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List four basic characteristics of a computer.

speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility and memory,Power of Remembering,No IQ,Storage,No

Feeling

· Speed

A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans while performing
mathematical calculations. Computers can process millions (1,000,000) of instructions per second.
The time taken by computers for their operations is microseconds and nanoseconds.

· Accuracy

Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data inconsistency
or inaccuracy.

· Diligence

A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency and accuracy.
It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of concentration. Its memory also makes it superior to that of
human beings.

· Versatility

Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with same
accuracy and efficiency.

· Reliability

A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data i.e., if we give same set of
input any number of times, we will get the same result.

· Automation

Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it performs tasks without manual intervention.

· Memory

A computer has built-in memory called primary memory where it stores data. Secondary storage
are removable devices such as CDs, pen drives, etc., which are also used to store data.

Computer Categories.

Computers are categorized into four general types based mainly on their processing speeds and
their capacity to store data.

· Supercomputers: Supercomputers are high-capacity computers that cost millions of

dollars. Occupy special airconditioned rooms, and are often used for research, weather
forecasting, and mathematical research.
· Mainframe Computers: Less powerful than supercomputers. Mainframe computers are
fast, large-capacity computers also occupying specially wired, air-conditioned rooms.
Mainframes are used by large organizations, banks, airlines, universities
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· Minicomputers: Because of their lesser processing speeds and data-storing capacities,

they have been typically used by medium-sized companies for specific purposes, such as
accounting
· Microcomputers: Microcomputers are small computers that can fit on a desktop.
Microcomputers are of two types: personal computers and workstations.

What is an analytical engine?

The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English
mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage.

List the various technologies used in the first four generations.

1940 – 1956: First Generation – Vacuum Tubes

1956 – 1963: Second Generation – Transistors

1964 – 1971: Third Generation – Integrated Circuits

1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation – Microprocessors

2010- : Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence

Define protocol

A network protocol is an established set of rules that determine how data is transmitted between
different devices in the same network. Essentially, it allows connected devices to communicate
with each other, regardless of any differences in their internal processes, structure or design.

Full form list

URL - Uniform Resource Locator:

A Uniform Resource Locator, colloquially termed as a web address, is a reference to a web

resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A
URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier, although many people use the two terms
interchangeably

Personal Area Network (PAN):

It is an interconnection of personal technology devices to communicate over a short distance,

which is less than 33 feet or 10 meters or within the range of an individual person, typically using
some form of wireless technologies.

A local area network (LAN):

is a collection of devices connected together in one physical location, such as a building, office, or
home. A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a home network with one user to an enterprise
network with thousands of users and devices in an office or school.

A metropolitan area network (MAN):

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is a computer network that connects computers within a metropolitan area, which could be a single
large city, multiple cities and towns, or any given large area with multiple buildings. A MAN is
larger than a local area network (LAN) but smaller than a wide area network (WAN).

A wide area network (WAN):

In its simplest form, a wide-area network (WAN) is a collection of local-area networks (LANs) or
other networks that communicate with one another. A WAN is essentially a network of networks,
with the Internet the world's largest WAN.

State the significance of Electronic Mail.

Email is important for communication because it allows users to send information in letter format,
and email can replace traditional mail options. Emails can be more beneficial for communication
because they can often include text, documents and multimedia, like photos and videos.

What is a Word Processor?

A word processor is a device or computer program that provides for input, editing, formatting, and
output of text, often with some additional features.

Explain how to add a text box to a chart in Excel?

1. Click the chart to which you want to add a text box.

2. On the Format tab, click Insert Shapes, and then click the Text Box icon .
3. In the chart, click where you want to start a corner of the text box, and then drag until the
text box is the size that you want.

Explain about client server computing

In client server computing, the clients requests a resource and the server provides that resource.
A server may serve multiple clients at the same time while a client is in contact with only one
server. Both the client and server usually communicate via a computer network but sometimes
they may reside in the same system.

Difference between Internet and Intranet

INTERNET INTRANET

Simultaneously link computers on Owned by local or private organisations / companies

different network / global network

Support multiple users Users are limited

Unsafe, not protected Protected and secured

It’s a public network with more A private network and traffic is less
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traffic

Can transfer unlimited data Can transfer only limited data

Can be widely accessed and Company or organisation employees or admin with

used access to login details can only use this

More data or information can be Data or information accessible over intranet will be
accessed or availed limited and specific to the company records or details

Difference between Analog Computer and Digital Computer :

S.No.ANALOG COMPUTER
01. Analog computers works with
continuous values or these types
of systems process continuous
data.
DIGITAL COMPUTER
Digital computers works with
discrete values or these types
of systems process discrete
data.

02. Speed of analog computers is less Speed of digital computers is

than the digital computers. more than the analog
computers.

03. Analog computer has very low or Digital computer has very big
limited memory and it can store memory it can store large
less amount of data. amount of data.

04. Analog computer has no state. Digital computer has On and Off
these 2 steps.

05. Analog computers are less Digital computers are more

reliable than digital computers. reliable than analog computers.

06. Its performance is comparatively Its performance is very high.

low.

07. Its speed of processing is not so Its speed of processing is very

high. high.

08. Analog computers depends upon Digital computers does not

physical variations. depend upon physical
variations.

09. It provides results with less It provides results with higher

accuracy as compared to digital accuracy as compared to
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computers. analog computers.

10. Analog computers are difficult to Digital computers are not so

use. difficult to use.

11. Analog computers have complex Digital computers do not have

architecture. so complex architecture like
analog computers.

12. Readability of analog computer is Readability of digital computer

low. is high.

13. Analog computers show the result Digital computers show the
in terms of voltage signals. result in computer display
screen.

15. Power consumption is high. Power consumption is low.

16. They are usually special purpose It can be general purpose

devices. devices.

17. Examples includes analog clock Examples includes Digital

and thermometer etc. laptop, digital camera, digital
watches etc.
What is an Operating System?

An operating system (OS) manages all other applications and programs in a computer, and it is
loaded into the computer by a boot program. It enables applications to interact with a computer’s
hardware. Through a designated application programme interface, the application programmes
request services from the operating system (API). The kernel is the software that contains the
operating system’s core components. To run other programmes, every computer has to have at
least one operating system installed.

Windows, Linux, and Android are examples of operating systems that enable the user to use
programs like MS Office, Notepad, and games on the computer or mobile phone. It is necessary to
have at least one operating system installed in the computer to run basic programs like browsers.

Functions of Operating System

Processor Management: An operating system manages the processor’s work by allocating

various jobs to it and ensuring that each process receives enough time from the processor to
function properly.
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Memory Management: An operating system manages the allocation and deallocation of the
memory to various processes and ensures that the other process does not consume the memory
allocated to one process.
Device Management: There are various input and output devices. An OS controls the working of
these input-output devices. It receives the requests from these devices, performs a specific task,
and communicates back to the requesting process.
File Management: An operating system keeps track of information regarding the creation,
deletion, transfer, copy, and storage of files in an organized way. It also maintains the integrity of
the data stored in these files, including the file directory structure, by protecting against
unauthorized access.
Security: The operating system provides various techniques which assure the integrity and
confidentiality of user data. Following security measures are used to protect user data:
· Protection against unauthorized access through login.
· Protection against intrusion by keeping Firefall active.
· Protecting the system memory against malicious access.
· Displaying messages related to system vulnerabilities.
Error Detection: From time to time, the operating system checks the system for any external
threat or malicious software activity. It also checks the hardware for any type of damage. This
process displays several alerts to the user so that the appropriate action can be taken against any
damage caused to the system.
Job Scheduling: In a multitasking OS where multiple programs run simultaneously, the operating
system determines which applications should run in which order and how time should be allocated
to each application.

MS PowerPoint

Create a presentation

1. Open PowerPoint.
2. In the left pane, select New.
3. Select an option:
· To create a presentation from scratch, select Blank Presentation.
· To use a prepared design, select one of the templates.
· To see tips for using PowerPoint, select Take a Tour, and then select Create,

Add a slide

1. In the thumbnails on the left pane, select the slide you want your new slide to follow.
2. In the Home tab, in the Slides section, select New Slide.
3. In the Slides section, select Layout, and then select the layout you want from the menu.

Add and format text

1. Place the cursor inside a text box, and then type something.
2. Select the text, and then select one or more options from the Font section of the Home tab,
such as Font, Increase Font Size, Decrease Font Size, Bold, Italic, Underline, etc.
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3. To create bulleted or numbered lists, select the text, and then select Bullets or Numbering.

Add a picture, shape, and more

1. Go to the Insert tab.

2. To add a picture:
· In the Images section, select Pictures.
· In the Insert Picture From menu, select the source you want.
· Browse for the picture you want, select it, and then select Insert.

3.To add illustrations:

· In the Illustrations section, select Shapes, Icons, 3D Models, SmartArt, or Chart.

· In the dialog box that opens when you click one of the illustration types, select the item you
want and follow the prompts to insert it.

Set Up Slide Shows

1. Click the Slide Show tab on the ribbon.

2. Click the Set Up Slide Show button to view more options.

Make any desired changes to the settings.

· Show Type: Select the type of presentation you are giving.

· Show Options: Adjust looping, narration, animation, graphics, pen, and laser options.
· Show Slides: Select which slides to show in the presentation.
· Advance Slides: Choose to advance slides manually or automatically.
· Multiple Monitors: Set up for presenting using multiple monitors.

3.Click OK.

Now the slide show will play according to the settings you chose.

Short essay on classification of Computers

On the basis of kind of data processed, processing capabilities and kind of operations, computers
are mainly of two types, i.e., Analog Computer and Digital Computer.

Computers that measure changing conditions like temperature, pressure etc. and convert the
numerical into quantities within a range are called Analog Computer, whereas those manipulate
digital dates are called Digital computers.

A digital computer can give precise and measurable results. Analog Computers are employed for
specific scientific/ technological operations while the digital computers applications are universal,
i.e., from science to business to administration and others. For that reasons, these are very
popular now-a-days. Microcomputers are called Hybrid Computers, which have digital storage and
switching but calculations are done in an analog fashion.

Again, basing on processing power and internal memory, the following kinds of computers are
found.
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1. Micro computers

A micro computer contains Micro processor, a CPU on a single silicon chip i.e., 8088, 8086 etc. It
has limited internal memory and is relatively slow. Its rate of acceptance and transfer of data is a
maximum of 5 lake bytes/second. It is small, portable, inexpensive occupies less space and
consumes very less power. Personal Computers (PC) are the best example of this kind.

2. Mini computers

A mini computer is bigger than a micro-computer and smaller than a mainframe. It has a medium
speed processor; more internal memory capacity compared to micros and can support all high
level languages. It can perform most tasks that a mainframe can do.

3. Mainframes

These are huge machines with high speed configured with host processor and subordinate
processors. They have large internal storage capacity i.e., about 10 mega words and support
greater than 200 remote terminals. They are able to accept any high level language. But their main
drawbacks are, very high cost, requirement of large space, very high electricity consumption, and
high cost of maintenance. Their main uses are at government offices and research institutions.

4. Super computers

Supercomputers are more powerful than mainframes and can process several hundreds or even
thousands million instructions per second. They are designed for high precision based application
and have vast processing power applied in a narrow range. They are mostly used in research
centers, complicated military and scientific jobs such as weather forecasting, cracking of enemy
codes, predicting how a nuclear bomb will explode and designing missiles and jet fighters.A mini
computer is bigger than a micro-computer and smaller than a mainframe. It has a medium speed
processor; more internal memory capacity compared to micros and can support all high level
languages. It can perform most tasks that a mainframe can do.

3. Mainframes

These are huge machines with high speed configured with host processor and subordinate
processors. They have large internal storage capacity i.e., about 10 mega words and support
greater than 200 remote terminals. They are able to accept any high level language. But their main
drawbacks are, very high cost, requirement of large space, very high electricity consumption, and
high cost of maintenance. Their main uses are at government offices and research institutions.

4. Super computers

Supercomputers are more powerful than mainframes and can process several hundreds or even
thousands million instructions per second. They are designed for high precision based application
and have vast processing power applied in a narrow range. They are mostly used in research
centers, complicated military and scientific jobs such as weather forecasting, cracking of enemy
codes, predicting how a nuclear bomb will explode and designing missiles and jet fighters.
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Explain different types of charts in MS Power Point.

Column chart

Data that’s arranged in columns or rows on a worksheet can be plotted in a column chart. A
column chart typically displays categories along the horizontal (category) axis and values along
the vertical (value) axis, as shown in this chart:

Line chart

Data that's arranged in columns or rows on a worksheet can be plotted in a line chart. In a line
chart, category data is distributed evenly along the horizontal axis, and all value data is distributed
evenly along the vertical axis. Line charts can show continuous data over time on an evenly scaled
axis, so they're ideal for showing trends in data at equal intervals, like months, quarters, or fiscal
years.

Pie and doughnut charts

Data that's arranged in one column or row on a worksheet can be plotted in a pie chart. Pie charts
show the size of items in one data series, proportional to the sum of the items. The data points in a
pie chart are shown as a percentage of the whole pie.

Doughnut charts

Data that's arranged in columns or rows only on a worksheet can be plotted in a doughnut chart.
Like a pie chart, a doughnut chart shows the relationship of parts to a whole, but it can contain
more than one data series.

Bar chart

Data that's arranged in columns or rows on a worksheet can be plotted in a bar chart. Bar charts
illustrate comparisons among individual items. In a bar chart, the categories are typically
organized along the vertical axis, and the values along the horizontal axis.

Area chart

Data that's arranged in columns or rows on a worksheet can be plotted in an area chart. Area
charts can be used to plot change over time and draw attention to the total value across a trend.
By showing the sum of the plotted values, an area chart also shows the relationship of parts to a
whole.
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XY (scatter) and bubble chart

Data that's arranged in columns and rows on a worksheet can be plotted in an xy (scatter) chart.
Place the x values in one row or column, and then enter the corresponding y values in the
adjacent rows or columns.

A scatter chart has two value axes: a horizontal (x) and a vertical (y) value axis. It combines x and
y values into single data points and shows them in irregular intervals, or clusters. Scatter charts
are typically used for showing and comparing numeric values, like scientific, statistical, and
engineering data.

Advantages and disadvantages of Internet

Advantages of the Internet:

The internet is perhaps one of the best inventions thus far. As anyone can access the computer
this made people by stripping away geographical barriers and sharing information
instantaneously.
a) Communication Forum: The speed of communication becomes faster which is obtained
through the web. Families and friends can confine touch easily. The platform for products
like SKYPE allows for holding a video conference with anyone within the world who also
has access.
b) Abundant Information: Anyone can find information on almost any imaginable subject.
Plenty of resources are often found through the program in minutes.
c) Inexhaustible Education: For instance, students can gain readily available help for his or
her homework online.
d) Entertainment for everybody: Most folks love using our laptops, smartphones, and,
tablets. The web is the big reason behind us spending such a lot of time on these gadgets.
e) Online Services and E-commerce: Many services of emails, online banking, online
shopping, etc are there. Free mail to anyone is definitely accessible all around the world.
E-commerce enables one in America to shop for things in Asia, Africa, or other areas within
the world through some simple clicks of the mouse.
f) Social network: Social networking is the sharing of data with people across the planet.
Aside from being an entertainment website, it’s many uses.
g) Learning: The web has now become a neighborhood of education. Education like
homeschooling is definitely administered using the web. Teachers can upload their
teaching videos on the web

Disadvantages of the Internet:

The Internet’s drawbacks can’t be overlooked any longer as numerous teenagers are affected by
Internet Addiction Disorder, then many ladies became online shopaholics.
a) Internet Addiction Disorder: Internet addiction is detrimental to not only fitness but also
psychological state.
b) Cyber Crime: Hacker programs a virus that gets into the pc and ruins valuable data. Users’
personal information like name, address, master card, bank details, and other information
are often accessed by culprits when used on the web, leading to significant economic loss.
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c) Social Alienation: Time spent online flies fast without consciousness. After getting
attracted the user is trapped into the trap, users are trapped by a “net”, spending less time
with people in the real world. Less interaction and face-to-face communication, actually,
may end in a decrease in social abilities.
d) Spam: The unnecessary emails, advertisements, etc. are sometimes said to be spam
because they need the power to hamper the system and make the users face many
problems.
e) Health issues: Playing games and spending too much time on monitors leads to obesity
and an unhealthy lifestyle.

Describe the features of www

The World Wide Web is based on several different technologies: Web browsers, Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
A Web browser is used to access web pages. Web browsers can be defined as programs which
display text, data, pictures, animation and video on the Internet. Hyperlinked resources on the
World Wide Web can be accessed using software interfaces provided by Web browsers. Initially,
Web browsers were used only for surfing the Web but now they have become more universal.
Web browsers can be used for several tasks including conducting searches, mailing,
transferring files, and much more. Some of the commonly used browsers are Internet Explorer,
Opera Mini, and Google Chrome.
Features of WWW:
· HyperText Information System
· Cross-Platform
· Distributed
· Open Standards and Open Source
· Uses Web Browsers to provide a single interface for many services
· Dynamic, Interactive and Evolving.
· “Web 2.0”

Briefly explain about IP Addresses. Compare IPv4 and IPv6 addressing.

An IP address, or Internet Protocol address, is a series of numbers that identifies any device on a
network. Computers use IP addresses to communicate with each other both over the internet as
well as on other networks.
IPv4 and IPv6 are internet protocol version 4 and internet protocol version 6, IP version 6 is the
new version of Internet Protocol, which is way better than IP version 4 in terms of complexity
and efficiency.
Difference Between IPv4 and IPv6:

IPv4 IPv6
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IPv4 has a 32-bit address length IPv6 has a 128-bit address length

It Supports Manual and DHCP address It supports Auto and renumbering

configuration address configuration

In IPv4 end to end, connection integrity is In IPv6 end to end, connection

Unachievable integrity is Achievable

It can generate 4.29×109 address space Address space of IPv6 is quite large
it can produce 3.4×1038 address
space

The Security feature is dependent on IPSEC is an inbuilt security feature

application in the IPv6 protocol

Address representation of IPv4 is in Address Representation of IPv6 is

decimal in hexadecimal

Fragmentation performed by Sender and In IPv6 fragmentation performed

forwarding routers only by the sender

In IPv4 Packet flow identification is not In IPv6 packet flow identification are
available Available and uses the flow label
field in the header

In IPv4 checksum field is available In IPv6 checksum field is not

available

It has broadcast Message Transmission In IPv6 multicast and anycast

Scheme message transmission scheme is
available

In IPv4 Encryption and Authentication In IPv6 Encryption and

facility not provided Authentication are provided

IPv4 has a header of 20-60 bytes. IPv6 has header of 40 bytes fixed

IPv4 can be converted to IPv6 Not all IPv6 can be converted to

IPv4

IPv4 consist of 4 fields which are separated IPv6 consist of 8 fields, which are
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by dot (.) separated by colon (:)

IPv4’s IP addresses are divided into five IPv6 does not have any classes of
different classes. Class A , Class B, Class IP address.
C , Class D , Class E.

IPv4 supports VLSM(Variable Length IPv6 does not support VLSM.

subnet mask).

Types of Operating Systems

1. Multiprocessor OS

A multiprocessor operating system is an operating system that uses multiple processors to

improve performance. This operating system is commonly found on computer systems with more
than one CPU. Multiprocessor systems improve system performance by allowing the execution of
tasks on multiple processors simultaneously. Overall reduces the time it takes to complete specific
tasks.

2. Multi-programming OS

The operating system which can run multiple processes on a single processor is called a
multiprogramming operating system. There are different programs that want to get executed. So
these programs are kept in the ready queue. And are assigned to the CPU one by one. If one
process gets blocked then other processes from the ready queue are assigned to the CPU. The
aim of this is optimal resource utilization and more CPU utilization.

3. Distributed OS

A distributed operating system is an operating system that is designed to operate on a network of

computers. Distributed systems are usually used to distribute software applications and data.
Distributed systems are also used to manage the resources of multiple computers. Users could be
at different sites.Multiple computers are connected via a single communication channel.Every
system have its own processor and memory.

4. Multitasking OS

Multi-tasking operating systems are designed to enable multiple applications to run

simultaneously. Multi-tasking operating systems allow multiple users to work on the same
document or application simultaneously.
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5. Time-sharing OS

A time-sharing operating system is an application that provides a shared user interface with
multiple users logged in simultaneously. It allows multiple users to access the same resources,
such as files and applications, as long as they are logged in simultaneously. This type of operating
system is most commonly used in businesses, especially those that involve a high number of
simultaneous users. Time-sharing operating systems enable users to finish their jobs on a system
at once

6. Client/server network OS

Client/server network operating systems are those networks that contain two types of nodes, the
servers, and clients. The servers host the applications or services for users while clients use these
applications. In a client/server system, both the server and client computers must have certain
software installed to connect to each other securely over a network connection.

7. Batch OS

There are different users and each user prepares their work in a standalone device such as
punchcards in batch operating systems and sends them to a computer operator. The various
systems split and distribute similar tasks in batches to facilitate computing and faster responses. A
single operator takes similar types of jobs that share similar needs and requirements, then groups
them in various batches. Similar kinds of jobs that share similar needs and requirements.

Hyperlink

an electronic link providing direct access from one distinctively marked place in a hypertext or
hypermedia document to another in the same or a different document

What is a Word Processor?

A word processor is a device or computer program that provides for input, editing, formatting, and
output of text, often with some additional features. Early word processors were stand-alone
devices dedicated to the function, but current word processors are word processor programs
running on general purpose

Sum(a1: a5), what does this equation mean?

To refer to data in two or more contiguous cells, use a range reference like A1:A5. For example, to
sum values in all cell between A1 and A5, inclusive, use this formula: =SUM(A1:A5)

create a new workbook in MS Excel

Click the File tab. Click New. Under Available Templates, double-click Blank Workbook. Keyboard
shortcut To quickly create a new, blank workbook, you can also press CTRL+N.

What is a presentation template?

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A PowerPoint template is a pattern or blueprint of a slide or group of slides that you save as
a . potx file. Templates can contain layouts, colors, fonts, effects, background styles, and even
content. You can create your own custom templates and store them, reuse them, and share them
with others.

differentiate between workbook and worksheet in excel

A Worksheet is basically a single-page spreadsheet containing information. A workbook is a file

that contains multiple spreadsheets. A worksheet contains a matrix of rectangular cells, organized
in a form of rows and columns. A workbook contains one or more worksheets, consisting of related
information.