SUBMITTED BY

Pranjal sapkota
"M 15"
Roll No: 31

SUBMITTED
TO
Department Of Mathematics
KMC, Bagbazar
 Endorcement
I hereby endorce the project work entitled, "Straight lines"
submitted by Pranjal Sapkota, Grade 11(M 15) of
Kathmandu Model College, is related to (Straight lines
and pair of lines, Their connection and properties).
I ensure that this project has been originally done. I also
confirm that this project work has not been duplicated,
copied or plagiarized from any other document paper or
journal. I shall be responsible for answering any queries
in this regard.

Signature
Name of the student: Pranjal Sapkota
Stream: Science
Section: "M 15"
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my

supervisor MR. Suyog Dahal for bringing this topic to my
attention and for his support and guidance during the
preparation of this project work. I am greatful to my
respected mathematics teachers who contributed to build
strong foundation of mathematics.

Pranjal Sapkota
Kathmandu, Nepal
 A REPORT ON THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE INTERNAL
EVALUATION OF
GRADE XI
DECLARATION
I hearby declare that the report presented in this poject
report has been done by myself under the supervision of
Mr. Suyog Dahal and has not been submitted elsewhere
for any examination.

All sources of the information have been specifically

acknowledged by references to authors or institutions.

Signature
Name of the student: Pranjal Sapkota
Stream: Science
Section: "M 15"

SUBJECT TEACHER'S
RECOMMENDATION

I would like to thank our subject teacher "Mr.

SD sir (mathematics)" for bringing up this topic
to our concern and motivating us for our project
work and I would also like to Thank Department
of Mathematics for assigning this project work.
It definitely was worth it making detailed
information about the assignes Topic "Straight
lines" which helped us to learn a lot of things
while doing researches and going through the
topic thoroughly.
 CONTENT

 Introduction to line
 Straight line
 Properties
 General equation of straight lines
 Pair of line
 Formulas of Pair of straight line
 Connection between straight lines and pair
of lines
 Some examples
 Important note of straight line
 Some practice questions
  Introduction to line

In geometry, a line is an infinitely long object

with no width, depth, or curvature. Thus, lines
are one-dimensional objects, though they may
exist in two, three, or higher dimension spaces.

in analytic geometry, a line in the plane is often

defined as the set of points whose coordinates
satisfy a given linear equation, but in a more
abstract setting, such as incidence geometry, a
line may be an independent object, distinct from
the set of points which lie on it.
  Straight line

A straight line is an infinite length line that does not have

any curves on it. A straight line can be formed between
two points also but both the ends extend to infinity. A
straight line is a figure formed when two points A (x1, y1)
and B (x2, y2) are connected with the shortest distance
between them, and the line ends are extended to infinity.
In the image shown below, a straight line between two
points A and B is shown. A straight line AB is
represented by: ←→AB

While straight lines have no definite beginning or

end, they are represented in our day-to-day lives with
examples such as railway tracks or the freeway.
  Properties of a Straight Line

The properties of straight lines are written

below.
 A straight line has infinite length. We
can never calculate the distance between
the two extreme points of the line.

 A straight line has zero areas,

zero volume. But it has infinite length.

 A straight line is a one-dimensional

figure.

 An infinite number of lines can pass

through a single point, but there is only
one unique line that passes through two
points.
  General Equation of a Straight Line
The general equation of a straight line can
be given as ax + by + c = 0, where
 a, b, c are constants, and
 X, y is variables.
 The slope is -a/b
  Pair of lines
A straight line, often known as a line, is a one-
dimensional infinite geometry having no width but
just length. There are an endless number of points
in a straight line. A two-variable linear equation is
used to represent a straight line. A pair of straight
lines is represented by a second-degree equation in
two variables under specific conditions.
When the product of two linear equations in x and y indicates a straight
line is multiplied together, a pair of straight lines is generated.
Let, L1=0 and L2=0 be two straight line equations.
If P(x1, y1) is a point on L1, the equation L1=0 is satisfied. If P(x1,y1) is a
point on L2=0, then the equation is satisfied.
P(x1,y1) satisfies the equation L1L2=0 if it is located on L1 or L2.
∴
L1L2=0 denotes the pair of straight lines L1=0 and L2=0, and L1L2=0
denotes the joint equation of L1=0 and L2=0.
We get an equation of the type
ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+c=0 when we extend the above equation. This
is a non-homogeneous second degree equation in x and y.
If a, b,h are not all zero, the general equation of a second degree
homogeneous equation in x and y is ax2+2hxy+by2=0.

ax2+2hxy+by2=0, a pair of straight lines that pass through the origin

If a, b,h are not all zero, the general equation of a second-degree non-

homogeneous equation in x and y is ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+c=0.

  Formulas for a Pair of Straight Lines

The following is a list of pair of straight lines

formulas:
1. Ax2+2hxy+by2=0 is a second-degree
homogeneous equation that depicts a pair of straight
lines flowing through the origin.

 Connection between straight lines and pair

of lines

The equations of two or more lines can be

expressed together by an equation of degree
higher than one. As we see that a linear equation
in x and y represents a straight line, the product
of two linear equations represent two straight
lines, that is a pair of straight lines.
 Some examples
  Important Notes on Straight Line

Here is a list of a few points that should be

remembered while studying about a straight line:
 A straight line cannot pass through three non-
collinear points.
 If two lines l and m coincide, they follow the
relation l = k × m, where k is a real number.
 The acute angle θ between two lines having
slopes m1 and m2, where m2 > m1 can be
calculated using the formula tanθ =(m2 - m1)/(1
+ m2 × m1).
 Practice questions