Outline

• Signal representation
• Frequency domain and Fourier representation
• Signal through linear systems

Chuyen T. Nguyen HUST 1

Signal through linear systems

Chuyen T. Nguyen HUST 2

Signals through linear time-invariant systems
Time response

Frequency response

Chuyen T. Nguyen HUST 3

Signals through linear systems

Chuyen T. Nguyen HUST 4

Signals through linear systems
Effect of filtering on energy spectral density

When an energy signal is transmitted through a linear time-invariant filter, the

energy spectral density of the resulting output equals the energy spectral density
of the input multiplied by the squared amplitude response of the filter

Chuyen T. Nguyen HUST 5

Signals through linear systems
Effect of filtering on energy spectral density

Chuyen T. Nguyen HUST 6

Signals through linear systems
Effect of filtering on energy spectral density

Chuyen T. Nguyen HUST 7

Signals through linear systems
Effect of filtering on energy spectral density

Chuyen T. Nguyen HUST 8

Signals through linear systems
Effect of filtering on energy spectral density

Chuyen T. Nguyen HUST 9

 Hệ thống viễn thông
(ET4250- Telecommunications systems)

• Review on probability and random variables

Chuyen T. Nguyen-HUST

Chuyen T. Nguyen HUST 10

Review on probability and random variables
• Why probability?
• Signals and noise are random
• Random: unpredictable variations of observed signals,
difficult to reproduce
• Analog (voice) communication
• Digital communication
• If information were predictable, no need to communicate
• Their properties can be measured and analyzed, in some
average sense
Review on probability and random variables
• Relative-frequency approach of probability

Random experiments
Review on probability and random variables

• Formal definition of probability

Review on probability and random variables
• Formal definition of probability

Outcomes might be in different types/forms, which is not

convenient for mathematical representation
Review on probability and random variables

• Random variables

 Outcomes are often not the most

convenient representation for
mathematical analysis
 It is often more convenient if we
assign a number or a range of values
to the outcomes
 Random variable: describes this
process of assigning a number to the
outcome
Review on probability and random variables

• Probability mass function - pmf

Review on probability and random variables

• Distribution functions
 Probability distribution function/cumulative distribution
function (CDF)
Review on probability and random variables

• Distribution functions
 Probability density function (pdf)
Review on probability and random variables

• Distribution functions
 Probability density function (pdf) - example
Review on probability and random variables

• Several random variables

Outcome of an experiment may be described by several different
random variables

 Joint distribution function

 Joint probability density function

Review on probability and random variables
• Several random variables
 Statistically independent

 Conditional probability
Review on probability and random variables
• Binary symmetric channel – an example
Review on probability and random variables
• Binary symmetric channel
Review on probability and random variables
• Expectation (Statistical averages)
 Mean

 Variance
Review on probability and random variables
• Expectation (Statistical average)
 Covariance
Review on probability and random variables
• Expectation (Statistical average)
 Covariance (interpretation)
Review on probability and random variables
• Transformation of random variables
Review on probability and random variables
• Gaussian random variables
Review on probability and random variables
• Gaussian random variables – special case
Review on probability and random variables
• Central limit theorem
Review on probability and random variables
• Examples
Review on probability and random variables
• Examples