ESSAY PAPER

Marks
For BPSC Mains Exam
Based
on
New
Pattern

By Chandan Priye Sir

 How to prepare for essay

1. Have a strong hold in GS subjects: It's important to have a good understanding of

general studies (GS) subjects such as history, geography, economics, and politics as they
form the basis of many essay topics. Try to read up on these subjects as much as possible
and make notes to refer back to when writing essays.
2. Read the newspaper: Reading the newspaper can help you stay up to date with current
events and issues, which are often the focus of essay topics. Pay attention to the opinions
and viewpoints presented in the newspaper as these can help you develop your own
arguments.
3. Get points from day-to-day life: Observing and reflecting on your own experiences and
those of people around you can help you come up with relevant examples and anecdotes to
support your arguments in essays. This can make your writing more relatable and
engaging.
4. Practice essay writing: Finally, practice is key to becoming a better essay writer. Try
writing essays on a variety of topics to improve your skills and develop your own writing
style. You can also ask someone to review your essays and provide feedback on how to
improve.
Women Empowerment
1. "There is no tool for development more effective than the empowerment of women." -
Kofi Annan
2. "The empowerment of women is the most effective tool for social change." - Isabel
Allende
3. "When women thrive, all of society benefits, and succeeding generations are given a better
start in life." - Kofi Annan
4. "Women are the real architects of society." - Harriet Beecher Stowe
5. "Empowering women is key to building a future we want." - UN Women
6. "The power of a woman is not in what she wears, says, or does. Her power is who she is: a
reflection of God's love." - Shannon L. Alder
7. "Women are the largest untapped reservoir of talent in the world." - Hillary Clinton
8. "A woman with a voice is, by definition, a strong woman." - Melinda Gates
9. "When women are empowered, they immeasurably improve the lives of everyone around
them – their families, their communities, and their countries." - Michelle Obama
10. "The most effective way to empower women is to provide them with education, and
nothing is more powerful than a educated woman." - Malala Yousafzai

Case Studies
 Grameen Bank, Bangladesh: Microfinance organization providing loans to rural
women in Bangladesh. Millions of women became financially independent, improving

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 the lives of their families and communities.
 Women's Self-Help Groups, India: Community-based organizations in rural India
providing financial and social support to women. Successful in empowering women
by providing access to credit and decision-making power.
 Women in Politics, Rwanda: Women hold 61% of seats in the lower house of
parliament, highest globally. Achieved through quotas, political will, and advocacy.
Women in politics passed laws promoting women's rights.

Health
1. "The first wealth is health." - Ralph Waldo Emerson
2. "Caring for the sick is the greatest honor and privilege." - Hippocrates
3. "It is health that is real wealth and not pieces of gold and silver." - Mahatma Gandhi
4. "The doctor of the future will give no medicine, but will interest his patients in the care of
the human frame, in diet, and in the cause and prevention of disease." - Thomas Edison
5. "The first step towards healthcare reform is to acknowledge the importance of the doctor-
patient relationship." - David Blumenthal
6. "Health is a state of complete harmony of the body, mind and spirit. When one is free from
physical disabilities and mental distractions, the gates of the soul open." - B.K.S. Iyengar
7. "Healthcare is a human right, not a privilege reserved for those who can afford it." - Diane
Abbott
8. "Good health is not something we can buy. However, it can be an extremely valuable
savings account." - Anne Wilson Schaef

Case Studies
 Healthcare in Cuba: Publicly-funded and providing universal access to healthcare
services, Cuba has achieved impressive health outcomes, but faces challenges such as
shortages of medical supplies and equipment.
 Healthcare in the United States: A complex and fragmented system that is expensive
and inefficient, many Americans lack access to healthcare. The Affordable Care Act
aims to address this, but its future is uncertain.
 Preventive care: Preventive care involves providing healthcare services aimed at
preventing illness and promoting health, rather than just treating disease.

Education
1. "Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world." - Nelson
Mandela
2. "Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself." - John Dewey
3. "The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically.
Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education." - Martin Luther King Jr.
4. "The beautiful thing about learning is that no one can take it away from you." - B.B. King

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 5. "Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it
today." - Malcolm X
6. "An investment in knowledge pays the best interest." - Benjamin Franklin
7. "Education is not filling a bucket, but lighting a fire." - William Butler Yeats
8. "Education is not the learning of facts, but the training of the mind to think." - Albert
Einstein
9. "Education is not a preparation for life; education is life itself." - John Dewey
10. "The best way to predict your future is to create it." - Abraham Lincoln
11. "The purpose of education is to make the world a better place through better people." -
W.E.B. Du Bois

Value Addition
 Malala Yousafzai: Malala's story demonstrates the power of education to empower
individuals to stand up for their rights and advocate for change. Her advocacy has
inspired countless others around the world to fight for access to education, particularly
for girls and women.
 The One Laptop per Child project: This project has demonstrated the
transformative power of technology in education, particularly for children in
developing countries. By providing low-cost laptops, the organization has helped to
level the playing field for students who might not otherwise have access to
educational resources.
 The Kibera School for Girls: This school serves as a powerful example of the
transformative power of education for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. By
providing a high-quality education, the school has helped to break the cycle of poverty
and give its graduates the tools they need to succeed in life

Climate change
1. "Climate change is no longer some far-off problem; it is happening here, it is happening
now." - Barack Obama
2. "We are the first generation to feel the impact of climate change, and the last generation
that can do something about it." - President Obama
3. "Climate change is the greatest threat to humanity, perhaps ever." - Sir David
Attenborough
4. "The Earth is what we all have in common." - Wendell Berry
5. "We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them." -
Albert Einstein
6. "We have a responsibility to protect our children’s future, and that means tackling climate
change head on." - Hillary Clinton
7. "The future is now. We cannot afford to wait any longer." - Ban Ki-moon
8. "Climate change is not a far-off problem. It is happening now and is having very real
consequences on people’s lives." - Catherine McKenna

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 9. "We are the custodians of the planet. We are the only species that can destroy it, or save
it." - Richard Branson
10. "Climate change is not just about science, it is also about the future of our planet and the
well-being of humanity." - François Hollande
11. "We must recognize that the planet we call home is in trouble and that we all have a
responsibility to save it." - Leonardo DiCaprio
12. "Climate change is a reality that is happening now, and that we can see its impact across
the world." - Antonio Guterres

Case Studies
 In Singapore, the government has implemented a vertical farming program called
SkyGreens, which produces leafy vegetables using a patented hydraulic water-
driven system.
 Bren Smith, a former fisherman, developed an innovative way to cultivate
seaweed and shellfish on the ocean floor. Seaweed is a carbon sink and can absorb
up to 20 times more carbon than land-based plants. As a result, ocean farming
could help mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon.
 The Great Green Wall of Africa is an ambitious initiative that aims to plant trees
across the Sahel region to combat desertification and mitigate climate change. The
project aims to plant a 7,000 km long, 15 km wide stretch of trees across Africa to
prevent the spread of desertification.

Agriculture
1. "The farmer is the only man in our economy who buys everything at retail, sells
everything at wholesale, and pays the freight both ways." - John F. Kennedy
2. "The discovery of agriculture was the first big step toward a civilized life." - Arthur Keith
3. "Agriculture is our wisest pursuit, because it will in the end contribute most to real wealth,
good morals, and happiness." - Thomas Jefferson
4. "Agriculture is not crop production as popular belief holds - it's the production of food and
fiber from the world's land and waters." - Aldo Leopold
5. "Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, providing employment to more than
half of the workforce and contributing to the growth of the GDP." - Narendra Modi

Best practises
 Zero Budget Natural Farming: Zero Budget Natural Farming is a method of farming
that eliminates the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and instead relies on
natural inputs like cow dung, urine, and compost. This practice has helped farmers in
Andhra Pradesh and other states reduce costs, increase yields, and improve soil health.
 In Kenya, small-scale farmers are using conservation agriculture techniques such as
minimum tillage, intercropping, and crop rotation to improve soil health, increase
yields, and reduce erosion. This has led to better food security and increased incomes
for farmers.

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Sustainable development
1. "Sustainability is not just about preserving the environment; it's also about preserving life."
- Vandana Shiva
2. "We have a responsibility to protect our planet for future generations." - Angela Merkel
3. "The future will either be green or not at all." - Bob Brown
4. "Sustainability is a powerful way to align people, planet, and profit." - Jacqueline
Novogratz
5. "Sustainable development is the pathway to the future we want for all." - Ban Ki-moon
6. "Sustainability is no longer about doing less harm. It's about doing more good." - Jochen
Zeitz
7. "We do not inherit the Earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children." - Native
American Proverb
8. "Sustainable development is the foundation of our future." - Wangari Maathai
9. "The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it." - Robert
Swan
10. "Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." - Gro Harlem
Brundtland
11. "In nature, there is no waste; everything is connected and everything is useful. We need to
learn from nature and design our systems accordingly." - Janine Benyus
12. "The only way forward, if we are going to improve the quality of the environment, is to
get everybody involved." - Richard Rogers
13. "Sustainability is about ecology, economy, and equity." - Ralph Bicknese
14. "We must learn to live in harmony with nature and with each other." - Cesar Chavez

Best practises
 The world's largest furniture retailer, IKEA, aims to be 100% circular by 2030. It
has launched a buy-back scheme, where customers can return used furniture in
exchange for vouchers. The returned furniture is repaired, resold, or recycled. IKEA
has also invested in wind and solar power to become energy self-sufficient.
 In 2020, the City of Amsterdam implemented a "doughnut model" to guide its
policies towards a sustainable and equitable future. This model emphasizes social and
ecological boundaries for economic development. The city aims to reduce its carbon
emissions by 55% by 2030 and become fully circular by 2050.
 Patagonia, a clothing company, has integrated sustainability into its business model.
It has committed to using only 100% organic cotton and recycled polyester in its
products, and it encourages customers to repair and reuse their clothing. The company
has also launched campaigns to protect public lands and promote environmental
activism.

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Science and Scientific Temper
1. "Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge." - Carl Sagan
2. "The good thing about science is that it's true whether or not you believe in it." - Neil
deGrasse Tyson
3. "Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch
which illuminates the world." - Louis Pasteur
4. "The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not
'Eureka!' but 'That's funny...'" - Isaac Asimov
5. "In science, the credit goes to the man who convinces the world, not to the man to whom
the idea first occurs." - Francis Darwin
6. "The scientific man does not aim at an immediate result. He does not expect that his
advanced ideas will be readily taken up. His work is like that of a planter—for the future."
- Nikola Tesla
7. "The greatest enemy of knowledge is not ignorance, it is the illusion of knowledge." -
Stephen Hawking
8. "Science is not only a disciple of reason but, also, one of romance and passion." - Stephen
Hawking
9. "Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life." - Immanuel Kant
10. "Science is a way of life. Science is a perspective. Science is the process that takes us from
confusion to understanding in a manner that's precise, predictive and reliable - a
transformation, for those lucky enough to experience it, that is empowering and
emotional." - Brian Greene

Poverty
1. "Poverty is not an accident. Like slavery and apartheid, it is man-made and can be
removed by the actions of human beings." - Nelson Mandela
2. "The poverty of being unwanted, unloved and uncared for is the greatest poverty." -
Mother Teresa
3. "It is not poverty so much as pretense that harasses a ruined man; the struggle between a
proud mind and an empty purse - the keeping up of a hollow show that must soon come to
an end." - Washington Irving
4. "The worst thing about poverty is that it makes you feel ashamed of who you are." - Tupac
Shakur
5. "Poverty is the worst form of violence." - Mahatma Gandhi
6. "Poverty is like punishment for a crime you didn't commit." - Eli Khamarov
7. "Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime." – Aristotle

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 Case Studies
 The Bolsa Familia program in Brazil provides cash transfers to poor families in
exchange for keeping children in school and getting them vaccinated.
 The Education Support Program in Pakistan provides scholarships and other
support to poor children to enable them to attend school and receive an education.

Urbanization
1. "The future of the city is the future of humanity - which means that the future of the city is
the future of the planet." - Daniel Libeskind
2. "The city is a fact in nature, like a cave, a run of mackerel or an ant-heap. But it is also a
conscious work of art, and it holds within its communal framework many simpler and
more personal forms of art." - Lewis Mumford
3. "The city is a machine for making citizens." - Le Corbusier
4. "The city is not a problem, but a solution." - P.D. James

Best practises
 Sponge city is a concept that focuses on managing and utilizing rainwater in urban
areas. It aims to mimic the natural hydrological cycle by incorporating features such
as green roofs, permeable pavements, rain gardens, and wetlands to capture and store
rainwater.
 Compact Development: Promoting compact, mixed-use development that is
accessible to public transportation and promotes walking and cycling can reduce the
need for private vehicles and promote sustainability.
 Green Spaces: Providing ample green spaces, such as parks, gardens, and green roofs,
can help reduce the urban heat island effect, improve air quality, and provide
recreational opportunities for residents.

Religion
1. "I believe in the fundamental truth of all great religions of the world." - Mahatma Gandhi
2. "Religion is not a matter of praying in a temple, mosque or church. Religion is the way we
live our lives." - B.R. Ambedkar
3. "I have learned silence from the talkative, toleration from the intolerant, and kindness from
the unkind; yet strange, I am ungrateful to these teachers." - Kahlil Gibran (Lebanese-
American writer and philosopher, who lived in India)
4. "The essence of all religions is one. Only their approaches are different." - Swami
Vivekananda
5. "Religion is a matter of individual experience, conviction, and conscience, and not of
intellectual argument or external compulsion." - Jawaharlal Nehru
6. "Religion is the opium of the masses." - Karl Marx

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 Religion promotes values
 Compassion: Many religions, such as Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism, emphasize
the importance of compassion towards others. For example, the concept of "loving
your neighbor as yourself" in Christianity and the principle of "compassion for all
sentient beings" in Buddhism promote kindness, empathy, and concern for the well-
being of others.
 Honesty: Several religions, including Judaism, Islam, and Sikhism, stress the
importance of honesty and truthfulness. For example, the Islamic principle of "al-
Sidq" (truthfulness) and the Sikh principle of "Satya" (truth) encourage individuals to
be truthful in their words and actions.
 Forgiveness: Many religions, such as Christianity, Hinduism, and Judaism, promote
forgiveness as a value. For instance, the concept of "turning the other cheek" in
Christianity and the principle of "kshama" (forgiveness) in Hinduism promote the
importance of forgiving others and letting go of resentment.

Values
1. "Your beliefs become your thoughts, your thoughts become your words, your words
become your actions, your actions become your habits, your habits become your
values, your values become your destiny." - Mahatma Gandhi
2. "Values are like fingerprints. Nobody's are the same, but you leave 'em all over
everything you do." - Elvis Presley
3. "We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit." - Aristotle
4. "The value of life is not in its duration, but in its donation. You are not important
because of how long you live, you are important because of how effective you live." -
Myles Munroe
Character
1. "Character is the foundation stone upon which one must build to win respect. Just as no
worthy building can be erected on a weak foundation, so no lasting reputation worthy of
respect can be built on a weak character." - R.C. Samsel
2. "Character is like a tree and reputation like a shadow. The shadow is what we think of it;
the tree is the real thing." - Abraham Lincoln
3. "Be more concerned with your character than your reputation, because your character is
what you really are, while your reputation is merely what others think you are." - John
Wooden
4. "The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically.
Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education." - Martin Luther King Jr.
5. "Character cannot be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experience of trial and
suffering can the soul be strengthened, ambition inspired, and success achieved." - Helen
Keller
6. "People do not seem to realize that their opinion of the world is also a confession of
character." - Ralph Waldo Emerson

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 7. "The best index to a person's character is how he treats people who can't do him any good,
and how he treats people who can't fight back." - Abigail Van Buren

Examples
 Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhi is widely regarded as one of the most influential leaders
of the 20th century. His philosophy of nonviolent resistance inspired countless people
around the world to fight for justice and equality. Throughout his life, Gandhi
demonstrated an unwavering commitment to his principles, even in the face of
adversity. He lived a simple life, rejected material wealth, and championed the rights
of the oppressed.
 Nelson Mandela: Mandela is another leader who demonstrated exceptional character
throughout his life. As an anti-apartheid activist in South Africa, he spent 27 years in
prison for his beliefs. Yet even in captivity, he remained steadfast in his commitment
to justice and reconciliation. After his release, he became the first black president of
South Africa, and worked tirelessly to heal the wounds of his country's past.

Wisdom
1. "The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing." - Socrates
2. "It is not that I'm so smart. But I stay with the questions much longer." - Albert Einstein
3. "The wise man does not lay up his own treasures. The more he gives to others, the more he
has for his own." - Lao Tzu
4. "The difference between knowledge and wisdom is that knowledge is knowing what to say
and wisdom is knowing when to say it." - Anonymous
5. "The only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep
looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it." -
Steve Jobs
6. "Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom." - Aristotle
7. "It is easier to find men who will volunteer to die, than to find those who are willing to
endure pain with patience." - Julius Caesar
8. "The wise are not learned; the learned are not wise." - Lao Tzu

1. The wisdom of King Solomon: King Solomon, who ruled Israel in the 10th century
BCE, is known for his great wisdom. According to the Bible, he was visited by two
women who both claimed to be the mother of a newborn baby. Solomon suggested
cutting the baby in half and giving each woman half, but the true mother immediately
offered to give up the baby to spare its life. Solomon knew the true mother would be
willing to make such a sacrifice and awarded her custody of the baby.

Patience
1. "Patience is not simply the ability to wait - it's how we behave while we're waiting." -
Joyce Meyer
2. "Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet." - Aristotle

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 3. "The two most powerful warriors are patience and time." - Leo Tolstoy
4. "Patience is a virtue, and I'm learning patience. It's a tough lesson." - Elon Musk
5. "Patience and perseverance have a magical effect before which difficulties disappear
and obstacles vanish." - John Quincy Adams
6. "Patience is the companion of wisdom." - Saint Augustine
7. "Be patient with yourself. Self-growth is tender; it's holy ground. There's no greater
investment." - Stephen Covey
8. "Patience, persistence and perspiration make an unbeatable combination for success." -
Napoleon Hill
9. "Patience is not passive waiting. Patience is active acceptance of the process required
to attain your goals and dreams." - Ray Davis
10. "The key to everything is patience. You get the chicken by hatching the egg, not by
smashing it." - Arnold H. Glasow

 Albert Einstein - Einstein was a German-born physicist who developed the theory of
relativity and made numerous other contributions to the field of science. He
demonstrated patience and perseverance in his research, often spending years working
on a single problem or experiment in order to achieve breakthroughs in his
understanding of the universe.
 Florence Nightingale - Nightingale was a British nurse and social reformer who is
considered the founder of modern nursing. She worked tirelessly to improve sanitation
in hospitals and other medical facilities, often facing resistance and criticism. Her
patience and perseverance ultimately helped revolutionize the field of nursing.
 George Washington - Washington was an American statesman and military leader
who played a key role in the American Revolution and later became the first President
of the United States. He demonstrated patience and strategic thinking in his military
campaigns, often waiting for the right moment to strike rather than rushing into battle.

Fear
1. "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." - Franklin D. Roosevelt
2. "Fear is not real. The only place that fear can exist is in our thoughts of the future. It is a
product of our imagination, causing us to fear things that do not at present and may not
ever exist." - Will Smith
3. "Don't be afraid to fail. Be afraid not to try." - Michael Jordan
4. "The greatest mistake you can make in life is to be continually fearing you will make one."
- Elbert Hubbard
5. "Fear is the path to the dark side. Fear leads to anger, anger leads to hate, hate leads to
suffering." - Yoda (Star Wars)
6. "Fear has two meanings - forget everything and run or face everything and rise. The choice
is yours." - Zig Ziglar

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 Example
 Arunima Sinha, a former national level volleyball player who lost her leg in a train
accident, became the first female amputee to climb Mount Everest. Despite physical
and emotional trauma, she persevered, underwent rigorous training and conquered her
fears, inspiring many with her determination and courage.
 Nick Vujicic was born without arms or legs, but he refused to let his disability hold
him back. He has become a motivational speaker and a bestselling author, inspiring
people around the world with his message of hope and resilience.

Good Governance
1. "The first duty of a government is to give education to the people." - John Ruskin
2. "Good governance is about putting people at the center of development process." - Ban Ki-
moon
3. "The test of good governance is not the rule of the powerful, but the protection of the
weak." - Rebecca Solnit
4. "Good governance is the art of ensuring that the business of government is conducted in
such a way as to promote the general welfare and happiness of the people." - John W.
Gardner
5. "The essence of good governance is a willingness to listen and a commitment to serve the
people." - Anonymous
6. "Good governance means protecting the interests of all citizens, not just a select few." -
Kofi Annan
7. "A good government is one that is honest, transparent, and accountable to the people it
serves." - Justin Trudeau

1. The World Governance Report: This report is published by the World Bank and
measures the quality of governance in countries around the world. It looks at six
dimensions of governance: voice and accountability, political stability and absence of
violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of
corruption.

Nationalism
1. "Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles of mankind." - Albert Einstein
2. "I am a nationalist...my nationalism is not exclusive, it is inclusive. It is a nationalism
which says that everyone born in India, whether he be a Hindu or a Muslim, is an equal
Indian citizen." - Mahatma Gandhi
3. "Nationalism is not to be confused with patriotism. Both words are normally used in so
vague a way that any definition is liable to be challenged, but one must draw a distinction
between them, since two different and even opposing ideas are involved." - George Orwell

Positive nationalism
 Nationalism can promote a sense of pride in one's country and inspire people to work
together towards common goals. For example, the Indian independence movement

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 was a form of nationalist struggle that united people of different religions and castes in
the fight against British colonial rule.

Negative nationalism:
 Nationalism can also lead to intolerance and conflict with other nations or groups. For
example, the rise of Nazi Germany in the 1930s was fueled by a form of extreme
nationalism that promoted racial superiority and led to devastating consequences for
millions of people. Similarly, ethnic conflicts in various parts of the world are often
rooted in nationalist ideologies that prioritize the interests of one group over others.

Demographic dividend in India

1. "India’s demographic dividend is expected to add 2% to the GDP growth rate annually for
the next two decades." - Ruchir Sharma, Chief Global Strategist at Morgan Stanley
Investment Management.
2. "India's demographic dividend is a double-edged sword. If we don't get our act together,
we will face a demographic nightmare." - Arvind Panagariya, former Vice Chairman of
Niti Aayog.
3. "India is projected to have a working-age population of 1 billion by 2050, which can be a
game-changer if we invest in their education, health and skills." - Kailash Satyarthi, Nobel
Peace Laureate.
4. "The demographic dividend will not last forever. We need to act fast to ensure that our
young population is equipped with the necessary skills to enter the workforce and
contribute to the economy." - Nirmala Sitharaman, Finance Minister of India.
5. "The demographic dividend will be fully realized only if we invest in the education and
health of our young population. It is not just about numbers, but also about the quality of
human capital we are creating." - Pranab Bardhan, Professor of Economics at the
University of California, Berkeley.
Happiness
1. "Happiness is not something ready-made. It comes from your own actions." - Dalai Lama
XIV
2. "Happiness is a warm puppy." - Charles M. Schulz
3. "The foolish man seeks happiness in the distance, the wise grows it under his feet." -
James Oppenheim
4. "Happiness is not the absence of problems, it's the ability to deal with them." - Steve
Maraboli

 Bhutan, a small country in South Asia, is known for prioritizing Gross National
Happiness (GNH) over Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The country's government
has implemented policies that focus on preserving its culture, environment, and
spiritual traditions while also promoting economic development and social welfare for
its citizens.

Democracy

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 1. "Democracy is the worst form of government except for all the others." - Winston
Churchill
2. "Democracy cannot succeed unless those who express their choice are prepared to choose
wisely." - Franklin D. Roosevelt
3. "The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the average
voter." - Winston Churchill
4. "Democracy is not just a process, it is a culture and a way of life." - Aung San Suu Kyi
5. "Democracy means simply the bludgeoning of the people by the people for the people." -
Oscar Wilde
6. "Democracy is not the law of the majority but the protection of the minority." - Albert
Camus
7. "Democracy is based on the principle of majority rule and the protection of individual and
minority rights." - Senator Edward Kennedy
8. "The price of democracy is eternal vigilance." - Thomas Jefferson
9. "Democracy is the only system that persists in asking powers that be whether they are the
powers that ought to be." - Sydney J. Harris
10. "Democracy is the only solution to tyranny and the only hope for human freedom." -
Jimmy Carter

 Positive example of democracy: India has successfully held free and fair elections
since independence and has a vibrant democracy with a large and diverse electorate.
The country has a strong tradition of democratic institutions and the right to vote is
enshrined in the constitution.
 Negative example of democracy: Myanmar's transition to democracy was marred by
the military's continued influence and control over key institutions, including the
police and judiciary. The military seized power in a coup in 2021 and imposed a state
of emergency, leading to widespread protests and a crackdown on democracy activists.

Peace and Justice

1. "When the power of love overcomes the love of power, the world will know peace" -
William Gladstone
2. "Peace and Justice are two sides of the same coin" - Eisenhower
3. "Poverty is the worst form of violence" - Mahatma Gandhi
4. "Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies in the final
sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not
clothed" - Eisenhower
5. "The greatness of humanity is not in being human, but in being humane."
6. "There was never a bad peace or a good war."
7. "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere."
8. "War does not decide who is right but who is left."

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 9. "The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends towards justice" - Martin Luther King
Jr.
Hunger
1. "The fight against hunger and malnutrition is not a selfless struggle. It is a fight for our
collective self-interest." - Jose Graziano da Silva
2. "If you can't feed a hundred people, then feed just one." - Mother Teresa
3. "Hunger is not a problem. It is an obscenity. How wonderful it is that nobody need wait a
single moment before starting to improve the world." - Anne Frank
4. "Food is not a privilege, it's a basic human right. We should all have the right to food." -
Bill Ayers
5. "Hunger is not a matter of charity. It is a matter of justice." - Jacques Diouf
6. "Hunger is not an issue of charity. It is an issue of justice." - L. A. Banks
7. "The fight against hunger is the fight for humanity's future." - Kofi Annan
8. "Hunger is not just the result of poverty; it is often the cause." - John F. Kennedy

Best practises
 Empowering small farmers: In India, the non-profit organization SEWA has
provided training and support to small farmers, helping them improve their yields and
incomes. This has improved food security for rural communities and provided
economic opportunities.
 School feeding programs: In Brazil, the government implemented a national school
feeding program, which provides meals to schoolchildren. This has improved nutrition
and education outcomes, as hungry children are more likely to struggle academically.
 Addressing food waste: In France, legislation was passed requiring supermarkets to
donate unsold food to charities. This has reduced food waste and provided meals to
those in need, while also benefiting supermarkets by improving their image and
reducing disposal costs.

Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhi's Talisman is a guiding principle that he often shared with his followers. It goes as
follows:
1. "I will give you a talisman. Whenever you are in doubt, or when the self becomes too
much with you, apply the following test. Recall the face of the poorest and the weakest
man [or woman] whom you may have seen, and ask yourself if the step you contemplate is
going to be of any use to him [or her]. Will he [or she] gain anything by it? Will it restore
him [or her] to a control over his [or her] own life and destiny? In other words, will it lead
to Swaraj [freedom] for the hungry and spiritually starving millions? Then you will find
your doubts and your self melt away."
2. The Talisman is a reminder to always consider the impact of our actions on those who are
most vulnerable and in need. It encourages us to prioritize the well-being of others over
our own self-interest and to work towards a more just and equitable society.

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Seven Sins of Gandhi
1. Wealth without work
2. Pleasure without conscience
3. Knowledge without character
4. Commerce without morality
5. Science without humanity
6. Worship without sacrifice
7. Politics without principle
Quotes
1. "Be the change that you wish to see in the world."
2. "The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong."
3. "An eye for an eye will only make the whole world blind."
4. "Strength does not come from physical capacity. It comes from an indomitable will."
5. "The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others."
6. "Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony."
7. "The difference between what we do and what we are capable of doing would suffice to
solve most of the world's problems."
8. "Freedom is not worth having if it does not include the freedom to make mistakes."
9. "A man is but the product of his thoughts. What he thinks, he becomes."
10. "The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are
treated."
Dr. B.R Ambedkar
1. "I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have
achieved."
2. "Freedom of mind is the real freedom. A person whose mind is not free though he may not
be in chains, is a slave, not a free man."
3. "I like the religion that teaches liberty, equality and fraternity."
4. "I do not want that our loyalty as Indians should be in the slightest way affected by any
competitive loyalty whether that loyalty arises out of our religion, out of our culture or out
of our language."
5. "If I find the constitution being misused, I shall be the first to burn it."
6. "I am not a visionary. I claim to be a practical idealist. The religion of the Vedanta is not a
theoretical philosophy. It is practical."
7. "Caste may be bad. Caste may lead to conduct so gross as to be called man's inhumanity to
man. All the same, it must be recognized that the Hindus observe caste not because they
are inhuman or wrong-headed. They observe caste because they are deeply religious."
8. "The relationship between husband and wife should be one of closest friends."

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 9. "If I find the constitution being misused, I shall be the first to burn it."
10. "I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have
achieved."
Jawaharlal Nehru
1. "The only alternative to coexistence is codestruction."
2. "Facts are facts and will not disappear on account of your likes."
3. "Time is not measured by the passing of years but by what one does, what one feels, and
what one achieves."
4. "To be brave is to love someone unconditionally, without expecting anything in return."
5. "The person who runs away exposes himself to that very danger more than a person who
sits quietly."
6. "The policy of being too cautious is the greatest risk of all."
7. "A leader or a man of action in a crisis almost always acts subconsciously and then thinks
of the reasons for his action."
8. "Action itself, so long as I am convinced that it is right action, gives me satisfaction."
9. "Peace is not a relationship of nations. It is a condition of mind brought about by a serenity
of soul."

 Women's Rights: Ambedkar was a strong advocate for women's rights and worked to
secure greater equality for women in Indian society. He fought against child marriage,
advocated for women's education, and played a key role in the inclusion of women's
rights in the Indian constitution.
 Caste System: Ambedkar was born into the lowest caste of Hindu society, and he
worked throughout his life to eradicate the caste system. He believed that the caste
system was responsible for the oppression of millions of people and worked to
promote greater equality and social justice.
 Education: Ambedkar recognized the transformative power of education and worked
to expand access to education for marginalized communities. He established several
educational institutions, including the Dr. Ambedkar College in Mumbai, to provide
greater opportunities for education to Dalits and other disadvantaged groups.
 Political Reform: Ambedkar was a key figure in the movement for Indian
independence and played a central role in the drafting of the Indian constitution. He
worked tirelessly to ensure that the constitution protected the rights of all Indians,
regardless of caste, gender, or religion, and his contributions helped to lay the
foundation for a democratic and inclusive Indian state.

Sports
1. "Sports teach us character. They teach us to play by the rules and to win and lose
gracefully." - Bryant Gumbel
2. "Sports do not build character, they reveal it." - Heywood Broun
3. "Winning isn't everything, but wanting to win is." - Vince Lombardi

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 4. "The only way to prove that you're a good sport is to lose." - Ernie Banks
5. "Sportsmanship for me is when a guy walks off the court and you really can't tell whether
he won or lost, when he carries himself with pride either way." - Jim Courier
6. "Sports can change the world." - Nelson Mandela

 Olympic Refugee Team: The creation of the Olympic Refugee Team for the 2016
Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro was a positive example of sports bringing
attention to important social issues. The team included ten athletes from different
countries who were forced to flee their homes due to conflict or persecution. The
team's participation highlighted the plight of refugees around the world and
demonstrated the power of sports to bring people together.
 PeacePlayers International: PeacePlayers International is an organization that uses
basketball to bridge divides and promote peace in conflict-affected communities.
Through its programs in the Middle East, Northern Ireland, South Africa, and other
regions, PeacePlayers has brought together thousands of young people from different
backgrounds and helped to build understanding and trust between them.

Stories of Buddha
1. A woman came to Buddha, begging him to bring her son back to life. Buddha agreed, on
the condition that the woman brings him a mustard seed from a home where no one had
ever died. The woman searched for days and realized the universality of suffering, leading
her to find inner peace and acceptance.
2. A man was shot with a poisoned arrow and asked Buddha a series of irrelevant questions
before allowing the arrow to be removed. Buddha said that life is like the poisoned arrow –
we must attend to the wound before indulging in unnecessary curiosity about the origins of
our pain.
3. A wealthy man came to Buddha and asked him to teach him the truth. Buddha instructed
the man to give away his wealth and become a beggar. The man did as instructed,
eventually discovering a diamond in a field while begging. Buddha said, "The truth is the
same as the diamond – it's always there, but you must be willing to let go of everything to
find it."
4. Buddha used the analogy of a raft to illustrate the concept of his teachings – just as a raft is
used to cross a river but is then discarded, his teachings are meant to be used as tools to
reach enlightenment and then let go of.
Politics
1. "In politics, nothing happens by accident. If it happens, you can bet it was planned that
way." - Franklin D. Roosevelt
2. "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing." -
Edmund Burke
3. "Politics is the art of the possible, the attainable — the art of the next best." - Otto von
Bismarck

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 4. "I never considered a difference of opinion in politics, in religion, in philosophy, as cause
for withdrawing from a friend." - Thomas Jefferson
5. "Politics is not a game. It is an earnest business." - Winston Churchill
6. "A politician thinks of the next election; a statesman thinks of the next generation." -
James Freeman Clarke
7. "The difference between a politician and a statesman is that a politician thinks about the
next election while the statesman thinks about the next generation." - James Freeman
Clarke
8. "The political arena leaves one no alternative, one must either be a dunce or a rogue." -
Emma Goldman
9. "Politics is the art of looking for trouble, finding it everywhere, diagnosing it incorrectly,
and applying the wrong remedies." - Groucho Marx

 Nelson Mandela and the End of Apartheid: Nelson Mandela's leadership of the
African National Congress (ANC) and his unwavering commitment to non-violence,
even in the face of violent repression by the apartheid regime, played a key role in
bringing an end to apartheid in South Africa. Through his political activism and moral
courage, Mandela became a global icon for peace and justice.
 The Women's Suffrage Movement: The fight for women's suffrage, led by activists
such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, demonstrated the power of
grassroots political organizing and peaceful civil disobedience. The movement
ultimately succeeded in securing the right to vote for women, paving the way for
greater gender equality in politics and beyond.
 The Rwandan Genocide: In 1994, political leaders in Rwanda incited violence
against the Tutsi ethnic minority, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 800,000
people. The international community largely failed to intervene, allowing the genocide
to continue for several months. The tragedy demonstrated the dangers of political
extremism and the devastating consequences of inaction in the face of human rights
abuses.
 The Holocaust: The rise of Nazi Germany and the systematic extermination of
millions of Jews, Roma, homosexuals, and other marginalized groups remains one of
the most horrific examples of political violence in history. The atrocities committed
during the Holocaust demonstrated the danger of unchecked political power and the
need for vigilant defense of human rights.

Lessons from the life of leaders

1. The need for empathy: Mother Teresa is an example of a leader who exemplified
empathy in her work with the poor and marginalized. She was known for her compassion
and her ability to connect with people from all walks of life. Her legacy serves as a

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 powerful reminder of the importance of empathy in leadership and the transformative
power of compassion.
2. The value of vision: Martin Luther King Jr. had a powerful vision for a world in which all
people are treated equally, and he worked tirelessly to bring that vision to life. His ability
to articulate his vision and inspire others to work towards it was a key factor in the success
of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.
3. The importance of adaptability: Winston Churchill is an example of a leader who was
able to adapt to changing circumstances. During World War II, he demonstrated great
flexibility in his strategies and tactics, which helped him navigate the challenges of the war
and ultimately emerge victorious.
4. The power of collaboration: Steve Jobs was a great leader who understood the
importance of collaboration in achieving success. He was known for his ability to bring
together diverse groups of people with different skills and perspectives, and to inspire
them to work together towards a common goal.
5. The need for courage: Rosa Parks is a powerful example of a leader who demonstrated
great courage in standing up for what she believed in. Her refusal to give up her seat on a
Montgomery, Alabama bus in 1955 sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped to
bring about the end of segregation on public transportation in the United States.
6. The importance of resilience: Malala Yousafzai is a young leader who has demonstrated
incredible resilience in the face of adversity. She survived a gunshot wound to the head by
the Taliban and went on to become a powerful advocate for girls' education around the
world. Her ability to bounce back from such a traumatic experience is a testament to the
power of resilience in leadership.
7. The value of innovation: Elon Musk is a contemporary leader who has revolutionized the
automotive, space, and energy industries with his innovative ideas and bold vision. He has
shown that the ability to think outside the box and take risks is a key factor in achieving
success in today's fast-paced world.
8. The importance of inclusivity: Angela Merkel is a leader who has championed the cause
of inclusivity in politics. As the first woman to serve as Chancellor of Germany, she has
worked to promote gender equality and diversity in government and society as a whole.
9. The power of empathy in crisis: Jacinda Ardern, the Prime Minister of New Zealand,
demonstrated the power of empathy in leadership following the Christchurch mosque
shootings in 2019. Her compassionate response and commitment to unity and tolerance
helped to bring the country together in the aftermath of the tragedy.
10. The importance of education: Nelson Mandela once said, "Education is the most
powerful weapon which you can use to change the world." His own commitment to
education and lifelong learning is a powerful example of the transformative power of
knowledge.
11. The need for humility: Pope Francis is a leader who has demonstrated the importance of
humility in leadership. He has eschewed many of the trappings of his office and has
worked to connect with people from all walks of life, including those who are
marginalized or disadvantaged. His example serves as a powerful reminder of the need for
leaders to remain humble and connected to the people they serve.

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Sanskrit Quotes
1. "Yatha Raja, Tatha Praja" - As the king, so are the people.
2. "Satyam Eva Jayate" - Truth alone triumphs.
3. "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" - The world is one family.
4. "Atithi Devo Bhava" - The guest is like God.
5. "Ahimsa Paramo Dharma" - Non-violence is the highest duty.
6. "Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah" - May all beings be happy.
7. "Asato Ma Sadgamaya" - Lead us from untruth to truth.
8. "Tamaso Ma Jyotirgamaya" - Lead us from darkness to light.
9. "Om Shanti Shanti Shanti" - May there be peace, peace, peace.
10. "Aham Sa Parama Dharmah" - Self-realization is the highest duty.
11. "Yato Dharma Tato Jaya" - Where there is Dharma, there is victory.
12. "Shraddhavan Labhate Jnanam" - The faithful person attains knowledge.
Anecdote from The Bhagavad Gita
1. The Bhagavad Gita offers the timeless message of dharma, or duty, which is central to
Hindu philosophy. Arjuna is reminded that it is his duty to fight, regardless of the outcome,
and to accept whatever consequences may come.
2. Lord Krishna's teachings in the Bhagavad Gita emphasize the importance of detachment
and selflessness. He tells Arjuna to perform his duty without attachment to the results, and
to offer all his actions to the divine.
3. The story of the Bhagavad Gita reminds us that the battle between good and evil is not just
an external conflict, but an internal one as well, between our higher and lower selves.
4. Through the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna urges us to cultivate the
qualities of detachment, selflessness, and devotion in order to attain true wisdom and
liberation.
Best practises by different countries
1. Germany: The dual education system, which combines classroom learning with on-the-
job training, has helped to reduce youth unemployment and provide a skilled workforce.
2. Finland: High-quality education, with an emphasis on teacher training and individualized
learning, has helped to create a highly educated and innovative society.
3. Japan: Kaizen, or continuous improvement, is a philosophy that has been embraced by
businesses and individuals alike, leading to high levels of efficiency and productivity.
4. Denmark: The welfare state, which provides universal access to healthcare, education,
and other social services, has helped to reduce inequality and promote social cohesion.
5. Sweden: The work-life balance, with generous parental leave and flexible working hours,
has helped to promote gender equality and support families.
6. Canada: Multiculturalism, which celebrates diversity and promotes inclusion, has helped
to build a tolerant and welcoming society.

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 7. Norway: Sustainable development, with a focus on renewable energy and environmental
protection, has helped to preserve natural resources and combat climate change.
8. South Korea: Investment in technology and research and development, coupled with a
strong work ethic and emphasis on education, has helped to create a highly innovative and
competitive economy.
9. Costa Rica: Emphasis on environmental conservation, with a focus on ecotourism and
protection of natural habitats, has helped to promote sustainable development and
biodiversity.
Philosophical quotes
1. "The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing." - Socrates
2. "We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit." - Aristotle
3. "The unexamined life is not worth living." - Socrates
4. "To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the
greatest accomplishment." - Ralph Waldo Emerson
5. "Happiness is not something ready-made. It comes from your own actions." - Dalai Lama
6. "The mind is everything. What you think you become." - Buddha
7. "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." - Thomas Edison
8. "The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall." -
Nelson Mandela
9. "Believe you can and you're halfway there." - Theodore Roosevelt
10. "The only way to do great work is to love what you do." - Steve Jobs
11. "We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created
them." - Albert Einstein
12. "The purpose of our lives is to be happy." - Dalai Lama
13. "Don't gain the world and lose your soul, wisdom is better than silver or gold." - Bob
Marley
14. "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing." -
Edmund Burke
15. "Everything you can imagine is real." - Pablo Picasso
16. "I think therefore I am." - René Descartes
17. "All that we are is the result of what we have thought. The mind is everything. What we
think we become." - Buddha
18. "The only true way to happiness is to cease worrying about things which are beyond the
power of our will." - Epictetus
19. "It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop." - Confucius
20. "Life is a journey, not a destination." - Ralph Waldo Emerson
21. "The mind is everything, what we think we become, Control your thoughts, and greatness
will come." - Buddha

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 22. "All that we are is a result of what we have thought, The mind is everything, it creates our
world and our fate." - Swami Vivekananda
23. "The wise sees knowledge and action as one, They see truly who see that in all action is
peace." - The Bhagavad Gita
24. "Life is a journey, and the journey is life, The road we travel is the reward we find." -
Rabindranath Tagore
25. "The greatest wealth is to live content with little, For there is never enough for those who
crave more." - The Tao Te Ching

Capitalism vs Socialism

Capitalism Socialism
Positives Encourages innovation Promotes equality
Creates economic Encourages cooperation
growth
Provides consumer Prioritizes social
choice concerns
Promotes individual Provides access to basic

Negatives Generates income Inhibits

inequality entrepreneurship
Can lead to monopolies Can lead to bureaucracy
Prioritizes profits over Limits individual
freedoms
social and environmental Can result in economic
concerns stagnation and shortages

Various school of economic theories

1. Classical economics is the earliest form of modern economic theory, which was
developed in the late 18th century. The central idea of classical economics is that market
forces, such as supply and demand, determine prices and allocate resources efficiently.
According to this theory, government intervention in the economy is unnecessary and can
lead to inefficiency and unintended consequences.
2. Keynesian economics emerged in the 1930s as a response to the Great Depression. This
theory advocates for government intervention in the economy to stabilize economic cycles
and prevent unemployment. Keynesian economics posits that government spending can
stimulate the economy by creating demand and encouraging investment. This theory was
influential in shaping economic policies during the post-war era.

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 3. Neoclassical economics is a modern iteration of classical economics that incorporates
insights from psychology and other social sciences. This theory posits that individuals and
firms make rational decisions based on their preferences and constraints. Neoclassical
economics emphasizes the role of incentives and price signals in coordinating economic
activity.
4. Austrian economics is a relatively niche school of thought that emphasizes the
importance of individual freedom and entrepreneurship in economic development. This
theory stresses the importance of property rights and the free market in promoting
economic growth. Austrian economics is notable for its emphasis on the role of knowledge
in economic decision-making.
5. Marxist economics is a socialist theory that emphasizes the importance of class struggle
in shaping economic systems. According to this theory, capitalists exploit workers by
extracting surplus value from their labor. Marxist economics advocates for the collective
ownership of the means of production and the abolition of private property.
6. Behavioral economics is a modern theory that integrates insights from psychology into
economic decision-making. This theory posits that individuals often behave irrationally
and make decisions based on biases and heuristics. Behavioral economics emphasizes the
importance of nudges and other interventions in promoting desirable outcomes.
Technology related case studies
Positives
 Increased efficiency: Technology has made it possible to automate many tasks, which has
increased efficiency and productivity. For example, in manufacturing, robots can assemble
products faster and with greater precision than humans.
 Improved communication: Technology has revolutionized communication by enabling
people to connect instantly from anywhere in the world. For example, video conferencing
has made it possible for businesses to hold meetings with colleagues in different countries
without the need for travel.
 Enhanced healthcare: Technology has improved healthcare by enabling better diagnosis
and treatment of diseases. For example, medical imaging technology, such as MRI and CT
scans, allow doctors to see inside the body and identify problems that would otherwise be
invisible.
 Increased access to education: Technology has made education more accessible by
providing online courses and resources. For example, platforms like Coursera and edX
offer free online courses from top universities.
Negatives
 Job displacement: Technology has led to the displacement of many jobs as automation
and artificial intelligence have taken over tasks previously performed by humans. For
example, self-checkout machines in supermarkets have replaced human cashiers.
 Social isolation: Technology has led to social isolation as people spend more time
interacting with screens than with other people. For example, social media has been linked
to feelings of loneliness and depression.

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  Cybersecurity risks: Technology has introduced new risks to cybersecurity as hackers can
exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems. For example, the WannaCry ransomware
attack in 2017 affected hundreds of thousands of computers around the world.
 Environmental impact: Technology has had a negative impact on the environment as it
has led to increased consumption of resources and production of waste. For example,
electronic waste from discarded devices is a growing problem that contributes to pollution
and climate change.
Cinema
Positives
1. Entertainment: Cinema provides a source of entertainment and escapism for audiences,
allowing them to experience different worlds and perspectives. For example, the movie
"Avatar" transported viewers to a fictional world filled with fantastical creatures and
stunning landscapes.
2. Cultural impact: Cinema has the power to shape and reflect culture, influencing societal
norms and values. For example, the movie "Black Panther" challenged traditional
Hollywood stereotypes and celebrated African culture.
3. Education: Cinema can also serve as a tool for education, raising awareness about
important issues and promoting understanding. For example, the documentary "An
Inconvenient Truth" helped to raise awareness about climate change and its impact on the
planet.
Negatives
4. Negative stereotypes: Cinema can reinforce negative stereotypes and perpetuate harmful
cultural biases. For example, Hollywood has been criticized for its lack of diversity and for
perpetuating negative stereotypes of marginalized groups.
5. Violence and sex: Cinema can also be criticized for its portrayal of violence and sex,
which can have a negative impact on audiences, particularly young people. For example,
some critics argue that the movie "Joker" glorified violence and could inspire copycat
behavior.
6. Commercialization: Cinema is often driven by commercial interests, with studios and
producers prioritizing profit over artistic integrity. For example, some critics argue that the
focus on sequels and franchises has led to a decline in original storytelling and innovation
in the industry.
Globalization
1. "The global economy is in transition, and the old model of globalization is fading away." -
Li Keqiang
2. "Globalization is a reality, and we can't turn it back. But we can manage it." - Klaus
Schwab
3. "Globalization is not a monolithic force but an evolving set of consequences - some good,
some bad, and some unintended." - John B. Larson
4. "Globalization is a fact of life. But I believe we have underestimated its fragility." - Kofi
Annan

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5. "Globalization has made us more vulnerable, and we need to be more resilient." - Klaus
Schwab
6. "Globalization is a process in which people, ideas, and goods flow freely across borders." -
Mo Ibrahim
7. "Globalization has created this interlocking fragility. At no time in the history of the
universe has the cancellation of a Christmas order in New York meant layoffs in China." -
Nassim Nicholas Taleb
8. "Globalization, far from putting an end to power diplomacy between states, has, on the
contrary, intensified it." - Jacques Chirac

 Global Health Initiatives: Globalization has enabled the creation of global health
initiatives, such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, which
have saved millions of lives by providing access to life-saving medicines and
healthcare services in developing countries.
 Airbnb: Globalization has enabled the growth of sharing economy platforms, such as
Airbnb, which have created new opportunities for people to travel and connect with
others from around the world. This has facilitated cultural exchange and promoted
greater understanding and tolerance between people from different backgrounds.
 Coca-Cola and Water Scarcity: Coca-Cola's water usage in India has led to water
scarcity and pollution, adversely affecting the health and well-being of local
communities.
 Monsanto and Farmers' Rights: Monsanto's patenting of seeds and aggressive
litigation against farmers has led to a loss of farmers' rights and control over their own
crops.

Truth
1. "The truth will set you free, but first it will make you miserable." - James A. Garfield
2. "Truth is the daughter of time, not of authority." - Francis Bacon
3. "The truth is rarely pure and never simple." - Oscar Wilde
4. "The highest compact we can make with our fellow is - 'Let there be truth between us
forevermore.'" - Ralph Waldo Emerson
5. "To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the
greatest accomplishment." - Ralph Waldo Emerson
6. "The truth is not for all men, but only for those who seek it." - Ayn Rand
7. "The pursuit of truth and beauty is a sphere of activity in which we are permitted to
remain children all our lives." - Albert Einstein
8. "Three things cannot be long hidden: the sun, the moon, and the truth." – Buddha

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  Volkswagen Emissions Scandal: Volkswagen was found to have installed "defeat
devices" in their diesel cars to cheat emissions tests, causing a scandal that revealed a
lack of truthfulness and transparency in the company's practices.
 The #MeToo movement, which brought to light the prevalence of sexual harassment
and assault, demonstrates the power of truth and the importance of speaking out
against injustice.
 The COVID-19 pandemic, where misinformation and conspiracy theories have
spread rapidly, underscores the critical role of truthful and accurate information in
public health crises.

Ethics
1. "The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically.
Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education." - Martin Luther King Jr.
2. "Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is right to
do." - Potter Stewart
3. "It is not what we say or think that defines us, but what we do." - Jane Austen
4. "The first step in the evolution of ethics is a sense of solidarity with other human beings." -
Albert Schweitzer
5. "The true test of character is not how much we know how to do, but how we behave when
we don't know what to do." - John Holt
6. "The ultimate test of a moral society is the kind of world it leaves to its children." -
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
7. "The measure of a society is found in how they treat their weakest and most helpless
citizens." - Jimmy Carter
8. "To be honest, as this world goes, is to be one man picked out of ten thousand." - William
Shakespeare
9. "In matters of style, swim with the current; in matters of principle, stand like a rock." -
Thomas Jefferson

 Socrates, the Greek philosopher, was known for his ethical conduct in his teachings,
which emphasized honesty, integrity, and the pursuit of truth, even at the risk of
personal harm.
 Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of India's independence movement, practiced ethical
conduct through his principles of nonviolence, compassion, and self-discipline, which
inspired millions around the world.

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Morality
1. "Morality is not the doctrine of how we may make ourselves happy, but how we may make
ourselves worthy of happiness." - Immanuel Kant
2. "The first principle of morality is to do what is right, no matter what the consequence." -
Immanuel Kant
3. "Morality is the basis of things and truth is the substance of all morality." - Mahatma
Gandhi
4. "The highest result of education is tolerance." - Helen Keller
5. "Morality is not the inclination to do right, but the ability to understand what is right." -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
6. "Morality is not just any old topic in psychology but close to our conception of the
meaning of life." - Derek Parfit
7. "The end does not justify the means. No one's rights can be secured by the violation of the
rights of others." - Ayn Rand
Law
1. "The law is reason, free from passion." - Aristotle
2. "Where law ends, tyranny begins." - William Pitt
3. "Ignorance of the law excuses no man; not that all men know the law, but because 'tis an
excuse every man will plead, and no man can tell how to refute him." - John Selden
4. "Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps and hornets break
through." - Jonathan Swift
Culture
1. "Culture makes people understand each other better. And if they understand each other
better in their soul, it is easier to overcome the economic and political barriers." - Paulo
Coelho
2. "Culture is the arts elevated to a set of beliefs." - Thomas Wolfe
3. "Culture is not a mere afterthought or decoration, but an essential part of what it means to
be human." - Kwame Anthony Appiah
4. "Culture is the sum of all the forms of art, of love, and of thought, which, in the course of
centuries, have enabled man to be less enslaved." - Andre Malraux
5. "Culture is the name for what people are interested in, their thoughts, their models, the
books they read and the speeches they hear." - Walter Lippmann
6. "Culture is a way of coping with the world by defining it in detail." - Malcolm Bradbury
7. "A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree
without roots." - Marcus Garvey
8. "Culture is the widening of the mind and of the spirit." - Jawaharlal Nehru
Philosophers and Philosophies
1. Socrates - Socrates was a philosopher in ancient Greece who believed in the pursuit of
knowledge through questioning and critical thinking. He believed that the unexamined life

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 was not worth living and that it was essential to question one's beliefs and values to arrive
at the truth.
2. Plato - Plato was a student of Socrates and one of the most famous philosophers in
history. He believed in the existence of an ideal world of forms and the importance of
reason and rationality in achieving knowledge and truth. He also emphasized the
importance of education and believed that a just society was one in which everyone
fulfilled their proper role.
3. Aristotle - Aristotle was a student of Plato and one of the most influential philosophers in
Western history. He believed in the importance of empirical observation and logic in
understanding the world and developing scientific knowledge. He also believed in the
importance of ethical behavior and the cultivation of virtues to achieve human flourishing.
4. Confucius - Confucius was a Chinese philosopher who emphasized the importance of
moral and ethical principles in life, such as respect, honesty, and self-discipline. His
philosophy, known as Confucianism, emphasizes the importance of social order and the
cultivation of virtues to achieve harmony and balance in society.
5. Lao Tzu - Lao Tzu was a Chinese philosopher and the founder of Taoism, a philosophy
that emphasizes the importance of living in harmony with nature and the Tao (the way of
the universe). His philosophy emphasizes the importance of simplicity, humility, and
selflessness in achieving inner peace and balance.
6. Immanuel Kant - Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who believed in the
importance of reason and moral principles in human behavior. He believed that the
ultimate aim of human life was to achieve moral perfection through the cultivation of the
categorical imperative, a principle that states that one should always act in a way that
could be universally applied.
7. Friedrich Nietzsche - Friedrich Nietzsche was a German philosopher who questioned
traditional morality and emphasized the importance of individualism and self-discovery.
He believed in the concept of the "will to power" as a driving force behind human
behavior and that the ultimate goal of human existence was to create one's own values and
live a life of meaning and purpose.
8. Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a French philosopher who
believed in the importance of individual freedom and the need for a social contract
between the government and the people. He also believed in the importance of education
and the development of the individual's natural abilities, arguing that society often
corrupted human nature and led to inequality and oppression.
9. Thomas Aquinas - Thomas Aquinas was an Italian philosopher who was influential in
developing the philosophy of the Catholic Church. He believed in the importance of
reason and the compatibility of faith and reason. His philosophy emphasized the existence
of God and the importance of natural law in ethical behavior.
10. John Locke - John Locke was an English philosopher who believed in the importance of
individual rights and the social contract between the government and the people. He
believed that individuals have natural rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property,
which must be protected by the government.
11. Jean-Paul Sartre - Jean-Paul Sartre was a French philosopher who believed in the
importance of individual freedom and responsibility. He believed that individuals must

| 28
 create their own meaning and purpose in life and that we are all responsible for our own
actions and the state of the world.
12. Karl Marx - Karl Marx was a German philosopher who believed in the importance of
social justice and the need for a classless society. He argued that capitalism creates
inequality and oppression, and that the only way to achieve true equality and freedom was
through a revolution and the establishment of a socialist society.
13. Simone de Beauvoir - Simone de Beauvoir was a French philosopher and feminist who
emphasized the importance of women's rights and gender equality. She argued that
women have been historically oppressed and that true freedom and equality can only be
achieved through the abolition of gender roles and the establishment of a society that
values both men and women equally
14. Vedanta philosophy, one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, emphasizes the unity of
all beings and the pursuit of self-realization. It emphasizes the importance of meditation,
contemplation, and spiritual practice to achieve a state of enlightenment.
15. Buddhism, a major world religion that originated in India, emphasizes the importance of
mindfulness, compassion, and the pursuit of inner peace. The Four Noble Truths and the
Eightfold Path are central to Buddhist philosophy, which emphasizes the impermanence
and interconnectedness of all things.
16. Yoga, a system of physical, mental, and spiritual practices that originated in India,
emphasizes the importance of self-discipline, meditation, and the pursuit of spiritual
growth. It is based on the principles of the eight limbs, which include ethical conduct,
physical postures, breathing exercises, and meditation.
17. Jainism, an ancient religion that originated in India, emphasizes the importance of
nonviolence, compassion, and the pursuit of enlightenment. It emphasizes the
interconnectedness of all living beings and the importance of ethical conduct and self-
discipline in achieving spiritual growth.
18. Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine that originated in India, emphasizes the
importance of balance and harmony in all aspects of life. It focuses on the use of natural
remedies, such as herbs and oils, to promote physical and mental health and prevent
illness.
Role of Science in Society
1. "Science is the engine of prosperity. It has transformed the world, and it will continue to
do so. But only if we keep the flame of curiosity burning bright." - Neil deGrasse Tyson
2. "Science and technology revolutionize our lives, but memory, tradition and myth frame
our response." - Arthur Schlesinger Jr.
3. "Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch
which illuminates the world." - Louis Pasteur
4. "The saddest aspect of life right now is that science gathers knowledge faster than society
gathers wisdom." - Isaac Asimov
5. "The greatest enemy of knowledge is not ignorance, it is the illusion of knowledge." -
Stephen Hawking

| 29
 6. "Science is not only compatible with spirituality; it is a profound source of spirituality." -
Carl Sagan
7. "Science can be introduced to children well or poorly. If poorly, children can be turned
away from science; they can develop a lifelong antipathy; they will be in a far worse
condition than if they had never been introduced to science at all." - Isaac Asimov
8. "The progress of science requires more than new data; it needs novel frameworks and
contexts. And where do these fundamentally new views of the world arise? They are not
simply discovered by pure observation; they require new modes of thought." - Stephen Jay
Gould
9. "The good thing about science is that it's true whether or not you believe in it." - Neil
deGrasse Tyson
The meaning of life
1. Aristotle's Eudaimonia: Aristotle believed that the meaning of life was to achieve
eudaimonia, which he defined as "happiness" or "flourishing." According to Aristotle,
eudaimonia is achieved by living a life of virtue, which involves cultivating habits of
thought and action that lead to well-being.
2. Jean-Paul Sartre's Existentialism: Sartre argued that life has no inherent meaning or
purpose and that individuals must create their own meaning through their choices and
actions. This means that each person is responsible for determining their own values and
goals and living according to them.
3. Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative: Kant believed that the meaning of life was to
act in accordance with the Categorical Imperative, a moral principle that states that one
should always treat others as ends in themselves, rather than merely as means to an end.
According to Kant, living a moral life is the ultimate goal and source of meaning.
4. Epicurus' Hedonism: According to Epicurus the meaning of life was to achieve pleasure
and avoid pain. However, he emphasized that this did not mean pursuing immediate or
excessive pleasure, but rather seeking long-term pleasure and avoiding unnecessary pain.
The concept of free will
 Free will is the ability of an individual to make choices that are not predetermined by
external factors. It is the ability to act freely, based on one's own desires, beliefs, and
values, rather than being determined by physical or environmental factors. Free will is
often associated with the concept of moral responsibility, as individuals are considered
responsible for their actions only if they had the ability to choose otherwise.
 Rene Descartes, a French philosopher, believed that free will was the most fundamental
aspect of human nature. He believed that the mind was separate from the body, and that
individuals had the ability to make choices that were not determined by physical laws.
Descartes argued that humans had free will because they had the ability to doubt their own
thoughts and beliefs, which meant they were not entirely determined by their environment.
Existentialism vs nihilism
1. Existentialism: An individualistic philosophy that emphasizes personal freedom, choice,
and responsibility. It holds that humans must create their own meaning in life, as existence
precedes essence.

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 2. Nihilism: A philosophy that denies objective meaning or value in life. It argues that
existence is ultimately meaningless, and that all values are arbitrary human constructions.
It can lead to despair or a rejection of moral principles.
Mean vs End
1. Means refers to the methods or actions used to achieve a particular goal. It is the process
through which a desired outcome is obtained. In ethical terms, means can be evaluated as
either morally justifiable or unjustifiable based on the ends they serve.
2. Ends refer to the desired outcome or result of a particular action or decision. It is the goal
that an individual or group seeks to achieve. In ethical terms, the ends can be evaluated as
either morally good or bad based on the means used to achieve them.
Contemporary issues
1. COVID-19 pandemic: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of
global cooperation in tackling a crisis that affects us all. It has shown the need for strong
healthcare systems, investment in research and development, and emergency
preparedness. The pandemic has also demonstrated the resilience and adaptability of
individuals and communities in the face of adversity. We must prioritize investment in
healthcare and emergency preparedness, and work together globally to address future
crises.
2. Black Lives Matter movement: The Black Lives Matter movement has highlighted the
ongoing issue of systemic racism and the need for greater social and political equality. It
has shown the power of collective action and peaceful protest in bringing about change,
and the importance of acknowledging and addressing historical injustices.
3. Climate change: Climate change is a pressing issue that requires urgent action. It requires
a shift towards sustainable practices and a recognition of the interconnectedness of human
and environmental systems. The effects of climate change are already being felt, and will
disproportionately impact vulnerable communities. World need to take urgent action to
address climate change, and work towards sustainable practices that prioritize the health
of the planet and all its inhabitants.
4. Gender inequality: Gender inequality is a pervasive issue that limits the potential of
individuals and societies. It requires greater representation and equal treatment in all
aspects of life, including education, the workplace, and politics.
5. Rise of nationalism and populism: The rise of nationalism and populism highlights the
need for greater understanding and dialogue between different communities and cultures.
It underscores the importance of valuing diversity and promoting cooperation, rather than
division.
6. Technological advancements: Technological advancements offer great potential for
positive change, but also pose new challenges. We must prioritize the ethical and
responsible development and use of technology, and work to ensure that the benefits are
shared equitably.
7. Cybersecurity threats: Cybersecurity threats highlight the importance of strong
cybersecurity measures and awareness. They require collaboration between individuals,
organizations, and governments to ensure the safety and security of online systems and
networks.

| 31
8. Migration crisis: The migration crisis highlights the need for greater compassion and
understanding towards those seeking refuge and a better life. It requires careful
management and support to ensure the safety and well-being of all individuals.
9. Globalization: Globalization highlights the need for greater cooperation and coordination
between countries and communities. It requires recognition of the interconnectedness of
our world and a commitment to promoting peace and prosperity for all.
10. Income inequality: Income inequality is a pressing issue that requires attention and
action. It highlights the need for greater economic and social equality, including access to
education, healthcare, and opportunities for advancement.

| 32
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