BUS 485 Research Project

Autumn 2023

Title: Tourism Websites of Bangladesh

Submitted to:

Submitted by: Group 00

Name ID

Siam Bhiyan

Date:

1
 Tourism Website Industry

INTRODUCTION
In the current age of globalization, the tourist industry plays an important part in the
development of numerous nations' commercial sectors. The tourist business not only produces
new employment opportunities for employees, but it also provides opportunities for them to
become entrepreneurs. Roads, hotels, parks, and hospitals are all essential infrastructure for a
country with a thriving tourism economy. The governmental authority is also focusing on
strengthening the infrastructures in order to attract more visitors to the area. This action is a sign
of rapid economic expansion. Cultural dispersion happens across countries, resulting in an
openness of mind in which individuals learn to accept other cultures while still protecting and
preserving their own. When visitors in a particular region locate a location suited for establishing
industries, tourism may assist in the development of foreign direct investment. Tourism has the
potential to contribute to the generation of foreign currency gains. It's more than just a trip to
another nation. A trip to a beautiful new location improves one's quality of life, helps one rest,
and educates oneself about a country or culture.

Technology advancements and infrastructural improvements have aided in bringing the tourist
sector to its height prior to the epidemic. Domestic and foreign tourism have both plummeted as
a result of Covid-19. Flight restrictions and border closures resulted in a significant drop in
foreign tourism. People's emotional and physical health suffered as a result of the travel
restriction, since they were forced to stay at home for lengthy periods of time. Many analysts
believe that international tourism will not be able to return to its prior level until 2023. Antibody
shots and medical care have given them optimism that they may be able to return to their pre-
pandemic lifestyles. Due to the global travel embargo imposed by several nations, domestic
tourism may be pushed and developed during this period. However, clients must be assured by
the facilities at hotels, resorts, and venues. To resurrect this industry, high-quality service must
be offered. The authorities might provide loans to this sector to aid in the restoration of this
industry.

Furthermore, the lockdown is frequently applied when the Covid-19 contamination rate rises.
Bangladeshi visitors were unable to go to other countries due to the restriction on international
flights. Regrettably, the size of the loss in this area has yet to be quantified. There is no accurate
way to calculate the size of this loss. (2020, BIDS) It is a roadblock for lawmakers, preventing
them from planning and implementing ways to recover from this setback.

2
In terms of assets, turnover, and employment, the current state of Bangladesh's tourist sector
should be assessed. The damage and impact to Bangladesh's hospitality and tourism sub-sectors
as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic should be quantified by comparing current strategy
implementation to a typical period for rebuilding this industry.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The study "Post Coronavirus World in the International Tourism Business" focused solely on the
tourism sector and how much this has suffered as a result of the Covid-19 problem since its
outbreak. This research focuses on the tourist industry as being one of the toughest businesses as
a result of the current epidemic. Several tourist psychodynamic approach and consumer behavior
specialists think that understanding the underlying causes that contribute to passengers' specific
objectives is crucial. Three measures for mentality, three items for facilitating conditions, three
items for behavioral intention, and three items for behavior intent to go to a safer place were
utilized in this study.

Bangladesh has seen considerable increase in foreign tourism during the last 30 years. Domestic
tourism increased at the same period. For optimum tourism, preserving durability is a critical
element. It encompasses the natural habitat, as well as the societal, economical, and cultural
realms. The government and community agencies recognize these to develop sustainability to
create an ideal situation for tourism. Bangladesh is a stunningly beautiful nation. Waterways,
seaside beaches, mountains, and archeological artifacts encircle the nation. The Sundarbans,
Cox's Bazar, Sonargaon, Chattogram and Sylhet, Paharpur's Buddhist Bihar Ruins, and
Bagerhat's Historic Mosque are among the most popular tourist destinations in Bangladesh.

Security challenges, visa troubles, subpar infrastructure, insufficient leisure sites, bad
administration, and a lack of professionalism among hotel and motel personnel are all major
concerns in Bangladesh tourism, as per surveys. Bangladesh's tourism business is estimated to
be worth BDT 500 million, or USD 1157 billion, between 2009 and 2019. About 2.23 million
jobs were created in Bangladesh as a result of tourism. The tourist business in Bangladesh was
growing rapidly, but the pandemic's abrupt onset has posed a concern, putting many individuals
in the industry in jeopardy. When the frequency of Covid-19 infection rises dramatically, the
government frequently imposes a strict lockdown across the country and a flying prohibition.

The tourist industry has fared the worst in this pandemic. Bangladesh must develop a robust and
adequate strategy to manage all tourism-related industries so that they may function properly and
recover once the epidemic has passed. The government should invest money in infrastructure
development efforts and advertising activities aimed at domestic tourism that are planned and
managed. A tourist-friendly atmosphere will attract both domestic and international visitors,
resulting in a significant increase in the country's GDP and numerous job possibilities.

The issue statement is to determine how the booming tourist sector is dealing with the COVID-
19 pandemic's aftermath, since this is perhaps one of the most crucial business difficulties of all
time. Apart from the negative aspects of the pandemic, the sector requires major refurbishment in
order to continue.

3
THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

· Because Covid- 19 is such a serious threat, hotels and tourist attractions must maintain
regular covid safety procedures such as routine temperature checks, disinfecting the premises,
offering disinfectants to visitors, urging people to wear masks, and keeping a safe distance.

· It is critical that the employees be highly trained and that the hotels maintain their sanitary
policies in order to retain professionalism and improve client satisfaction- all these are
collectively gathered in tourism website interphase.

RELATIONSHIPS
Relation between Helping and Bonding Social Capital
Relationships are important at any age. It starts with liking yourself if you want to have healthy
relationships with others. Discover what brings you joy. Take care of yourself. Recognize that
you are deserving of good treatment from others. In social psychology, helping is a major topic
(Greitemeyer 2011). In this study, helping is defined as a conduct that stems from prosocial
beliefs such as altruism, reciprocity, empathy, or kindness (Fiedler and Sarstedt 2010;
Greitemeyer 2011; Kim, Zheng, and Gupta 2011; Lee and Lee 2010; Ma and Agarwal 2007;
Ren, Kraut, and Kiesler 2007; Wasko and Faraj 2005). Individuals do not always perform acts of
kindness and other prosocial behaviors (i.e., socially desirable activities such as speaking sweetly
and encouraging words) for monetary gain (Kim, Zheng, and Gupta 2011). Other theories for
such helping behaviors include reciprocity (if I help someone else, someone will help me the
next time I need help) (Wasko and Faraj 2005). Reciprocal altruism, which entails one individual
making sacrifices for an unrelated person (Fiedler and Sarstedt 2010), explains a lot of online
helping behavior (Ren, Kraut, and Kiesler 2007). Other causes for prosocial behaviors include
positive sensations derived from assisting others (Lee and Lee 2010) and acts of compassion (Ma
and Agarwal 2007). It can be quite painful to be in an unhealthy or abusive relationship. The
connection could be decent at times. The person who hurts you may be someone you love and
need. You may believe you don't deserve to be in a healthy, loving relationship after been
mistreated. You can improve your connection with assistance. In some cases, you may be
encouraged to leave an abusive relationship. Others can assist you in either case. In social
psychology, helping is a major topic (Greitemeyer 2011). In this study, helping is defined as a
conduct that stems from prosocial beliefs such as altruism, reciprocity, empathy, or kindness
(Fiedler and Sarstedt 2010; Greitemeyer 2011; Kim, Zheng, and Gupta 2011; Lee and Lee 2010;
Ma and Agarwal 2007; Ren, Kraut, and Kiesler 2007; Wasko and Faraj 2005). Individuals do not
always perform acts of kindness and other prosocial behaviors (i.e., socially desirable activities
such as speaking sweetly and encouraging words) for monetary gain (Kim, Zheng, and Gupta
2011).

4
Relation between Helping and Bridging Social Capital
There are connections between helping neighbors or receiving help from neighbors and social
capital, and there is a strong link between helping and the building of social capital (Mata and
Pendakur 2014). Helping others is a major motivator for forming personal and organizational
networks, which boosts bonding and bridging social capital (Konrad, Radcliffe, and Shin 2016).
For those with low earnings, helping is directly associated with bonding social capital; for people
with high incomes, helping is closely associated with bridging social capital (Blokland 2008).
Helping people primarily for moral, ethical, or religious grounds has therapeutic advantages and
frequently results in long-term or generalized reciprocity in terms of social capital bonding and
bridging (Crowell 2004). Seniors' generosity has favorable effects on their shared connection and
common identity attachments in the context of SM employed for tourism (Kim, Lee, and Bonn
2016), demonstrating that helpful behavior influences bonding and bridging social capital. Based
on the above-mentioned literature. The bridging form of social capital serves as a social lubricant
and has the capacity to act as social leverage, allowing one to "go ahead." It is made up of weak
relationships, is mainly inclusive, and is based on thin trust in light and ever-changing networks.
The adjective 'weak' should not be read negatively, because the strength of bridging social capital
is the weakening of relationships.Without strong societal consequences, social partnerships are
always voluntary, leaving the option of breaking up or substituting one relationship for another
open. Every time someone interacts with strangers, there is a potential to create bridging social
capital. Attending events or joining associations such as interest or sporting groups, industry
associations, action groups, or any other sort of social grouping might result in this. Membership
in organizations that are representative of the greater community fosters the most bridging social
capital.

Relation between Self-expression and Sondign Social Capital

Self-expression refers to persons communicating and disclosing personal information in order for
others to form a certain or controlled impression of them (Chung, Koo, and Park 2012; Fiedler
and Sarstedt 2010). Online social networks, as a way of self-expression and knowledge sharing,
make older persons feel less isolated (Kim, Kim, and Han 2011). The demand for self-expression
may be satisfied via communication through intermediaries such as SM (Park and Chung 2011).
Competence, supplication, exemplification, and ingratiation are some of the self-expression
tactics used by SM users (Chu and Choi 2010). Actions such as describing successes and
exhibiting talents are part of the competence self-expression method (Chu and Choi 2010). When
users want to express their need for aid from others, they utilize the supplication approach, which
involves seeming helpless and self-deprecating (Dominick 1999). In order to be loved by others,
the exemplification strategy emphasizes self-discipline and self-sacrifice, whereas the
ingratiation approach uses messages of humor, familiarity, and modesty (Chu and Choi 2010).
Positive self-presentation necessitates an active and reflective self-identity performance
(Goffman, 1959; Swann, 1983). As a result, travelers must deliberately construct their 'ideal self'
in relation to their function as a tourist (Higgins, 1987; Rogers, 1959) and establish techniques to
express this idealized self correctly to the social milieu. It's hardly unexpected that recent studies
on visitors' self-presentation tactics have focused on touristic self-expression online, given the
popularity of social media and its potential for positive self-presentation (i.e. Azariah, 2016;
Huang et al., 2010; Lyu, 2016). Positive self-presentation, on the other hand, is not solely
dependent on virtual media outlets. In fact, today's technology provides a variety of opportunities

5
for self-presentation, including the social media platform. Büscher and Urry (2009) used a direct
person-to-person approach to capture relevant value ascription and self-expression in the context
of the tourist experience by looking at real-life settings and touristic self-presentation through
material souvenirs. Souvenirs serve as effective material symbols of travel experiences for
tourists to reveal self-messages and develop positive self-representations in this environment.
Souvenirs are seen to "encode individuals' personal histories, ideal selves, significant others, and
self-expression" (Morgan and Pritchard, 2005: 32), and thus serve as a vehicle to transmit
messages about self-identity (Gibson, 2014) within the strive for social prestige as a tangible
remnant of a travel experience. Souvenir shopping is a popular holiday activity that brings in
billions of dollars for the tourism sector (Swanson and Timothy, 2012). Souvenirs have a sacred
quality to them, and their owners treasure them; they are collected, displayed at home, or
transported out into the world (Peters, 2011). As a result, they function as a metaphor for the
tourist experience and its perceived effects on self-identity. Several studies have looked at the
symbolic values attached to souvenirs (Hume, 2013; Morgan and Pritchard, 2005; Nyffenegger
and Steffen, 2010; Paraskevaidis and Andriotis, 2015; Wilkins, 2011), but the self-expressive
value of souvenirs and underlying dimensions of intentional touristic self-presentation have not
been studied explicitly.

6
7
Hypothesis and questions

The hypotheses that will be examined in this study are developed in this part. The model is utilized in this
study to help understand the links between the various constructs. Helping, self-expression, enjoyment,
bonding social capital, bridging social capital, and social media activity are among the characteristics
being studied.

 The understanding between ‘helping’ with ‘bonding’ and ‘bridging’ social capital

In this study, "helping" is defined as "assisting behavior derived from prosocial thoughts like
unselfishness, mutuality, empathy, or kindness" (Fiedler and Sarstedt 2010; Greitemeyer 2011; Kim,
Zheng, and Gupta 2011; Lee and Lee 2010). Individuals do not always perform acts of kindness and other
prosocial behaviors (i.e., socially desirable behaviors such as speaking gently and encouraging words) for
monetary gain (Kim, Zheng, and Gupta 2011).

Two types of network architectures can produce social capital: bonding social capital, which is
characterized by strong, close interactions inside peer networks, and bridging social capital, which is
characterized by relationships between members of various social networks (Putnam, 2001). Individuals
in intimate social proximity, such as in families, churches, or neighborhoods, build bonding social capital,
which is based on solidarity, reciprocity, familiarity, and trust (Coleman, 1990b). When people connect
across social distances to exchange resources, information, and spaces, they create bridging social capital.

As the concept of social capital has come into widespread use, its meaning has become increasingly
diffuse. We draw upon Lin’s (1999) definition of social capital as a set of ‘‘resources embedded in a
social structure which are accessed and/or mobilized in purposive actions’’ (p. 35). The emphasis in this
definition is on a few important factors. To begin with, social capital resides in social connections and is
thus distinct from trust, culture, or other social structure features. Second, the social capital built up in
connections can be used collectively or for the benefit of an individual. In a later work, Putnam (2000)
has made a distinction between ‘bridging social capital’ in which bonds of connectedness are formed
across diverse social groups, and ‘bonding social capital’ that cements only homogenous groups. As
Fukuyama argues ‘People are embedded in a variety of social groups – families, neighborhoods,
networks, businesses, churches, and nations – against whose interests they have to balance their own’
(Fukuyama, 1995, p. 21). Social media assures the medium for this ‘help’.

So the questions, with respective hypothesis, which have risen are:

Q. Is there a relationship between ‘helping’ and ‘bonding social capital’?

Ho1: There is no relationship between ‘helping’ and ‘bonding social capital’.

Ha1: There is a relationship between ‘helping’ and ‘bonding social capital’.

(Meets the requirement for Spearman’s rho and alpha, meets the requirement for Person’s rho and alpha
detaining a moderate correlation)

Q. Is there a relationship between ‘helping’ and ‘bridging social capital’?

Ho2: There is no relationship between ‘helping’ and ‘bridging social capital’.

Ha2: There is a relationship between ‘helping’ and ‘bridging social capital’.

8
(Meets the requirement for Spearman’s rho and alpha, meets the requirement for Person’s rho and alpha
detaining a moderate correlation)

Based on the literature cited above and the factual data from the survey, we propose that the alternative
hypothesis shows that there is a relationship between helping and bonding social capital, and between
helping and bridging social capital respectively.

H1: There is a relationship between ‘helping’ and ‘bonding social capital’.

H2: There is a relationship between ‘helping’ and ‘bridging social capital’.

 The understanding between ‘self-expression’ with ‘bonding’ and ‘bridging’ social capital

The definition of self is one of the most fundamental beliefs shared throughout cultures. Varied cultures
have different ideas about what constitutes the essential characteristics of the self. The independent self is
the most common perspective of the self in Western societies, such as the United States. This viewpoint
says that the individual is viewed and behaved as a separate or unique entity, whose actions are dictated
by a collection of internal characteristics. A person is supposed to have a set of internal attributes—
thoughts, preferences, motives, objectives, attitudes, beliefs, and abilities—that uniquely characterize the
individual and enable, direct, and constrain conduct, according to our current analysis. Other perspectives
on the self, on the other hand, exist.

In many East Asian cultural contexts, the individual is largely seen as a relational entity rather than an
independent entity. Relationships determine the ego in these cultures, and people are seen as
interconnected (Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Shweder & Bourne, 1984). These various cultural definitions
of the self and relationship models have implications for how individual members of a culture act to
socially define themselves. These definitions of the self, in particular, influence cultural views on the
importance of self-expression.

Self-expression on social media improves bond- and identity-based attachments to other social media
members and social media sites, implying that self-expression affects bonding and bridging social capital.
When egoism is expressed through self-expression, it is related with low social capital bridging, whereas
when self-sacrifice is shown People who adopt the self-expression method of sharing information on
social media are more likely than others to have strong social media -specific bonding and bridging social
capital (Su and Chan 2017).

So, the questions, with respective hypothesis, which have risen are:

Q. Is there a relationship between ‘self-expression’ and ‘bonding social capital’?

Ho3: There is no relationship between ‘self-expression’ and ‘bonding social capital’.

Ha3: There is a relationship between ‘self-expression’ and ‘bonding social capital’.

(Meets the requirement for Spearman’s rho and alpha, meets the requirement for Person’s rho and alpha
detaining a high correlation)

Q. Is there a relationship between ‘self-expression’ and ‘bridging social capital’?

9
Ho4: There is no relationship between ‘self-expression’ and ‘bridging social capital’.

Ha4: There is a relationship between ‘self-expression’ and ‘bridging social capital’.

(Meets the requirement for Spearman’s rho and alpha, meets the requirement for Person’s rho and alpha
detaining a high correlation)

Based on the literature cited above and the factual data from the survey, we propose that the alternative
hypothesis shows that there is a relationship between self-expression and bonding social capital , and
between self-expression and bridging social capital respectively.

H3: There is a relationship between ‘self-expression’ and ‘bonding social capital’.

H4: There is a relationship between ‘self-expression’ and ‘bridging social capital’.

 The understanding between ‘enjoyment’ with ‘bonding’ and ‘bridging’ social capital

Pleasure, satisfaction, and mainly enjoyment are essential aspects of existence. "We perceive pleasure as
the first good natural in us," Greek philosopher Epicurus wrote in his Letter to Menoeceus, "and from
pleasure we begin every act of choice and avoidance, and from pleasure we return again, using the feeling
as the standard by which we measure every good." Although most scholars seem to agree that enjoyment
is a pleasurable response to media use (cf. Raney, 2003; Vorderer, Klimmt, & Ritterfield, 2004; Zillmann
& Bryant, 1994), researchers have defined it alternately as an emotion (Vorderer et al., 2004), an attitude
(Nabi & Krcmar, 2004), a combination of cognition and affect (Raney & Bryant, 2002), or some other
unspecified positive reaction to media content (Miron, 2003; Tamborini, 2003). Moreover, when
researchers have made attempts to define the enjoyment construct, they have paid little attention to its
functional role. Nabi and Krcmar (2004) conceptualized enjoyment as an attitude toward an entertainment
experience, complete with affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions. Social media enhances the
connectivity of this medium between the factors enjoyment, bonding and bridging via the use of websites,
gaming platforms, messaging platforms etc.

So the questions, with respective hypothesis, which have risen are:

Q. Is there a relationship between ‘enjoyment’ and ‘bonding social capital’?

Ho5: There is no relationship between ‘enjoyment’ and ‘bonding social capital’.

Ha5: There is a relationship between ‘enjoyment’ and ‘bonding social capital’.

(Meets the requirement for Spearman’s rho and alpha, meets the requirement for Person’s rho and alpha
detaining a moderate correlation)

Q. Is there a relationship between ‘enjoyment’ and ‘bridging social capital’?

Ho6: There is no relationship between ‘enjoyment’ and ‘bridging social capital’.

Ha6: There is a relationship between ‘enjoyment’ and ‘bridging social capital’.

(Meets the requirement for Spearman’s rho and alpha, meets the requirement for Person’s rho and alpha
detaining a moderate correlation)

10
 Based on the literature cited above and the factual data from the survey, we propose that the alternative
hypothesis shows that there is a relationship between enjoyment and bonding social capital , and between
enjoyment and bridging social capital respectively.

H5: There is a relationship between ‘enjoyment’ and ‘bonding social capital’.

H6: There is a relationship between ‘enjoyment’ and ‘bridging social capital’.

 The understanding between “social media involvement’ with ‘bonding’ and ‘bridging’ social
capital

SNSs (social networking sites) are basically online gatherings of people with similar interests. Facebook,
Twitter, MySpace, LinkedIn, and LiveJournal are examples of online communities that bring like-minded
people together and establish communication by offering information about each individual. It is
undeniable that the exponential increase in internet users has led to an increase in individual interactions
on social networking sites.

Individuals who join these communities have the basic goal of forming personal or professional
relationships that can be useful in some way." Bonding and bridging social capital are two types of social
capital. The former usually alludes to strong bonds with family and close friends, whilst the latter is used
to describe loose connections between people. When perceived as forming a bond between two people, it
has a higher beneficial impact on social capital, whereas loose connections do not lead to long-term
relationships.

The most significant influence of social networking sites on social capital can be summarized as making
it easier for people to obtain knowledge about one another and create meaningful relationships.
Individuals benefit from internet-based linkages or interactions, according to recent studies, since they
keep each other informed about advances in technology, politics, and economics, as well as current social
illnesses. This indicates that connectivity is critical.

So the questions, with respective hypothesis, which have risen are:

Q. Is there a relationship between ‘Social media involvement’ and ‘bonding social capital’?

Ho7: There is no relationship between ‘Social media involvement’ and ‘bonding social capital’.

Ha7: There is a relationship between ‘Social media involvement’ and ‘bonding social capital’.
(Meets the requirement for Spearman’s rho and alpha, meets the requirement for Person’s rho and alpha
detaining a low correlation)

Q. Is there a relationship between ‘Social media involvement’ and ‘bridging social capital’?

Ho8: There is no relationship between ‘Social media involvement’ and ‘bridging social capital’.

Ha8: There is a relationship between ‘enjoyment’ and ‘bridging social capital’.

(Meets the requirement for Spearman’s rho and alpha, meets the requirement for Person’s rho and alpha
detaining a low correlation)

11
 Based on the literature cited above and the factual data from the survey, we propose that the alternative
hypothesis shows that there is a relationship between enjoyment and bonding social capital , and between
enjoyment and bridging social capital respectively.

H7: There is a relationship between ‘Social media involvement’ and ‘bonding social capital’.

H8: There is a relationship between ‘Social media involvement’’ and ‘bridging social capital’.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENJOYMENT AND BONDING SOCIAL CAPITAL:

The effects of assisting, self-expression, and enjoyment on bonding and bridging social capital, which
influence SM engagement, are investigated in this study, as well as the moderating effect of avoidance
attachment among senior SM users. Helping, self-expression, and enjoyment all have substantial effects
on connecting and bridging social capital, according to the findings.

Enjoyment
has an impact on seniors’ intentions to interact using
SM (Tsai et al. 2011). Through SM involvement seniors
can enjoy the benefits of ‘participation in terms of social,
civic, health, and intellectual development as well as an
increased sense of well-being’ (Schlag 2011, 139).
Although helping, self-expression, and enjoyment are
significant for seniors using SM, few studies have exam-
ined bonding social capital and bridging social capital as
mediators between antecedents (e.g. helping, self-
expression, and enjoyment) and SM involvement.
Furthermore, some studies addressing the effects of
avoidance attachment on SM have focused on bonding
social capital and bridging social capital (e.g. Lee 2013;
Marshall et al. 2013; Oldmeadow, Quinn, and Kowert
2013), but leave unanswered questions regarding antece-
dents of seniors’ use of SM
Enjoyment
has an impact on seniors’ intentions to interact using
SM (Tsai et al. 2011). Through SM involvement seniors
can enjoy the benefits of ‘participation in terms of social,
civic, health, and intellectual development as well as an
increased sense of well-being’ (Schlag 2011, 139).
Although helping, self-expression, and enjoyment are
significant for seniors using SM, few studies have exam-
ined bonding social capital and bridging social capital as
mediators between antecedents (e.g. helping, self-
expression, and enjoyment) and SM involvement.
Furthermore, some studies addressing the effects of
avoidance attachment on SM have focused on bonding
social capital and bridging social capital (e.g. Lee 2013;
Marshall et al. 2013; Oldmeadow, Quinn, and Kowert
2013), but leave unanswered questions regarding antece-
dents of seniors’ use of SM
Enjoyment

12
has an impact on seniors’ intentions to interact using
SM (Tsai et al. 2011). Through SM involvement seniors
can enjoy the benefits of ‘participation in terms of social,
civic, health, and intellectual development as well as an
increased sense of well-being’ (Schlag 2011, 139).
Although helping, self-expression, and enjoyment are
significant for seniors using SM, few studies have exam-
ined bonding social capital and bridging social capital as
mediators between antecedents (e.g. helping, self-
expression, and enjoyment) and SM involvement.
Furthermore, some studies addressing the effects of
avoidance attachment on SM have focused on bonding
social capital and bridging social capital (e.g. Lee 2013;
Marshall et al. 2013; Oldmeadow, Quinn, and Kowert
2013), but leave unanswered questions regarding antece-
dents of seniors’ use of SM
Enjoyment
has an impact on seniors’ intentions to interact using
SM (Tsai et al. 2011). Through SM involvement seniors
can enjoy the benefits of ‘participation in terms of social,
civic, health, and intellectual development as well as an
increased sense of well-being’ (Schlag 2011, 139).
Although helping, self-expression, and enjoyment are
significant for seniors using SM, few studies have exam-
ined bonding social capital and bridging social capital as
mediators between antecedents (e.g. helping, self-
expression, and enjoyment) and SM involvement.
Furthermore, some studies addressing the effects of
avoidance attachment on SM have focused on bonding
social capital and bridging social capital (e.g. Lee 2013;
Marshall et al. 2013; Oldmeadow, Quinn, and Kowert
2013), but leave unanswered questions regarding antece-
dents of seniors’ use of SM
Bonding social capital and bridging social capital are two types of social capital (Kim, Lee, and Bonn
2016). Bridging social capital is defined as a weakly attached relationship with those with whom no past
emotional attachments exist, and bonding social capital is defined as a tightly tied relationship with
families and friends (Kim, Lee, and Preis 2016). Although both bonding and bridging social capital have
significant effects on senior SM users, the effects of bonding and bridging social capital in the setting of
tourism for senior SM users are significantly different (Kim, Lee, and Preis 2016). Bridging social capital
is more than twice as important as bonding social capital for senior SM users' group attachment for
tourism purposes, and bridging social capital has a much stronger effect on senior SM users' interpersonal
attachment than bonding social capital in the context of travel and tourism.
Prior research has shown that helping, self-
expression, and enjoyment are precursors of social capi-
tal on SM (e.g. Kim, Kim, and Han 2011; Kim, Lee, and
Bonn 2016; Tsai et al. 2011). Seniors’ helping of others
while engaged in SM activities related to tourism has a
significant effect on the seniors’ attachment to the
usage of SM (Kim, Lee, and Bonn 2016). Seniors’ pur-
poses for using SM are to share information, maintain
social networks, and express their ideas, feelings, and

13
personalities (Kim, Kim, and Han 2011). Enjoyment
has an impact on seniors’ intentions to interact using
SM (Tsai et al. 2011). Through SM involvement seniors
can enjoy the benefits of ‘participation in terms of social,
civic, health, and intellectual development as well as an
increased sense of well-being’ (Schlag 2011, 139).
Although helping, self-expression, and enjoyment are
significant for seniors using SM, few studies have exam-
ined bonding social capital and bridging social capital as
mediators between antecedents (e.g. helping, self-
expression, and enjoyment) and SM involvement.
Furthermore, some studies addressing the effects of
avoidance attachment on SM have focused on bonding
social capital and bridging social capital (e.g. Lee 2013;
Marshall et al. 2013; Oldmeadow, Quinn, and Kowert
2013), but leave unanswered questions regarding antece-
dents of seniors’ use of SM.
Due to the growing importance of seniors to the tour-
ism industry and the lack of existing research on why
seniors use SM for tourism, three research questions
are examined in this study. First, how do antecedents
(helping, self-expression, and enjoyment) influence
seniors’ bonding social capital and bridging social capi-
tal? Second, how do bonding social capital and bridging
social capital influence SM involvement? Third, how
does avoidance attachment moderate the impacts of
antecedents on bonding social capital and bridging social
capital? In order to answer the three research questions,
this study examines the relationships among helping,
self-expression, enjoyment, bonding social capital, brid-
ging social capital, and SM involvement. In addition,
we investigate the moderating effect of avoidance attach-
ment on the relationships between the three antecedents
and bonding and bridging social capital
Prior research has shown that helping, self-
expression, and enjoyment are precursors of social capi-
tal on SM (e.g. Kim, Kim, and Han 2011; Kim, Lee, and
Bonn 2016; Tsai et al. 2011). Seniors’ helping of others
while engaged in SM activities related to tourism has a
significant effect on the seniors’ attachment to the
usage of SM (Kim, Lee, and Bonn 2016). Seniors’ pur-
poses for using SM are to share information, maintain
social networks, and express their ideas, feelings, and
personalities (Kim, Kim, and Han 2011). Enjoyment
has an impact on seniors’ intentions to interact using
SM (Tsai et al. 2011). Through SM involvement seniors
can enjoy the benefits of ‘participation in terms of social,
civic, health, and intellectual development as well as an
increased sense of well-being’ (Schlag 2011, 139).
Although helping, self-expression, and enjoyment are
significant for seniors using SM, few studies have exam-

14
ined bonding social capital and bridging social capital as
mediators between antecedents (e.g. helping, self-
expression, and enjoyment) and SM involvement.
Furthermore, some studies addressing the effects of
avoidance attachment on SM have focused on bonding
social capital and bridging social capital (e.g. Lee 2013;
Marshall et al. 2013; Oldmeadow, Quinn, and Kowert
2013), but leave unanswered questions regarding antece-
dents of seniors’ use of SM.
Due to the growing importance of seniors to the tour-
ism industry and the lack of existing research on why
seniors use SM for tourism, three research questions
are examined in this study. First, how do antecedents
(helping, self-expression, and enjoyment) influence
seniors’ bonding social capital and bridging social capi-
tal? Second, how do bonding social capital and bridging
social capital influence SM involvement? Third, how
does avoidance attachment moderate the impacts of
antecedents on bonding social capital and bridging social
capital? In order to answer the three research questions,
this study examines the relationships among helping,
self-expression, enjoyment, bonding social capital, brid-
ging social capital, and SM involvement. In addition,
we investigate the moderating effect of avoidance attach-
ment on the relationships between the three antecedents
and bonding and bridging social capital
Prior research has shown that helping, self-
expression, and enjoyment are precursors of social capi-
tal on SM (e.g. Kim, Kim, and Han 2011; Kim, Lee, and
Bonn 2016; Tsai et al. 2011). Seniors’ helping of others
while engaged in SM activities related to tourism has a
significant effect on the seniors’ attachment to the
usage of SM (Kim, Lee, and Bonn 2016). Seniors’ pur-
poses for using SM are to share information, maintain
social networks, and express their ideas, feelings, and
personalities (Kim, Kim, and Han 2011). Enjoyment
has an impact on seniors’ intentions to interact using
SM (Tsai et al. 2011). Through SM involvement seniors
can enjoy the benefits of ‘participation in terms of social,
civic, health, and intellectual development as well as an
increased sense of well-being’ (Schlag 2011, 139).
Although helping, self-expression, and enjoyment are
significant for seniors using SM, few studies have exam-
ined bonding social capital and bridging social capital as
mediators between antecedents (e.g. helping, self-
expression, and enjoyment) and SM involvement.
Furthermore, some studies addressing the effects of
avoidance attachment on SM have focused on bonding
social capital and bridging social capital (e.g. Lee 2013;
Marshall et al. 2013; Oldmeadow, Quinn, and Kowert
2013), but leave unanswered questions regarding antece-

15
dents of seniors’ use of SM.
Due to the growing importance of seniors to the tour-
ism industry and the lack of existing research on why
seniors use SM for tourism, three research questions
are examined in this study. First, how do antecedents
(helping, self-expression, and enjoyment) influence
seniors’ bonding social capital and bridging social capi-
tal? Second, how do bonding social capital and bridging
social capital influence SM involvement? Third, how
does avoidance attachment moderate the impacts of
antecedents on bonding social capital and bridging social
capital? In order to answer the three research questions,
this study examines the relationships among helping,
self-expression, enjoyment, bonding social capital, brid-
ging social capital, and SM involvement. In addition,
we investigate the moderating effect of avoidance attach-
ment on the relationships between the three antecedents
and bonding and bridging social capital
Prior research has shown that helping, self-
expression, and enjoyment are precursors of social capi-
tal on SM (e.g. Kim, Kim, and Han 2011; Kim, Lee, and
Bonn 2016; Tsai et al. 2011). Seniors’ helping of others
while engaged in SM activities related to tourism has a
significant effect on the seniors’ attachment to the
usage of SM (Kim, Lee, and Bonn 2016). Seniors’ pur-
poses for using SM are to share information, maintain
social networks, and express their ideas, feelings, and
personalities (Kim, Kim, and Han 2011). Enjoyment
has an impact on seniors’ intentions to interact using
SM (Tsai et al. 2011). Through SM involvement seniors
can enjoy the benefits of ‘participation in terms of social,
civic, health, and intellectual development as well as an
increased sense of well-being’ (Schlag 2011, 139).
Although helping, self-expression, and enjoyment are
significant for seniors using SM, few studies have exam-
ined bonding social capital and bridging social capital as
mediators between antecedents (e.g. helping, self-
expression, and enjoyment) and SM involvement.
Furthermore, some studies addressing the effects of
avoidance attachment on SM have focused on bonding
social capital and bridging social capital (e.g. Lee 2013;
Marshall et al. 2013; Oldmeadow, Quinn, and Kowert
2013), but leave unanswered questions regarding antece-
dents of seniors’ use of SM.
Due to the growing importance of seniors to the tour-
ism industry and the lack of existing research on why
seniors use SM for tourism, three research questions
are examined in this study. First, how do antecedents
(helping, self-expression, and enjoyment) influence
seniors’ bonding social capital and bridging social capi-
tal? Second, how do bonding social capital and bridging

16
social capital influence SM involvement? Third, how
does avoidance attachment moderate the impacts of
antecedents on bonding social capital and bridging social
capital? In order to answer the three research questions,
this study examines the relationships among helping,
self-expression, enjoyment, bonding social capital, brid-
ging social capital, and SM involvement. In addition,
we investigate the moderating effect of avoidance attach-
ment on the relationships between the three antecedents
and bonding and bridging social capital
Helping, self-expression, and enjoyment are all antecedents of social capital on SM, according to previous
study (e.g., Kim, Kim, and Han 2011; Kim, Lee, and Bonn 2016; Tsai et al. 2011). Seniors' willingness to
serve others while participating in SM activities connected to tourism has a significant impact on their
attachment to using SM (Kim, Lee, and Bonn 2016). The primary goals of senior citizens' use of social
media are to exchange information, maintain social networks, and express their thoughts, feelings, and
personalities (Kim, Kim, and Han 2011). Seniors' intents to engage through SM are influenced by their
enjoyment (Tsai et al. 2011). Seniors can gain "participation in terms of social, civic, health, and
intellectual growth, as well as a heightened sense of well-being" by participating in SM (Schlag 2011,
139).
Although helping, self-expression, and enjoyment are significant for seniors using SM, few studies have
examined bonding social capital and bridging social capital as mediators between antecedents (e.g.,
helping, self-expression, and enjoyment) and SM involvement.
In addition, several research on the effects of avoidance attachment on SM have focused on bonding and
bridging social capital (e.g. Lee 2013; Marshall et al. 2013; Oldmeadow, Quinn, and Kowert 2013), but
leave unresolved issues about the antecedents of seniors' use of SM. Because of the rising relevance of
seniors in the tourist sector and the paucity of research on why seniors utilize social media for tourism,
this study looks at three research issues. To begin, what effects do antecedents (helping, self-expression,
and enjoyment) have on seniors' bonding and bridging social capital? Second, how can bonding and
bridging social capital influence SM participation? Third, what role does avoidance attachment play in
mitigating the effects of antecedents on bonding and bridging social capital? This study investigates the
links between assisting, self-expression, enjoyment, bonding social capital, bridging social capital, and
SM engagement in order to answer the three research objectives.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BONDING AND BRIDGING SOCIAL CAPITAL WITH SOCIAL

MEDIA INVESTMENT
Bridging social capital is a sort of social capital that represents ties that bring individuals together across a
societal gap (such as race, or class, or religion). Associations are the 'bridges' that connect communities,
groups, and organizations. Bridging social capital is distinct from bonding social capital, which is found
inside social groups and is characterized by extensive networks and a sense of shared identity and
belonging. The distinction between bonding and bridging has its origins in network analysis and is based
on methodological individualism and rational choice theory. These differences have been criticized for
combining a number of contradicting elements of networks and norms into a single category. The contrast
between structural and cognitive elements of social capital is a different approach.

Previous research has found that people use social networking sites to communicate with their offline
relationships rather than make new friends (Reich, et al., 2012; Subrahmanyam, et al., 2008). Individuals
are also more inclined to utilize social networking sites if their family or friends do, as there will be more
like-minded people with whom they may interact (Sledgianowski and Kulviwat, 2009). This would result
in more meaningful relationships, which would increase the sense of enjoyment that may be obtained via
the usage of social media sites (Lin and Lu, 2011). According to Niland, et al. (2015), Facebook allows
users to communicate with their friends through activities such as posting comments, videos, and images,

17
which might lead to a sense of happiness from their use. In contrast to bridging social capital, we propose
that bonding social capital has a higher effect in predicting hedonic usage of Facebook owing to the
increased closeness necessary to engage in such interactions and behaviors. As a result, we propose the
following hypothesis:
H8: The hedonic usage of Facebook will be more favorably connected to
bonding social capital than bridging social capital.

SNSs are usually regarded as an information channel, where users participate in information seeking and
sharing behaviors, in addition to offering entertainment to users (Park, et al., 2010). SNSs require certain
behaviors to function properly. Individuals are more inclined to participate in information sharing
behaviors if they believe their social media network is mostly made up of weak linkages (Kim, et al.,
2015). Because of Facebook's larger network of friends and acquaintances, students may use these
connections for practical purposes. As a result, Facebook not only provides a platform for gathering and
sharing knowledge, but also for engaging in online collaborative learning activities with peers (Manca
and Ranieri, 2013). As a result, people will depend more on weak relationships for their potential to
provide diverse and original information, rather than strong ties, which tend to provide repetitive
information (Burke and Kraut, 2013; Park, et al., 2013). Thus, we hypothesize that:
H7: The utilitarian usage of Facebook will be more favorably connected
to bridging social capital than bonding social capital.

The Research Design: Methods and Procedures

This research has been conducted using a survey questionnaire handed out to a random sample of
respondents at different locations. The collected data has been analyzed using statistical measures. The
research has been conducted using the IBM SPSS Statistics software version 17.0 for statistical inference
making purposes. The data has been collected for the frequency of male and female participants, their
respective age groups and income groups. These frequency tests have been used to further test the mean,
median mode of the groups along with the standard deviations.
The data has also been tested in respective sub-groups for reliability using the Cronbach Alpha Method.
Using this method, the data sets which have been seen to have an alpha value of 0.5 or higher have been
determined as unreliable. The hypotheses have been tested using Spearman’s Correlation and Pearson’s
Correlation. Under Spearman’s Correlation technique, the Alternative hypothesis has been proven
whenever the correlation (Rho ) is not equal to zero and the significance (or alpha value) is less than 0.5.
Otherwise, the null hypothesis has been accepted to have held true. Under Pearson’s Correlation, this
report follows the guidelines provided by Rowntree 1981. The interpretation of the correlation coefficient
is as follows: 0.2 to 0.4 - weak, low; 0 to 0.2- very weak, negligible; 0.4 to 0.7- moderate; 0.7 to 0.9-
strong, high; 0.9 to 1.0- very strong, very high. The by variant correlation procedure was subject to a two
tailed test of statistical significance at two different levels with the significance interpreted as Follows: p
< 0.0001 - highly significant, p < 0.0 - significant and p > or = 0.05 - not significant. As such we shall
accept the alternative hypothesis when the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.4 and the significance
value is less than 0.5.

Sampling:
 Sampling unit

18
 Sample size determination is that the act of selecting the amount of observations or replicates to
incorporate in an exceedingly applied mathematics sample. Sample sizes is also chosen in many
totally different ways.
Sample size
Sample size relates to what percentage individuals to select for the study. For this sort of study
analyzers ought to select a sample size. we have a tendency to picked each male and feminine from
different ages and skilled backgrounds and also the sample size was n=50. The study was conducted
solely in capital of Bangladesh town and in Bangladesh. Our research is Quantitative Research.
Sample procedure
during this study researcher find some factors of individual’s exploitation Social Media web sites for
Tourism. we have a tendency to targeted people that are old in using this touristy website and have
used it before. Our sampling methodology is easy sampling under the probability sampling method.
Cooper and Schindler 2003 expressed that during this style of probability sampling method every
population component is thought and has an equal chance of being selected. There as a researcher we
used Cluster sampling to understand the characteristics or self-experience, bonding and social capital,
bridging social capital, helping, enjoyment, Social media involvement, avoidant attachment for using
tourism connected websites. Here we have a tendency to elect the respondents who are old and gave
them the form in order that we will realize all those Characteristics to given analysis

 Instruments
Questionnaire will permit us to gather information that cannot be found elsewhere from any
secondary sources such as books, newspapers and internet information. So the questionnaire
survey is the most successful method for this study to collect the data. We used a structured
questionnaire. In a structured questionnaire, quantitative data is required and for those reasons the
researchers will use questionnaires. We used a 7 point Likert scale and also a 5 point Likert scale
respectively. There are also 7 and 5 response choices respectively. Both the Likert scales
collected different prepositions where customers had to indicate their degree of agreement for
both the 7 Likert scale (1=strongly disagree to 7= strongly agree) and 5 Likert scale (1= Never to
5= Always)

 Data Collection:
There are basically two types of data collection process. They are as follows: Primary Data and
Secondary Data. Primary data are collected for the first time. Secondary data are those which
have already been collected and analyzed by someone else. In the context of Bangladeshi people,
as a researcher we used primary data to examine the research and problem and verify hypotheses.
The researcher used a questionnaire method to collect the data from the primary resources.
Because this research will cooperate with us exclusively for carrying out in order to adopt senior
executives. In this study mostly primary data will be used to draw a recommendation. We will
make sure from our respondents that all the data collected from them will be kept confidential
and exclusively used for academic purposes and their individual identity would be kept
undisclosed individuals, each taken 50 questionnaires to be the researchers assisted respondents
to get a better idea of their actual behaviors to minimize the margin of error.

 Data Analysis:
The data collected consisted of 47.5% of Male respondents and 52.5% of Female respondents.
Among these respondents, 72.9% were between the ages of 15 and 25, 22% were between the

19
 ages of 26 and 35, 1.7% were between the ages of 36 and 45 and 3.4% were between the ages of
46 and above.
The respondents who earned 5000 to 15000 per month were 72.4%, 8.6% of the respondents
earned between 16000 to 25000 per month, 12.1% of the respondents earned between 26000 to
35000 per month and 6.9% of the respondents were 36 and above per month.
 Reliability analysis
Helping factors have been tested using 4 questions in the questionnaire. The reliability
analyses of these questions have a Cronbach Alpha value of 0.901 is very reliable
Bonding and Social capital factors have been tested using 5 questions in the
questionnaire. The reliability analyses of these questions have a Cronbach Alpha value of
0.904 is very reliable
Bridging social factors have been tested using 4 questions in the questionnaire. The
reliability analyses of these questions have a Cronbach Alpha value of 0.915 is very
reliable
Social media factors have been tested using 5 questions in the questionnaire. The
reliability analyses of these questions have a Cronbach Alpha value of 0.913 is very
reliable
Avoidant Attachment factors have been tested using 5 questions in the questionnaire. The
reliability analyses of these questions have a Cronbach Alpha value of 0.902 is very
reliable
Enjoyment factors have been tested using 3 questions in the questionnaire. The reliability
analyses of these questions have a Cronbach Alpha value of 0.709 is reliable.

Limitations:
The topic being researched uses variables related to Tourism Websites which is not a common thing used
in Bangladesh. While conducting the survey, most of the respondents might not understand what SM
(social media) tourism website is about and many had problems grasping the concept. This may introduce
participant-induced error in the research data.
Moreover, the questionnaires were created in English which may introduce a language barrier for many of
the respondents. Due to the lack of grasp of the Language, many may interpret different words in different
manners and may associate different meanings to words distorting the end data.
The participants were sometimes in a hurry and despite our best efforts, they may have hurled through the
questionnaire which may introduce participants induced error. As inherent in statistical studies, the data
that was extracted is used to extrapolate into the whole population which may not give the true picture.
The choice of the participants may be biased and may not be a true indicator of the population's attitude
and perceptions.

Significance of the study:

In context with Bangladesh, the whole concept of Tourism websites is a new concept which is still on its
developing stages.
While conducting our survey it was apparent that the tourists of Bangladesh have little or no knowledge
about tourism websites. Many of them had trouble understanding the concept even though it was
explained to them. This is a major concern to this report since it may introduce errors in the data
collected.

20
By using tourism websites Tourists will be eager to learn more about local tourist attractions in different
destinations. They will be interested to know what they can see and experience when they visit the places.
Tourism websites have extensive information about local history, attractions and activities on the website.
The need of a guide won’t be necessary if one uses a Tourism website, they will already have more
knowledge within their grasp. It is also seen that other countries are not so new to using Tourism
websites, for example India, a neighboring country of Bangladesh vastly uses trivago. Hence efforts are
being made for in calculating Tourism websites' consciousness or awareness among the masses.

Refs:
1. Singh, N., Lehnert, K. & Bostick, K., (2012). Global social media usage: Insights into
reaching consumers worldwide. Thunderbird International Business Review 54(5), 684–
695.
2. Kemp, S., (2015). Digital, social & mobile in 2015, viewed 21 January 2016, from http://
wearesocial.com/uk/special-reports/digital-social-mobile-worldwide-2015.
3. Lyu, S.O. & Wang, J., (2015). Are the days of information centers gone? Effects of
ubiquitous information availability. Tourism Management 48, 54–63.
4. . Fotis, J., Buhalis, D. & Rossides, N. (2011). Social media impact on holiday travel
planning: The case of the Russian and the FSU markets. International Journal of Online
Marketing (IJOM), 1(4), 1-19.
5. Fotis, J. Buhalis, D & Rossides, N. (2012). Social media use and impact during the
holiday planning process. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism,
SpringerVerlag, 13-24.
6. Gretzel, Yoo & Purifoy (2007). Potential and implications for destination management
of Online market in Jiuzhaigou National Park, China. Journal of Travel Research, 45,
116–126.
7. Freeman, L. C. 1979. “Centrality in Social Networks Conceptual Clarification.” Social
Networks 1: 215–239.
8. Caniëls, M. C. J., and H. A. Romijn. 2008. “Actor Networks in Strategic Niche
Management: Insights from Social Network Theory.” Futures 40 (7): 613–629.
9. Sroka, W., and Š. Hittmár. 2015. Management of Network Organizations: Theoretical
Problems and the Dilemmas in Practice. Cham: Springer.
10. Chakraborty, R., C. Vishik, and H. R. Rao. 2013. “Privacy-Preserving Actions of Older
Adults on Social Media: Exploring the Behavior of Opting out of Information Sharing.”
Decision Support Systems 55 (4): 948–956.
11. Kim, M. J., M. Bonn, and C. K. Lee. 2017. “Seniors’ Dual Route of Persuasive
Communications in Mobile Social Media and the Moderating Role of Discretionary
Time.” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 22 (8): 799–818.
12. Leung, D., R. Law, H. van Hoof, and D. Buhalis. 2013. “Social Media in Tourism and
Hospitality: A Literature Review.” Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 30 (1–2): 3–
22.
13. Hays, S., S. J. Page, and D. Buhalis. 2013. “Social Media as a Destination Marketing
Tool: Its Use by National Tourism Organizations.” Current Issues in Tourism 16 (3):
211–239.
14. Zeng, B., and R. Gerritsen. 2014. “What Do We Know about Social Media in Tourism?
A Review.” Tourism Management Perspectives 10: 27–36.
15. Shin, D. H., and F. Biocca. 2017a. “Explicating User Behavior Toward Multi-Screen
Adoption and Diffusion.” Internet Research 27 (2): 338–361.

21
16. Boyd, D. M., and N. B. Ellison. 2007. “Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and
Scholarship.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13 (1): 210–230.
17. Kaplan, A. M., and M. Haenlein. 2010. “Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and
Opportunities of Social Media.” Business Horizons 53 (1): 59–68.
18. Kim, M. J., N. H. Chung, C. K. Lee, and J. M. Kim. 2011. “Examining Differences in
Values, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intention between Senior Tourists and Tourists
under Fifty.” Tourism Research 26 (4): 47–72.
19. Cannuscio, C., J. Block, and I. Kawachi. 2003. “Social Capital and Successful Aging:
The Role of Senior Housing.” Annals of Internal Medicine 139 (5 II): 395–399.
20. Kim, B. J., K. F. Linton, and W. Lum. 2014. “Social Capital and Life Satisfaction among
Chinese and Korean Elderly Immigrants.” Journal of Social Work 15 (1): 87–100.
21. Greitemeyer, T. 2011. “Effects of Prosocial Media on Social Behavior” Current
Directions in Psychological Science 20 (4): 251–255.
22. Ma, M., and R. Agarwal. 2007. “Through a Glass Darkly: Information Technology
Design, Identity Verification, and Knowledge Contribution in Online Communities.”
Information Systems Research 18 (1): 42–67.
23. Kim, H. W., J. R. Zheng, and S. Gupta. 2011. “Examining Knowledge Contribution from
the Perspective of an Online Identity in Blogging Communities.” Computers in Human
Behavior 27 (5): 1760–1770.
24. Ren, Y., R. Kraut, and S. Kiesler. 2007. “Applying Common Identity and Bond Theory to
Design of Online Communities.” Organization Studies 28 (3): 377–408.
25. Blokland, T. 2008. “Gardening with a Little Help from Your (Middle Class) Friends:
Bridging Social Capital across Race and Class in a Mixed Neighborhood.” Networked
Urbanism: Social Capital in the City, 147–170.
26. Mata, F., and R. Pendakur. 2014. “Social Capital, Diversity and Giving or Receiving
Help among Neighbors.” Social Indicators Research 118 (1): 329–347.
27. Chung, N., C. Koo, and S. B. Park. 2012. “Why People Share Information in Social
Network Sites? Integrating with Uses and Gratification and Social Identity Theories.”
Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial
Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 7197 LNAI (PART 2): 175–184.
28. Chu, S. C., and S. M. Choi. 2010. “Social Capital and SelfPresentation on Social
Networking Sites: A Comparative Study of Chinese and American Young Generations.”
Chinese Journal of Communication 3 (4): 402–420.
29. Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor
Books.
30. Higgins, E. T. (1987) ʻSelf-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affectʼ,
Psychological Review 94: 319–40.
31. Azariah, D. R. (2016) ʻThe Traveler as Author: Examining Self-Presentation and
Discourse in the (self) Published Travel Blogʼ, Media, Culture and Society 38(6): 934–
945.
32. Morgan, N. and A. Pritchard (2005) ʻOn souvenirs and Metonymy: Narratives of
Memory, Metaphor and Materialityʼ, Tourist Studies 5(1): 29–53.

 Putnam, R. 2000. Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of the American community. New
York: Simon and Schuster

22
 Fukuyama, F. 1995 Trust: the social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York: The Free
Press.
 Fiedler, M., and M. Sarstedt. 2010. “Influence of Community Design on User Behaviors in
Online Communities.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems
(ICIS) 2010, St. Louis, Missouri.
 Kim, H. W., J. R. Zheng, and S. Gupta. 2011. “Examining Knowledge Contribution from the
Perspective of an Online Identity in Blogging Communities.” Computers in Human Behavior 27
(5): 1760–1770.
 Lee, G., and W. J. Lee. 2010. “Altruistic Traits and Organizational Conditions in Helping
Online.” Computers in Human Behavior 26 (6): 1574–1580
 Miron, D. (2003). Enjoyment of violence. In J. Bryant, D. R. Roskos-Ewoldsen & J. Cantor
(Eds.), Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 445–472). Mahwah,
NJ: Erlbaum.
 Raney, A. A., & Bryant, J. (2002). Moral judgment in crime drama: An integrated theory of
enjoyment. Journal of Communication, 52, 402–415.
 Shweder, R. A., & Bourne, E. J. (1984). Does the concept of person vary cross-culturally? In R.
A. Shweder & R. A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (pp. 158 –
199). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
 Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion,
and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224 – 253.
 Vorderer, P., Klimmt, C., & Ritterfield, U. (2004). Enjoyment: At the heart of media
entertainment. Communication Theory, 14, 388–408.
 Nabi, R. L., & Krcmar, M. (2004). Conceptualizing media enjoyment as attitude: Implications for
media effects research. Media Psychology, 14(4), 288–310.

Appendixes

Frequencies

23
24
25
Crosstabs

26
27
Reliability

28
29
Correlations

30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37