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er-solutions-manual/
Chapter 3
Matrices
Because T (x) = Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution, by Theorem 3.5 T is one-to-one.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
2 −4 −2
2. (a) T (u1 + u2 ) = T (u1 ) + T (u2 ) = + =
3 1 4
[ ] [ ]
2 6
(b) T (3u1 ) = 3T (u1 ) = 3 =
3 9
[ ] [ ] [ ]
2 −4 8
(c) T (2u1 − u2 ) = 2T (u1 ) − T (u2 ) = 2 − =
3 1 5
([ ]) [ ] [ ] [ ]
0 0 + 2 (0) 0 0
3. Because T = = ̸= , T is not a linear transformation.
0 0−2 −2 0
377
4.
( [ ]) ([ ]) [ ] [ ] ([ ]) [ ]
0 0 0 − 2 (4)
� −8 0 0 − 2 (1)
�
5. (a) False. T 4 =T = = , but 4T =4 =
1 4 3 (0) + 4 2 1 3 (0) + 1
[ ] ( [ ])
−8 0
̸= T 4 .
4 1
[ ]
1 0 0 0
(b) False. For example, A = 0 1 0 0 is onto.
0 0 1 0
(c) True. By definition, a linear transformation is a function.
[ ]
x
(d) False. For example, T ([x]) = satisfies T (x) = 0 if and only x = 0, but T is not onto.
2x
14. Not a linear transformation, since T (2(1, 1)) = T (2, 2) = (2 − 2, 2(2)) = (0, 4), but 2T (1, 1) = 2(1 −
1, 1(1)) = 2(0, 1) = (0, 2).
15. Not a linear transformation, since T (0(0, 0, 0)) = T (0, 0, 0) = (2 cos 0, 3 sin 0, 0) = (2, 0, 0), but
0 (T (0, 0, 0)) = (0, 0, 0).
[ ]
0 −5 0
16. Linear transformation, with A = .
0 0 7
[ ]
−4 0 1
17. Linear transformation, with A = .
6 5 0
18. Not a linear transformation, since T (0(0, 0, 0)) = T (0, 0, 0) = (0, 4, 0), but 0 (T (0, 0, 0)) = (0, 0, 0).
[ ]
0 sin �4
19. Linear transformation, with A = .
ln 2 0
20. Not a linear transformation, since T (0, 0) = (0, 0, 0) but T (0, 1) + T (0, −1) = (3, 5, 0) + (−3, 5, 0) =
̸ T (0, 0).
(0, 10, 0) =
21. We consider T (x) = Ax = b, and row-reduce the corresponding augmented matrix:
[ ] [ ]
1 −3 b1 2R1 +R2 ∗R2 1 −3 b1
⊆
−2 5 b2 0 −1 2b1 + b2
Since there exists a unique solution x to Ax = b, by The Unifying Theorem - Version 2, T is both
one-to-one and onto.
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