CLASSIFICATION OF ROTATIONAL QUOTIENT ALMOST YAMABE

SOLITONS IMMERSED INTO WARPED PRODUCTS

ELISMAR DIAS BATISTA 2 , JEIDY JOHANA JIMENEZ RUIZ 3 , WILLIAN ISAO TOKURA 4 ,
AND AKRAM, ALI 1

Abstract. In this paper we classify rotational quotient almost Yamabe solitons immersed in the
warped product R ×f Qn n
c , where Qc is a space form of sectional curvature c and the potential
function is given by the height function from the immersion. Finally, we present some examples of
quotient almost Yamabe solitons.

1. Introduction and Motivations

From the standpoint of singularities, geometric flows are an intriguing tool in geometric analysis.
In this regard, we may investigate a k-curvature, which is an extension of the scalar curvature R.
If k = 1, k-curvature is a standard scalar curvature R. This idea is stated
 in [3] as the connection
1 R
Rm = Ag ⊙ g + W between the Schouten tensor Ag = n−2 Ric − 2(n−1) g and the Weyl tensor W .
 
The Kulkarni-Nomizu product is denoted by the sign ⊙. As a result, σk (g) = σk µ(g −1 Ag is linked
to the metric g associated with k-curvature. Therefore, we take into account the following geometric
flow
 
d σk (g(t))
(1) g(t) = − log − log rk,l (t) g(t) and g(0) = g0
dt σl (g(t))
such that
(R  )
σl (g(t)) log σσkl (g(t))
(g(t))
dvolg(t)
(2) rk,l (g(t)) = exp R
σl (g(t))dvolg(t)
n
R
and σl (g(t))dvolg(t) is invariant with l ̸= 2 . If the flow (1) has the a self-similar solution, then it is
called quotient Yamabe soliton and satisfied the following equation
 σk (g) 
(3) LX g = 2 log −λ g
σl (g)
where λ is a constant. The quotient-Yamabe soliton is classified shrinking, steady and expanding as
according constant λ > 0, λ = 0, and λ < 0, respectively. If X is a gradient vector field X = ∇h,
then equation (3) is equivalent to definitions follows:
Definition 1.1. (M n , g) is a gradient quotient almost Yamabe soliton if there exists a pair ∇h ∈ X(M ),
λ ∈ C ∞ (M ) satisfying
(4) ∇2 h = (σk /σl − λ) g.
The quotient of k-curvatures σσkl by proposed by Guan and Wang, as well as their generalization,
have been investigated in [14, 13]. Yamabe soliton is a highly influential kind of soliton, and since it
is a generalization of Yamabe soliton, quotion Yamabe soliton has also proven helpful in geometric
analysis. In particular, [5] acknowledges complete nonlinear Yamabe flow and proves that, given a
quotion Yamabe soliton, if k and l curvatures are positive with 0 ≤ l ≤ k ≤ n, k = n2 , the quotion
Yamabe soliton must have a constant log σσkl (g)
(g)
-curvature. It is further shown that every compact
quotion Yamabe soliton with a constant scalar curvature is simple if the first nonzero eigenvalue µ1 is
R
fulfilled by µ1 ≤ n−1 . More elementary conclusions may be found in [19, 2], which state that every
compact gradient quotion Yamabe soliton must have constant k, l-curvatures and be gradient under
specific circumstances. Similarly, in [8, 6, 7, 12], Yamabe solitons and quasi-Yamabe solitons with
concurrent vector fields are explored, and some intriguing findings are obtained in [1, 4, 9, 16, 18]. The

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 53C21, 53C50, 53C25.

Key words and phrases. Yamabe solitons, gradient almost Yamabe solitons, immersion, totally geodesic hypersurfaces,
totally umbilical hypersurfaces, warped product, rotational classification.
1
2 ELISMAR DIAS BATISTA 2 , JEIDY JOHANA JIMENEZ RUIZ 3 , WILLIAN ISAO TOKURA 4 , AND AKRAM, ALI 1

study on investigates quotion Yamabe solitons on Euclidean hypersurfaces, and several interesting
classifications are obtained from their position vector fields.

2. Preliminaries
Let M n be a connected, n-dimensional oriented Riemannian manifold, I ⊂ R an interval and
n+1
f : I ! (0, ∞) a smooth function. In the product differentiable manifold M = I × M n , consider
the projections πI and πM onto the spaces I and M , respectively. A particular class of Riemannian
n+1
manifold is the one obtained by furnishing M with the metric

⟨ , ⟩ = πI∗ (dt2 ) + f 2 (πI )πM

∗
(gM ),

such a space is called a warped product manifold with base I, fiber M n and warping function f . In
n+1
this setting, for a fixed t0 ∈ R, we say that Σnt0 := {t0 } × M n is a slice of M .
Let ∇ and ∇ the Levi-Civita connection in I ×f M n and Σn , respectively. Then, the Gauss-
Weingarten formulas for a isometric immersion ψ : Σn ! I ×f M n are given by

(5) ∇X Y = ∇X Y + ⟨AX, Y ⟩N, AX = −∇X N,

for any X ∈ X(Σ), where A : T Σn ! T Σn denotes the Weingarten operator of Σn with respect to
its Gauss map N . In this scope, we consider two particular functions naturally attached to such a
hypersurface Σn , namely, the height function

h : Σn ! R, x 7! (πI )|Σ (x),

and the angle function

θ : Σn ! R, x 7! ⟨N, ∂t ⟩(x),
where ∂t is the standard unit vector field tangent to I. By a straightforward computation we obtain
that the gradient of πI on I ×f M n is given by ∇πI = ⟨∇πI , ∂t ⟩∂t = ∂t , so that the gradient of h on
Σn is

(6) ∇h = (∇πI )⊤ = ∂t⊤ = ∂t − θN,

where ( · )⊤ denotes the tangential component of a vector field in X(M ) along Σn . In particular, we
get |∇h|2 = 1 − θ2 , where | · | denotes the norm of a vector field on Σn .

Lemma 2.1. Let ψ : Σn ! I ×f M n be an isometric immersion. Then (Σn , g) is a gradient quotient

almost Yamabe soliton with potential h = (πI )|Σ if, and only if,

(7) (σk /σl − λ) g(X, Y ) = (log f )′ (h) [g(X, Y ) − dh ⊗ dh(X, Y )] + θg(AX, Y )

for all X, Y ∈ X(Σ).

Proof. Taking into account the properties of the Levi-Civita connection of a warped product (see, for
instance, Proposition 7.35 in [17]), it easily follows that

f′
∇X ∂t = (X − ⟨X, ∂t ⟩∂t ), ∀X ∈ X(Σ).
f

Thus, from equations (5) and (6), we deduce the following expression for the Hessian of h

f ′ (h)
∇2 h(X) = ∇X ∇h = (X − ⟨X, ∇h⟩∇h) + ⟨N, ∂t ⟩AX,
f (h)

therefore,

f ′ (h)
∇2 h(X, Y ) = g(∇X ∇h, Y ) = [g(X, Y ) − dh ⊗ dh(X, Y )] + θg(AX, Y ).
f (h)

The result is followed by the fundamental equation (4). □

CLASSIFICATION OF ROTATIONAL QUOTIENT ALMOST YAMABE SOLITONS IMMERSED INTO WARPED PRODUCTS
3

√
2
Figure 1. Rotational soliton immersed into hyperbolic space with θ = 2 .

3. Examples
Example 3.1. Let ψ : Σ2 = (0, ∞) × (0, 2π) ! R ×et R2 be an isometric immersion given by:
p θ √ θ √
2 2
ψ(u, v) = (u 1 − θ2 , − √ e−u 1−θ cos v, − √ e−u 1−θ sin v), θ ∈ (0, 1),
1 − θ2 1 − θ2
√
then, Σ2 is an almost Yamabe soliton with potential h(u, v) = u 1 − θ2 and soliton function λ = σk /σl .

Example 3.2. Let ψ : Σ2 = (0, π2 ) × (0, 2π) ! R ×f S2 be an isometric immersion given by:
ψ(u, v) = α0 η1 + cos(u) cos(v)η2 + cos(u) sin(v)η3 + sin(u)η4 , α0 ∈ R, f (α0 ) = 1.
2
Then, Σ is a trivial almost Yamabe soliton with constant angle θ = 1 and soliton function λ = σk /σl .

Figure 2. Rotational soliton immersed into R ×f S2 with θ = 1.

4. Classification of rotational solitons on R ×f Rn

In this section, we present a classification of rotational gradient quotient almost Yamabe solitons
immersed into R ×f Rn with potential h := (πI )|Σ and constant angle θ ∈ [0, 1]. Following Dajczer and
do Carmo [11], we shall use the terminology of rotational hypersurface in R ×f Rn as a hypersurface
invariant by the orthogonal group O(n) seen as a subgroup of the isometries group of R ×f Rn .
Consider the coordinates (t, x1 , . . . , xn ), as well as the standard orthonormal basis {η1 , . . . , ηn+1 }
of R ×f Rn . Then, up to isometry, we can assume the rotation axis to be η1 . Consider a parametrized
4 ELISMAR DIAS BATISTA 2 , JEIDY JOHANA JIMENEZ RUIZ 3 , WILLIAN ISAO TOKURA 4 , AND AKRAM, ALI 1

by the arc length curve in the txn plane given by

γ : (t0 , t1 ) −! R ×f Rn
u 7−−! (α(u), 0, . . . , 0, β(u)).
Rotating this curve around the t-axis we obtain a rotational hypersurface in R ×f Rn . Now, in order
to obtain a parametrization of a rotational hypersurface, consider the unit sphere
Sn−1 ⊂ Rn = span{η2 , . . . , ηn+1 },
with orthogonal parametrization given by
X1 = cos v1 , X2 = sin v1 cos v2 , X3 = sin v1 sin v2 cos v3 , ...
Xn−1 = sin v1 sin v2 . . . . sin vn−2 cos vn−1 , Xn = sin v1 sin v2 . . . sin vn−2 sin vn−1 .
Therefore, a parametrization of a rotational hypersurface Σn with radial axis η1 into R ×f Rn is give
by
ψ : (t0 , t1 ) × (0, 2π)n−1 ! R ×f Rn
(8)
(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) 7−! α(u)η1 + β(u)X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ),
where
X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (0, X1 (v1 , . . . , vn−1 ), . . . , Xn (v1 , . . . , vn−1 )).
In this setting, we provide the following classification.
Theorem 4.1. Let ψ : Σn ! R ×f Rn be a rotational hypersurface with angle function θ ∈ (0, 1).
θ′ θ σk
λ= √ + ,
1−θ 2 σl
√
θ′ θ f ′ (α(u)) 2 θ 1 − θ2
√ =− (1 − θ ) − .
1 − θ2 f (α(u)) σ
Proof. Since ψ : Σn ! R ×f Rn is a rotational hypersurface, we deduce from (8) that
ψu = α′ (u)η1 + β ′ (u)X,
(9)
ψvi = β(u)Xvi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
and then, the first fundamental form of Σn takes the form
 
1 0 ... 0
f (α(u))2 β(u)2
 
 0 ... 0 
 
(10) I=
 .. .. ..
.
.. 
 .
 . . . 

0 0 ... f (α(u))2 β(u)2
The first fundamental equation (10) reveals that the induced metric on Σn can be expressed by the
warped product metric g = du2 + σ(u)2 dv 2 where σ(u) = f (α(u))β(u). In this case, it follows from
the Levi-Civita connection on the warped product metric that:
∇ψu ψu = 0,
σu
(11) ∇ψu ψvi = ∇ψvi ψu = ψv ,
σ i
∇ψvi ψvj = ψvi vj − σσu δij ψu .
From the tangent components (9), we easily derive the following unit normal vector field for Σn
α′ (u)
N = f (α(u))β ′ (u)η1 − X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ).
f (α(u))
Hence, the angle function of the hypersurface Σn is determined by
(12) θ = ⟨∂t , N ⟩ = f (α(u))β ′ (u).
Combining the unit condition for the rotational curve γ(u) = (α(u), 0, . . . , 0, β(u)), i.e.,
(13) α′ (u)2 + f (α(u))2 β ′ (u)2 = 1,
CLASSIFICATION OF ROTATIONAL QUOTIENT ALMOST YAMABE SOLITONS IMMERSED INTO WARPED PRODUCTS
5

√
and (12), we deduce α′ (u) = 1 − θ2 . Therefore, the rotational hypersurface takes the following form
Z s p  Z s 
2
θ
(14) ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = 1 − θ ds η1 + dw X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ).
f (α(w))
Now, in order to compute the Weingarten operator AN , let us consider the following decomposition
p
(15) ∂t = 1 − θ2 ψu + θN.
Taking the covariant derivative of (15) with respect ψvi and considering that the angle θ is constant
in relation the ψvi , as well as the properties of the Levi-Civita connection of R ×f Rn (∗) (Proposition
7.35 in [17]), we deduce that
θ 1 f ′ (α(u))
(16) ∇ψvi ψu = √ AN ψ v i + √ ψ vi , ∀i ∈ {1, . . . , n − 1}.
1 − θ2 1 − θ2 f (α(u))
Combining (11) and (16), yields

p σu f ′ (α(u))
(17) 1 − θ2 ψvi = θAN ψvi + ψv ,
σ f (α(u)) i
and therefore, from the expression of σ, we obtain that ψvi is an eigenvector for AN and satisfies

√ !
1 − θ2 f ′ (α(u))
(18) AN ψ v i = − θ ψvi .
σ f (α(u))
On the other hand, taking the covariant derivative of (15) with respect X ∈ X(Σ) and using the
Gauss-Weingarten formulas (5), we deduce the following implications
p p
∇X ∂t = X( 1 − θ2 )ψu + 1 − θ2 ∇X ψu + X(θ)N + θ∇X N
p p p
= X( 1 − θ2 )ψu + 1 − θ2 ∇X ψu + 1 − θ2 g(AN ψu , X)N
+ X(θ)N − θAN X,
and, again from the proprieties of the Levi-Civita connection of R ×f Rn [17], it follows
(19)
f ′ (α(u))  p  p p p
X − 1 − θ2 g(X, ψu )∂t = X( 1 − θ2 )ψu + 1 − θ2 ∇X ψu + 1 − θ2 g(AN ψu , X)N
f (α(u))
+ X(θ)N − θAN X.
Comparing the tangent and the normal parts of (19), one gets that ψu is an eigenvector for AN and
satisfies
 ′
θ′

f (α(u))
(20) AN ψu = − θ− √ ψu .
f (α(u)) 1 − θ2
Therefore, from (18) and (20), we conclude that {ψu , ψv1 , . . . , ψvn−1 } form an orthogonal basis of AN
and its expression on that basis takes the form
 ′
f (α(u)) θ′

− θ− √ 0 ... 0
 f (α(u)) 1 − θ2 √ 
′
 2

 1 − θ f (α(u)) 
 0 − θ . . . 0 
(21) AN = 
 σ f (α(u)) .

 .. .. . . .
. 
. . . .
√
 
 
 1 − θ2 f ′ (α(u)) 
0 0 ... − θ
σ f (α(u))
Now, since we are suppose that (Σn , g, h, λ) is a gradient almost Yamabe soliton, we obtain from
Lemma 2.1 that
f ′ (h)
 
σk
(22) − λ g(X, Y ) = [g(X, Y ) − dh ⊗ dh(X, Y )] + θg(AX, Y ), ∀X, Y ∈ X(Σ).
σl f (h)
Notice that, in particular cases X = ψu , Y = ψvi and X = ψvi , Y = ψvj , i ̸= j, the orthogonality
of X, Y and the expression for the height function
Z up
(23) h(u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = (πR )|Σn (u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = 1 − θ2 du
6 ELISMAR DIAS BATISTA 2 , JEIDY JOHANA JIMENEZ RUIZ 3 , WILLIAN ISAO TOKURA 4 , AND AKRAM, ALI 1

implies that equation (22) is trivially satisfied. Hence, we need to look at equation (22) for a pair of
fields X = Y = ψu and X = Y = ψvi .
For X = Y = ψu , we obtain
f ′ (α(u))
 
σk
− λ g(ψu , ψu ) = [g(ψu , ψu ) − dh ⊗ dh(ψu , ψu )] + θg(AN ψu , ψu )
σl f (α(u))
f ′ (α(u))   f ′ (h) 2 θ′ θ
= 1 − (1 − θ2 ) − θ −√
f (α(u)) f (h) 1 − θ2
θ′ θ
= −√ ,
1 − θ2
σk θ′ θ
which implies that σl − λ = −√ .
1 − θ2
Now, for X = Y = ψvi , with 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, we get
f ′ (α(u))
 
σk
− λ g(ψvi , ψvi ) = [g(ψvi , ψvi ) − dh ⊗ dh(ψvi , ψvi )] + θg(AN ψvi , ψvi )
σl f (α(u))
√ !
f ′ (α(u)) 2 θ 1 − θ2
= (1 − θ ) + g(ψvi , ψvi ).
f (α(u)) σ

σk θ′ θ
Hence, since σl − λ = −√ , we obtain from above that
1 − θ2
√
f ′ (α(u)) θ 1 − θ2 θ′ θ
(24) (1 − θ2 ) + = −√ .
f (α(u)) σ 1 − θ2
And this finalize the proof of the theorem. □

Corollary 4.2. Let ψ : Σn ! R ×f Rn be a rotational hypersurface with constant angle θ ∈ [0, 1].
Then, Σn is a rotational almost quotient Yamabe soliton hypersurface if, only if
a) If θ ∈ (0, 1), then, up to constants, there exists a unique rotational almost quotient Yamabe
soliton hypersurface given by
Z u√1−θ2 !
p θ ds
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = u 1 − θ2 η1 + X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ), f (t) = et ,
1 − θ2 f (s)

b) If θ = 0, then there exists a unique rotational almost quotient Yamabe soliton hypersurface
given by
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (u + u0 )η1 + β0 X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ), u0 , β0 ∈ R,
In this case the potential function is linear h = u + u0 and Σn is a cylinder.
c) If θ = 1, then there exists a unique rotational almost quotient Yamabe soliton hypersurface
given by
 
u
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = α0 η1 + + u0 X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ), α0 , u0 ∈ R,
f (α0 )
In this case the potential function is constant h = α0 and Σn is a slice of R × Rn .
Here η1 = (1, 0, . . . , 0) ∈ Rn+1 , −∞ < u < ∞, 0 < v1 , . . . , vn−1 < 2π and X is a sphere parametriza-
tion.
Proof. First, assume that θ is constant, then, by (12) we obtain

p
(25) α(u) = u 1 − θ2 + c1 , c1 ∈ R.
If θ = 0, then from (12), (13) and (25), we deduce that
α(u) = u + u0 , β(u) = β0 , u0 , β0 ∈ R.
Then,
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (u + u0 )η1 + β0 X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ).
CLASSIFICATION OF ROTATIONAL QUOTIENT ALMOST YAMABE SOLITONS IMMERSED INTO WARPED PRODUCTS
7

In this case, the Weingarten matrix is given by

 
0 0 ... 0
 1 
 0 ... 0
 
f (α(u))β0

 
(26) AN =  .. .. .. .. .
 . . . .


 
 1 
0 0 ...
f (α(u))β0
Now, since we are suppose that (Σn , g, h, λ) is a gradient quotient almost Yamabe soliton, we obtain
from Lemma 2.1 that
f ′ (h)
 
σk
(27) − λ g(X, Y ) = [g(X, Y ) − dh ⊗ dh(X, Y )] + θg(AX, Y ), ∀X, Y ∈ X(Σ).
σl f (h)
Notice that, in particular cases X = ψu , Y = ψvi and X = ψvi , Y = ψvj , i ̸= j, the orthogonality
of X, Y and the expression for the height function
(28) h(u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = (πR )|Σn (u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = u + u0 , u0 ∈ R,
implies that equation (27) is trivially satisfied. Hence, we need to look at equation (27) for a pair of
fields X = Y = ψu and X = Y = ψvi .
For X = Y = ψu , we obtain
f ′ (α(u))
 
σk
− λ g(ψu , ψu ) = [g(ψu , ψu ) − dh ⊗ dh(ψu , ψu )] + θg(AN ψu , ψu )
σl f (α(u))
f ′ (α(u))
= (1 − 1) + 0
f (α(u))
= 0.
which implies that σσkl = λ.
Now, for X = Y = ψvi , with 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, we get
f ′ (α(u))
 
σk
− λ g(ψvi , ψvi ) = [g(ψvi , ψvi ) − dh ⊗ dh(ψvi , ψvi )] + θg(AN ψvi , ψvi )
σl f (α(u))
f ′ (α(u))
= g(ψvi , ψvi ).
f (α(u))
Hence, since σσkl = λ, we obtain from above that
f (α(u)) = constant
Then f |Σ = constant and
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (u + u0 )η1 + β0 X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ).
is the unique soliton with θ = 0.
Now, if θ = 1, then from (12) and (13), we deduce that
u
α(u) = α0 , β(u) = + u0 , α0 , u0 ∈ R.
f (α0 )
Then,  
u
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = α0 η1 + + u0 X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ), α0 , u0 ∈ R,
f (α0 )
In this case the height function is given by
h(u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = (πR )|Σn (u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = α0 , α0 ∈ R,
and  
u
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = α0 η1 + + u0 X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ), α0 , u0 ∈ R,
f (α0 )
is trivial and the unique soliton with θ = 1.
Finally, consider θ ∈ (0, 1), then replacing equation (25) into (12) and solving in u, we derive the
following expression
Z u Z u√1−θ2 +c1
θ θ ds
β(u) = √ ds + c2 = √ + c2 , c2 ∈ R.
2
f (s 1 − θ + c1 ) 1−θ 2 f (s)
Therefore, the rotational hypersurface takes the following form
8 ELISMAR DIAS BATISTA 2 , JEIDY JOHANA JIMENEZ RUIZ 3 , WILLIAN ISAO TOKURA 4 , AND AKRAM, ALI 1

√ !
Z u 1−θ 2
p θ ds
(29) ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = u 1 − θ2 η1 + X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ).
1 − θ2 f (s)
σk
From Theorem 4.1 we conclude that σl = λ, and then, taking into account equation (17) and (24), it
easily follows

f ′ (α(u))
 
σu 1
(30) ψv = √ θAN ψvi + ψv = 0,
σ i 1 − θ2 f (α(u)) i
which implies that σ is constant. Therefore, from
√
f ′ (α(u)) 2 θ 1 − θ2
(1 − θ ) + = 0,
f (α(u)) σ
we deduce that
f ′ (α(u))
= constant.
f (α(u))
And thus, f (t) = c3 ec5 t , c3 , c4 ∈ R. Bringing together equations (29), (23) and the expression for f
we obtain the desired result. □

5. Classification of rotational solitons on R ×f Sn

Theorem 5.1. Let ψ : Σn ! R ×f Sn be a rotational hypersurface with angle function |θ| < 1. Then,
Σn is a rotational almost quotient Yamabe soliton hypersurface if, only if

θ′ θ σk
λ= √ +
1−θ 2 σl
θ′ θ f ′ (α(u)) p
√ =− (1 − θ2 ) + 1 − θ2 tan(β(u))β ′ (u).
1 − θ2 f (α(u))
Proof. The parametrization of a rotational hypersurface Σn immersed into R ×f Sn associated with
the profile curve
γ(u) = (α(u), cos(β(u)), 0, . . . , 0, sin(β(u))),
is given by ([10], see also [15])

ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = α(u)η1 + cos(β(u))X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) + sin(β(u))ηn+2 ,

where
X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (0, X1 (v1 , . . . , vn−1 ), . . . , Xn (v1 , . . . , vn−1 ), 0).
is the sphere parametrization. We assume that γ is parametrized by arc length, i.e.,
(31) α′ (u)2 + f (α(u))2 β ′ (u)2 = 1, u ∈ (t0 , t1 ).
Taking the derivative of ψ, we obtain that
ψu = α′ (u)η1 − sin(β(u))β ′ (u)X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) + cos(β(u))β ′ (u)ηn+2 , ψvi = cos(β(u))Xvi
then, the first fundamental form takes the form

I = du2 + f (α(u))2 cos(β(u))2 dS 2 ,

where dS 2 is the standard metric on Sn−1 .
The unitary normal is given by
sin(β(u))α′ (u) cos(β(u)α′ (u)
N = f (α(u))β ′ (u)η1 + X− ηn+2 ,
f (α(u)) f (α(u))
and then the angle function is
(32) θ = ⟨N, ∂t ⟩ = f (α(u))β ′ (u).
We will now compute the shape operator AN of Σn . Observe that for X, Y tangent to Σn
(33) ⟨AN X, Y ⟩ = ⟨−∇X N, Y ⟩ = ⟨∇X Y, N ⟩
where ∇ is the Levi-Civita connection of R ×f Sn . Note that
CLASSIFICATION OF ROTATIONAL QUOTIENT ALMOST YAMABE SOLITONS IMMERSED INTO WARPED PRODUCTS
9

⟨AN ψvi , ψu ⟩ = ⟨∇ψu ψvi , N ⟩ = 0.

n
⟨AN ψvi , ψvj ⟩ = ⟨∇ψvi ψvj , N ⟩ = ⟨∇Sψv ψvj , N ⟩ = 0, (since X is an orthogonal parametrization), i ̸= j.
i

This implies that {ψu , ψv1 , . . . , ψvn } diagonalizes AN .

From (33), we get

f ′ (α(u)) θ′
⟨AN ψu , ψu ⟩ = ⟨−∇ψu N, ψu ⟩ = ⟨∇ψu ψu , N ⟩ = − θ− √ .
f (α(u)) 1 − θ2
Indeed, from the decomposition
p
(34) ∂t = 1 − θ2 ψu + θN,
and
f′
∇X ∂t = (X − ⟨X, ∂t ⟩∂t ), ∀X ∈ X(Σ),
f
we have
p p f ′ (α(u))
ψu ( 1 − θ2 )ψu + 1 − θ2 ∇ψu ψu + ψu (θ)N + θ∇ψu N = (ψu − ⟨ψu , ∂t ⟩∂t )
f (α(u))
Consequently,
p f ′ (α(u)) p f ′ (α(u))
1 − θ2 ⟨∇ψu ψu , N ⟩ = − ⟨ψu , ∂t ⟩θ − θ′ = − 1 − θ2 ⟨ψu , ψu ⟩θ − θ′ .
f (α(u)) f (α(u))
thus

f ′ (α(u)) θ′
⟨∇ψu ψu , N ⟩ = − θ− √ .
f (α(u)) 1 − θ2
Taking the covariant derivative of (34) with respect ψvi and considering that the angle θ is constant
in relation the ψvi , we deduce that
θ 1 f ′ (α(u))
(35) ∇ψvi ψu = √ AN ψ v i + √ ψ vi , ∀i ∈ {1, . . . , n − 1}.
1−θ 2 1 − θ f (α(u))
2

Combining the condition

σu
∇ψu ψvi = ∇ψvi ψu = ψv , σ = f (α(u) cos(β(u)),
σ i
with (35), yields

σu θ 1 f ′ (α(u))
(36) ψvi = √ AN ψ v i + √ ψ vi , σ = f (α(u) cos(β(u)).
σ 1−θ 2 1 − θ f (α(u))
2

Therefore

√ !
1 − θ2 f ′ (α(u))
(37) AN ψ v i = − sin(β(u)) + θ ψ vi .
σ f (α(u))
Suppose that (Σn , g, h, λ) is a gradient almost quotient Yamabe soliton. We obtain from Lemma
2.1 that
f ′ (h)
 
σk
(38) − λ g(X, Y ) = [g(X, Y ) − dh ⊗ dh(X, Y )] + θg(AX, Y ), ∀X, Y ∈ X(Σ).
σl f (h)
Notice that, in particular cases X = ψu , Y = ψvi and X = ψvi , Y = ψvj , i ̸= j, the orthogonality
of X, Y and the expression for the height function
Z up
h(u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = (πR )|Σn (u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = 1 − θ2 du,

implies that equation (38) is trivially satisfied. Hence, we need to look at equation (38) for a pair of
fields X = Y = ψu and X = Y = ψvi .
10 ELISMAR DIAS BATISTA 2 , JEIDY JOHANA JIMENEZ RUIZ 3 , WILLIAN ISAO TOKURA 4 , AND AKRAM, ALI 1

For X = Y = ψu , we obtain
f ′ (α(u))
 
σk
− λ g(ψu , ψu ) = [g(ψu , ψu ) − dh ⊗ dh(ψu , ψu )] + θg(AN ψu , ψu )
σl f (α(u))
f ′ (α(u))   f ′ (h) 2 θ′ θ
= 1 − (1 − θ2 ) − θ −√
f (α(u)) f (h) 1 − θ2
′
θθ
= −√ .
1 − θ2
θ′ θ
which implies that σσkl − λ = − √ .
1 − θ2
Now, for X = Y = ψvi , with 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, we get
f ′ (α(u))
 
σk
− λ g(ψvi , ψvi ) = [g(ψvi , ψvi ) − dh ⊗ dh(ψvi , ψvi )] + θg(AN ψvi , ψvi )
σl f (α(u))
√ !!
f ′ (α(u)) 1 − θ2 f ′
(h)
= −θ tan(β(u))β ′ (u) + θ g(ψvi , ψvi )
f (α(u)) θ f (h)
 ′ 
f (α(u)) p
= (1 − θ2 ) − 1 − θ2 tan(β(u))β ′ (u) g(ψvi , ψvi )
f (α(u))
σk θ′ θ
Hence, since σl − λ = −√ , we obtain from above that
1 − θ2
f ′ (α(u)) p θ′ θ
(39) (1 − θ2 ) − 1 − θ2 tan(β(u))β ′ (u) = − √ ,
f (α(u)) 1 − θ2
and this finalize the proof of theorem. □
Corollary 5.2. Let ψ : Σn ! R ×f Sn be a rotational hypersurface with constant angle θ ∈ [0, 1].
a) If θ ∈ (0, 1), then any rotational almost quotient Yamabe soliton hypersurface is given by
Z u√1−θ2 ! Z u√1−θ2 !
p
2
θ ds θ ds
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = u 1 − θ η1 +cos X +sin ηn+2 ,
1 − θ2 f (s) 1 − θ2 f (s)
where f is a solution of

σ 2 f ′2
σ2 + − σ 2 f ′2 = f 2 , σ ∈ R.
θ2
b) If θ = 0, then there exists a unique rotational almost quotient Yamabe soliton hypersurface
given by
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (u + u0 )η1 + cos β0 X + sin β0 ηn+2 , u0 , β0 ∈ R.
In this case the potential function is linear h = u + u0 .
c) If θ = 1, then there exists a unique rotational almost quotient Yamabe soliton hypersurface
given by
   
u u
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = α0 η1 + cos + u0 X + sin + u0 ηn+2 , u0 , β0 ∈ R.
f (α0 ) f (α0 )
In this case the potential function is constant h = α0 and Σn is a slice of R × Sn .
Here η1 = (1, 0, . . . , 0) ∈ Rn+1 , −∞ < u < ∞, 0 < v1 , . . . , vn−1 < 2π and X is the sphere parametriza-
tion.
Proof. Consider θ ∈ (0, 1) a constant function in Theorem 5.1. Then, from (31) and (32), we conclude
that
p
α(u) = u 1 − θ2
Z u√1−θ2
θ ds
β(u) = 2
.
1−θ f (s)
By equations (36) and (39), it easily follows

f ′ (α(u))
 
σu 1
(40) ψ vi = √ θAN ψvi + ψvi = 0,
σ 1 − θ2 f (α(u))
CLASSIFICATION OF ROTATIONAL QUOTIENT ALMOST YAMABE SOLITONS IMMERSED INTO WARPED PRODUCTS
11

which implies that σ = f (α(u)) cos(β(u)) is constant. Therefore, (39), is equivalent to

f ′ (α(u)) θ 1
(41) =√ sin(β(u)).
f (α(u)) 1 − θ2 σ
Since cos2 (β(u)) + sin2 (β(u)) = 1, we get that (41) is equivalent to

σ 2 f ′ (α(u))2 (1 − θ2 )
+ σ 2 = f (α(u))2 .
θ2
If θ = 0, then from (31) and (32), we deduce that
α(u) = u + u0 , β(u) = β0 , u0 , β0 ∈ R.
Then,
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (u + u0 )η1 + cos(β0 )X(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) + sin(β0 )ηn+2 .
In this case, the Weingartein matrix is given by
 
0 0 ... 0
 tan β0 
0 ... 0
 
f (α(u))
 
 
(42) AN =  .. .. .. .. .

 . . . .


 
 tan β0 
0 0 ...
f (α(u))
Now, since we are suppose that (Σn , g, h, λ) is a gradient quotient almost Yamabe soliton, we obtain
from Lemma 2.1 that
f ′ (h)
 
σk
(43) − λ g(X, Y ) = [g(X, Y ) − dh ⊗ dh(X, Y )] + θg(AX, Y ), ∀X, Y ∈ X(Σ).
σl f (h)
Notice that, in particular cases X = ψu , Y = ψvi and X = ψvi , Y = ψvj , i ̸= j, the orthogonality
of X, Y and the expression for the height function
(44) h(u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = (πR )|Σn (u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = u + u0 , u0 ∈ R,
implies that equation (43) is trivially satisfied. Hence, we need to look at equation (43) for a pair of
fields X = Y = ψu and X = Y = ψvi .
For X = Y = ψu , we obtain
f ′ (α(u))
 
σk
− λ g(ψu , ψu ) = [g(ψu , ψu ) − dh ⊗ dh(ψu , ψu )] + θg(AN ψu , ψu )
σl f (α(u))
f ′ (α(u))
= (1 − 1) + 0
f (α(u))
= 0.
which implies that σσkl = λ.
Now, for X = Y = ψvi , with 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, we get
f ′ (α(u))
 
σk
− λ g(ψvi , ψvi ) = [g(ψvi , ψvi ) − dh ⊗ dh(ψvi , ψvi )] + θg(AN ψvi , ψvi )
σl f (α(u))
f ′ (α(u))
= g(ψvi , ψvi ).
f (α(u))
σk
Hence, since σl = λ, we obtain from above that
f (α(u)) = constant
Then f |Σ = constant and
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (u + u0 )η1 + cos β0 X + sin β0 ηn+2 , u0 , β0 ∈ R.
is the unique soliton with θ = 0.
Now, if θ = 1, then from (31) and (32), we deduce that
u
α(u) = α0 , β(u) = + u0 , α0 , u0 ∈ R.
f (α0 )
12 ELISMAR DIAS BATISTA 2 , JEIDY JOHANA JIMENEZ RUIZ 3 , WILLIAN ISAO TOKURA 4 , AND AKRAM, ALI 1

Then,
   
u u
(45) ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = α0 η1 + cos + u0 X + sin + u0 ηn+2 , u0 , β0 ∈ R.
f (α0 ) f (α0 )
In this case the height function is given by
h(u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = (πR )|Σn (u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = α0 , α0 ∈ R,
and (45) is trivial and the unique soliton with θ = 1. □

6. Classification of rotational solitons on R ×f Hn

In order to classify rotational gradient quotient almost Yamabe solitons immersed into R ×f Hn we
define P 2 as the plane containing the profile curve.
Theorem 6.1. Let ψ : Σn ! R ×f Hn be a rotational hypersurface with angle function |θ| < 1. Then,
Σn is a rotational almost quotient Yamabe soliton hypersurface if, only if
θ′ θ σk
λ= √ + ,
1−θ 2 σl
and in addition
(i) If P 2 is Riemannian, we have

f ′ (α(u)) p θ′ θ
(46) (1 − θ2 ) + 1 − θ2 tanh(β(u))β ′ (u) = − √ .
f (α(u)) 1 − θ2
(ii) If P 2 is Lorentzian, then
 ′
θ′ θ

f (α(u)) p
(47) (1 − θ2 ) + 1 − θ2 coth(β(u))β ′ (u) = − √
f (α(u)) 1 − θ2
.
(iii) If P 2 is degenerate, we got
′
√
2 f (α(u)) 1 − θ2 β ′ θ′ θ
(48) (1 − θ ) + = −√ .
f (α(u)) β 1 − θ2
Proof. First, we consider the case that P 2 is Riemannian. This way the parametrization of a rotational
hypersurface Σn immersed into R ×f Hn associated with the profile curve
γ(u) = (α(u), cosh(β(u)), 0 . . . , 0, sinh(β(u))),
is given by ([10], see also [15])

ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = α(u)η1 + cosh(β(u))ζ(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) + sinh(β(u))ηn+2 ,

where
ζ(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (0, ζ1 (v1 , . . . , vn−1 ), . . . , ζn (v1 , . . . , vn−1 ), 0).
is an orthogonal parametrisation of the hyperbolic space Hn−1 . We assume that γ is parametrized by
arc length, i.e.,
(49) α′ (u)2 + f (α(u))2 β ′ (u)2 = 1, u ∈ (t0 , t1 ).
Taking the derivative of ψ, we obtain that

ψu = α′ (u)η1 + sinh(β(u))β ′ (u)ζ(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) + cosh(β(u))β ′ (u)ηn+2 , ψvi = cosh(β(u))ζvi

n
so, by a simple computation we obtain the first fundamental of Σ

I = du2 + f (α(u))2 cosh(β(u))2 dH 2 ,

where dH 2 is the standard metric on Hn−1 . The vector unitary normal the Σ is

sinh(β(u))α′ (u) cosh(β(u)α′ (u)

N = f (α(u))β ′ (u)η1 + ζ+ ηn+2 ,
f (α(u)) f (α(u))
so the angle function is given by
(50) θ = ⟨N, ∂u ⟩ = f (α(u))β ′ (u).
CLASSIFICATION OF ROTATIONAL QUOTIENT ALMOST YAMABE SOLITONS IMMERSED INTO WARPED PRODUCTS
13

Now we will compute the shape operator AN of Σn . Note that for all X, Y ∈ X(Σn )
(51) ⟨AN X, Y ⟩ = ⟨−∇X N, Y ⟩ = ⟨∇X Y, N ⟩
where ∇ is the Levi-Civita connection of R ×f Hn . Observe that

⟨AN ψvi , ψu ⟩ = ⟨∇ψu ψvi , N ⟩ = 0,

and
n
⟨AN ψvi , ψvj ⟩ = ⟨∇ψvi ψvj , N ⟩ = ⟨∇H
ψv ψvj , N ⟩ = 0.
i

Therefore {ψu , ψv1 , . . . , ψvn } diagonalizes AN .

This way, using the following decomposition
p
(52) ∂u = 1 − θ2 ψu + θN,
and
f′
∇ X ∂u = (X − ⟨X, ∂u ⟩∂u ), ∀X ∈ X(Σ),
f
we get in a similar way to the previous session that

f′ θ′
⟨AN ψu , ψu ⟩ = ⟨−∇ψu N, ψu ⟩ = ⟨∇ψu ψu , N ⟩ = − θ− √ .
f 1 − θ2
From the covariant derivative of (52) with respect ψvi and considering that the angle θ is constant,
we obtain
θ 1 f ′ (α(u))
(53) ∇ψvi ψu = √ AN ψ v i + √ ψ vi , ∀i ∈ {1, . . . , n − 1}.
1 − θ2 1 − θ2 f (α(u))
Combining the condition
σu
∇ψu ψvi = ∇ψvi ψu = ψv , σ = f (α(u)) cosh(β(u)),
σ i
with (53), yields

σu θ 1 f ′ (α(u))
(54) ψ vi = √ AN ψ v i + √ ψ vi .
σ 1 − θ2 1 − θ2 f (α(u))
So

√ !
1 − θ2 f ′ (α(u))
(55) AN ψvi = sinh(β(u)) − θ ψ vi .
σ f (α(u))

Now, suppose that (Σn , g, h, λ) is a gradient quotient almost Yamabe soliton We obtain from Lemma
2.1 that
f ′ (h)
 
σk
(56) − λ g(X, Y ) = [g(X, Y ) − dh ⊗ dh(X, Y )] + θg(AX, Y ), ∀X, Y ∈ X(Σ),
σl f (h)
for θ ∈ (0, 1). Proceeding in a similar way to what was done in the previous session for M = Sn , in
Lemma 2.1 we have to
For X = Y = ψu , we obtain
f ′ (α(u))
 
σk
− λ g(ψu , ψu ) = [g(ψu , ψu ) − dh ⊗ dh(ψu , ψu )] + θg(AN ψu , ψu )
σl f (α(u))
f ′ (α(u))   f ′ (h) 2 θ′ θ
= 1 − (1 − θ2 ) − θ −√
f (α(u)) f (h) 1 − θ2
′
θθ
= −√ .
1 − θ2
σk θ′ θ
which implies that σl − λ = −√ .
1 − θ2
14 ELISMAR DIAS BATISTA 2 , JEIDY JOHANA JIMENEZ RUIZ 3 , WILLIAN ISAO TOKURA 4 , AND AKRAM, ALI 1

Now, for X = Y = ψvi , with 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, we have

f ′ (α(u))
 
σk
− λ g(ψvi , ψvi ) = [g(ψvi , ψvi ) − dh ⊗ dh(ψvi , ψvi )] + θg(AN ψvi , ψvi )
σl f (α(u))
√ !!
f ′ (α(u)) 1 − θ2 f ′
(h)
= +θ tanh(β(u))β ′ (u) − θ g(ψvi , ψvi )
f (α(u)) θ f (h)
 ′ 
f (α(u)) p
= (1 − θ2 ) + 1 − θ2 tanh(β(u))β ′ (u) g(ψvi , ψvi )
f (α(u))
Hence
f ′ (α(u)) p θ′ θ
(57) (1 − θ2 ) + 1 − θ2 tanh(β(u))β ′ (u) = − √ .
f (α(u)) 1 − θ2
Next, we will assume that P 2 is Lorentzian, thus the parametrization of rotational hypersurface Σn
immersed into R ×f Hn with profile curve parametrized by arc length
γ(u) = (α(u), cosh(β(u)), 0 . . . , 0, sinh(β(u))),
is given by

ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = α(u)η1 + sinh(β(u))ζ(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) + cosh(β(u))ηn+2 .

The induced metric is
I = du2 + f (α(u))2 sinh(β(u))2 dS 2 ,
where dS 2 is the standard metric on Sn−1 .
The vector unitary normal the Σ is

cosh(β(u))α′ (u) sinh(β(u)α′ (u)

N = f (α(u))β ′ (u)η1 + ζ+ ηn+2 ,
f (α(u)) f (α(u))
thus, the angle function is
(58) θ = ⟨N, ∂u ⟩ = f (α(u))β ′ (u) = constant.
Computing the shape operator AN of Σn we arrived at

f′
⟨AN ψu , ψu ⟩ = ⟨−∇ψu N, ψu ⟩ = ⟨∇ψu ψu , N ⟩ = − θ.
f
and
√ !
1 − θ2 f ′ (α(u))
(59) AN ψ v i = cosh(β(u)) − θ ψvi .
σ f (α(u))
Now, suppose that (Σn , g, h, λ) is a gradient quotient almost Yamabe soliton We obtain from Lemma
2.1 that
θ′ θ
 
σk
− λ = −√
σl 1 − θ2
and
 ′
θ′ θ

f (α(u)) p
(60) (1 − θ2 ) + 1 − θ2 coth(β(u))β ′ (u) = − √ ,
f (α(u)) 1 − θ2
Finally consider that P 2 is degenerate, hance the parametrization of rotational hypersurface Σn
immersed into R ×f Hn with profile curve parametrized by arc length given by
1
γ(u) = (α(u), β(u), 0 . . . , 0, − ),
2β(u)
with β(u) > 0 and
α′ (u)2 + f (α(u))2 (ln(β(u)))′2 = 1,
is

n+1
!
1 β(u) X 2
ψ(u, v3 , . . . , vn+1 ) = α(u)η1 + β(u)η2 + β(u)v − − v ηn+2 ,
2β(u) 2 i=3 i
CLASSIFICATION OF ROTATIONAL QUOTIENT ALMOST YAMABE SOLITONS IMMERSED INTO WARPED PRODUCTS
15

where v = (v3 , ..., vn+1 ). The induced metric is

I = du2 + f (α(u))2 β(u)2 dR2 ,
where dR2 is the standard metric on Rn−1 .
The unitary normal is
n+1
!
−β ′ (u)(f α(u)) β(u)α′ (u) β(u)α′ (u) 1 α′ (u) β(u)α′ (u) X 2
N= η1 + η2 + v+ − vi ,
β(u) f (α(u)) f (α(u)) f (α(u)) 2β(u) 2 i=3
and then the angle function is
−β ′ (u)(f α(u))
(61) θ = ⟨N, ∂u ⟩ = .
β(u)
The shape operator AN of Σn is

f ′ (α(u)) θ′
 
(62) AN ϕ u = − θ− √ ϕu .
f (α(u)) 1 − θ2
and
√ !
1 − θ2 f ′ (α(u))
(63) AN ψvi = − β(u) + θ ψvi , σ = f (α(u))β(u).
σ f (α(u))
Assuming that (Σn , g, h, λ) is a gradient quotient almost Yamabe soliton We obtain from Lemma 2.1
that
σk θ′ θ
+√ =λ
σl 1 − θ2
and
′
√
2 f (α(u)) 1 − θ2 β ′ θ′ θ
(64) (1 − θ ) + = −√
f (α(u)) β 1 − θ2
□
Corollary 6.2. Let ψ : Σn ! R ×f Hn be a rotational hypersurface with constant angle θ ∈ [0, 1].
a) If θ ∈ (0, 1) and P 2 Riemannian, then any rotational almost quotient Yamabe soliton hyper-
surface is given by
Z u√1−θ2 ! Z u√1−θ2 !
p θ ds θ ds
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = u 1 − θ2 η1 +cosh ζ+sinh ηn+2 ,
1 − θ2 f (s) 1 − θ2 f (s)
where f is a solution of

σ 2 f ′2
σ2 − + σ 2 f ′2 = f 2 , σ ∈ R.
θ2
2
b) If θ ∈ (0, 1) and P Lorentzian, then any rotational almost quotient Yamabe soliton hypersur-
face is given by
Z u√1−θ2 ! Z u√1−θ2 !
p θ ds θ ds
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = u 1 − θ2 η1 +sinh ζ+cosh ηn+2 ,
1 − θ2 f (s) 1 − θ2 f (s)
where f is a solution of

σ 2 f ′2
σ2 + − σ 2 f ′2 = f 2 , σ ∈ R.
θ2
2
c) If θ ∈ (0, 1) and P degenerate, then any rotational almost quotient Yamabe soliton hypersur-
face is given by
θ
R u√1−θ2 ds θ
R u√1−θ2 ds
− 1−θ − 1−θ
p
2
ψ(u, v3 , . . . , vn+1 ) = u 1 − θ η1 + c1 e 2 f (s)
η2 + c1 e 2 f (s)
v
 √ 
θ
R u 1−θ 2 ds
− n+1
1 c1 e 1−θ2 f (s) X
− √ − vi2  ηn+2 ,
θ
− 1−θ
R u 1−θ2 ds
2
2c1 e 2 f (s) i=3

where f is a solution of
p
(1 − θ2 )f ′ = −θ 1 − θ2 .
16 ELISMAR DIAS BATISTA 2 , JEIDY JOHANA JIMENEZ RUIZ 3 , WILLIAN ISAO TOKURA 4 , AND AKRAM, ALI 1

d) If θ = 0, then there exists a unique rotational almost quotient Yamabe soliton hypersurface
given by

ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (u + u0 )η1 + cosh(β0 )ζ(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) + sinh(β0 )ηn+2 , u0 , β0 ∈ R.

when P 2 is Riemannian. And

ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (u + u0 )η1 + sinh(β0 )ζ(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) + cosh(β0 )ηn+2 ,

when P 2 is Lorentzian, or

n+1
1 X
ψ(u, v3 , . . . , vn+1 ) = (u + u0 )η1 + β1 η2 + β1 v − (1 − vi2 )ηn+2 , β1 ∈ R,
2 i=3

for P 2 degenerate.
e) If θ = 1, then there exists a unique rotational almost quotient Yamabe soliton hypersurface
given by
   
u u
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = α0 η1 + cosh + u0 ζ + sinh + u0 ηn+2 , u0 , β0 ∈ R.
f (α0 ) f (α0 )

, when P 2 is Riemannian. And

   
u u
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = α0 η1 + sinh + u0 ζ + cosh + u0 ηn+2 ,
f (α0 ) f (α0 )

when P 2 is Lorentzian, or
u u
! !
− −
ψ(u, v3 , . . . , vn+1 ) = α0 η1 + u1 e f (α0 ) η + u e f (α0 ) v
2 1
u
 ! 
−
f (α0 ) n+1
 1 u1 e X
− −  ηn+2 , u1 ∈ R,
 
u
!
 −
2 i=3

2u1 e f (α 0)

for P 2 degenerate.

Proof. First, assume that P 2 is Riemannian and θ is a constant function. By (57) we get
f ′ (α(u)) p
(65) (1 − θ2 ) + 1 − θ2 tanh(β(u))β ′ (u) = 0,
f (α(u))
and then, taking into account equations (54) and (57), it easily follows

f ′ (α(u))
 
σu 1
(66) ψv = √ θAN ψvi + ψv = 0,
σ i 1 − θ2 f (α(u)) i
which implies that σ = f (α(u)) cosh(β(u)) is constant. Therefore, (57), is equivalent to

f ′ (α(u)) θ 1
(67) = −√ sinh(β(u)).
f (α(u)) 1 − θ2 σ

σ 2 f ′ (α(u))2 (1 − θ2 )
− + σ 2 = f (α(u))2
θ2
If θ = 0, then from (49) and (50), we deduce that

α(u) = u + u0 , β(u) = β0 , u0 , β0 ∈ R.

Then,
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (u + u0 )η1 + cosh(β0 )ζ(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) + sinh(β0 )ηn+2 .
CLASSIFICATION OF ROTATIONAL QUOTIENT ALMOST YAMABE SOLITONS IMMERSED INTO WARPED PRODUCTS
17

In this case, the Weingartein matrix is given by

 
0 0 ... 0
 tanh β0 
0 ... 0
 
f (α(u))
 
 
(68) AN =  .. .. .. .. .

 . . . .


 
 tanh β0 
0 0 ...
f (α(u))
Therefore, For X = Y = ψu , we obtain
f ′ (α(u))
 
σk
− λ g(ψu , ψu ) = [g(ψu , ψu ) − dh ⊗ dh(ψu , ψu )] + θg(AN ψu , ψu )
σl f (α(u))
f ′ (α(u))
= (1 − 1) + 0
f (α(u))
= 0.
which implies that σσkl = λ.
Otherwise, for X = Y = ψvi , with 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, we get
f ′ (α(u))
 
σk
0= − λ g(ψvi , ψvi ) = [g(ψvi , ψvi ) − dh ⊗ dh(ψvi , ψvi )] + θg(AN ψvi , ψvi )
σl f (α(u))
f ′ (α(u))
= g(ψvi , ψvi ).
f (α(u))
Hence
f (α(u)) = constant
Then f |Σ = constant and
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (u + u0 )η1 + cosh β0 ζ + sinh β0 ηn+2 , u0 , β0 ∈ R.
is the unique soliton with θ = 0.
Now, if θ = 1, then from (49) and (50), we deduce that
u
α(u) = α0 , β(u) = + u0 , α0 , u0 ∈ R.
f (α0 )
Then,
   
u u
(69) ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = α0 η1 + cosh + u0 ζ + sinh + u0 ηn+2 , u0 , β0 ∈ R.
f (α0 ) f (α0 )
In this case the height function is given by
h(u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = (πR )|Σn (u, v1 , . . . , vn ) = α0 , α0 ∈ R,
and (45) is trivial and the unique soliton with θ = 1.
Now, assume that P 2 is Lorentizian, then from (60) we have
 ′ 
f (α(u)) 2
p
2 ′
(70) (1 − θ ) + 1 − θ coth(β(u))β (u) = 0,
f (α(u))
and then, taking into account equations (59) and (60), it easily follows that σ = f (α(u)) sinh(β(u)) is
constant. Therefore, (70), is equivalent to

σ 2 f ′ (α(u))2 (1 − θ2 )
+ σ 2 = f (α(u))2
θ2
If θ = 0, then
ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = (u + u0 )η1 + sinh(β0 )ζ(v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) + cosh(β0 )ηn+2 .
and
f (α(u)) = constant.
In case of θ = 1, we deduce that
u
!
−
α(u) = α0 , β(u) = u1 e f (α0 ) , u ∈ R.
1

In this case the height function is constant.

18 ELISMAR DIAS BATISTA 2 , JEIDY JOHANA JIMENEZ RUIZ 3 , WILLIAN ISAO TOKURA 4 , AND AKRAM, ALI 1

Finally consider that P 2 is degenerate, hance by (64) we arrive at

′
√
2 f (α(u)) 1 − θ2 β ′
(71) (1 − θ ) + = 0,
f (α(u)) β
which implies that σ = f (α(u))β(u) is a constant function.
When θ = 0, follow that
α = u + u0 β = β1
and
f (α(u)) = constant.
In case of θ = 1, we deduce that
u
α(u) = α0 , β(u) = + u0 , α0 , u0 ∈ R.
f (α0 )
Then,
   
u u
(72) ψ(u, v1 , . . . , vn−1 ) = α0 η1 + sinh + u0 ζ + cosh + u0 ηn+2 , u0 , β0 ∈ R.
f (α0 ) f (α0 )
In this case the height function is constant. □

Conflict of interest statement

There is no conflict of interest.

Data availability statement

Not Applicable.

Author Contribution
Conceptualization, B.E. and T.W.; methodology, A.A.; software, B.E.; formal analysis, A.A.; inves-
tigation, B.E.; resources, S.D.; data curation, S.R.; writing—original draft preparation, B.E.; writing—
review and editing, A.A.; visualization, T.W.; supervision, A.A.; project administration, A.A.; funding
acquisition, B.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Funding Statement
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King
Khalid University, Saudi Arabia for providing a funding research group under the research grant
R.G.P.2/130/43.

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1Universidade Federal de Goiás, IME, 131, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
Email address: elismardb@gmail.com.br 2
2Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, BA, Brazil.
Email address: jjohanajimenez@gmail.com.br 3
2 Universidade Federal do Acre, Rodovia BR 364, Km 04 - Distrito Industrial, Rio Branco - AC, 69920-900,

Brazil.
Email address: williamisaotokura@hotmail.com 4

Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603,
Malaysia
Email address: akramali133@gmail.com 1