Title Page:

Application of straight line on mathematics

A Project Work Report
By
Sunil Kushwaha, Tushar Kumar Purvey,
Susan Bhandari,Sulav Bhandari,
Sudip sah and
Urmila Tamang

Stream:Science Section: P2
NEB Registration Number:……………..

Submitted to:
The Departement of mathematics
Kathmandu Model Secoundary School
Balkumari,Lalitpur
Nepal

I
Declaration:

I hear by declare that the report presented in this project report has been done by
ourself under the supervision of Mr. ....BG sir..... and has not been submitted
elsewhere for any examination.

All sources of the information have been specifically acknowledged by references to

authors or institutions.

Signature:

Name of Student: Sunil kushwaha,Tushar kumar purvey ,Susan bhandari ,Sulav

bhandari, sudip sah and urmila Tamang

Stream: Science

Section:Physical group

Date : 8-8-2079

Subject Teacher`s Recommendation:

The project work report entitled “APPLICATION OF STRAIGHT LINE ON

MATHEMATHIC ’ submitted by Sunil kushwaha,Tushar kumar purvey ,Susan
bhandari ,Sulav bhandari, sudip sah and urmila Tamang , of Kathmandu Model
Secondary School, Balkumari, Lalitpur, Nepal is prepared under my supervision as
per the procedure and format requirements laid by the Department of Mathematics,
Kathmandu Model Secondary School, as the partial fulfillment of the requirements
of the internal evaluation of grade XI. I, therefore, recommend the report for
evaluation.

Signature...........

Name of Subject Teacher:BG sir

Date:……/………/…………

II
Endorsement:

REPORT’ submitted by Sunil kushwaha,Tusha kumar purveyr,Sulav bhandari,Susan

bhandari ,Sudip sah and Urimila tamang of Kathmandu Model Secondary School,

Lalitpur, Nepal in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the internal evaluation of

mathematics of grade XI.

Signature: Signature:

Head

Department of Mathematics Principal

Date: …../……../………… Date: ……../……../……….

III
Acknowledgement:

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Mr./Ms GP Sir for

bringing this topic to my attention and for his support and guidance during the
preparation of this project work. I am grateful to my respected mathematics
teachers who contributed to build strong foundation of mathematics. Special thanks
go to my classmates Rahul mahato , Gautam mahato, who helpedme while preparing
this project report.

Sunil kumar kushwaha,Tushar kumar purvey ,Susan bhandari ,Sulav bhandari, sudip
and urmila tamang.

Table of Content
IV
 Catalog
Title Page:....................................................................................................................................................I
Declaration:................................................................................................................................................II
Subject Teacher`s Recommendation:........................................................................................................II
Endorsement:............................................................................................................................................III
Acknowledgement:...................................................................................................................................IV
Table of Content........................................................................................................................................V
Origin of the straight line:..........................................................................................................................1
Straight Line...............................................................................................................................................1
Types of Straight Lines...............................................................................................................................3
General Equation of a Straight Line...........................................................................................................5
Different forms of straight lines:................................................................................................................6
Motivation and significance:....................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................13

V
Origin of the straight line:

When geometry was first formalized by Euclid in the Elements, he defined a general
line (straight or curved) to be "breadthless length" with a straight line being a line
"which lies evenly with the points on itself".
References math history:
--->The straight line must be one of the earliest curves studied,
but Euclid in his Elements although he devotes many studies to the straight line,
does not consider it a curve.

---> In fact, nobody attempted a general definition of a curve until Jordan in his Cours

d'Analysein 1893.

--->The normals to a straight line never intersect and tangents coincide with the
curve, evolutes, involutes, and pedal curves are not too interesting.

---> Thales was probably the first known scientist and engineer and is known
forapplication his
advance of geometry which requires straight lines.(2)

Straight Line

A straight line is an endless one-dimensional figure that has no width.

It is a combination of endless points joined on both sides of a point. A
straight line does not have any curve in it. It can be horizontal,
vertical, or slanted. If we draw an angle between any two points on
the straight line, we will always get a 180-degree. In this mini-lesson,
we will explore the world of straight lines by understanding the
equations of straight lines in different formats and how to solve the
questions based on straight lines.

1
What is a Straight Line?
A straight line is an infinite length line that does not have any curves
on it. A straight line can be formed between two points also but both
the ends extend to infinity. A straight line is a figure formed when two
points A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) are connected with the shortest
(2)distance between them, and the line ends are extended to infinity.

In the image shown below, a straight line between two points A and B
is shown. A straight line AB is represented by: ←→ABAB↔

While straight lines have no definite beginning or end, they are

(3)represented in our day-to-day lives with examples such as railway
tracks or the freeway.(2)

2
Types of Straight Lines

Straight lines can be of various types. Generally, the straight lines are
classified based on their alignment. Their alignment refers to the angle they
form with the x-axis or the y-axis. According to the alignment of straight lines,
they are of the following types:

 Horizontal lines
 Vertical lines
 Oblique or Slanted lines

Let us explore them one by one.

Horizontal Lines
The lines which are drawn horizontally and are parallel to the x-axis or
perpendicular to the y-axis, are called horizontal lines. They form a 0o or
180o angle with the x-axis and a 90o or 270o angle with the y-axis.

In the given figure, ←→ABAB↔ is a horizontal line.

Vertical Lines
The lines which are drawn vertically and are parallel to the y-axis, or
perpendicular to the x-axis, are called vertical lines. They form a 90 o or
270o angle with the x-axis and a 0o or 180o angle with the y-axis.

In the given figure, ←→CDCD↔ is a vertical line.

3
Oblique or Slanted Lines
The lines are drawn in a slanting position or form some angle other than 0 o,
90o, 180o, 270o, 360o with the horizontal or vertical lines are called oblique or
slanting lines.(1)

In the given figure, ←→EFEF↔ and ←→GHGH↔ are slanted lines.

4
Properties of a Straight Line
The properties of straight lines are written below.

 A straight line has infinite length. We can never calculate the distance between the
two extreme points of the line.
 A straight line has zero areas, zero volume. but it has infinite length.
 A straight line is a one-dimensional figure.
 An infinite number of lines can pass through a single point, but there is only one
unique line that passes through two points.

General Equation of a Straight Line

The general equation of a straight line can be given as ax + by + c = 0, where

 a, b, c are constants, and

 x, y are variables.
 The slope is -a/b

5
Different forms of straight lines:

Slope and Y-intercept Form

A straight line having slope m = tanθ where θ is the angle formed by the line
with the positive x-axis, and y-intercept as b is given by: y = mx + b, where m
is the slope.

Slope Point Form

A straight line having slope m = tanθ where θ is the angle formed by the line
with the positive x-axis, and passing through a point (x 1, y1) is given by: Slope
Point Form as y - y1 = m(x - x1)

6
Two Point Form
A straight line passing through points (x1 , y1) and (x2 , y2) is given by
in the two point form as: y - y1 = [(y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)] (x - x1).

7
Intercept Form
A straight line having x-intercept as a and y-intercept as b as shown
in the figure below where point A is on the x-axis (vertical here) and
point B is on the y-axis (horizontal here), is given in the intercept
form by x/a + y/b = 1(2,4)

8
Equation of Lines Parallel to X-axis or Y-axis
The equation of a line parallel to the x-axis is given by: y = ± a, where
 a is the distance of the line from the x-axis. The value of a is + ve if it
lies above the x-axis, and n -ve if it lies below the x-axis.
The equation of a line parallel to the y-axis. is given by: x = ± b, where
 b is the distance of the line from the y-axis. The value of b is +ve if it
lies on the right side of the y-axis, and -ve if it lies on the left side of
the y-axis.

Below is the image of lines parallel to the x-axis and the y-axis
respectively.

9
 Motivation and significance:

1.Light travels in Straight line.

2.Roads, Railway Tracks and Bridges are constructed based on parallel lines.
3.Use of Slopes in Physics: While plotting graphs of motion, the graph of position
vs time results in a straight line. The slope gives the velocity.
4.It is used while doing the engineering work and making model of the houses.
5.The general equation of a straight line is y = mx + c, where m is the slope of the
line and c is the y-intercept. It is the most common form of the equation of a
straight line that is used in geometry
6.The general form of straight line i.e(ax+by+c=0) is used in mathematics for
different purpose.
7.From straight line equation many different forms of equation in mathemathic
are derived.
.

10
1.Light travels in Straight line.

2.Roads, Railway Tracks and Bridges are constructed based on

parallel lines

11
3.Ants walk in Straight lines
Ants collect their food in straight lines. They release a chemical scent called
Pheromone along straight line. The smell of Pheromones helps the other ants to direct
to the food.(2,4)

4.Use of Slopes in Physics: While plotting graphs of motion, the graph of

position vs time results in a straight line. The slope gives the velocity. Depending on
the value of the slope, an object can be at rest or can have constant velocity.

12
 CONCLUSION

From the above report and finding we are able to know about the straight line,It`s
importance in the mathematics.we also were able to gain the deep knowledge and
understanding of the straight line. We also know about history and background
development of the straight line.

REFERENCES

During the our research work we have taken help from the different sources they
are given below:-

1. we have taken help from the our mathematics books I.e (Amrita Sharma, Santosh
Ghimire, Durga Jang,Foundation of mathematics by Asmita Book Publisher And
Distributors(2075))
2. We have taken help form the google i.e (learn-math.com(2072))
3. We have taken help from the our seniors
4. We have taken pictures from the pixabay.com,pinintrest.com.
5. We have taken help from the our GP sir model of the project.

13