Manager or most Senior On-site Representative
shall provide the personnel, facilities, and other resources necessary to
effectively implement and enforce this procedure.
iv. Contractor Health and Safety Manager
 Contractor H&S Manager shall be responsible for the continuous, measurable
monitoring of the implementation of this procedure.
v. Contractor Supervisors
 Contractor Supervisors shall be competently trained, and be thoroughly
familiar with this procedure and with their individual responsibilities regarding
its implementation and enforcement.

5. PROCEDURE:
5.1. Confined Spaces

"Confined space" means a space that:

 Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and
perform assigned work;
 Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks, vessels,
silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may have limited
means of entry.
 Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.

Confined spaces include items such as:

 Closed tanks  Ducts

 Sewers  Culverts
 Vessels & Towers  Tunnels
 Open topped tanks and vats.  Boreholes
 Excavations (Considering the External  Containers
factors that could consider the area a  Building voids
confined space or as deemed
identified by SMAI)
 Valve pits, sumps
and inspection pits

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Confined space activities require specific attention to ensure that all necessary H&S
precautions are implemented because:

 Personnel may be relatively unfamiliar with the activities and the associated
hazards, compared with activities carried out routinely.
 Certain activities have intrinsic hazards that require risk reduction measures,
to a defined minimum level.

5.2. Confined Space Hazards

The hazards that arise from work in confined spaces are due to a combination of the
confined nature of the place of work and the presence of substances or conditions,
combination of which can possess a serious threat to the exposed worker. The most
likely hazards to be encountered in confined spaces are:

 Flammable substances, which present a risk of fire or explosion.

 Oxygen enrichment, can render materials flammable that are otherwise non-
flammable and will greatly increase the risk of fire or explosion.
 Oxygen deficiency, which may result from:

o Purging of the confined space with an inert gas to remove flammable

or toxic gas, fume, vapor or aerosol;
o Naturally occurring biological processes that consume oxygen;
o Naturally occurring biological processes that can produce an inert gas;
o Oxidation of the interior surface of an enclosed vessel over a period of
time;
o Carbon dioxide emissions from wet limestone chippings;
o Burning operations that consume oxygen including welding and
grinding;
o Displacement of air during pipe freezing, for example with liquid
nitrogen;
o Gradual depletion of oxygen as workers breathe in a confined space
and where provision of replacement air is inadequate.

 Toxic fumes, Chemicals or vapor, which may:

o Be left over from previous processing or storage;

o Arise from disturbance of sludge or scale (even after cleaning);
o Leak from behind vessel linings;
o Be produced by work in the confined space, such as welding, flame
cutting, lead lining, brush and spray painting, molding using glass
reinforced plastic, use of solvents or adhesives or from the products of
combustion;
o Result from the application of heat to the exterior surface;
o Enter the space from outside, such as exhaust fumes from mobile
equipment;
o Build-up following leaks in refrigeration systems or from compressed
gas cylinders.

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 Ingress or presence of liquids, in a confined space may cause

asphyxiation, drowning or other serious injury, depending on the nature of the
liquid.
 Free-flowing solids, which can submerge a person and prevent them from
breathing.
 The presence of excessive heat, which can lead to a dangerous rise in
body core temperature, and may be exacerbated by any personal protective
equipment worn. In extreme cases, heat stroke and unconsciousness may
result. This can occur where equipment such as boilers or furnaces has not
been given sufficient time to cool or where equipment has been steam
cleaned.
 Presence of excessive cold, can lead to a dangerous drop in body core
temperature and may be aggravated due to lack of adequate PPE, which can
lead to death.

5.3. Safe System of Work

All information regarding the confined space should be available and considered
during the Risk Assessment at the planning stage of the job, such as engineering
drawings, working plans, and data on relevant soil or geological conditions. Consider
what might be present or not present that could affect work in the confined space
such as:

 Previous contents;
 Residues;
 Contamination;
 Oxygen deficiency;
 Oxygen enrichment;
 Physical dimensions.

The confined space shall be isolated (as per PTW procedure) to prevent dangers
arising from elsewhere especially the ingress of substances. Emergency rescue
arrangements shall be done for foreseeable incidents. Possible emergencies must be
anticipated.

5.4. Planning of Work

Before initiating confined space entry, it is essential that adequate time is provided
for the planning of such operations and the preparation of a Safe System of Work,
including permit to work, procedures for conducting the job and procedures that are
to be applied in case of emergencies.

5.5. Elements of a Safe System of Work

Safe System of Work for working in confined spaces are:

5.5.1. Permit-To-Work System

A Confined Space Entry Certificate along with a work permit (Cold, and hot)
shall be required for the protection of personnel entering vessels, tanks,
furnaces, sewers, and pits over 1.5 meters deep. For further details refer to
the procedure of Permit-To-Work procedure.

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5.5.2. Supervision

5.5.2.1. Supervisor

It is the supervisor's responsibility to ensure that:

 The Permit-To-Work system is adequately applied.

 The necessary safety precautions are taken.
 Anyone in the vicinity is informed of the work being done.

5.5.2.2. Confined Space Attendant (or Stand-by Man) – Buddy System

Standby Man (Confined Space Attendant) shall be placed at the

entrance of the confined space whose duties are the following:

 Maintaining control and record of entry into/out of the confined

space, e.g. by an entry log.
 Maintaining contact with the Area In-charge and/ or emergency
response team.
 Communicating with the work party (either visually by direct
vision, camera, with rope or by radio)
 Barricading the area around the confined space entry point
and keeping unauthorized persons out of this area. Make sure
that barricades and warning signs are in place during breaks
and at the end of the working day (“No Entry” sign in the
man-hole).
 Raising the alarm by alerting the rescue team in case of
emergency inside the confined space.
 Rendering assistance until help arrives by applying the basic
rescue rules that one has to protect himself before attempting
any rescue.

The attendant (SBM) must be dedicated to the above duties and must
not act as a supervisor.

5.5.3. Competence

To be competent to work in confined spaces, adequate training and

experience are essential. Training standards must be appropriate for the task
and the individual’s roles and responsibilities. Where personnel need to work
for periods without direct, on-site supervision, they must be competent to
follow the established safe system of work.

5.5.4. Suitability of Personnel for Confined Space Work

The competent person carrying out the Risk Assessment will need to consider
the suitability of individuals given the work to be done. Where the Risk
Assessment highlights exceptional constraints from the physical layout, the
competent person may need to check that individuals are of a suitable build.
During the selection of Workers for working in confined space entry following
factors shall be considered such as may also need to consider other factors
concerning the individuals such as:

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 Susceptibility to claustrophobia.
 Fitness to wear breathing apparatus.
 Medical history.
 Medical advice on an individual's suitability may also be needed.

5.5.5. Communications

An adequate communication system shall be provided:

 Between those inside the confined space and those outside.

 To call help in case of an emergency.

The communication system selected must enable the clear unambiguous

relay of messages. The communication system must also be appropriate for
any personnel wearing respiratory protection. Intrinsically safe radio sets shall
be used in the presence of flammable material in the environment.

5.5.6. Testing/Monitoring of the Atmosphere

The atmosphere within a confined space shall be tested for hazardous gas,
fume or vapor, and to check the oxygen content before entry and during the
job as per the details given in the PTW procedure. Testing will be needed
where knowledge of the confined space (e.g. from information regarding its
previous contents or chemicals used in a previous activity) indicates that the
atmosphere might be contaminated, or to any extent unsafe to breathe.
Testing shall also be done where any doubt exists as to the condition of the
atmosphere, or following ventilation/exchange of a previous atmosphere that
was known to be contaminated.

During Commissioning &

Parameter During Construction
Operation
Oxygen 19.5% to 23.5% 19.5% to 23.5%
Less than 5% lower flammable
Flammability 0% lower flammable limit (LFL)
limit (LFL)
Toxicity =< PEL or TLV =< PEL or TLV

Regular monitoring of the atmosphere shall be required to check that there is

no change in the quality of air during the work. The conditions must be
continuously monitored. Only an authorized Gas tester is allowed to conduct
Gas Testing, He is responsible for ensuring the minimum number of samples
to take, their location and what to test for is clearly defined on the PTW and
Confined Space entry certificate. It is the responsibility of the Issuing Authority
(PTW Procedure) to define these parameters.

5.5.7. Gas Purging & Water Flushing

Where flammable or toxic gases or vapors are present, or possibly present, it

is necessary to purge the gas or vapor from the confined space. This can be
done with inert gas purging and/or through water flushing. After the Purging/
Flushing, the atmosphere must be tested to check that purging/flushing has

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been effective and that it is safe to breathe, before allowing people to enter. In
circumstances where the safest method of removing a flammable or explosive
hazard is by purging with inert gas, then a PTW & attached Risk Assessment
must identify the standard of protection of all exposed persons. This shall
include the use of full breathing apparatus (e.g. use of air manifold or SCBAs).
Good ventilation and a supply of breathable air shall be mandatory for working
in a confined space.

5.5.8. Ventilation

Some confined spaces are enclosed to the extent that they require
mechanical ventilation to provide sufficient fresh air, both to replace the
oxygen that is used by people working in the space and to remove or dilute
fumes or vapor produced by the work. Fresh air should be drawn from a point
where it is not contaminated either by used air or by other pollutants. Never
introduce additional oxygen into a confined space as this can lead to oxygen
enrichment, rendering certain substances, such as grease, liable to
spontaneous combustion. It will also greatly increase the combustibility of
other materials. Oxygen above normal air concentrations may also have a
toxic effect if inhaled.

When considering the ventilation method, account must be taken of the layout
of the space, the position of the openings and the properties of the pollutants,
especially their density, so that ventilation air circulates throughout the space.
Natural ventilation may suffice where there are sufficient top and bottom
openings, but forced ventilation is normally preferable. It is essential to ensure
that extract ventilation is routed away from all possible sources of reentry.

5.5.9. Removal of Residues

Cleaning or removal of residues is often the purpose of confined space work.

In some cases, residues must be removed to allow other work to be
undertaken safely. Appropriate measures must be taken where risks from the
residues are identified. Such measures might include:

 The use of powered ventilation equipment.

 Specially protected electrical equipment suitable for hazardous
atmospheres.
 Respiratory protective equipment.
 Atmospheric monitoring.

The cleaning or removal process might need to be repeated to ensure

thorough removal, or to deal with residues trapped in sludge, scale or other
deposits, brickwork, behind loose linings, in liquid traps, joints in vessels, in
pipe bends or in other places where removal is difficult (e.g. Hydrogen
released by reactor walls)

5.5.10. Isolation from Gases, Liquids & other Flowing Materials

The minimum standard of isolation of a confined space is to isolate every

connection to the space, either by physically disconnecting the connection or
by inserting spades or blinds of appropriate pressure rating. If Spades/blinds
are to be used, then these must be inserted at the closest point to the

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confined space. Using spectacle type, blinds will assist in the verification that
the connection is isolated. If other isolation methods are used, then these
must provide the same isolation integrity as blanks or blinds. Every time the
spectacle blinds are rotated, new gaskets have to be used.

A formal written scheme of isolation must be prepared and the isolating and
de-isolating must be carried out in compliance with the requirements stated in
the Permit-to-Work. Whatever means of isolation is used, its integrity must be
checked by regular testing (when using blanks/blinds), or inspection (when
using physical disconnections).

5.5.11. Isolation from Mechanical & Electrical Equipment

Some confined spaces contain electrical and mechanical equipment with

power supplied from outside the space. Unless the Risk Assessment
specifically enables the system of work to allow power to remain on (with
controls specified in the Permit-to-Work), the power must be disconnected,
separated from the equipment and a check made to ensure that isolation has
been effective. This must include locking off the switch and formally securing
the key in accordance with a Permit-To-Work procedure.

A check must be made to ensure that there is no stored energy of any kind
left in the system.

5.5.12. Selection and Use of Suitable Equipment

Any equipment provided for use in a confined space must be suitable for the
purpose. All equipment must be carefully selected bearing in mind the
conditions and risks where it will be used. If there is a risk of flammable gas in
the confined space, then any electrical equipment brought into the space must
be specially protected to prevent ignition of the gas.

Earthing to prevent static build-up and discharge must also be considered.

Mechanical equipment shall be guarded to avoid any incident.

5.5.13. PPE, RPE and Breathing Apparatus

So far as is reasonably practicable, Divisions and/or contractors must ensure

that a confined space is safe to work in without the need for personal
protective equipment (PPE), respiratory protective equipment (RPE) and
breathing apparatus, which must be a last resort, except for rescue work.

The wearing of PPE and/or RPE and breathing apparatus can contribute to
heat stress. Cooling air may be required for protective suits. Where relevant,
the effect of elevated temperature on the PPE/RPE and breathing apparatus
performance must be considered, particularly the risk of distortion of
components such as visors, air-hoses and crimped connections.

5.5.14. Portable Gas Cylinders

Portable gas cylinders must never be introduced into confined spaces unless
there is no practicable alternative. In such cases, special precautions must be
taken to deal with the potential hazards, including gas leakage. A good level

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of ventilation must be provided within the confined space and all equipment
must be checked for leaks.

At the end of every work period, gas cylinders must be removed, including
those from welding sets, to eliminate the risk of a small leak contaminating the
confined space atmosphere.

5.5.15. Gas Supplied by Hose & Pipe

The use of pipes and hoses for conveying oxygen or flammable gases into
confined spaces must be controlled to minimize risks. At the end of every
work period, the supply valves for pipes and hoses must be securely closed
before the pipes and hoses are withdrawn to a well-ventilated location.

Where pipes and hoses cannot be removed, they must be disconnected from
the gas supply at a point outside the confined space and their residual
contents safely vented.

5.5.16. Access and Egress

Provision must be made for quick, unobstructed and ready access and exit
to/from the confined space. The means of escape must be such the individual
inside the confined space can escape quickly in an emergency. All entry into
and exit from the confined space must be controlled by the Permit to Work.
A clear and conspicuous safety sign in appropriate language(s) prohibiting
entry (e.g. ‘NO ENTRY’) to unauthorized persons must be placed alongside
openings and/or points of entry.

5.5.17. Flammable and combustible Material

Flammable and combustible materials must not be stored within confined

spaces unless there is no reasonably practicable alternative or unless the
space has been specifically created for or allocated to that purpose. Where it
is necessary to store such materials in confined spaces, they must be kept in
fire-resistant containers. If there is a risk of flammable or explosive
atmospheres, appropriate precautions must be taken, such as effective use of
ventilation and control of ignition sources.

Any accumulation of flammable or combustible materials resulting from work

activities must be removed as soon as practicable.

5.5.18. Lighting

Adequate and suitable lighting 12V or 24V, (including emergency lighting in

case of failure of power to the main lights) must be provided. The lighting units
will require special protection if there is the risk of flammable or explosive
atmospheres, i.e. all electrical equipment, including lighting, must be suitable
for all atmospheres that could be encountered.

5.5.19. Static Electricity

All sources of static discharges must be omitted if there is a risk of a

flammable or explosive atmosphere in the confined space. All conducting

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items, such as steel trunking and airlines must be bonded and effectively
earthed.

If cleaning operations are to be carried out, the risks posed by the use or
presence of high-resistivity materials, such as synthetic plastics, must be
assessed. There is a risk of electrostatic discharge from some equipment
used for steam or water jetting. Static discharges can also arise from clothing
containing cotton or wool. Consider the need for safer alternative equipment
and anti-static footwear and clothing.

5.5.20. Emergencies and Rescue

Arrangements to effectively deal with all foreseeable emergencies, including

the rescue of incapacitated personnel, must be in place before any person
enters the confined space.

5.5.21. Limited Working Time

There may be a need to limit the time period that individuals are allowed to
work in a confined space. This may be appropriate where:

 RPE or breathing apparatus are in use.

 There are extreme temperature/humidity conditions.
 The confined space is so small that movement is severely restricted.

5.5.22. Use of Permit-To-Work Procedure

A Confined Space Entry Certificate along with work permit (Cold, & Hot) is
required for the protection of personnel entering vessels, tanks, furnaces,
sewers, pits over one meter deep. Protection is required against hazards such
as flammable vapors, oxygen deficiency, toxic atmospheres, excessive
temperatures, power driven equipment, etc.

For further details refer to procedure of Permit-To-Work.

5.6. Emergency Procedures

In planning for emergencies, one must consider those that may result directly
from the confined space entry operations, but also those that may occur in
other parts of the plant/facility and have an impact on the on-going confined
space entry operations.

5.6.1. General Requirements for Emergency Procedures

No person must enter or carry out work in a confined space unless specific
arrangements have been made for their rescue and these arrangements are
in place.

Those responsible for organizing and supervising confined space work must
develop rescue arrangements, taking into account the nature of the confined
space, the identified hazards and the likely nature of an emergency where
rescue is required. Rescue may not only be required for an incident specific to

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the confined space, but also as a result of more general types of incidents,
such as incapacitation after a trip, or a medical emergency.

5.6.2. Fire Safety

Before personnel entry into a confined space, it may be necessary to disable

any fire extinguishing system, such as inert gas flooding, which may pose a
hazard.

Where there is a risk of fire, appropriate fire extinguishers must be kept at the
entry point to the confined space. In some cases, a sprinkler system may also
be appropriate.

Care should be taken when deciding whether or not the ventilation system
should be switched off in case of fire. Leaving the ventilation on means that
people are continually supplied with fresh breathing air and that contaminants
are swept out of the space. However, fresh air also fans the flames and
makes the fire grow.

Any decision to switch off a ventilation system in the event of a fire must only
be taken by a suitably experienced and competent person, taking into account
all material considerations.

5.6.3. First Aid

Appropriate first aid equipment must be provided and ready for use. Sufficient
personnel trained in first aid must be readily available until professional
medical help arrives.

5.6.4. Training of emergency rescue personnel

Those likely to be involved in any emergency rescue must be trained for that
purpose. The training needs for each individual will vary according to their
designated role. It is important that refresher training is organized and
available regularly.

When developing training requirements consideration must be given to:

 The likely causes of emergencies.

 Use of rescue equipment such as breathing apparatus, lifelines and,
where necessary, a knowledge of its construction and working.
 The checklist of procedures to be followed when donning and using
breathing apparatus.
 First aid and use of the first aid equipment provided.
 Use of fire-fighting equipment.
 Liaison with emergency specialists who may be called in including
provision of relevant information about conditions and risks and
provision of space so that they can carry out their tasks.

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6. TRAINING:
Training shall be provided for entry, work and rescue from confined spaces for those
personnel who will be carrying out these functions. Specific training requirements will
depend on each individual's previous experience and the type of work that they will be
doing. Training must cover:

 An awareness of the requirements of this procedure and its contents,

especially the need to avoid entry into a confined space unless there is no
reasonably practicable alternative.
 An understanding of the work to be undertaken, the hazards and the
necessary precautions.
 An understanding of risk assessment and how to apply it.
 An understanding of safe systems of work and use of the Permit-To-Work
procedure where applicable.
 How emergencies might arise and the need to follow prepared emergency
arrangements, including the dangers of not doing so.

Training shall ensure the practical use of safety features and equipment, the
identification of defects and, where appropriate, demonstrations and practical exercises.
It is essential that trainees are familiar with both equipment and procedures before
engaging in a confined space entry in any capacity.

7. REFERENCES
The OSHA confined-space standard, 29 CFR 1910.146

Phil, OSH Standard, 1121: Underground Tank and Similar Confined Space Work

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