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    Induction and syncronous machines

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    7 views16 pages

    Induction and Syncronous Machines

    Uploaded by

    Vicky Srivastava

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 16
    CHAPTER S/ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGy g 230 + WG, 5.2.6 Applications of DC Motors and hence find wide applications in they DC shunt motors are generally constant-peed mor" Rr atich ne mills and certain othes malar Indust pu DC series motors are ich posses high «ling torque, and hence they are useful in places where @ dead weight has to be started like electric loco cranes, elevators and other (mainly traction) devices: Three-Phase Induction Motor 5.3.1 Types and Construction at snd Athree-phaseinduction motor(3-¢ IM consistsofastator(containingthe aaa 10tt( contain indi Le hat of a DC motor, is a continuous winding structure 08 the armature winding), The sta, wll ype motor ialvaysacosed circuit, Rotorsare ofem® salient poles are here). Rotor winding in A. Squirrel cage rotor 2. Wound rotor (or slip ring rotor) The squirrel cage rotor isa solid cylindrical structure with grooves made at regular intervals throughoy the length of the cylinder, In these grooves, molten conducting material is poured (which gets hardened which takes the shape of strips that are actually called the winding of the squirrel cage rotor. Since the bag material of the rotor is not electrically conducting, these conducting strips are connected electrically by tye ‘conducing rings, which are put at the two ends of the rotor. Biter ctedocing ip gets electrically connected tothe neighboring and every other strip and wecan rel cage roror winding is electrcaly a closed circuit.” The second type of rotor isthe wound ‘has a construction similar to that of the stator (i.c. continuous windings situated in the slots), sthe stator, here also three open ends emerge out, which are connected to three resistances vig nin Figure 19. Hence this type of motor is also called sip ring induction motor. The ds of the resistances are connected together, thus again ensuring that the rotor here i ‘circuit too. Operation ion of a 3-@ IM can be understood as follows: three-phase supply is given to the stator of a 3-9 IM, a rotating magnetic field in the air gap between the stator and the rotor. The speed (in rpm) of the RMF chronous speed and is denoted by the symbol N, where N, = 120 x fp (rpm) with f ithe supply voltage and P the number of poles for which the stator (and compulsorily n wound. stationary rotor conductors. The accompanying rate of change of flux causes emf the rotor conductors (according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction). oth types of 3-@ IM rotors are electrically closed circuits (as mentioned eatliet), lictes the flow of current in the rotor windings. ary ingredients for the production of electromagnetic torque, that is number magnetic field (B) and current (J), are available in the rotor. Hence the torque the rotor starts moving. . tirely by the induced voltage and current, according to Lenz's roses: INDUCTION MOTOR nse . 234 (in rpm) is, (ay), The gi i : rN) Ey eae ai between the RMF speed (N,) and rotor (i.e. con- We0 H = N) abo calede speed, "4 '¥® induction of emf in the rotor conductors. This aie ing vo Lenz's aw, the torque is pede cy: ee 1. Mo eof (NM). Tht resin re etch diet e eaeaeene Nn $0 as to oppose (and hence reduce) a the tor speed (NY) can never ea Puy in the direction of the RMF. ' riot, N) wlan nd hind denims) ihc cheval through induction) will ep o i seg entire energy thr Stop getting nergy to sustain its motion, and hence will slow vn, Since all this happens almost instantay : run ce asynchronous speed, neously, we can say that a3- IM rotor can never ever Me the term slip as fais SS and Percentage sip= 100 494 CD 0 (i.e. getting a hundred percentage slippage). ee “= Np slip = 0. This means that here both N, and IV, are moving no slippage in berween them). Normally, 3-6 IM runs between 2% and 10% slip values. le, 50 Hz, 3-9 1M, running at 4% slip, actually runs at 12050 N, =(1-s)N, =(1 = 0.04) x7 = 1440 rpm (5.8) it) gets induced in the rotor due to this factor of (5.9) frequency. Thus, for a motor running at 232 + CHAPTER S/ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY COMERS 5.3.3 Slip-Torque Characteristics To derive and plot the slip-torque characteristics of « 3-6 IM, we need 0 daw the eet equi circuit (on a per-phase basis) similar to that of a single-phase transformer. The primary will be stare” secondary the rotor side, The cireui oud oe Vs R Xt E sep Figure 19 Equivalent circuit of a 3-9 1M on a per-phase basis. cbf since the rio Fequncy sf every oor quant (dependent on fcqueng) i ‘smuliplied to its, and zy, are chus the secondary-induced emf and rotor leakage reactang tains unaffected as it does not depend on frequency. Now, al it is shown in Figure 19. SX2 sE, Rotor current, /; 2 ctrical equivalent of the SE TAREE PHASE INDUCTION Moro 233 I s when the slip is 1, the load is 2 F ie 4 ing current value. If s : yt sulting in a high starting becomes (i. N=, hel Be P= aye ieee transfer to rotor. Power flow Figur 2110 shows the power fy diagram. The electrical power fed toa stator flows to the rotor through sip Te SoPPet losin the at Feieand heat loa fr upely RquedoT Ta heise ake lace. The The fren rowers transferred i we BaP tothe rotor. The copper loss in the rotor winding takes place. The AWUENCY OF rotor curren iS very small (asf = Pheer range of s varies from 0.01 to 005): Hence theron loss in the yon Isneglected, Cu loss in rotor 1% 4 Te (max) Bit power 2 OP (Py) ny q Stator Stator rotor =! Culoss iron loss Cy iogg (iron toss Neglected) (@ Figure 21 (2) Power flow diagram of characteristic of a 3-¢ IM, Te power relationship in Figure 21(a) iss follows, P, : Pay: Rotor Culloss here P,= pet-phase air gap power, 6 3-GIM; (b) torque-slip (and hence torque-speed) (I-):5 (5.10) Poca = mechanical power output = Fyr{(1ls) — 1), For the three-phase tad/sec. Then, 234 - CHAPTER S/ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGy, coe RSIoy, Now from the power relationship of Eq. (5.10), we have 3 rotor Cu loss u = _ 5 Using the single-phase equivalent circuit of the three-phase induction motor, we get 3°E 4 3sEn 3-Groror Culoss _ 472 = os a ty 2 22 2 i223 Peers. | tects xs f : 3 sEi? an +8x (S.12) Ifin Eq, (5.12) we put s= 1, we get the starting torque: 3 En ie ante -) Equation (5.12) is che general equation for the electromagnetic torque produced by the 3-9 IM. Usual >> 1; (in both transformers and induction motors). Now, initially the value of lip is one. It ges dow y, 0.99, 0.98 and so on, at initial (starting) period. Thus, (sx,)? >> r} in the denominator of Eq, (5,21) no hence r3 can be neglected, and with r,, E, and W, being constants, we can say that at initial values of in cE r=2 5%, its highest speed (with values of slip close to zero), the term(sx,)? in the ay for 4% slip, it becomes 0.0016 x?), and hence it can be neglected in torque T, « s [Region BC in Figure 21(b)]. Thus ABC is the torque- HIM. (We know that the resistance of a squirrel cage rotor cannot indeed be changed as per Figure 18.) spect 10 slip s and the answer equated to zer0, we get the $is equal to the rotor leakage reactance mpedance has been neglected in this .” Mathematically, i is given by e-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR Rel ot! «235 - his value in the torque Xpression, Eg. (5.1 he a Tm = 2 tui 3p | “ . m*; M. 2y that “the m: Sox, ca face. docs depend on rt 23-9 1M i independent ofthe rotor resistance. But, the cee vlic pres tan Meg Tn Figure 22, the region tothe lef ofthe torque al P 7 itecti NO’ slip = (WV — 1y: his oa gan opposite polarity (or direction of Totation of NV jg ae Oe ee _ Sub-syne speed ! Super syne speed tae a Braking region Generating region Motoring re of motor pe s N, =-N, N=0 N= operation of a 3-9 IM. + is installed in a vehicle, which is going down the direction of rotation of rotating magnetic € rotor will disobey the principle of operation (of a 3-9 1M) and continue moving f the whole system). Buc in tying to move the rotor in its on direction (i.e. will apply a sort of “braking” torque to the downward moving rotor. Thus, the torque axis, where the value of slip ranges from 1 to, is ealled the, braking regio right of the point N, (ie. point C) in Figure 21 is of the negative slip. The nega ns NV, hah tho ae? on (2a characteristic with the rotor resistance. Figure 23 Variation of the torque-specd 5.3.4 Applications of Three-Phase Induction Mee, finds applications in A squirrel ae bie Also, a significant applicat from where it s fast replacing the conventionally a number of ion of the 3. sed DC series efficiency of the 3-9 IMs with betes ‘similar to that of a 3-9 1M with nber of poles). Two terminals, may be squirrel-cage ype It of giving a single- in the stator and the average rorque _pHASE INDUCTION MOTORS gt 237 25. The phasor resultants of the two rotating magnetic fields moving in opposite directions. | the air gap (due to single-phase AC supply) is also sinusoidal, it proves hypothesis is correct. Now, once it has been proved to be true, the features of a 1- IM mentioned before. characteristics of the two RMFs. One of the and the other in the backward direction the forward torque component osite in direction. Hence the of a 1-9 IM. Next, ifa push at direction will become ive (AB > BC), as shown The same explanation b a 238 . CHAPTER S/ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY Cony at se=2 torque-slip characteristic of the two oppositely rotating magnetic fields, with the torque-slip characteristic of a 1-0 IM (in the chain line), 169 IM being nonself starting is the fact that on giving a single-phase supply, 43er0 average valuc is produced in the airgap. If, instcad, the single-phase supply hases somchow, a starting torque will indeed be produced whose value depends een the two phase currents. There are various methods of s constitute the methods of starting of 1- IM. splitting the single starting winding (having high resistance R, and reactance X) ‘main winding (having low resistance R. and reactance X.). Thus inding is deliberately kept lower than that of the main winding, a e, R, and X, are the starting winding resistance and peactance; and CS is the centrifugal switch, rr cee? 9, (- tan”! #]

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