General English Skills - A University Requirement Course

A UNIVERSITY
REQUIREMENT
COURSE
Collected, Compiled and

Edited for Educational
Purposes
2021 – 2022
SUEZ CANAL UNIVERSITY

Student Affairs Sector
1
Session One
Note -- Taking
Session Objectives
Note-taking continued…
 By the end of the session, you will be able to:
- Differentiate between regular writing and note taking

- Use Cornell Method for note-taking lectures
- Determine the difference between content words and
function words
1. Regular Writing vs Note-Taking

 Regular writing is a kind of writing in

which ideas are conveyed in the form of
complete sentences, paragraph and long
essays.
 Regular writing also requires accuracy

of language.
 Note-taking is another kind of writing

which you need to master for your
academic achievement.
 Note-taking is one of the best study

skills and habits important for you as an
adult student.
Note-Taking Strategies
 Bring highlighters to class in order to

highlight the most important notes that the
instructor will emphasize. This will help
remind you later.
 Listen carefully to the instructor.

 Make a conscious effort to pay attention.
 Develop a note-taking method that works

for you.
- Start each new lecture on a new page, and date

and number each page.
- Write on one side of the paper only.
- Leave blank spaces.
- Make your notes as brief as possible.
- Develop a system of abbreviations and symbols
you can use wherever possible.
- Note all unfamiliar vocabulary or concepts you
don’t understand.
 Pay attention to content including:
- word for word definitions,

- material written on the chalkboard or on a
transparency, including drawings or charts,
details, facts, or explanations that expand or
explain the main points that are mentioned.
- Don’t forget examples.
 Review and edit your notes:
- It is extremely important to review your notes

within 24 hours.
- Edit for words and phrases that are illegible or
don’t make sense.
- Write out abbreviated words that might be
unclear later.
- Fill in key words and questions in the left-hand
column.
2. Cornell Method
Focusing on what we want to know
The Cornell Method is a popular note-taking

method.
Steps
1. divide up your notes into 3 sections.

2. In the right column, keep your most
important ideas that the instructor has
covered during class.
3. In the left area, write definitions,
Note-taking key
continued…
terms, predicted test questions, or

equations.
4. In The last section, try to develop a

short summary of key points in this
section for greater reflection of the class
notes.
The Format Used for this Method

3. Content Words vs Function Words
 Content words are words which contain

information and meaning.
Content words include:

 Nouns
 Verbs
 Adjectives
 Adverbs
 However, function words
Note-taking are those
continued…
necessary words for grammar.
Function words include:

 Auxiliary verbs
 Articles
 Conjunctions
 Pronouns
When we take notes, it is preferable to:
 use content words, and at the same time,

 reduce or limit your use of function
words.
Consider the example below:
Note-Taking
Exercise
The following is a lecture given by an engineer on a

project of a skyscraper in the early stages of construction.
Take notes on this lecture using the Cornell Method:
As you can see we've started work on the substructure, in

other words the part of the structure that's below the
ground level. The foundations are concrete piles.
Basically, a pile is a column going down into the ground.
And we're using what we call bored in situ concrete, in
other words, we bore, or drill, a hole in the ground, and
concrete's poured in situ, which means it's actually poured
on the construction site, in its final position.
An alternative is to use what we refer to as pre-cast

driven piles. Pre-cast refers to the fact that the piles are
made at a factory away from the site before being
delivered. They're then driven into the ground. They're
hammered with a pile driver which, put simple, is just
like a giant hammer. And they don't just drive in piles,
they drive everyone mad with the constant boom boom
boom all day long.
So, thankfully for our ears, we're not using that
technique. Instead, we're boring the piles. The pile auger
over there is effectively just like a giant drill.
As it drills into the ground, we pump a special liquid

called bentonite into the hole. Essentially, it's a kind of
clay suspension, a sort of mud. And that prevents the
walls of the hole from collapsing inwards. So when the
hole's finished, it's full of bentonite. It looks just like a
big muddy puddle on the ground. Obviously, it's not a
good idea to step in one, like a colleague of mine once
did, and then had to drive home in his underpants for a
change of clothes.
So, once the hole's been bored and filled with bentonite,
they lower in some steel reinforcement. And then
concrete's pumped in. and because the concrete is denser
than the bentonite, it displaces it. So, in simple terms, if
you picture a glass full of water and imagine pouring
concrete into the glass, the water would overflow, and
you'd end up with a glass full of concrete. So, that's
pilling. If anyone has any questions, by the way,just…
End of Session One
Thank you
Session Two
Summary Writing
Session Objectives
 By the end of the session, you will be able
to:
- Determine the steps for writing a summary

- Determine the first sentence in a summary
- Use reporting verbs in summary writing
- Use “that-clause”
- Differentiate between paraphrase and direct
quotation
Summary Writing continued…
Introduction
- Summarizing is an excellent way of training

yourself to write concisely.
- There is no room for any unnecessary words.
So, adjectives and adverbs should be deleted.
- The final summary should be written in your
own words.
1. Steps for Writing a Summary
 The following are some useful tips when you write

a summary:
1- Give the main idea(s).

(Do not give any specific details, dates, or figures unless
essential).
2- Maintain good paragraph structure,

(beginning with a topic sentence, followed by
supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence).
- In the topic sentence you should identify the title,

author or speaker.
- In supporting sentences you have to follow the same
order of information in the original.
3- Paraphrase:
(Do not quote directly from the original materials).
4- Be objective:
(Do not include your opinion).
5- Check for spelling and grammar.

2. The First sentence in a Summary
 A summary often begins with a sentence

containing two elements:
- the source (author, speaker if found) and
- the main idea:
Consider the following examples:
1- (source) Marcia Barinaga in her article "Is

There a Female Style in Science?" (main
idea) alleges that men and women exhibit
differences in the way they pursue science.
2- (source) Marcia Barinaga in her article "Is

There a Female Style in Science?" (main
idea) assumes that men and women exhibit
differences in the way they pursue science.
3. Using Reporting Verbs
 The underlined verbs in the examples above

are reporting verbs that can be used in
summary writing.
 The following is a list of the reporting verbs

used in the first sentence of a summary:
discuss, state, present, explain, maintain, examine,

affirm, argue, reveal, presume, assume, assert,
contend, allege, claim, imply
4. That-Clauses
 Reporting verbs are followed by a that-

clause containing both a subject and a verb.
 That-clauses have a variety of functions. In

the following sentence, the that-clause is the
direct object of the verb states.
Consider the following examples:
 Marcia Barinaga in her article "Is There a

Female Style in Science?" states that men and
women are indeed different.
 He insisted that I complete the report by the

next day, no matter what happened.
5. Paraphrase vs Direct Quotation
 A good way to write a summary is to

paraphrase the original.
 A paraphrase is restating the ideas in the
original.
 The most common strategy used to
accomplish this involves replacing words in
the source with synonyms and perhaps
changing the grammar.
Consider the following example:
Although it would be beneficial forcontinued…

Summary Writing the world
economy to have uniform patent laws, each
country has its own laws.
 A paraphrase of this could be:
Every country has unique patent laws, even

though the world economy would be improved
if they were consistent.
Study the following example:
Summarize the passage below in not continued…

Summary Writing more than
70 words:
Napoleon and Josephine were married at a civil

ceremony on 9 March 1796 after the bridegroom
had kept his bride waiting for two hours.
Josephine, who was thirty-two, was older than
Napoleon and as her birth certificate was in
Martinique, she conveniently took four years off
her age.
The bridegroom gallantly added a year to his so

on the marriage certificate they both appeared as
twenty-eight. No relations on either side were
present and the Bonapartes, bitterly opposed to
the marriage, pursued a vendetta against
Josephine that lasted almost to the end of her life.
Napoleon soon found that he could not dominate
his new wife as he could his soldiers. On their
wedding night, she refused to let him remove her
little dog, Fortune, from her bed where he always
slept.
Later her husband ruefully wrote, ‘I was told

that I had the choice of sleeping in another bed
or sharing that one with Fortune.’ The dog
made his mark in history by biting the General
in the leg. The honeymoon was brief as two
days after the wedding Napoleon left his new
wife in Paris while he took up his post as
Commander-in-Chief of the Army of Italy.
From there he sent passionate love letters to her
and she wrote back to him though not as
frequently. (Approximately 200 words)
The Summary
Napoleon married Josephine on 9 March 1796.

Each gave false ages so they were both registered as
twenty-eight. The Bonapartes hated Josephine and
objected to the marriage. Napoleon soon found he
could not dominate his new wife as he did his
soldiers. Two days after the wedding he left his wife
in Paris and went to Italy as Commander-in-Chief
of the army. From there he sent her frequent love
letters but she did not reply very often.
(Approximately 70 words – a third of the original passage)
End of Session Two
Thank you
Session Three
Report Writing
Session Objectives
By the end of the session, you will be able to:
- Define a formal report

- Determine the parts of a report
- Determine the common types of reports
1. What is a Report?
Report Writing continued…
 A report is a formal piece of writing about

a person, a process, an activity, a situation, a
place, a plan, etc.
 It is usually addressed to a superior, to

other colleagues, or to members of a
committee.
2. The Parts of a Report
 A report should include:
1. Heading
To:
From:
Subject:
Date:
2. Introduction
3. Main Body
4. Conclusion
Consider the format below:
To: ……………………………..
From: ………………………..........
Subject: ……………………………..
Date: ……………………………..
Paragraph 1: Introduction
State the purpose and content of the report
Paragraphs 2-3-4 etc. (Main Body)
Present all aspects (whether they are positive or negative) of the subject
under suitable subheadings.
Final Paragraph (Conclusions)
Summarizes the information given, and include general assessment,
opinions, suggestions, and recommendations.
1- You can begin a report in this way:continued…
Report Writing
Consider the following language points:

 The purpose/aim/intension of this report is to ...
 As requested, this is a report

concerning/regarding …………
 This report contains, outlines, examines

……….
2- You can end a report in this way:
 On the basis of the points mentioned above,

it would seem that ………….
 It is therefore believed/felt/ apparent that
……
 Our recommendation is that ……… should
be ………..
3- Reports should be written in a formal

style using complex sentences, non-
colloquial English, passive structures,
linking words and phrases
3. Common Types of
Reports
1. Assessment Reports present and evaluate

the positive and negative features of a person,
a place or an activity.
- Assessment reports usually include our

opinions and our recommendations.
- Present tenses are normally used in
assessment reports.
- Past tenses can also be used for reports
related to past events, e.g. a report about a
summer camp.
Exercise 1
You work for a large travel agency and

Report Writing have just
continued…
spent a week in Siwa Oasis to see if it would be a

suitable destination for package holidays.
Write a report for your employer describing
such things as the place itself, how to get there,
available accommodation, restaurants, transport,
tourist attractions, and so on, and state your
recommendation concerning suitability.
 Before you write the report answer the following

questions:
- What information would you give before starting

the purpose of the report?
- What is the purpose of this repot?
- What information would you include in the report?
- What would your recommendation be?
2. Informative Reports present information

about a meeting that has taken place, or a
progress that has been made.
Exercise 2
As secretary of the college Public Service Centre,
Suez Canal University, write a report for the
Centre’s annual meeting. You should report on such
matters as human resources, special projects and
activities during the past year, and what has already
been proposed for the next year.
3. Proposal Reports present plans,

decisions or suggestions concerning
possible futures courses of action.
Proposal reports are written for the approval

of work superiors, managers, or members of
a committee.
 Paragraph 1: Introduction where you state the
purpose and content
Components of your proposal
of a Proposal Reportreport.
 Paragraphs 2-3-4- etc.: Main Body where you
present each aspect under separate subheadings.
 Final Paragraph: Conclusion where you state

your general assessment or opinion.
You have decided to expand your company
Report Writing continued… and
need a loan from your bank.

Exercise
- Write a 3
proposal in support of your request for
the loan.
- Outline details why you need the loan and what
you intend to do with it.
Expand the notes given under each sub-heading into a

full paragraph:
To: The manager

From: Mrs Dina Mohey
Subject: Loan for the expansion of “Ismailia Food
Mart”
Date: Jan. 10th, 2016
Purpose:
In support of request for loan to allow for expansion of
“Ismailia Food Mart” company.
Reasons for expansion
New premises
Vehicles
Staff
Conclusion
End of Session Three
Thank you
Session Four
Writing an Official E-mail

Session Objectives
- Distinguish between formal and informal e-mails

- Use abbreviations for e-mail writing
- Write opening and ending for official e-mails
- Arrange a meeting in an official e-mail
1. Formal or Informal Style
Writing an Official E-mail continued…
Formal e-mail is the style used in old-fashioned

letters.
Consider the following:
 Ideas are presented politely and carefully, and

there is much use of fixed expressions and long
words.
 The language is impersonal.
 Grammar and punctuation are important.
 This style is used in email writing when the

subject matter is serious.
.
Informal is the common style for emails

between friends.
Consider the following:
 The email can be very short and includes

personal news and funny comments.
This style is closest to speech,
 an Official E-mail
Writing and
continued…
includes everyday words and conversation

expressions.
 The reader is usually tolerant of bad

grammar. Look at the following list:
• Key phrases for informal & formal emails

Informal Formal
- What do you need? - Please let us know your
requirements.
- Thanks for the email of 12 - Thank you for your email
Feb.. received 12 February.
- Sorry, I can’t make it - I am afraid I will not be able
to attend…
- I’m sorry to tell you that - we regret to advise you
that
- I promise …. - I can assure you that
- Could you? - I was wandering if you could
- You haven’t -We note from our records
that you have not
- Don’t forget - We would like to remind you

that
- I need to - It is necessary for me to..
- Shall…? - Would you like me to?
- But …/Also…? So.. - However… /In addition…/

Therefore
- Please, could you? - I was wondering if you could
- I am sorry for… - Please, accept our apologies for
- Re …. - With regard to (with reference

to)
- See you next week. - I am looking forward to meeting
you next week
Exercise 1
Look at your course book,

page ( )
Words and abbreviations
In addition to the table above the following

abbreviations are common in formal
letters/emails:
1- i.e. (id est ) =
I am going to explain what I mean using different

words.
2- e.g. (exempli gratia) =
I am going to give an example.

3- NB (nota bene) =
I want you to give special attention to the
following point.
4- PS (Postscript) =
I am adding some information at the end
that I forgot.
Exercise 2

page ( )
Opening and closing
The following are some examples of how to begin and end a

letter/ email:
Beginnings Endings
I am writing with regard to your Should you need any further
recent email. We regret to inform
you that there are no double rooms information about room availability,
available for the nights you require. we will be happy to assist you.
Thanks so much for the wonderful Thanks again for the gift and give
present. It is exactly the book that I
wanted – how did you know? I am my regards to your family.
really looking forward to reading it.
I have just read your email. I am so You know you can count on me if
sorry to hear about what happened.
you need any support. I will call you
at the weekend to see how things are.
I am afraid I will not be able to Anyway, sorry again I cannot come,
attend your birthday party at Fish but have a great time.
Land restaurant because I am away
on that day.
I am mailing this via ‘Contract Us’ I am looking forward to receiving

link on your website. I would like to this information as soon as
know a few more details about the possible.
anti-virus software that is listed on
the site.
I am writing with reference to our Please deal with this matter

order number CH67. The goods urgently. I expect a reply from you
arrived this morning but you only by tomorrow morning at the least.
sent 200 pieces instead of the 300
that we ordered.
I have just heard from Suzan about It is really great news and I am sure
the Paris contract. It is fantastic that it is only the beginning of our
news – you worked really hard on work on the French market.
this and you deserve the success ….
Exercise 3

page ( )
Exercise 4

page ( )
Exercise 5
Write an email to the National Egyptian Bank,

enquiring about the possibility of taking summer
training in one of the bank branches in Ismailia.
Use the formal style in your writing and follow the

format below.
4. Arranging meetings in an official e-
mail
The following sentences are used when we

arrange a meeting in an e-mail (official):
1) What time would be convenient for you?

2) Are you free any time next week?
3) Could we meet on Thursday in the afternoon?
Perhaps at 3 pm?
4) Yes, I think I should be able to make next Friday
morning.
5) I’ll email you later to confirm it.
6) I am out of the office until 2 pm on that day. Any time

after that would be fine.
7) I’m afraid I’m busy all day next Thursday.
8) I’m afraid I can’t make it on that day.
9) Sorry I have already got an appointment on that day.
10) How about/what about Wednesday instead?
11) Would you mind if we put the meeting off to the
following week?
12) I apologize for any inconvenience caused.
13) I look forward to seeing you next week.
14) Give me a ring if you have any problem.
15) Give my regards to all staff members.
Exercise 6

page ( )
Exercise 7

page ( )
End of Session Four
Thank you
Session Six
Writing a Memorandum
(memo)
Session Objectives
- Determine the memo format

- Consider the language points necessary for memo
writing
Writing a Memo continued…
Introduction
A memo (short for memorandum) is used only for

communication within the organization.
It may be from one person to another or to several
persons.
The purpose of a memo may be:

- To ask for information
- To give information
- To request decision or action
- To convey information about action or decision
1. Memo Format
Memos have just two sections:
1. The heading
2. The body
1. The Heading:
In a memo format all the lines of formal

information begin at the left margin.
- Consider the following format:
Date: October 6, 2016

To: Sameh Ahmed
From: Nour Hamdy
Subject: TOEFL Exam
Writing a Memo To:…………………. continued…
 This space is for the name of the person(s) to

whom the memo is sent.
 You can use titles such as (Mrs., Ms., Mr., Dr.,

Dean, etc.).
 For a formal memo, the addressee's full name must

be used; for an informal one, the first name is
enough.
 If the memo is addressed to several persons use

such phrases as "All Staff Members”,
“Development Committee Members”, and so on.
. Writing a Memo continued…
From:……………….
 The name of the person who writes the

memo or who is responsible for the
information included.
Date:…………………
It is preferable to write the full name of the

month or its standard abbreviation as:
October 6, 2016
Subject: ……………
 The subject line is very important and should be

stated concisely and accurately.
 Organize the points in the memo according to the
order of importance.
 The most important point is to come first followed
by a less important point and so on.
2- Language Points
 A memo is always brief.
 You must be plain, direct and concise while

using a comfortable, natural style.
 Although memos are usually formal, the recent

trend is towards a personal style.
 Avoid showy style, too much technical jargon,

or complicated sentences.
Consider the following example:
To: All Teaching Staff

From: Department Head
Date: 25 Nov. 2016
Subject: Teacher-assessment form
University circular no. xxx requires all students to complete

teacher-assessment forms at the end of every semester. The
forms are to be sent to the University on the first of Nov.
2016.
All members of the teaching staff are requested to inform
their students of the form and how to complete and submit
the form to the college office by 30 Nov.
Completed forms are to be submitted to the vice-dean’s
office.
End of Session Six
Thank you
Session Seven
Presenting in English
Session Objectives
- Determine the parts of a presentation

- Introduce yourself for a presentation
- State the purpose of your presentation
- Draw the attention of the audience
- Use your voice effectively in a presentation
- Close your presentation
1. The Parts of a Presentation
.
Presenting in English continued…
 A good presentation has three major parts the

Opening, the Body and the Close.
 The Opening of your presentation should capture

attention, establish rapport and set the direction
for your presentation.
 The Body is the meat of your message. This is

where you will spend most of your time.
 The Close is the last thing that people hear,

therefore it is important and can be memorable if
done well.
2. Introducing yourself
 There are two alternative ways of introducing

yourself and the subject of your presentation - one
fairly formal, the other more friendly.
 You can decide which way is more appropriate

according to the topic of your presentation and the
nature of your audience.
 Make your introduction very brief.
 Do not waste a lot of time introducing yourself,
your topic, or your company.
 Consider the following table:

.
Formal Informal
Good morning, ladies and Morning, everyone
gentlemen
For those of you who don't As you know, I'm in charge of

know me already, I'm …
responsible for …
If you have any questions Feel free to ask any questions
you'd like to ask, I'll be happy you like as we go along.
to answer them. OR
OR And don't worry, there'll be
Perhaps we can leave any plenty of time left over for
questions you may have until questions at the end.
the end of the presentation.
3. Stating the Purpose of your
Presentation
.
 Once you introduce yourself, state your

purpose clearly.
 The following are some ways of stating the

purpose of your presentation:
OK, let's get started. Good morning, everyone.

Thanks for coming. I'm (your name). This
morning I'm going to be:
1. talking to you about the videophone project.

2. telling you about the collapse of the housing
market in the last few years.
3. showing you how to deal with late payers.
4. taking a look at the recent boom in virtual reality
software companies.
5. reporting on the results of the market study we
carried out in Austria.
… so, I'll begin by:
1. filling you in on the background to the project.

2. making a few observations about the events
leading up to that collapse.
3. outlining company policy on bad debt.
4. giving you an overview of the history of VR.
5. bringing you up-to-date on the latest findings of
the study.
. . . and then I'll go on to:

1. highlight what I see as the main advantages of
the new system.
2. put the situation into some kind of
perspective.
3. talk you through our basic debt management
procedure.
4. make detailed recommendations regarding our
own R&D.
5. discuss in more depth the implications of the
data in the files in front of you.
4. Drawing the Attention of the Audience
Effective Openings
Effective openings help you to get immediate

attention of the audience and make you feel more
confident.
The following are some ways:
 Give them a problem to think about.

For Example:
How many people here this morning hate going to
meetings? Just about everybody, right? Well, imagine a
company where there were never any meetings and
everything ran smoothly. Do you think that's possible?
Other useful expressions:
 Suppose …………… How would you?

 How people here this morning / afternoon / this
evening …?
 Well, imagine that….. Do you think it is
possible?
• Give them some amazing facts.
For Example:
Statistics show that in the last ten years more
people have legally emigrated to the United
States than to the rest of the world put together
- about half a million of them a year, in fact.
Now, over ten years, that's roughly equivalent
to the population of Greece.
 Did you know that ……?

 According to the latest study …
 Statistics show that …..
• Give them a story or personal anecdote.
For Example:
1 read somewhere the other day that the world's

highest paid executive works for Disney and gets
$230 million a year. Now that's about $2000 a
minute! That means he's currently making more
money than Volkswagen.
 in English
Presenting continued…
You know, when I think about … I’m

reminded of…
I remember when …….
5. Using your Voice effectively
 Use your voice (articulation/ stress/ intonation)

to create the effect you want.
 use your voice to highlight, pause and stress.
 Make sure how you say long or technical
words.
 In English some parts of the word sound weak,
other parts sound strong, for example:
presenTAtion
ecoNOmical
producTIvity
techNOlogy
Intonation:
 A good presentation involves more than just

giving information.
 It also involves interpreting that information,

showing your listeners exactly what it means,
giving its significance.
 Your intonation (the rise and fall of your voice)

tells your audience exactly what you are thinking.
Good intonation lets them see your attitude
 in English
Presenting and
continued…
your enthusiasm for your subject.
 Monotonous speakers bore an audience.
 So, a good rule when you give a presentation is

to vary the tone of your voice.
Basic Techniques
1. Emphasis is very important. You can change
the significance of what you say in a presentation
by stressing words which would normally be
unstressed or contracted.
Look at the following examples:

Neutral Emphatic
It’s our best chance of success. It IS our best chance of success
We’re doing the best we can. We ARE doing the best we can.
They promised completion by They DID promise completion by
June. June.
You can make a presentation more by using
 in English
Presenting continued…
simple intensifiers to emphasize your points.
 Here are some examples:
( just, entire, really, whole, such, much,

even, absolutely, highly )
.
2. Softening: There are times when you feel that

you need to reduce the emphasis or the force of
a point. So
instead of saying we can say

a great improvement a slight improvement
a major problem a minor problem
a total success a partial success
The underlined words in the following extract

have a softening effect:
We’ve more or less completed the first round of

negotiations in Osaka, and we’re pretty certain
they like what we’re offering although with the
Japanese it is quite difficult to tell sometimes.
It is a little too soon to say whether we’ll get an
exclusive contract. Exclusivity is probably
rather too much to hope for.
.
3. Repetition is one of the good presenter’s powerful

techniques.
Look at the following examples:

1- The overall responses has been much, much
better than anyone expected.
2- It is really very, very difficult to predict.
6. Close your Presentation
Finally I ‘d like to thank you for the time you spent

listening to me.
 And now it’s time for your questions:

1. Are there any questions you'd like to ask?
2. Are there any more questions?
 When there are no more questions:

3. Right, if there are no other questions, perhaps we
should wrap it up here. Thank you.
End of Session Seven
Thank you

General English Skills - A University Requirement Course

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A UNIVERSITY

Collected, Compiled and

SUEZ CANAL UNIVERSITY

 By the end of the session, you will be able to:

- Differentiate between regular writing and note taking

1. Regular Writing vs Note-Taking

 Regular writing is a kind of writing in

 Regular writing also requires accuracy

 Note-taking is another kind of writing

 Note-taking is one of the best study

 Bring highlighters to class in order to

 Listen carefully to the instructor.

 Develop a note-taking method that works

- Start each new lecture on a new page, and date

 Pay attention to content including:

- word for word definitions,

 Review and edit your notes:

- It is extremely important to review your notes

The Cornell Method is a popular note-taking

1. divide up your notes into 3 sections.

terms, predicted test questions, or

4. In The last section, try to develop a

The Format Used for this Method

 Content words are words which contain

Content words include:

Function words include:

When we take notes, it is preferable to:

 use content words, and at the same time,

The following is a lecture given by an engineer on a

As you can see we've started work on the substructure, in

An alternative is to use what we refer to as pre-cast

As it drills into the ground, we pump a special liquid

- Determine the steps for writing a summary

- Summarizing is an excellent way of training

 The following are some useful tips when you write

1- Give the main idea(s).

2- Maintain good paragraph structure,

- In the topic sentence you should identify the title,

(Do not include your opinion).

5- Check for spelling and grammar.

 A summary often begins with a sentence

Summary Writing continued…

1- (source) Marcia Barinaga in her article "Is

2- (source) Marcia Barinaga in her article "Is

 The underlined verbs in the examples above

 The following is a list of the reporting verbs

discuss, state, present, explain, maintain, examine,

 Reporting verbs are followed by a that-

 That-clauses have a variety of functions. In

Summary Writing continued…

 Marcia Barinaga in her article "Is There a

 He insisted that I complete the report by the

 A good way to write a summary is to

Although it would be beneficial forcontinued…

Every country has unique patent laws, even

Summarize the passage below in not continued…

Napoleon and Josephine were married at a civil

The bridegroom gallantly added a year to his so

Later her husband ruefully wrote, ‘I was told

Summary Writing continued…

Napoleon married Josephine on 9 March 1796.

- Define a formal report

 A report is a formal piece of writing about

 It is usually addressed to a superior, to