59 @ FoR aw Functions {822 Thorens, lemmas, end crollarie ar ll tatements requiring frm) proof often ofa logic! of a mathematical nature. Beyond this fh foe eal rch exits A teen, sly span 00 inv set hats though to be fundamental in nature. An xa in mathematics i the mean-ralue theorem, of Brouwersfixed-P" ‘feorem. A proeiin asthe same formal status asa theorem. TH the vations themacves are deve 0 the reader, nee in aon “Sle to reuieve the actual valet of net eae© roms nNcroNs fora abe in a tion w the graph, O dito f ours, this advice will be low in thee * cour, as fag data sts, 109 Consering the arising that mons oni | Sructare of theoretical models in econeey | i atsical graphs occurring inthe dicing escent eis (using ines or bar, with the hori a tptine ad the vertical xis referring to some aah ‘nquetion, There ae impor atonement 80 fr ths, bu the most 4 tvodiensond loses Tiles aong eno bee ‘multivariate and eannot be really whi. Whenever the two-variable nee ihe dee toes apical ms En * fst i a no-ais formulation of 8 6E mpl 71 showy a saxo " “se uh PNY ee aor BM Beample7, of) : “ Fs 2 : ° : ‘ li rocoruansed) YS is ~tenteci 7 hea q wich oe tha ah 3st me dag tin pe Bom she seater gw sents ts ne gth ter oo ah Bel oe mi rr tween oe larly illustrates the APP, "©" output growth, on the OBE paves NDORARS 6 resting the time ‘inflation, on the other, This has been done by ppresing ‘Soemion and sing one ofthe variable ("gr ‘sis, The time dimension may be reve with the relevant time periods. Example 72 ination) 2 ii athe horizontal By abeing the poss — 1.10 Graph and able of al (elated shttior to those depicting th between of velocity wich gives the incomes ogenout enc are a Og {Taluting saving behavior actos counts 8 to compare the absalue evel of = parison of Se Melts omen sive of GNP being the scale a raps 2 ing eed Tor 20 renting only when he exception ie the rlationshiP Gyr %eption fs Sal bey yorninal teri seni inal GNP on thei own are 01 NY SE). ah sure of oe eeing (eg, a 8 me ae 2 Fecha ar rey eset Mme ig “Pode, pie charts are not Pal sue al 098 ae Fr example, 26729 pa Fe, = ites almost ey stork and onal (one change in nominal GNP’ ss utile smensionl “echnical paper& © romunpriverions Neither ate bar char that merely show scsi estibution witht & time dimension? There is no information contained in thse cba" ‘hats not beter conveyed by a tablet es ink to boot. Possibly ‘only purpose of pecharts and cros-seton bar chars i o dramatize lve ome visual “eel” to numbers to an audience that is numenly a Pr eth accuracy of diagrams, This a ma the pata ela tt® 80Hen (ven by seme repute author arctic beeen cr dem cone ed he ripley ete rete soneding in in Ex. 73 i obviously misdrawy but 2° Tras eit it poplar oa a es Pa ite gta! bok on taal esa? word-procsiing propre took SESS rere sa Reape ’ ’ , u a D pe a8 5 "Then Plata yo? uxcrans ano crams OO Hoja eek And the associated marginal evecare is MR= 6-240, Graphics therefore, the vercalimtercep is the common pnt we the ra «0 fer te demand cave eed hier ay) 0/20 es the "anginal revenue curve respecte a Te fom de verte ses the distance a/b andl indeed any horizontal ea 210 the domand curve, A dang ch ato he eb sv "patently wrong. the verse) demand euve i. ospecicelements 10.14 tis almost unavoidable ous letersi fering ing, alle eh a pinyin ornate ls ‘lables and function names, these cements should © We EAT Sie tne rg heal or tn ent 7 BY SE el D and of te carves in Es 78 0 ai Se 0h ctins wih the same ae Example 74 The sen eget wage rats ben shown 1 eg Fgwe Brcqual AG OGAB/DG =¥C {allowing fam BC = OC. Ts Acn AB SBC ae 8 oe reve el waeEnvoi Ta 1.0 Has sought to provide guidance ato SE ‘ec en “writers may confront. Some readers will be entBie of attention to deta eed ere and possibly Fe Septem over whether ite wort spend thi on hat ae at boom ee ef fo: (ogi phase, howe “em a {2m Amine ot ava) Hoe ay of substance as well. At the VE ‘east, it indicates * certain Jingr4 fr the reader which te = a use in pin u toa one hu bop a eh sont ws sd et evigen ttt that is, if the sidelines it “omiained were 10 BE as self een ne sgn aa to commit them to ink Bat en erin ch a8 ineltstrated by the presues of 9 easing see ‘words aggre human I ind of course the “emergence ea new Sen socially oF fay's conventions 1 order to ‘ctr eich continually challenge !9887Appendix Frequent Mistakes and Disputed Usage a economics writing nd elsewhere, on An gs ot OO =r tats fle oe oO Th ee ee Ata ake, wth grave ser er pywinss Asie cy spon “Posteriori (fiom ehat comesalier” Latin) Two wor (See « prion!) vn js, not italicized. Prior Crom what comes oe" HS) Te ee To cance oF eT oc ren {hat Pllow from assumptions oF SEDI og proce from os gy ona 8 PS ‘empirical observation see a ence for: ob shbrevias sing entre id usa instead ations consring Pi gscad of Pad 20 ot Y Bring preteeed. Hence BP AEM oy, ad ‘ord re tance 1 nel Oo seal Berea succeeding letters hover he Fi a ko nt Eee nr ma a8 soe OE ena Soe Ba eM 0 eg use 2 28mm, tatsne a DISPUTED USAGE O13 “rene APPENDIX: FREQUENT MISTAKES AND Peer at abbreviations that can ynounced as words ‘Ad hoe (“to this”, Latin). Italcie. The phrase connotes “forthe purpose Scien roam eat | MHC tan. mt a phe e e Troy RNAS caLamzon, sco, Ube, SUX, and SE" Connotton in economies ta bore on he sf Big bat foe the gat O may even dispense with the capitalize improvisational and not being soll grounded in theo won git eter. Hence, Un, Uni, Unde, and 88 fie ad hoe eimmptin of aay # i a te ei sm Setagr, Neds, Sex, are acceptable. Some AOI Derivatives include ahead afore, writes 00h ap Thinatc 284 lr have already joined the common 208) hyphens ae cept ower crepe smsemene | SAP/adop. sa common mis 0 Ste my (um of ow an 8 UPPercase letters, The mater wil tS Deween these two, To adptsomeshing MEAS OTT ange Femember iis ently wishes ta style itself. When in dou holes oat someting, om te oe a As re, ily, ‘o capitalize all eters of an 8007) | Darts oft w sit a wholly sight ee a th he names eC HE meaning ofan abbreviation tat 2) | slays inadequate towing 9 Sei WS When enemies tiation, agence, or concept wet farther explaraton of what ler purpose the sconym ut tie, enclosing either the definite 8 dats wae the quesion avast aay Ne oe nim pee Tene eget | San ecm are ne td rage ert ures xa (forthe, | ‘Smovoxs: a anes Res i Sd yeah tf eye The abbr oped lars ef Rear’ secre ed ‘ir dy of ato Ks ne of Cae Economics writers must fequestlY ae) “dendam (x0 be added”, Latin), Do n0t HE ey Plural: MNS OF events rn meaning as appendix, but the later # Pe tit nro anda Ee | mains he an ative expresions 12 ‘ Foe 7 mayen 2iNg monotonous. In hishones Cet “Svortise, Thus spelled. nor ait tie he fore sof ate Cally when the discuss “Nicene, ‘Tre fn word, te Yi ne at Se ee eae in ne i or Tater i a ers Hence TIE ia Fem inp ME I che af nations BPs lio-advce (noun Tat is TH ees 7 8 percent) meat R/ee > Oy grey ce ren ination Arig (ver), (See also moneoumt fra preference for ie HC IN sch as when ini = ne vas i a et ann, he ale Ae ave it progres rm 08 aby et dar MBE to mean c/s 7 On ‘he forme, das ine moe etna Penge aan fom tio 1+ | ea ore pla nm sR a Br 0, oe OE 2 To ae ata ten By OO ot Jn the sense of a tit of things ene 2 Spe many Sem ire cat MOU ye Moe erupt many ch i [Baril 196) 72 Nowe! ina Phe pA © 8y chat price ine Eh enero say is ra nig PBS when a Pre in nme aay one un Ye 7 talks about am Position, however: tems 3° ‘Bom rare | }sal. Attend creat gaining ground isthe omission of the emma medal a ina numberof modifier Hen, staina wre? on weap so > ap agit a een 2 aac wep dain > grpic desig; liagapic! ores Leica eing Eonomy large favors this change, 24 may be adopted whenever meaning is not sacrificed. (But ¢¢ ‘conomics/economic/ economical) sttsat- The proper sella o alle a, nor le Fen a cenpetive eure, resources ye allocated to thi ‘fet wt 64 etree tre allecated to (ot 08) Me ome Wives. See also invest in) of aternate cab, alternate lao WH aerate technologies. wit: arma si ee [Burch 1906) analyse/analyze. For ge; " ese Echuine etymological reasons, analyst is © 'sctalinhed in American English re ae er moe elements, cont) before nd. Tr 2! pense with the final cen rie {echtical writing see ene A avoids needles arbigt®) ng a oe justice, Smith's minimalist state provided "Men ee od ra wet Tae on posenines ge? MEME you flow Sirunk and WH ame ends n'y Wrot # 10 Use almost everywhere; 4 tm ue, More “ea, Foner, Wire's, Marc, Hid "showeves, Har’ rakes suggests ti) and nd vo-sllable words (whic Cangress reaction). A. siruple apost™™ APPEND: FREQUENT MISTAKES AND BSPUTID USACE wordt more han two sabes, timate (ast But one) tific esearch #10 be wed howeves, hee the ds in but i nt steed on the Be syllable, e-g., Ldkator’ methodology of scien Programmes, Haale istry “oeable/arguably versus disputable/ dapat 02 Postve cupreesion, unle dusle which bes 8 eB enon, Ems ir agate at et om twee matin deep a at RS te den apt ar er ei Foner nena isin In the His eB TN The ere withthe propose, in th om Corresponding adverbs are gn and ps “fir as among [i ame. Emig « ie ten parse or as X ving some wes eat eB onrne or srl lt Beata nl a won aS EO ia tat ou napa rth ack Yo ds fe SORRUCT: As far as last year ge urchfed (1996:101 es, ch ft eal rhe a rat i al me lag that equcnly ean nd SL y met oe tet en Merri: Lite has been done abso Sn aoc i care 8 cunt was in df See also CORE™ umber frit em 1 dw ee ince” of “because”: At ‘Tai ee oF HCE se cag [realy improved, however BY PGT Since a causal relationship is bE implied arama ere come a tin 1 ny ro% 9 roREAD AUNCTIONS smrempion Tieden, or on epi 8 nde he casmption of pres competion, profit masizaton ips Price equals marginal cost. sek tach. The mes ih ee pope rm it intemal ta rere eaticeny he ese ‘le Neher ie of afc shoe sal There are two forms in which this word is used asa verbs for i fm 9 eee pronoun, exanus The po sll 1 ie sis Some writers omit ihe eS Bronoun altogether: Te poor aad of subsidised racial sc ‘his i nontandar ‘based. The idiom, when refer tract concepts, is based O%; © based ring to abstract pts, ‘sll tc ltl erie, based ris desis cry gj AL NOP bed in (or bad ay ‘Te Inter ‘senerally used only when ets on oF cing to physical action © the cop, tbe in Br. The pais fies oa arson Tis wo ewe yi ela 970g to think that dew should onlin relstonsipe ie? there are three of moss en 62s while among isto be used (080) he Oxford nih Dictionary (OF, (ged yar ct OX EngnhDicont Oe '96:106]) notes that Betnoes “i # only word avaiable ta eop sce) notes that be npusct 07 APPENDIX: FREQUENT MISTARES AND DIST “These are the proper be jm/her/us/them pe "oreen X and me/you/bim/ber/* Te rome ere esi a ae ‘as an object. The Segue eral rong. WONG: Jas hefty age cll bak Sete you, ste ren ef and me WHO onus Dire sho who/whom) ana vice a years wile eet iamnual vermis biennial. Biol = year. Buch of A an dear hae oi a oS a Lee oe thrower tt een em Something takes place eve in yoo et ‘etwas tes i i Ca gi ot “go a, ns “Seamstances, The indy or cng cee ae ee ow re “ompare with/compared a ph Sari ene tw oe $e iis a be phrase conor! ty HONE mpared to Malaysia, Se Pali 170, “°™patibte, This is construed vi imei ga is eng See also t0) rise vernus compos ne containing them 2r, oo : ipoweve peo Ee = pater ‘aan© © romeo reverons dates. Most periods are writen in forms each a the following: the 1964 85 res the 1931-1992 recession, etc, When referring t0 1° behavior ofa static over a period, be careful o avoid the a Teer, Th iment rate ese fom 12 t 18 percent fom 1985-194 ‘Tes ds in 1985-195 isnot a substitute forte word "0", Isa ge should have writen: Tc imetment rete se fam 12 pve! i 1985 18 foc in 1905, oF. inthe pred 1965-1998. ‘Temand (for). Uied asa verb demand takes a direct object. Hen tees dermned a wage incase (nor demanded for © 3 rene canons Read in some exabisrmens Plase demand fo © Soe mar: Ps dnd mi The noun bane ego Fin Thee dened fr agence os partial fie. The sme ele apps wn ruest (#) Ad seek (for) PO or). (Seals: request ( Aepreciate/appre cage aos Ney encousers the formulas Jp dial Tse vase strictly speaking, °° ceca, at the rice ofa thing we be wehceed ince date ag AEM Bice (o one eurency in te" Of apne nt ABOU to he absurd rene hat he PEE surg (peo, beh Cle, the only acceptable form FE ued idee a eng om how te exchange TE theeachange rae A MME" of inference wheter one ae Neda aa ds (8. 1/40 doles per pes) The mea ange tink ies wee, cere Br of fr ney a He dents thecal CT Roe 00 hee 2 Bt er dln, then met ©) ‘Seton ees pat an present Suore ene ets convention ve [1/217 Hence deprecaged Allerence lee ee seo! = ofthe 3 imesued ase PS from P25 to PAO woul would 780 percent under meth and 15 wold be 37 severe er method i) a 1.8 Hee method Bs *letchangeratey (See alo overvale REQUENT NOSTARES AND DISPUTED USAGE 8 ifferent to. The undisputed form Aiterent fromm / different than/ different to, The nip tt cifeen pater of Tics got eA om 2 ant 8 (See succeeding ety) Aifrenly han/feom. Inne one often encounters someting smi othe io ined dierent han Te eo te Spe liffesenaly than in he pst This reuERS Om ay So om tne ren OT ey igen oe bl tu if fon Tia. 22 aime Semana, Tc tate a tp bat TT cy commited heat ac Fil ite ORE, Te, ce ie a ae ‘2 the openmarkecomiters doa Geli request for) ad dem oy a “use distortioe inste itil andspecch, an Engh tig Ante lS For eases, polis et» “Ste yaivide int, nite ee “ ch as Fowler ati. a gran ah Tt an eater ae inet et, ers dct 3nthe llowing example ee ily 20 points, Following coe ‘one may Tow ig nett. No Fa Ould be weeny 0 rae 1 PO ecu au, re andes 0 el or ve, Hence co Some in 9 gan Bare een te fl 20 po eri {8s wil eon be note ay il wane to ply 2 "ead is of an older schoo! sti ower@ roRimoRNcroNs ‘8 (= sxe gat, “or (the se of) example”, Latin, Separate 0 the est ofthe sentence wth commas, and do noitlicie. A sentence ‘may begin with the English version, “Far example Ie inlege® however, o begin sentences with "Eg" ‘sconomics/economic/economical, An nimi teacher, an mt ‘cachet and an oil eacher dono ee to the sae EE ‘The first denotes the person's specialization; the second his sensible ‘tude ovards the sof any pe of enue, andthe hi BE theifly or parsimonious nature. Hence, ‘an economics teacher wil Toabecesiil be economical, nor even economic. The same th? fee fo a cect or perons medi by these adjectives 8 18 emi/eamican 7 on, el srategy, suggestion, per» smdoteaons. Thu speed nor exp end-user, ® sud-product, enderesult, Remember the hyphe st wor tt tis mx nerartonpesie is nde the ae eaUlibriam, although what is probably ™—™ Mt ean emp eat ‘erat. (roy, ilbriam “at Para as. Do not tlc. er sarees Person, Latin). No tales. Teat ns na Hence when used to refer 10 “thé pe en should precede; but in the O° ch Solon, i he eet Alba, etal, insest commas aft sai Pin Lat). No tats, In an ome 8, Hea Mentioned, it should be PT iat acy came aes hed ts, 0° yt eden. Se soso anteren "Ht keer *, Latin), Ihalicize- Arenoix: PREQUIN MISTAKES AND DIPUTED USAGE 8 ra i ae Sepa an ats ce” Un oP instead, eg, The cena banker exounl ot ( se) He single cry, e, French), Phra: fits accompli (“accomplished deed oF fat ccnp. Kali sc ih nf i of eat of al, Tis is accepable, butt fll wih ang alte. eran, Ise we 084 sy inching indee ene, cere, Some authorities cond tid fobeunnecesn| "sty, secona(ty), thirdly)» Burchfield (1996), frown on "eet ee ‘dower reflection wil reveal thee et, second, rd, tnd cxlgs The a enforced as a matter of policy. hye om or a i tint alo tanger) Some vers do target.) Some ver! Inte nenite ef TP Poolers, Burchfield warns agi 6 smn es a “la oud mean x times, 38 in» el mani ambiguity ares Bon Ne ene a a Sense mean at some “Te phase could ieee prota ya eT Ee nee St SNe i Hence Also be interpreted 10 meats POMC yy 220) ans tock place te tie ated at refer co tipols sretoes, usally 10 eles beasninens eran vale Hence,» “Ps sy qua21g FoREAMANCTION, an mld increase co = ld be taken to: mean an increase from # © for. the sens of ine ins” fr mu . Fon esag aif pee 3 comm: Dna ft ssivem. A frequent formula i at anticipated, product. Do ation not capitalize the inital lete™> ec gn ie hele Themes, Lira {Literally meaning “rom here “therefore” tone" Te may also be used i ntti - | paling with isappeared, ‘eacepe inthe | or “from thi"; a synonym fF in an elliptical sentence: Het colder hades "dastic. Spelled with a “k". Th bot » htrecedastcstomascedastie, BAS ining as ingle unit too Percent out apa, ed of mule chee feet i ne lg er 4 en, cfc but on pail acres thee Sore om es 3 ie He should rom cee an be diainguished from “8, ie oly swat enumeration of th at APPENDIX: FREQUENT NISTAKES AND DISPUTED USKGE Iempact. Ths word is now increasingly used to mean “sortrnefe ‘oF “immediate effect", but it should really be treated more Cautioualy if ot altogether voided. One als est being wed inthe plural, gs impacts of trata. Even sore surprising iteuse asa modifier, to rican inedite or OFLU 3 fat redundant, since its" cts of the wre agreement, Tis is Already means a strong fet or influence impica lcaton. Prey construed with the pepsin of 5 Ns " 4 destin hs ss ications “ian ‘has sors implications for (ot on) i ion wet: A intiew. OO29 @ romano Functions curent. When more than two aspets need to be considered om ‘ust change tack and consider writing, fn, snd, thi, et. (SC Srstly), second(ly),third(y), et, ‘one. Using this genetic pronoun is one way to avoid having to direc addres the ear ju, we theft person for we of PPE form, Is partially wef in desrbing procedures. AMPS eu (On) co er he se exe at frees. is bf st (ne tat] fm tfc: Note, however, that once ses ‘hou nt be mixed with the for i r,s, ad it same sentence. noe: One cant hanced od ett. If ‘tid eat he ag ear erat hae one's cle ed wat i nf sho gt. ane ett tan ths 28 ; ef Kh See anode greens) the: = mize I bears epeating thatthe two are not alway? (7? apinies means to find the best use of something: BY the greatest se (na we ou {cemimiation) is nox always the Bes Sirmizing $01 inanton eae eee re ‘anno mi sopleatons on in eet geaions,cpimizaton fel meant me poe ant isto contains Henn tsk a ein impression tha at#ned) maximization, notwithstandiNS it iguer is always better. ted exchang rate is * Peconic eens re The cs Brice st Borla bt te aj emi rule ong SUPE price is too high, Since overva¥e Be hg: mae tends yan ee curren, s iced. Hence, use overvalued OF ‘pening hr: Hy tha the endear non or HY isu Sse ey bw cg a8 tBerefore, a ler ony eet Besos per px In this COMPA 9 bey eather ori seb 0 "te means less pesos being IS op ‘arene hence a stoge curse APPENDIX; FREQUENT MISTAKES AND DISPUTED USKCE “tection, ike, gr exchange rate then means a weal constant, unchanged, lat, oF to move sideways. (See also, decelerate) ta "Gut tmeertainty, Arrow writes, “The meaning of uncerainy i the agent doesnot know the sate of the word.” Frank Knight ald have argued that being able to assign probabilities to Mematve stats of the world implied a state of knowledge akin "POF to rik than to uncertain. "/routinary. The latter can be totally expunged. In all cases ‘mt ene cay wl both nou a gee. Sea tine faction of leaching ib the minimum expected of a isbrucer “Wective). The computer refsed to perform the outine (noun). ‘vor savings. The early effort to convince the profession of Sneed ocean ree the to unfrtnaey faering Wat good to remember that srg is the act, a low-concept, ron Mite are the result ofthe act and are a stock. Hence, Otic i autos ay tne soc aS eine fiction and S/T isthe saving rate OF seving ati. On the * hand, in the sense of raising the amounts saved, one must of sasings mobilization.9% © romeaxn ruxcrions seek vernus search, The verb ack tales a direct object, without aay ipa ct nga is at Sil ee te «sho ar secking adétonal wrt, The confusion arises because te serch fir which requires the preposition fr, is synonym for to sok, which pear Sore ‘nO preposition. Hence: The economic rae aeenotela ogee focal plies, ees settle atVon/in, An economic level when it attaina = Auctustion, eg, Afra sable or statistic ster ata cera certain value after a period of some a ily ecg te a at ay eo he py oF ‘ome environment: Lact tte ssl ‘on tt fale in “octet he Josten ou oye ee tl eg tee PS pr are some terms li Mit community, or Business ‘Below SER Mey wa eet tas el Be tenn ‘ruins (on general); den Pron ani fn = fen aceon fen at, omy ‘men oe ome help ‘echt homonater APPENDIX FREQUENT MISTAKES AND DISPUTED USAGE 97 Aencord Landowner; property wwner ‘omen topen Be wie = ‘huomam being; humans (pl,) people (pl): prwend uumankind; fawmanity salesman oles rapreseataie; salesperson — -seafarer; mariner ‘rads trader (sg) ox tradespenple (pl,) ‘workingman; workman worker r Wen this is imperfect. Some words with precise historical SE i impestet () 8 7 2 pn ke mas (as in the masters relation oF the maser of LEE oman can or at ter on ae nthe on ararian lard sean relation, have no gendetnevteal APA, and it would cause infinitely more trouble and sat #© replace them, (2) Once one ison this gender-neutral ROWE toblems nest are wih nounepronoun agreement Since retin the right column are gender-neutral, what pronoun is Sipe teal racer an Eade wf Spo tos job mot appropri this eit. There are four fester hs or her, ad ter. None of tern is entirely Seca the frst because it etaresthe gender bias the second Sh fs all atenon tots the third Because itis stilted; and nt Because iis uncommon in tis part of the world and io tthe verbsubjet re. The recommended compromise Ue pjythtently unsatisfactory sate of affairs isto seek refuge in aga Monon sleslet and choose ots mast appt their induc this is also unsatisfactory, since it dlls the point about roby ‘ecisions being made. (Oh, well.) One confronts a similar "2 dang ah rnd verte an a ‘a it ‘might perhaps say A human being is a social animal or Humans B the gil AS another example, what were formerly known oer oF mar are now elle into han rhs. (The French, ne hae pretty rte to change dt de Pa nto Senantait Agus wheter ono you choos 0 ie the NM: the important thing is consistency of style88 romeano ravens sic (us, Latin). Hale. Thi is wed to indent thatthe orignal “Fihiecrang tahoe 00d form demands that Soni Seplne cen be caletwnleromeehlty pomes ie served by doing 0, Let magnaimity rule For example, Fi ‘oversights in verb-aubject agreement, verb tenses, typographical ror and 0 on, are spicy inset o meaning 90 that th Jester might a well correct hese errs himatf ater than or” ‘inordinate attention to them, Iisa deren matien howeves, We? {he ie il revolves around various interpretaone caused ®Y ‘uch original mistakes or ambiguten ‘similar(iey, The correct preposition i not wide Gama ers mle fo Bik prs xe la 1800, een of say Geman erst Bis ape te Grmasnde endl he Bh Families tend tobe larger. commen ig indispensable in capturing the ‘sense of causality and. cdstinguishing it from sine as implying mere ‘safe! peor. Compare the flowing an Oy eto np ef fi rg (0) fect proetion Tene oma Ae Gein We my ser SES real var apu et Gh te tered pase version 55 mais ding he ents, 818 ATPENDDC FREQUENT MISTAKES AND DISPUTED USAGE ofall these ‘Yarant Gane war usted with diel fl. The source ofall mistakes isthe wrong impression thatthe verb subitine is identical in all respects with the transitive verb replace. (Note that putting in lieu of stn in all the previous examples would make {fem correc, and that i probably what should have been done) only indisputably correct use of the verb is the combination hr, ence: Rice substituted for crm dering the erisis, or People ‘state rice for crm rng tees. Maes fotlowis Fonasian thy of ame vianig ames bet ames, One often encounters such phrases as mi, Manalian demand care, Waban piri, Marvin ‘elu and soon. These ae formed by appending in tothe of persons. In most names ending in consonant, the ss ‘imply appended Has —> Marion. This is aluo true where cidin ene Jal > uation Names nog se Seed a if they ended in. Special problems are posed by angina, -e,eand ez In the cas of the ending ral topped, Hence, Ricardo > Ricaran rent Where one ag meds te or wis turned into ae. Hence Pigou> Ppa a ang 2eTson (hough hardy observed) dow» Aree pea tig the > Deron exston Where he name endian s weini"S ay be dropped and replaced with i Lange > Longiag coinage ae not alvays followed, however and at are simply omit: Lacs spy fiction (ater than Crib ¥t here isa Lucian Profesor a Cambridge Lang Sony «ce Leni prautionfacton Se Burch (1906)¢ Cigeddemand. Thee oo terms ae Siete tin but require Common? Positions, an often-orgotten fact that leals to tach Rema Mistakes as “the demand and supply of ‘good 2”, Henan ton refers tothe aay ofa good and the Soman Fraga, "combination, one mut write the ph of and cone See), thai gar $8 a tet exchanger, some value ofa variable orate or hoped or The metphon lea ea “* teauies one to come as cue apse to the ten Ses rata ‘tian, ting sired Aog FoRANO FuNerIONS ‘ale ofthe variable whether the erence is positive or nega ‘Alaege exzuover the target should be regarded as infrioe 10 * snag, ie heat anes a pers season tio acy aking, appropiate ro rejoice when a peat has eel e tg, ince overdnoting target js ‘much a failure as fling short oft Instead one might say gt ell xs owes bt hn ec Similac, to write tat ‘inflaton hanced wp bt isi ter, somcow implies that writer would have wished inflation to be higher, which "2! Presumably not what was meant. Inthe late, tis pethape be ogy tat fn wl at ap, a0 BOOP frmulaon that etch the meaPbnE megan of being culos, such anes doubt Bate on la other ways this metaphor has been “spoilt” 2 lary) of @ particular policy, ©-6» somewhat od ung, nee BN a ‘something is to kill or hurt it. If this J Se he Gh wg tend of mead ot ee lel Bere, pup of iment, and © © ‘et eres wich. Usouiou gammarcec in word proces aoe taken up Fowler's plea — woe slr nets ah et ete se P lanes B sticve) Tit war a Leda a Rete) 2 on (ones) a Pah op ifation. EOI Pe atin Te ieee a eon, whi incon oe cei that Example 1 underscor do nok. Exam sae tht pach up intaion 2 ecurrene of 3 ne lepreciaton on the other hand, emphasizes ne Perse, whether i causes inflaiO® {APPENDDG FREQUENT MISTAKES AND DISPUTED USAGE 101 se Tet yc ei amc nt mi ny ocr Sot woe salusseeniabe it Easel ake ay ‘be quietly replaced with whick without doing too much violence to Tene Te monger el dngiting the ts ee pole tinkueln metry arnereangerared ‘lauses, Burchfield [1996:724] notes some complications, however, ‘important one is that using that will sometimes force you to end Yor daue wih’ peguon Th mare fons reeset ee ee ated @ ri ‘an the equivalent thich-construction: The researcher fumbled to Ste prea chor ee ed ‘te restrictive clauses. The lesson, then, is that while a “rule” Son on be Se a ‘%* Indispensable Pie may able in te Philippines, de United States, te Seychelles ited Nations, de Fed, te Uy the 10, te Bangho Sentra ae ian, ct A frequent minke onthe labels of proc, ‘tion Maden Philp. (Se also majoricy ) td thas. Despite an apparent similarity, there is subve artE8® jn the proper use of these two terme Thay nee mae tt, while tas implies “by these meaners oe erase eno: Teoma exchenge Tha a een Teagan arrestee cone {0 the inappropriate literal translation of the ed to inaesado sa); implications to Ning to (nagreraula sa, prohibited to Preposii1m @ FoR INcTIONS ‘tradable, Thus spelled not tall, Hence also nontradable. ‘wanslate as/tranalates nt, Tht ae wei phrases onda he ‘recasting of an argument, concept, or exposition into a form that iesimpler, more transparent, or more cogent. light nuance m8 ‘and trasaus ins. tallest B bbe made between feulaus 5 Tt fo fom saying tha sf Thine at sil hat 1 cata be ded tat ad i mt 29 that .. Such phrases ean oh without roe ne Phrases can often be dropped vied-vis (acoto-e, French aici ‘This now means “in relation to” © with a grave accent over to the question is “him, "hers OF * the question may be answered bY Wetton He ASCH en iret etek ae Be ‘APPEND: FREQUENT MISTAKES AND DISPUTED USAGE 103 Bir (Anower: Keynes regarded him [Pigou] asthe main proponent, ‘Eye spo name nos na ee Ree Joons le prot proiing Coes whom he read ely (Marchal Brain (Cournot) Hick work prcded be ork of Aros wth hon lt shred be Noel Price (Answer: Hicks shared ce prize with him {rowl) Whom dd Smith matin Pars? (Answess He hem, the \ocrats) be! rd Together with other wellawon fing eps Port tal of te ee