Chapter 34

34
Electromagnetic Waves
CHAPTER OUTLINE
34.1 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampère’s Law

34.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries
34.3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves
34.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves
34.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure
34.6 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna
34.7 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves
* An asterisk indicates a question or problem new to this edition.
ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
OQ34.1 (i) Answer (c). Both the light intensity and the gravitational force
follow inverse-square laws.
(ii) Answer (a). The smaller grain presents less face area and feels a
smaller force due to light pressure.
OQ34.2 (i) Answer (c). (ii) Answer (c). (iii) Answer (c). (iv) Answer (b). (v)
Answer (b). The same amount of energy passes through concentric
spheres of increasing area as the wave travels outward from its
source, so the amplitude and the intensity, which is proportional to
the square of the amplitude, decrease.
OQ34.3 Answer (b). Frequency, wavelength, and the speed of light are
related:
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
fλ = c → λ= = = 0.122 m = 12.2 cm
f 2.45 × 109 Hz
572
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Chapter 34 573
OQ34.4 (i) Answer (a). According to f = 1 2π LC , to make f half as large,

the capacitance should be made four times larger.
(ii) Answer (b). According to f λ = c, if frequency is halved,
wavelength is doubled.
OQ24.5 Answer (e). Accelerating charge, changing electric field, or changing
magnetic field can be the source of a radiated electromagnetic wave.
OQ34.6 Answers (c) and (d). The relationship between frequency,
wavelength, and the speed of a wave is f λ = v. In a vacuum, all
electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed: v = c.
Electromagnetic waves, consisting of oscillating electric and
magnetic fields, are transverse waves.
OQ34.7 (i) through (v) have the same answer (c). The same amount of energy
passes through equal areas parallel to the yz plane as the wave
travels in the +x direction, so the amplitude and the intensity, which
is proportional to the square of the amplitude, do not change.
OQ34.8 (i) Answer (b). Electric and magnetic fields both carry the same
energy, so their amplitudes are proportional to each other.
(ii) Answer (a). The intensity is proportional to the square of the
amplitude.
OQ34.9 Answer (d). The peak values of the electric and magnetic field
components of an electromagnetic wave are related by Emax Bmax = c,
where c is the speed of light in vacuum. Thus,
Emax = cBmax = ( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 1.50 × 10−7 T ) = 45.0 N/C
OQ34.10 (i) The ranking is c > b > d > e > a. Gamma rays have the shortest
wavelength.
(ii) The ranking is a > e > d > b > c. According to f λ = c, as
wavelength decreases, frequency increases.
(iii) The ranking is a = b = c = d = e. All electromagnetic waves
travel at the speed of light c in vacuum, which is assumed here.
OQ34.11 Answer (d). An electromagnetic wave travels in the direction of the
  
Poynting vector: S = E × B µ0 .
574 Electromagnetic Waves
ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
CQ34.1 The entire room and its contents have a soft glow. Incandescent light
bulbs shine brightly in the infrared, but fluorescent lights do not. The
top of a computer monitor glows brighter than the screen, which
glows faintly. Windowpanes appear dark if they are cool, and a
patch of wall where sunlight falls glows brighter than where the
sunlight does not fall. Heating resistors or warm air outlets shine,
and the air near to them has a faint glow, but cold air outlets are
dark, and the nearby air has no glow.
CQ34.2 Electromagnetic waves carry momentum. Recalling what we learned
in Chapter 9, the impulse imparted by a particle that bounces
elastically off a wall is twice that imparted by an object that sticks to
a wall. Similarly, the impulse, and hence the pressure exerted by a
wave reflecting from a surface, must be twice that exerted by a wave
that is absorbed.
CQ34.3 No. Radio waves travel at a finite speed, the speed of light. Radio
waves can travel around the curved surface of the Earth, bouncing
between the ground and the ionosphere, which has an altitude that is
small when compared to the radius of the Earth. The distance across
the lower forty-eight states is approximately 5 000 km, requiring a
5 × 106 m
transit time of ~ 10−2 s.
3 × 10 m/s
8
CQ34.4
Sound Light
1) Sound is a longitudinal wave. 1) Light is a transverse wave.
2) Sound requires a material 2) Light does not require a

medium. material medium.
3) Sound in air moves at hundreds 3) Light in air moves at hundreds

of meters per second. of millions of meters per
second.
4) The speed of sound through a 4) The speed of light through

medium, depending the material materials is less than in
of the medium, can be faster or vacuum.
slower than that in air.
Chapter 34 575
5) Sound propagates by a chain 5) Light propagates by a chain

reaction of density and pressure reaction of electric and
disturbances recreating each magnetic fields recreating each
other. other.
6) Audible sound has frequencies 6) Visible light has frequencies

over a range of three decades (ten over a range of less than one
octaves) from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. octave, from 430 to 700 THz
(THz = Terahertz = 1012 Hz).
7) Audible sound has wavelengths 7) Visible light has wavelengths of

of ordinary size (1.7 cm to 17 m). very small size (400 nm to
750 nm).
CQ34.5 The changing magnetic field of the solenoid induces eddy currents in
the conducting core. This is accompanied by I2 R conversion by
heating of electrically-transmitted energy into internal energy in the
conductor.
CQ34.6 (a) The electric and magnetic fields of the light wave oscillate in
time at each point in space, like sports fans in a grandstand
when the crowd does “the wave.”
(b) The wave transports energy.
CQ34.7 An infrared photograph records the infrared light reflected, but also
emitted by a person’s face. When a person blushes or exercises or
becomes excited, warmer areas glow brighter in the infrared. A
person’s nostrils and the openings of the ear canals are bright;
brighter still are just the pupils of the eyes.
CQ34.8 No, they do not. Specifically, Gauss’s law in magnetism prohibits
magnetic monopoles. If magnetic monopoles existed, then the
magnetic field lines would not have to be closed loops, but could
begin or terminate on a magnetic monopole, as they can in Gauss’s
law in electrostatics.
CQ34.9 Different stations have transmitting antennas at different locations.
For best reception align your rabbit ears perpendicular to the
straight-line path from your TV to the transmitting antenna. The
transmitted signals are also polarized. The polarization direction of
the wave can be changed by reflection from surfaces—including the
atmosphere—and through Kerr rotation—a change in polarization
axis when passing through an organic substance. In your home, the
plane of polarization is determined by your surroundings, so
antennas need to be adjusted to align with the polarization of the
wave.
CQ34.10 Consider a typical metal rod antenna for a car radio. Charges in the
rod respond to the electric field portion of the carrier wave.
Variations in the amplitude of the incoming radio wave cause the
electrons in the rod to vibrate with amplitudes emulating those of the
carrier wave. Likewise, for frequency modulation, the variations of
the frequency of the carrier wave cause constant-amplitude
vibrations of the electrons in the rod but at frequencies that imitate
those of the carrier.

CQ34.11 The Poynting vector S describes the energy flow associated with an

electromagnetic wave. The direction of S is along the direction of

propagation and the magnitude of S is the rate at which
electromagnetic energy crosses a unit surface area perpendicular to

the direction of S.
CQ24.12 The frequency of EM waves in a microwave oven, typically 2.45
GHz, is chosen to be in a band of frequencies absorbed by water
molecules. The plastic and the glass contain no water molecules.
Plastic and glass have very different absorption frequencies from
water, so they may not absorb any significant microwave energy and
remain cool to the touch.
CQ34.13 Maxwell included a term in Ampère’s law to account for the
contributions to the magnetic field by changing electric fields, by
treating those changing electric fields as “displacement currents.”
SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS
Section 34.1 Displacement Current and the

Generalized Form of Ampère’s Law
P34.1 (a) We use the right-hand rule for both
 real and displacement
currents. Thus, the direction of B is counterclockwise, and the

direction of B at P is upwards.
(b) We use the extended form of Ampère’s

law, Equation 34.7. Since no moving
charges are present, I = 0 and we have
  dΦE
∫ ⋅ d  = µ0 ∈0 d t
B
In order to evaluate the integral, we ANS. FIG. P34.1

make use of the symmetry of the
Chapter 34 577
situation. Symmetry requires that no particular direction from the

center can be any different from any other direction. Therefore,
there must be circular symmetry about the central axis. We know
the magnetic field lines are circles about the axis. Therefore, as we
travel around such a magnetic field circle, the magnetic field
remains constant in magnitude. Setting aside until later the
  
determination of the direction of B, we integrate ∫ B ⋅ d  around
the circle at R = 0.150 m to obtain 2 π RB.
Differentiating the expression ΦE = AE, we have
dΦE ⎛ π d 2 ⎞ dE
=⎜
dt ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ dt
  ⎜ π d ⎟ dE
⎛ 2⎞
µ0 ∈0 d 2 dE
Thus, ∫ B ⋅ d  = 2π RB = µ ∈
0 0 ⎜
⎝
⎟
⎜ 4 ⎟ dt
⎠
→ B =
8 R dt
Substituting numerical values,
B=
( 4π × 10 −7
T ⋅ m/A ) ( 8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N ⋅ m 2 ) ( 0.100 m )
2
8 ( 0.150 m )
× ( 20.0 V/m ⋅ s )
= 1.85 × 10−18 T
P34.2 For the capacitor,
dΦE d dQ dt I
= ( EA ) = =
dt dt ∈0 ∈0
dE I 0.200 A
(a) = =
dt ∈0 A ( 8.85 × 10 C /N ⋅ m 2 ) ⎡π ( 10.0 × 10−2 m ) ⎤
−12 2
⎣ ⎦
= 7.19 × 1011 V m ⋅ s
dΦE d⎡ Q ⎤
(b) ∫ B ⋅ ds = ∈0 µ0 : 2π rB = ∈0 µ0 ⎢ ⋅ π r2 ⎥
dt dt ⎢⎣ ∈ 0 A ⎥⎦
µ0 Ir µ0 ( 0.200 A ) ( 5.00 × 10 m )
−2
B= = = 2.00 × 10−7 T
2A 2 ⎡π ( 10.0 × 10 m ) ⎤
−2 2
⎣ ⎦
σ Q
P34.3 The electric field in the space between the plates is E = = .
∈0 ∈0 A
  ⎛ Q ⎞ Q
The flux of this field is ΦE = E ⋅ A = ⎜ ⎟ A cos 0 = .
⎝ ∈0 A ⎠ ∈0
(a) The rate of change of flux is
dΦE dQ dt I 0.100 A
= = =
dt ∈0 ∈0 8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N ⋅ m 2
= 11.3 × 109 V ⋅ m/s
(b) The displacement current is defined as

dΦE
I d = ∈0
dt
= (8.85 × 10 -12 C2 / N ⋅ m 2 )(1.13 × 1010 N ⋅ m 2 / C ⋅ s)
= 0.100 A
Section 34.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries

    
P34.4 F = ma = qE + qv × B so
 −e   
a= ⎡E + v × B ⎤⎦ where
m⎣
î ĵ k̂
 
v × B = 10.0 0 0 = − ( 4.00 T ⋅ m/s ) ĵ
0 0 0.400
Then
 ⎛ −1.60 × 10−19 C ⎞
a=⎜
⎝ 9.11 × 10 kg ⎟⎠
−31
× ⎡⎣( 2.50 V/m ) î + ( 5.00 V/m ) ĵ − ( 4.00 T ⋅ m/s ) ĵ ⎤⎦
= ( −1.76 × 1011 ) ⎡⎣ 2.50î + 1.00 ĵ ⎤⎦ m/s 2


a= ( −4.39î − 1.76 ĵ) × 10 11
m/s 2
Chapter 34 579
P34.5 The net force on the proton is the Lorentz force, as described by
      e   
∑ F = ma = qE + qv × B so that a = ⎡E + v × B ⎤⎦
m⎣
 
Taking the cross product of v and B,
î ĵ k̂
 
v×B= 200 0 0 = –200(0.400) ĵ + 200(0.300)k̂
0.200 0.300 0.400
 e    ⎛ 1.60 × 10 –19 ⎞
⎡ 50.0 ĵ – 80.0 ĵ + 60.0 k̂ ⎤ m/s 2
Then, a = ⎡⎣E + v × B ⎤⎦ = ⎜ –27 ⎟ ⎣ ⎦
m ⎝ 1.67 × 10 ⎠
(
= –2.87 × 109 ĵ + 5.75 × 109 k̂ m/s 2 )
P34.6 (a) The very long rod creates the same electric
field that it would if stationary. We apply
Gauss’s law to a cylinder, concentric with
the rod, of radius r = 20.0 cm and length :
  qinside
∫ ⋅ dA = ∈
E
0 ANS. FIG. P34.6
λ
E ( 2π r ) cos 0° =
∈0
 λ
E= radially outward
2π ∈0 r
35.0 × 10−9 C/m

= ĵ
2π ( 8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N ⋅ m 2 ) ( 0.200 m )
= 3.15 × 103 ĵ N/C
(b) The charge in motion constitutes a current of

(35.0 × 10–9 C/m) × (15.0 × 106 m/s) = 0.525 A
This current creates a magnetic field.
 µI
B= 0
2π r
=
( 4π × 10 −7
T ⋅ m/A ) ( 0.525 A )
k̂ = 5.25k̂ × 10−7 T
2π ( 0.200 m )
   
(c) The Lorentz force on the electron is F = qE + qv × B.

(
F = ( −1.60 × 10−19 C ) 3.15 × 103 ĵ N/C )
(
+ ( −1.60 × 10−19 C ) 240 × 106 î m/s )
(
× 5.25 × 10−7 k̂ T )

( )
F = 5.04 × 10−16 − ĵ N + 2.02 × 10−17 + ĵ N ( )
( )
= 4.83 − ĵ × 10−16 N
Section 34.3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves

*P34.7 (a) From Equation 34.20,
c 3.00 × 108 m s
λ= = = 261 m
f 1 150 × 103 s −1
so
180 m
= 0.690 wavelengths
261 m
(b) From Equation 34.20,
c 3.00 × 108 m s
λ= = = 3.06 m
f 98.1 × 106 s −1
so
180 m
= 58.9 wavelengths
3.06 m
*P34.8 From Equation 34.20,
c 3.00 × 108 m s
λ= = = 11.0 m
f 27.33 × 106 Hz
P34.9 (a) Since the light from this star travels at 3.00 × 108 m/s, the last bit
of light will hit the Earth in
d 6.44 × 1018 m
t= = = 2.15 × 1010 s = 681 years
c 2.998 × 108 m s
Chapter 34 581
(b) From Table C.4 (in Appendix C of the textbook), the average
Earth-Sun distance is d = 1.496 × 1011 m, giving the transit time as
d ⎛ 1.496 × 1011 m ⎞ ⎛ 1 min ⎞
t= = ⎜ ⎟ = 8.32 min
c ⎜⎝ 2.998 × 108 m/s ⎟⎠ ⎝ 60 s ⎠
(c) Also from Table C.4, the average Earth-Moon distance is
d = 3.84 × 108 m, giving the time for the round trip as
2d 2 ( 3.84 × 10 m )
8
t= = = 2.56 s
c 2.998 × 108 m/s
P34.10 From f λ = c, we have
c 2.998 × 108 m/s

f= = −9
= 4.738 × 1014 Hz
λ 632.8 × 10 m
P34.11 In the fundamental mode, there is a single loop in the standing wave
between the plates. Therefore, the distance between the plates is equal
to half a wavelength.
λ = 2L = 2 ( 2.00 m ) = 4.00 m
c 3.00 × 108 m/s

Thus, f = = = 7.50 × 107 Hz = 75.0 MHz .
λ 4.00 m
E 220 V/m
P34.12 = c or = 3.00 × 108 m/s, so
B B
B = 7.33 × 10−7 T = 733 nT
P34.13 From Equation 34.17,

1 1
v= = c = 0.750c = 2.25 × 108 m/s
κµ0 ∈0 1.78
*P34.14 Time to reach object

1 1
= ( total time of flight ) = ( 4.00 × 10−4 s ) = 2.00 × 10−4 s
2 2
Thus,
d = vt = ( 3.00 × 108 m s ) ( 2.00 × 10−4 s ) = 6.00 × 10 4 m = 60.0 km

P34.15 (a) c = f λ gives the frequency as
c 3.00 × 108 m/s

f= = = 6.00 × 106 Hz
λ 50.0 m
(b) c = E/B gives the magnetic field amplitude as

E 22.0 V/m
B= = = 7.33 × 10−8 T = 73.3 nT
c 3.00 × 10 m/s
8
 
B must be directed along negative z direction when E is in the
  
negative y direction, so that S = E × B/µ0 will propagate in the
( ) ( )
direction – ĵ × –k̂ = + î. So,

Bmax = −73.3k̂ nT
2π 2π
(c) k= = = 0.126 m −1
λ 50.0 m
(
and ω = 2π f = 2π 6.00 × 106 s −1 = 3.77 × 107 rad/s. )
Then,
 
B = Bmax cos ( kx − ω t ) = −73.3k̂ cos ( 0.126x − 3.77 × 107 t ) nT
P34.16 E = Emax cos ( kx − ω t )
∂E ∂2E
= −Emax sin ( kx − ω t ) ( k ) → = −Emax cos ( kx − ω t ) ( k 2 )
∂x ∂x 2
∂E ∂2E
= −Emax sin ( kx − ω t ) ( −ω ) → = −Emax cos ( kx − ω t ) ( −ω )
2
∂t ∂t 2
∂2E ∂2E
We must show: = µ 0 ∈0
∂x 2 ∂t 2
( )
That is, − k 2 Emax cos ( kx − ω t ) = − µ0 ∈0 ( −ω ) Emax cos ( kx − ω t ) .
2
2
k2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
But this is true, because 2 = ⎜ = = µ0 ∈0 .
ω ⎝ f λ ⎟⎠ c2
The proof for the wave of the magnetic field follows precisely the same
steps.
λ
P34.17 Since the separation of the burn marks is dA to A = 6 cm ± 5% = , then
2
λ = 12 cm ± 5% and
v = λ f = ( 0.12 m ± 5% )( 2.45 × 109 s −1 )
= 2.9 × 108 m/s ± 5%
Chapter 34 583
P34.18 The amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields are in the correct
ratio so that Emax/Bmax = c. The ratio of ω to k, however, must also equal
the speed of light:
ω 3.00 × 1015 s −1
= −1
= 3.33 × 108 m/s
k 9.00 × 10 m
6
This value is higher than the speed of light in a vacuum, so the wave as
described is impossible.
P34.19 The wave is of the form Ey = Emax sin ( kx − ω t ) .
(a) 100 V/m is the amplitude of the electric field, so the amplitude of
the magnetic field is
Emax 100 V/m
Bmax = = = 3.33 × 10−7 T = 0.333 µT
c 3.00 × 10 m/s
8
(b) We compare the given wave function with y = A sin(kx – ω t) to

see that the wave number is k = 1.00 × 107 m–1. With k = 2π/λ ,
we then have the wavelength as
2π 2π
λ= = = 0.628 µm
k 1.00 × 107 m −1
(c) The frequency is
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
f = = −7
= 4.77 × 1014 Hz
λ 6.28 × 10 m
Section 34.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves

P34.20 From Equation 17.7, we recall that the intensity I a distance r from a
point or spherical source is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance: I = P 4π r 2 . At the Earth, r1 = 1.496 × 1011 m, the intensity is
I1 = IE, then at distance r2, the intensity I2 = 3IE. Then,
2
I1 ⎛ r2 ⎞
=
I 2 ⎜⎝ r1 ⎟⎠
and
I1 1
r2 = r1 = ( 1.496 × 1011 m ) = 8.64 × 1010 m
I2 3
P34.21 In time interval Δt, sunlight travels distance Δx = cΔt. The intensity of
the sunlight passing into a volume ΔV = AΔx in time Δt is
U U Uc
S= I = = = = uc
AΔt A Δx c V
Energy I 1 000 W/m 2

=u= = = 3.33 µ J/m 3
Unit Volume c 3.00 × 10 m/s
8
P energy 600 × 103 Wh ⎛ 1d ⎞

P34.22 (a) = = ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = 6.75 W/m
2
area Δt ⋅ area ( 30 d ) ( 13.0 m ) ( 9.50 m ) 24 h
⎛ gal ⎞
The car uses gasoline at the rate of ( 55 mi/h ) ⎜ . Its rate of
⎝ 25 mi ⎟⎠
(b)
energy conversion is
⎛ 2.54 kg ⎞ gal ⎞ ⎛ 1 h ⎞
P = 44.0 × 106 J/kg ⎜ ⎟ ( 55 mi/h ) ⎛⎜⎝ ⎟
⎝ 1 gal ⎠ 25 mi ⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 600 s ⎟⎠
= 6.83 × 10 4 W
Its power-per-footprint-area is
P 6.83 × 10 4 W
= = 6.64 × 103 W/m 2
area ( 2.10 m ) ( 4.90 m )
(c) A powerful automobile that is running on sunlight would have

to carry on its roof a solar panel huge compared with the size of
the car.
(d) Agriculture and forestry for food and fuels, space heating of
large and small buildings, water heating, and heating for drying
and many other processes are current and potential applications
of solar energy.
P34.23 Power output = (power input)(efficiency).

Power out 1.00 × 106 W
Thus, Power input = = = 3.33 × 106 W
eff 0.300
P 3.33 × 106 W
and A= = = 3.33 × 103 m 2
I 1.00 × 103 W/m 2
( ) ( )
 
P34.24 (a) E ⋅ B = 80.0î + 32.0 ĵ − 64.0k̂ ( N/C ) ⋅ 0.200î + 0.080 0 ĵ + 0.290k̂ µT
 
E ⋅ B = ( 16.0 + 2.56 − 18.56 ) µT ⋅ N/C2 = 0
Chapter 34 585
 1  
(b) S= E×B
µ0
⎛
=⎜
1 ⎞⎡
⎝ 4π × 10 T ⋅ m/A ⎟⎠ ⎣
−7 (
80.0î + 32.0 ĵ − 64.0k̂ N/C ⎤
⎦ )
(
× ⎡ 0.200î + 0.080 0 ĵ + 0.290k̂ µT ⎤
⎣ ⎦ )

S=
(
6.40k̂ − 23.2 ĵ − 6.40k̂ + 9.28î − 12.8 ĵ + 5.12 î × 10−6 W/m 2 )
4π × 10−7

(
S = 11.5î − 28.6 ĵ W/m 2 )
= 30.9 W/m 2 at – 68.1° from the + x axis
( 3.00 × 106 V/m )

2
E2
P34.25 (a) I = max =
2 µ0 c 2 ( 4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m/A ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s )
I = 1.19 × 1010 W/m 2

2
⎛ 5.00 × 10−3 m ⎞
(b) P = IA = Iπ r = ( 1.19 × 10 W/m ) π ⎜
2 10
⎟⎠
2
⎝ 2
= 2.34 × 105 W
P34.26 The energy put into the water in each container by electromagnetic
radiation can be written as ΔE = ePΔt = eIAΔt, where e is the
percentage absorption efficiency. This energy has the same effect as
heat in raising the temperature of the water:
eIAΔt = mcΔT = ρVcΔT
eI2 Δt eIΔt
ΔT = =
ρ 3 c ρc
where  is the edge dimension of the container and c the specific heat
of water. For the small container,
0.700 ( 25.0 × 103 W/m 2 )( 480 s )
ΔT = = 33.4°C
(10 3
kg/m 3 )( 0.060 0 m )( 4 186 J/kg ⋅°C )
For the larger,
0.910 ( 25.0 × 103 W/m 2 )( 480 s )
ΔT = = 21.7°C
(10 3
kg/m 3 )( 0.120 m )( 4 186 J/°C )
Emax 7.00 × 105 N/C

P34.27 (a) Bmax = : Bmax = = 2.33 mT
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
2
Emax
(b) I= :
2 µ0c
(7.00 × 10 V/m )
5 2
I= = 6.50 × 108 W m 2
2 ( 4π × 10 −7
T ⋅ m/A ) ( 3.00 × 10 m/s ) 8
= 650 MW m 2
P ⎡π 2⎤
(c) I= : P = IA = ( 6.50 × 108 W/m 2 ) ⎢ ( 1.00 × 10−3 m ) ⎥ = 511 W
A ⎣4 ⎦
P34.28 (a) We assume that the starlight moves through space without any of
it being absorbed. The radial distance is
20 ly = 20c ( 1 yr ) = 20 ( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 3.16 × 107 s )
= 1.89 × 1017 m
P 4.00 × 1028 W
I= = = 8.88 × 10−8 W/m 2
4π r 2 4π ( 1.89 × 1017 m )2
= 88.8 nW/m 2
(b) The Earth presents the projected target area of a flat circle:
P = IA = ( 8.88 × 10−8 W/m 2 ) ⎡π ( 6.37 × 106 m ) ⎤

2
⎣ ⎦
= 1.13 × 107 W= 11.3 MW
P34.29 The Poynting vector is
Power Power
Savg = = .
A 4π r 2
In meters,
r = ( 5.00 mi ) ( 1 609 m/mi ) = 8.04 × 103 m
and the intensity of the wave is

250 × 103 W
S= = 307 µ W/m 2
4π (8 045 m) 2
P34.30 (a) The intensity of the broadcast waves is

2
Bmax c P
I= =
2 µ0 4π r 2
Chapter 34 587
solving,
⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ 2 µ0 ⎞ ⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ µ0 ⎞
Bmax =
⎜⎝ 4π r 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ c ⎟⎠ = ⎜⎝ 2π r 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ c ⎟⎠
=
(10.0 × 10 W )( 4π × 10 T ⋅ m/A ) =
3 −7
5.16 × 10−10 T
2π ( 5.00 × 10 m ) ( 3.00 × 10 m/s )
3 2 8
(b) Since the magnetic field of the Earth is approximately 5 × 10–5 T,

the Earth’s field is some 100 000 times stronger.
P34.31 The average Poynting flux is
Pavg 2
Emax
Savg = =
4π r 2 2 µ0c
solving,
Pavg
Emax = 2 µ0 cSavg = µ0 c
2π r 2
4.00 × 103 W
= ( 4 π × 10 −7
T ⋅ m/A ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s )
2 π [ 4.00 ( 1 609 m )]
2
= 0.076 1 V/m
The maximum emf (amplitude) induced in a length L of wire is
ΔVmax = Emax L = ( 76.1 mV m ) ( 0.650 m ) = 49.5 mV
2
Emax
*P34.32 Power = SA =
2 µ0c
( 4π r 2 )
Solving for r,
P µ0c (100 W) ( 4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m/A ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s )

r= =
2π Emax
2
2π (15.0 V m)2
= 5.16 m
*P34.33 (a) P = I 2 R = 150 W

A = 2π rL = 2π ( 0.900 × 10−3 m ) ( 0.080 0 m ) = 4.52 × 10−4 m 2
P 150 W
S= = = 332 kW m 2 (points radially inward)
A 4.52 × 10−4 m 2
µ0 I ( 1.00 A ) ( 4π × 10 T ⋅ m/A )
−7
(b) B= = = 222 µT
2π r 2π ( 0.900 × 10−3 m )
ΔV IR 150 V
E= = = = 1.88 kV m
Δx L 0.080 0 m
EB
Note that these values yield S = = 332 kW m 2 , in agreement
µ0
with the result from part (a).
P34.34 (a) Erms = cBrms = ( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 1.80 × 10−6 T ) = 540 V/m
(b) From Equation 34.25,
( Bmax ) ( Brms ) ( 1.80 × 10−6 T )

2 2 2
uavg = = = −7
= 2.58 µ J/m 3
2 µ0 µ0 4π × 10 T ⋅ m/A
(c) Savg = cuavg = ( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 2.58 × 10−6 J/m 3 ) = 773 W/m 2
Section 34.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure

Ppower
P34.35 The intensity of the beam is I = , where r = 1.00 × 10–3 m. By
πr 2
Equation 34.29, the radiation pressure on the mirror is

2S 2I 2Ppower
P= = =
c c π r 2c
2 ( 25.0 × 10−3 W )
= = 5.31 × 10−5 N/m 2
π ( 1.00 × 10 m ) ( 3.00 × 10 m/s )
−3 2 8
P34.36 For complete absorption, from equation 34.27,

S 25.0 W/m 2
P= = = 8.33 × 10 –8 N/m 2 = 83.3 nPa
c 3.00 × 10 m/s
8
2
P Emax
P34.37 (a) I= = , and r = 1.00 × 10–3 m:
πr 2
2 µ0c
2 µ0 cP
Emax =
π r2
2 ⎡⎣ 4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m/A ⎤⎦ ( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 15.0 × 10−3 W )

=
π ( 1.00 × 10−3 m )
2
= 1.90 × 108 J = 1.90 kN/C
Chapter 34 589
(b) The beam carries power P. The amount of energy ∆E in the length
of a beam of length  is the amount of power that passes a point
in time interval Δt = /c:
ΔE ΔE
P= =
Δt  c
P 15.0 × 10−3 W
or ΔE = = (1.00 m ) = 50.0 pJ .
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
(c) From Equation 34.27 and our result in part (b), the momentum
and energy carried a light beam are related by
TER ΔE 50.0 × 10−12 J
p= = = = 1.67 × 10−19 kg ⋅ m/s
c c 3.00 × 108 m/s
P 2
Emax 2 µ0 cP
P34.38 (a) I= = → Emax =
π r 2 2 µ0c π r2
(b) The beam carries power P. The amount of energy ∆E in the length
of a beam of length  is the amount of power that passes a point
in time interval Δt = /c:
ΔE ΔE P
P= = → ΔE =
Δt  c c
(c) From Equation 34.27 and our result in part (b), the momentum
and energy carried a light beam are related by
TER ΔE P
p= = = 2
c c c
P34.39 The radiation pressure on the disk is
S I F F
P= = = = .
c c A π r2
π r2I
Thus , F=
c
Because the force acts uniformly over the
surface of the disk, we may consider it to be
acting at the center of the disk when
calculating its torque. Take torques about
the hinge:
∑ τ = 0: ANS. FIG. P34.39
π r 2 Ir
H x ( 0 ) + H y ( 0 ) − mgr sin θ + =0
c
Solving for the angle gives

⎛ π r2I ⎞
θ = sin −1 ⎜
⎝ mgc ⎟⎠
⎡ π ( 0.400 m ) ( 10.0 × 106 W/ m 2 ) ⎤
2
−1
= sin ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ( 0.024 0 kg ) ( 9.80 m/ s ) ( 3.00 × 10 m/s ) ⎥⎦
2 8
= sin −1 0.071 2 = 4.09°
S I
P34.40 (a) The light pressure on the absorbing Earth is P = = .
c c
The force is
I (1 370 W/m 2 )π (6.37 × 106 m)2
F = PA =
c
( )
π R 2
=
3.00 × 108 m/s
= 5.82 × 108 N
away from the Sun.
(b) The attractive gravitational force exerted on Earth by the Sun is
GMS MM
Fg =
rM2
=
(6.67 × 10 −11
N ⋅ m 2 kg 2 ) ( 1.991 × 1030 kg ) ( 5.98 × 1024 kg )
(1.496 × 10 m)
11 2
= 3.55 × 1022 N
which is 6.10 × 1013 times stronger compared to the repulsive
force in part (a).
P34.41 (a) The magnitude of the momentum transferred to the assumed
totally reflecting surface in time interval Δt is (from Equation
34.29)
2TER 2SAΔt
Δp = =
c c
Then the momentum transfer is

 2SAΔt 2(6.00 î W/m 2 )(40.0 × 10−4 m 2 )(1.00 s)
Δp = =
c 3.00 × 108 m/s

Δp = 1.60 × 10−10 î kg ⋅ m/s each second
Chapter 34 591
(b) The force is

 2SA 2 ( 6.00 W/m 2 ) ( 40.0 × 10−4 m 2 )( 1.00 s )
F = PA î = î =
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
= 1.60 × 10−10 î N
(c) The answers are the same. Force is the time rate of momentum
transfer.
P34.42 (a) If PS is the total power radiated by the Sun, and rE and rM are the
radii of the orbits of the planets Earth and Mars, then the
intensities of the solar radiation at these planets are:
PS PS
IE = and I M =
4π rE2 4π rM2
Thus,
2 2
⎛r ⎞ ⎛ 1.496 × 1011 m ⎞
I M = IE ⎜ E ⎟ = ( 1 370 W/m 2 ) ⎜
⎝ rM ⎠ ⎝ 2.28 × 1011 m ⎟⎠
= 590 W/m 2
(b) Mars intercepts the power falling on its circular face:
PM = I M (π RM ) = ( 590 W/m2 ) ⎡⎣π ( 3.37 × 106 m ) ⎤⎦
2 2
= 2.10 × 1016 W
(c) If Mars behaves as a perfect absorber, it feels pressure
SM I M
P= = ,
c c
so the light-pressure force is
IM PM 2.10 × 1016 W
FL = PA =
c
( π R M)
2
=
c
=
3.00 × 10 m/s
8
= 7.01 × 107 N
π RM2
(d) Using our results from above, we have FL = I M and
c
r2 r 2 π RM
2
I M = IE E2 , so the light-pressure force on Mars is FL = IE E2 .
rM rM c
The attractive gravitational force exerted on Mars by the Sun is
GMS MM
Fg = . Their ratio is
rM2
2
Fg GMS MM 1 rM c ⎛ cGMS ⎞ MM
= ⋅ =⎜
FL 2
rM IE rE π RM ⎝ π IE rE2 ⎟⎠ RM
2 2 2
Suppressing units,
Fg ⎡ ( 3.00 × 108 ) ( 6.67 × 10−11 ) ( 1.991 × 1030 ) ⎤ ⎛ M ⎞
=⎢ ⎥ ⎜ 2M ⎟
π ( 1 370 ) ( 1.496 × 10 )
2
FL ⎢
⎣
11
⎥⎦ ⎝ RM ⎠
Fg
= ( 414 m 2 /kg )
MM
= ( 414 m 2
/kg ) ( 6.42 × 1023 kg )
( 3.37 × 106 m )
2 2
FL RM
= 2.34 × 1013
The attractive gravitational force exerted on Mars by the Sun is
~1013 times stronger than the repulsive light-pressure force of
part (c).
(e) The expression for the ratio of the gravitational force to the light-
pressure force for Earth is similar to that used in part (d) for Mars
(replace M with E):
Fg ME
= ( 414 m /kg ) 2 = ( 414 m /kg )
2 2 ( 5.98 × 1024 kg )
(6.37 × 106 m )
2
FL RE
= 6.10 × 1013
The values are similar for both planets because both the forces
follow inverse-square laws. The force ratios are not identical
for the two planets because of their different radii and masses.
P34.43 (a) The radiation pressure is
2S 2I
P= =
c c
The force on area A is
2 ( 1 370 W/m 2 )
F = PA =
3.00 × 10 8
m/s
(6.00 × 10 5
m 2 ) = 5.48 N
(b) The acceleration is:

F 5.48 N
a= = = 9.13 × 10−4 m/s 2
m 6 000 kg
= 913 µm/s 2 away from the Sun
1 2
(c) It will arrive at time t, where d = at or,
2
2d 2 ( 3.84 × 108 m )
t= = = 9.17 × 105 s = 10.6 days
a ( 9.13 × 10 −4
m/s 2
)
Chapter 34 593
Section 34.6 Production of Electromagnetic Waves

by an Antenna
P34.44 (a) The wavelength of an ELF wave of frequency 75.0 Hz is
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
λ= = = 4.00 × 106 m
f 75.0 Hz
The length of a quarter-wavelength antenna would be
L = 1.00 × 106 m = 1.00 × 103 km
⎛ 0.621 mi ⎞
L = ( 1 000 km ) ⎜ = 621 mi
⎝ 1.00 km ⎟⎠
or
(b) While the project may be theoretically possible, it is not very

practical.
λ c 3.00 × 108 m/s
P34.45 (a) h= = = = 134 m
4 4 f 4 ( 560 × 103 Hz )
λ c 3.00 × 108 m/s

(b) h= = = = 46.9 m
4 4 f 4 ( 1600 × 103 Hz )
 1
P34.46 (a) The magnetic field B = µ0 J max cos ( kx − ω t ) k̂ applies for x > 0,
2
since it describes a wave moving in the î direction. The electric
 1  
field direction must satisfy S = E × B as î = ĵ × k̂ so the
µ0
direction of the electric field is ĵ when the cosine is positive. For
its magnitude we have E = cB, so altogether we have
 1
E = µ0 cJ max cos ( kx − ω t ) ĵ .
2
 1   1 1 2 2
(b) S= E×B= µ0 cJ max cos 2 ( kx − ω t ) î
µ0 µ0 4
 1
S = µ0 cJ max
2
cos 2 ( kx − ω t ) î
4
(c) The intensity is the magnitude of the Poynting vector averaged
over one or more cycles. The average of the cosine-squared
1 1
function is , so I = µ0 cJ max
2
.
2 8
8I 8 ( 570 W/m 2 )
(d) J max = = = 3.48 A/m
µ0c 4π × 10−7 ( Tm A ) 3 × 108 m/s
*P34.47 For the proton, Newton’s second law gives

mv 2
∑ F = ma: q vB sin 90.0° = .
R
The period and frequency of the proton’s circular motion are therefore:
2π R 2π m 2π ( 1.67 × 10−27 kg )
T= = = = 1.87 × 10−7 s
v qB (1.60 × 10 C)( 0.350 T )
−19
and f = 5.34 × 106 Hz.

The charge will radiate at this same frequency, with
c 3.00 × 108 m s
λ= = = 56.2 m
f 5.34 × 106 Hz
P34.48 For the proton, ∑ F = ma yields
mv 2 qBR
qvBsin 90.0° = → v=
R m
The period of the proton’s circular motion is therefore:
2π R 2π m
T= =
v qB
1
The frequency of the proton’s motion is f =
T
The charge will radiate electromagnetic waves at this frequency, with
c 2π mc
λ= = cT =
f qB
P34.49 Refer to ANS. FIG. P34.49. For any wavelength:

(a) Constructive interference occurs when d cos θ = nλ for some
integer n.
λ ⎛ λ ⎞
cos θ = n = n⎜ = 2n n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, …
d ⎝ λ 2 ⎟⎠
∴ strong signal @ θ = cos −1 0 = 90°, 270° , or
along the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining

the antennas.
Chapter 34 595
(b) Destructive interference occurs when

⎛ 2n + 1 ⎞
d cos θ = ⎜ λ: cos θ = 2n + 1
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
∴ weak signal @ θ = cos −1 ( ±1) = 0°, 180° , or
along the extensions of the line segment joining the antennas.
ANS. FIG. P34.49
Section 34.7 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves

c 3 × 108 m/s
P34.50 (a) f = = ~ 108 Hz radio wave
λ 1.7 m
(b) 1 000 pages, 500 sheets, is about 3 cm thick so one sheet is about
6 × 10–5 m thick.
3.00 × 108 m/s
f = ~ 1013 Hz infrared
6 × 10−5 m
P34.51 (a) f λ = c gives ( 5.00 × 10 19
Hz ) λ = 3.00 × 108 m/s:
λ = 6.00 × 10−12 m = 6.00 pm
(b) f λ = c gives ( 4.00 × 10 9

Hz ) λ = 3.00 × 108 m/s:
λ = 0.075 0 m = 7.50 cm
P34.52 The time interval for the radio signal to travel 100 km is:
100 × 103 m
Δtr = = 3.33 × 10−4 s
3.00 × 108 m/s
The sound wave travels 3.00 m across the room in:
3.00 m
Δts = = 8.75 × 10−3 s
343 m/s
Therefore, listeners 100 km away will receive the news before the
people in the newsroom by a total time difference of
Δt = 8.75 × 10−3 s − 3.33 × 10−4 s = 8.41 × 10−3 s
P34.53 From f λ = c ,
Channel 3: f = 60.0 MHz to 66.0 MHz.
(a) Channel 4: f = 66.0 MHz to 72.0 MHz, λ = 4.17 m to 4.55 m .
72.0–76.0 MHz is reserved for non-TV purposes.
Channel 5: f = 76.0 MHz to 82.0 MHz.
(b) Channel 6: f = 82.0 MHz to 88.0 MHz, λ = 3.41 m to 3.66 m .
88.0–174 MHz is reserved for non-TV purposes.
Channel 7: f = 174 MHz to 180 MHz.
(c) Channel 8: f = 180 MHz to 186 MHz, λ = 1.61 m to 1.67 m .
Additional Problems
*P34.54 From the electromagnetic spectrum chart and accompanying text
discussion, the following identifications are made:
c
Frequency, f Wavelength, λ = Classification
f
2 Hz = 2 × 100 Hz 150 Mm Radio
3
2 KHz = 2 × 10 Hz 150 km Radio
2 MHz = 2 × 106 Hz 150 m Radio
2 GHz = 2 × 109 Hz 15 cm Microwave
2 THz = 2 × 1012 Hz 150 µm Infrared
2 PHz = 2 × 1015 Hz 150 nm Ultraviolet
2 EHz = 2 × 1018 Hz 150 pm X-ray
2 ZHz = 2 × 1021 Hz 150 fm Gamma ray
2 YHz = 2 × 1024 Hz 150 am Gamma ray
Chapter 34 597
c
Wavelength, λ Frequency, f = Classification
λ
2 km = 2 × 103 m 1.5 × 105 Hz Radio
2 m = 2 × 100 m 1.5 × 108 Hz Radio
2 mm = 2 × 10–3 m 1.5 × 1011 Hz Microwave
2 µm = 2 × 10–6 m 1.5 × 1014 Hz Infrared
2 nm = 2 × 10–9 m 1.5 × 1017 Hz Ultraviolet/X-ray
2 pm = 2 × 10–12 m 1.5 × 1020 Hz X-ray/Gamma ray
2 fm = 2 × 10–15 m 1.5 × 1023 Hz Gamma ray
2 am = 2 × 10–18 m 1.5 × 1026 Hz Gamma ray
P34.55 (a) From P = SA, we have
P = ( 1 370 W/m 2 ) ⎡ 4π ( 1.496 × 1011 m ) ⎤ = 3.85 × 1026 W

2
⎣ ⎦
2
Emax
(b) S= so
2 µ0c
Emax = 2 µ0 cS
= 2 ( 4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m/A ) ( 3.00 × 108 m s ) ( 1 370 W/m 2 )
= 1.02 kV m
2
cBmax
(c) S= so
2 µ0
2 µ 0S 2 ( 4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m/A ) ( 1 370 W m 2 )

Bmax = =
c 3.00 × 108 m s
= 3.39 µT
P34.56 We use the relationship between energy density and electric field
magnitude that we studied previously for a static field. The energy
density can be written as
uE = 1
2 ∈0 Emax
2
2uE 2 ( 4.00 × 10 –14 N ⋅ m 2 )

so Emax = = = 95.1 mV/m .
∈0 8.85 × 10 –12 C2/N ⋅ m 2
P34.57 The wavelength is found from
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
fλ = c → λ = = = 5.50 × 10−7 m
f 5.45 × 10 Hz
14
P34.58 The angular frequency of the wave is

ω = 2π f = 2π ( 3.00 × 109 s −1 ) = 1.88 × 1010 s −1
and the wave number is
2π ω ⎛ 3.00 × 109 s −1 ⎞
k= = = 2π ⎜ ⎟ = 20.0π m −1 = 62.8 m −1
λ c ⎝ 3.00 × 10 m/s ⎠
8
Also,
E 300 V/m
Bmax = = = 1.00 µT
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
Then,
E = 300 cos ( 62.8x − 1.88 × 1010 t )
B = 1.00 cos ( 62.8x − 1.88 × 1010 t )
where E is in volts per meter (V/m), B is in microtesla (µT), x is in

meters, and t is in seconds.
*P34.59 (a) The power incident on the mirror is:
PI = IA = ( 1 370 W m 2 ) ⎡⎣π ( 100 m )2 ⎤⎦ = 4.30 × 107 W .
The power reflected through the atmosphere is
PR = 0.746 ( 4.30 × 107 W ) = 3.21 × 107 W
PR 3.21 × 107 W
(b) S= = 2 = 0.639 W m
2
A π ( 4.00 × 10 m )
3
(c) Noon sunshine in St. Petersburg produces this power-per-area on

a horizontal surface:
PN
= 0.746 ( 1 370 W m 2 ) sin 7.00° = 125 W m 2
A
The radiation intensity received from the mirror is
⎛ 0.639 W m 2 ⎞
⎜⎝ 125 W m 2 ⎟⎠ 100% = 0.513% of that from the noon Sun in
January.
Chapter 34 599
c 3.00 × 108 m s
*P34.60 (a) λ= = = 1.50 cm
f 20.0 × 109 s −1
(b) U = P ( Δt ) = ( 25.0 × 103 J s ) ( 1.00 × 10−9 s )

= 25.0 × 10−6 J = 25.0 µ J
ANS. FIG. P34.60
U U
(c) uavg = =
V (π r 2 ) 
U 25.0 × 10−6 J
= =
(π r 2 ) c ( Δt ) π ( 0.060 0 m )2 ( 3.00 × 108 m s )(1.00 × 10−9 s )
uavg = 7.37 × 10−3 J m 3 = 7.37 mJ m 3
2uav 2 ( 7.37 × 10−3 J m 3 )

(d) Emax = = −12
= 4.08 × 10 4 V m
∈0 8.85 × 10 C N ⋅ m
2 2
= 40.8 kV m
Emax 4.08 × 10 4 V m
Bmax = = = 1.36 × 10−4 T = 136 µT
c 3.00 × 10 m s
8
(e) F = PA = ()S
c
A = uav A = ( 7.37 × 10−3 J m 3 ) π ( 0.060 0 m )2
= 8.33 × 10−5 N = 83.3 µN
P34.61 Suppose you cover a 1.7 m × 0.3 m section of beach blanket. Suppose
the elevation angle of the Sun is 60°. Then the effective target area you
fill in the Sun’s light is
A = ( 1.7 m ) ( 0.3 m ) cos 30° = 0.4 m 2
P ΔE
Now I = = , so
A AΔt
ΔE = IAΔt = ( 0.5 ) ⎡⎣( 0.6 )( 1 370 W/m 2 ) ⎤⎦ ( 0.4 m 2 ) ( 3 600 s )
~ 106 J
( ΔV )2
P34.62 P= or P ∝ ( ΔV )2
R receiving
ΔV = ( − ) Ey ⋅ Δy = Ey ⋅  cos θ ∆y l antenna
θ
ΔV ∝ cos θ so P ∝ cos θ 2
ANS. FIG. P34.62
(a) θ = 15.0°: P = Pmax cos 2 ( 15.0° ) = 0.933Pmax = 93.3%
(b) θ = 45.0°: P = Pmax cos 2 ( 45.0° ) = 0.500Pmax = 50.0%
(c) θ = 90.0°: P = Pmax cos 2 ( 90.0° ) = 0

P34.63 The gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the particle is given by
GMSm ⎛ GMS ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 4 3 ⎞ ⎤
Fgrav = = ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎢ρ ⎜ π r ⎟ ⎥
R2 ⎝ R ⎠⎣ ⎝3 ⎠⎦
where MS = mass of Sun, r = radius of particle, and R = distance from
Sun to particle. The force exerted by solar radiation on the particle is
given by Frad = PA, and since the particle absorbs all the radiation, by
Equation 34.28, we have
S
Frad = PA = π r 2
c
When the particle is in equilibrium, the gravitational force toward the
Sun is balanced by the force of radiation away from the Sun,
Frad = Fgrav , so
S 2 ⎛ GMS ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 4 3⎞ ⎤
πr =⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎢⎣ ρ ⎜⎝ 3 π r ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
c ⎝ R ⎠
Solving for r, the radius of the particle, then gives
3SR 2
r=
4cGMS ρ
Suppressing units,
3 ( 214 ) ( 3.75 × 1011 )
2
r=
4 ( 3.00 × 108 ) ( 6.67 × 10−11 ) ( 1.991 × 1030 ) ( 1 500 )
= 3.78 × 10−7 m = 378 nm

P34.64 The gravitational force exerted by the Sun on the particle is given by
GMSm ⎛ GMS ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 4 3 ⎞ ⎤
Fgrav = = ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎢ρ ⎜ π r ⎟ ⎥
R2 ⎝ R ⎠⎣ ⎝3 ⎠⎦
where MS = mass of Sun, r = radius of particle, and R = distance from
Sun to particle. The force exerted by solar radiation on the particle is
given by Frad = PA, and since the particle absorbs all the radiation, by
Equation 34.28, we have
S
Frad = PA = π r 2
c
Chapter 34 601
When the particle is in equilibrium, the gravitational force toward the

Sun is balanced by the force of radiation away from the Sun,
Frad = Fgrav , so
S 2 ⎛ GMS ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 4 3⎞ ⎤
πr =⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎢⎣ ρ ⎜⎝ 3 π r ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
c ⎝ R ⎠
Solving for r, the radius of the particle, then gives
3SR 2
r=
4cGMS ρ
P34.65 (a) The magnetic-field amplitude is

Emax 0.200 × 10−6 V/m
Bmax = = = 6.67 × 10−16 T
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
(b) The intensity is the Poynting vector averaged over one or more
cycles, given by
( 0.200 × 10−6 V/m )

2
2
Emax
Savg = =
2 µ0 c 2 ( 4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m/A ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s )
= 5.31 × 10−17 W/m 2
(c) The power tells how fast the antenna receives energy. It is
2 2
⎛ d⎞ ⎛ 20.0 m ⎞
P = Savg A = Savgπ ⎜ ⎟ = ( 5.31 × 10−17 W/m 2 ) π ⎜
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
= 1.67 × 10−14 W
(d) The force tells how fast the antenna receives momentum. It is
2
⎛ Savg ⎞ ⎛ 5.31 × 10−17 W/m 2 ⎞ ⎛ 20.0 m ⎞
F = PA = ⎜ A=⎜ π⎜ ⎟
⎝ c ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3.00 × 108 m/s ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 5.56 × 10−23 N
(approximately the weight of 3 000 hydrogen atoms!)
P34.66 Of the intensity S = 1 370 W/m2, the 38.0% that is reflected exerts a
pressure
2Sr 2 ( 0.380 ) S
P1 = =
c c
The absorbed light exerts pressure
Sa 0.620S
P2 = =
c c
Altogether the pressure at the subsolar point on Earth is
1.38S 1.38 ( 1370 W/m )

2
(a) Ptotal = P1 + P2 = = = 6.30 × 10−6 Pa

c 3.00 × 10 m/s
8
(b) Compared to normal atmospheric pressure,

Pa 1.01 × 105 N/m 2
=
Ptotal 6.30 × 10−6 N/m 2
= 1.60 × 1010 times smaller than atmospheric pressure
P34.67 The mirror intercepts power
P = I1 A1 = ( 1.00 × 103 W/m 2 ) ⎡⎣π ( 0.500 m ) ⎤⎦ = 785 W .

2
P
(a) In the image, I 2 = , so
A2
785 W
I2 = = 625 kW/m 2
π ( 0.020 0 m )
2
2
Emax
(b) I2 = , so
2 µ0c
Emax = 2 µ0 cI 2
= 2 ( 4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m/A ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 6.25 × 105 W/m 2 )
= 21.7 kN C
Emax
(c) Bmax = = 72.4 µT
c
(d) We obtain the time interval from
0.400 ( PΔt ) = mcΔT
solving,
mcΔT ( 1.00 kg ) ( 4 186 J/kg ⋅°C )( 100°C − 20.0°C )
Δt = =
0.400P 0.400 ( 785 W )
= 1.07 × 103 s = 17.8 min
 q Φ 487 N ⋅ m 2 /C
P34.68 (a) In E = r̂ = r̂ = r̂ ,
4π ∈0 r 2 4π r 2 4π r 2
 38.8 
E = 2 r̂ where E is in volts per meter and r is in meters.
r
Chapter 34 603
(b) The radiated intensity is

2
P Emax
I= =
4π r 2 2 µ0 c
solving,
2 µ0 cP 1 µ0 cP
Emax = =
4π r 2 r 2π
=
1 ( 4π × 10 −7
T ⋅ m/A ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s )( 25.0 W )
r 2π
38.7
Emax = where E is in volts per meter and r is in meters.
r
38.7
(c) For Emax = = 3.00 × 106 → r = 1.29 × 10−5 = 12.9 × 10−6 , so r is
r
12.9 µm, but the expression in part (b) does not apply if this point
is inside the source.
(d) From part (c), we see that in the radiated wave, the field
amplitude is inversely proportional to distance. As the distance
doubles, the amplitude is cut in half.
(e) In the static case, the field is inversely proportional to
the square of the distance. As the distance doubles, the
field is reduced by a factor of 4.
P34.69 (a) At steady state, Pin = Pout and the power radiated out is
Pout = eσ AT 4 . Thus,
14
P
14
⎡ 900 W/m 2 ⎤
T = ⎡⎢ out ⎤⎥ =⎢ 4 ⎥
⎣ eσ A ⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.700 ( 5.67 × 10 W/m ⋅ K ) ⎥⎦
−8 2
= 388 K = 115°C
(b) The box of horizontal area A presents projected area A sin 50.0°
perpendicular to the sunlight. Then by the same reasoning,
0.900 ( 1 000 W/m 2 ) A sin 50.0°
= 0.700 ( 5.67 × 10−8 W/m 2 ⋅ K 4 ) AT 4
( 900 W/m 2 ) sin 50.0°

14
⎡ ⎤
or T=⎢ 4 ⎥
= 363 K = 90.0°C
⎢⎣ 0.700 ( 5.67 × 10 W/m ⋅ K ) ⎥⎦
−8 2
P34.70 (a) See ANS. FIG. P34.70
ANS. FIG. P34.70

1 1
(b) uE = ∈0 E 2 = ∈0 Emax
2
cos 2 (kx)
2 2
1 2 1 2
(c) uB = B = Bmax cos 2 (kx)
2 µ0 2 µ0
(d) Note that

2 2
1 Emax 1 Emax
uB = cos (kx) =
2
cos 2 (kx)
2 µ0 c 2
2 µ0 ( 1 µ0 ∈0 )
1
= ∈0 Emax
2
cos 2 (kx) = uE
2
Therefore, u = uE + uB = ∈0 Emax
2
cos 2 (kx) .
λ
(e) Eλ = ∫0 uA dx
λ λ ⎡1 1 ⎤
Eλ = ∫0 ∈0 Emax cos (kx)A dx = ∫0 ∈0 Emax A ⎢⎣ 2 + 2 cos(2kx)⎥⎦ A dx
2 2 2
1 λ ∈0 Emax
2
λ
= ∈0 Emax A x 0 +
2
A sin(2kx) 0
2 4k
1 ∈0 Emax
2
= ∈0 Emax Aλ +
2
A [ sin(4π ) − sin(0)]
2 4k
1
= ∈0 Emax
2
λA
2
Eλ 1 ∈0 Emax
2
λA 1 1
(f) P= =
T 2 (1 f )
= ∈0 Emax
2
2
( λ f ) A = ∈0 cEmax
2
2
A
1
P 2 ∈0 cEmax A 1
2
(g) I= = = ∈0 cEmax
2
A A 2
Chapter 34 605
(h) From part (g), we have

1 µ ∈ cE 2 cE 2 1 cE 2 E2
∈0 cEmax
2
= 0 0 max = ( µ0 ∈0 ) max = 2 max = max
2 µ0 2 2 µ0 c 2 µ0 2 µ0 c
2
Emax
The result in part (g) agrees with I = in Equation 34.24.
2 µ0 c
P34.71 The bead is black, so we assume it absorbs all light that strikes it. The
bead presents an effective face of area A = π r2 to the light. Since we
assume the bead to be perfectly absorbing, the light pressure, from
Equation 34.28, is
Sav I F
P= = =
c c A
I
so the light force is F = A.
c
(a) The light force balances the weight, F = Fg , so
I 2
π r = mg
c
solving,
4
ρ ⎛ π r 3 ⎞ gc
mgc ⎝3 ⎠ 4
I= = = ρ cgr
πr 2
πr 2
3
4 ⎛ 0.200 × 10−3 kg ⎞
= ⎜
3⎝ −6
10 m 3 ⎟
⎠
( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 )
× ( 0.500 × 10−3 m )
I = 3.92 × 108 W/m 2

(b) The minimum power required is
P = IA = ( 3.92 × 108 W/m 2 ) π ( 0.500 × 10−3 m ) = 308 W

2
P34.72 The bead is black, so we assume it absorbs all light that strikes it. The
bead presents an effective face of area A = π r2 to the light. Since we
assume the bead to be perfectly absorbing, the light pressure, from
Equation 34.28, is
Sav I F
P= = =
c c A
I
so the light force is F = A.
c
(a) The light force balances the weight, F = Fg , so

I 2
π r = mg
c
solving,
4
ρ ⎛ π r 3 ⎞ gc
mgc ⎝3 ⎠ 4
I= = = ρ cgr
π r2 πr 2
3
(b) The minimum power required is
⎛4 ⎞ 4
P = IA = ⎜ ρ cgr ⎟ (π r 2 ) = πρ cgr 3
⎝3 ⎠ 3
P34.73 (a) A hemisphere is half a sphere:

⎡1⎛ 4 ⎞⎤
m = ρV = ρ ⎢ ⎜ π r 3 ⎟ ⎥ = 5.50 + 4(0.800) kg = 8.70 kg
⎣2 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
6 ( 8.7 kg ) ⎞
13
⎛ 6m ⎞
13
⎛
r=⎜ =⎜ ⎟ = 0.161 m
⎝ ρ 4π ⎟⎠ ⎝ ( 990 kg/m ) 4π ⎠
3
1
4π r 2 = 2π ( 0.161 m ) = 0.163 m 2
2
(b) A=
2
(c) P = eσ AT 4 and T = 31.0 + 273.0 = 304 K:
P = 0.970 ( 5.67 × 10−8 W/m 2 ⋅ K 4 ) ( 0.163 m 2 ) ( 304 K )

4
= 76.8 W
P
(d) I= = eσ T 4
A
I = 0.970 ( 5.67 × 10−8 W m 2 ⋅ K 4 ) ( 304 K )
4
2
= 470 W m
2
Emax
(e) I=
2 µ0c
Emax = ( 2 µ0 cI )
12
= ⎡⎣ 2 ( 4π × 10−7 Tm/A ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 470 W/m 2 ) ⎤⎦

12
= 595 N/C
Chapter 34 607
595 N/C
(f) Emax = cBmax → Bmax = = 1.98 µT
3 × 108 m/s
13
⎡ 6 ( 0.800 ) ⎤
13
⎛ 6m ⎞
(g) Each kitten has radius rk = ⎜ =⎢ ⎥ = 0.072 8 m
⎝ ρ 4π ⎟⎠ ⎣ 990 × 4π ⎦
and radiating area 2π ( 0.072 8 m ) = 0.033 3 m 2 . The mother cat
2
⎡ 6 ( 5.50 ) ⎤
23
has area 2π ⎢ ⎥ = 0.120 m . The total glowing area is

2
⎣ 990 × 4π ⎦
( )
0.120 m + 4 0.033 3 m 2 = 0.254 m 2 and has power output
2
P = IA = ( 470 W/m 2
)( 0.254 m ) = 2
119 W .
P34.74 (a) On the right side of the equation,
C2 ( m/s 2 )
2
N ⋅ m 2 ⋅ C2 ⋅ m 2 ⋅ s 3 N ⋅ m J
= = = =W
(C 2
/ N ⋅ m 2 ) ( m/s )
3
C2 ⋅ s 4 ⋅ m 3 s s
(b) F = ma = qE, or
qE ( 1.60 × 10 C ) ( 100 N/C )

−19
a= = = 1.76 × 1013 m/s 2

m 9.11 × 10−31 kg
(c) The radiated power is then:
(1.60 × 10−19 C) (1.76 × 1013 m/s2 )

2 2
q2 a2
P= =
6π ∈0 c 3 6π ( 8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N ⋅ m 2 ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s )
3
= 1.75 × 10−27 W
⎛ v2 ⎞
(d) F = mac = m ⎜ ⎟ = qvB ,
⎝ r ⎠
qBr
so v=
m
The proton accelerates at
v 2 q 2 B2 r ( 1.60 × 10 C ) ( 0.350 T ) ( 0.500 m )

−19 2 2
a= = =
(1.67 × 10−27 kg )
2
r m2
= 5.62 × 1014 m/s 2
The proton then radiates
(1.60 × 10−19 C) ( 5.62 × 1014 m/s2 )

2 2
q2 a2
P= =
6π ∈0 c 3 6π ( 8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N ⋅ m 2 ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s )
3
= 1.80 × 10−24 W
P34.75 We take R to be the planet’s distance from its star, and r to be the
radius of the planet.
(a) The effective area of the planet over which it absorbs light is its
projection onto a plane perpendicular to the light from its sun.
The projected area of a planet of radius r is π r2, so the planet
absorbs light over area π r2 .
(b) The planet radiates over its entire surface area, 4π r2.
(c) At steady-state, Pin = Pout:
eI in (π r 2 ) = eσ ( 4π r 2 ) T 4
⎛ 6.00 × 1023 W ⎞
e⎜
⎝ 4π R 2 ⎟
⎠
( π r 2 ) = eσ ( 4π r 2 ) T 4 , so that
6.00 × 1023 W = 16πσ R 2T 4

6.00 × 1023 W
R=
16πσ T 4
6.00 × 1023 W
= 4 = 4.77 × 10 m
9
16π ( 5.67 × 10 W/m ⋅ K ) ( 310 K )

−8 2 4
Challenge Problems
P34.76 We are given f = 90.0 MHz and Emax = 200 mV/m = 2.00 × 10−3 V/m
c
(a) The wavelength of the wave is λ = = 3.33 m
f
1
(b) Its period is T = = 1.11 × 10−8 s = 11.1 ns
f
(c) We obtain the maximum value of the magnetic field from
Emax
Bmax = = 6.67 × 10−12 T = 6.67 pT
c
Chapter 34 609
 ⎛ x ⎞
(d) E = ( 2.00 × 10−3 ) cos 2π ⎜ − 90.0 × 106 t ⎟ ĵ
⎝ 3.33 ⎠
 ⎛ x ⎞
B = ( 6.67 × 10−12 ) cos 2π ⎜ − 90.0 × 106 t ⎟ k̂
⎝ 3.33 ⎠
 
where E is in V/m, B in tesla, x in meters, and t in seconds.
( 2.00 × 10−3 V/m )

2
2
Emax
(e) I= =
2 µ0 c 2 ( 4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m/A ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s )
= 5.31 × 10−9 W m 2
I
(f) From Equation 34.26, I = cuavg so uavg = = 1.77 × 10−17 J m 3
c
(g) From Equation 34.30, the pressure is
2I ( 2 )( 5.31 × 10 W m )
−9 2
P= = = 3.54 × 10−17 Pa
c 3.00 × 10 m/s
8
P34.77 (a) The magnetic field has amplitude

Emax 175 V/m
Bmax = = = 5.83 × 10−7 T = 583 nT
c 3.00 × 10 m/s
8
(b) The wave number is

2π 2π –1
k= = = 419 m
λ 0.015 0 m
(c) The angular frequency is
ω = kc = ( 419 m −1 ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) = 1.26 × 1011 s −1
    
(d) S ∝ E × B, S is in the x direction, and E vibrates in the y direction

(xy plane), so B must vibrate in the z direction, thus

B vibrates in the xz plane .
(e) The magnitude of the average Poynting vector is the wave

intensity
Emax Bmax (175 V/m ) ( 5.83 × 10–7 T)
Savg = = = 40.6 W/m 2
2 µ0 2 ( 4π × 10 –7
N/A 2
)
The Poynting vector itself points in the direction of energy
transport:

Savg = 40.6î W/m 2
(f) For perfect reflection, the pressure is

2S 2 ( 40.6 W m )
2
Pr = = = 2.71 × 10−7 N m 2 = 271 nPa

c 3.00 × 108 m/s
(g) From Newton’s second law,
F PA ( 2.71 × 10 N/m ) ( 0.750 m )
−7 2 2
a=
∑ = =
m m 0.500 kg
= 4.07 × 10−7 m/s 2

a = 407 î nm/s 2
P34.78 We can approximate the magnetic field as uniform over the area of the
loop while it oscillates in time as B = Bmax cos ω t. The induced voltage is
ε=–
dΦ B
dt
d
= – (BA cos θ ) = –A
dt
d
dt
Bmax cos ω t cos θ ( )
or ε = ABmax ω (sin ω t cos θ )
(a) Since the angular frequency is ω = 2 π f, and the area of the loop
is π r 2 , the amplitude of this emf is
ε max = 2π 2 r 2 f Bmax cosθ

where θ is the angle between the magnetic field and the normal
to the loop.
 
(b) If E is vertical, B is horizontal, so the plane of the loop should be
vertical and the plane should contain the line of sight of the
transmitter.
P34.79 (a) From the particle under a net force model, the acceleration of the
astronaut is
F 1 dp
a= =
m m dt
where dp/dt is the rate of change of momentum of the astronaut.
From the momentum version of the isolated system model, the
rate of change of momentum of the astronaut is equal in
magnitude to that of the radiation from the flashlight. The
momentum of the radiation leaving the flashlight can be
evaluated from Equation 34.27, assuming the same equation for
complete absorption applies to complete emission. Therefore, the
acceleration of the astronaut can be written as
1 d ⎛ TER ⎞ 1 dTER P
a= ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = =
m dt c mc dt mc
Chapter 34 611
where P is the power of the radiation leaving the flashlight.

Because all three variables on the right side of this equation are
constant, the acceleration of the astronaut is constant and we can
use the particle under constant acceleration model. The position
of the astronaut is given by,
1 1⎛ P ⎞ 2
x = xi + vit + at 2 = 0 + 0 + ⎜ ⎟t
2 2 ⎝ mc ⎠
where we have defined the initial position of the astronaut as
x = 0 and recognized that the astronaut begins from rest. Solve
for the time at which the astronaut is at a position x:
2mcx
t=
P
2 ( 110 kg ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 10.0 m )

t= = 8.12 × 10 4 s
100 W
= 22.6 h
(b) There are no external forces on the astronaut–flashlight system, so

the system is isolated for momentum. Apply the conservation of
momentum principle along an axis parallel to the direction of
travel of the astronaut and the flashlight:
Δp = 0 → pi = p f → ( )
0 = m − m f v − m f ( vrel − v )
Solve for the speed of the astronaut:

⎛ mf ⎞
v=⎜ v
⎝ m ⎟⎠ rel
Because this speed is constant, we can use the particle under
constant velocity model to find the time interval required for the
astronaut to arrive back at her spacecraft:
Δx m ⎛ Δx ⎞
Δt = =
v m f ⎜⎝ vrel ⎟⎠
⎛ 110 kg ⎞ 10.0 m
Δt = ⎜ = 30.6 s
⎝ 3.00 kg ⎟⎠ 12.0 m/s
ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED PROBLEMS
P34.2 (a) 7.19 × 1011 V m ⋅ s ; (b) 2.00 × 10–7 T
P34.4 ( −4.39î − 1.76 ĵ) × 10 11

m/s 2
P34.6 (a) 3.15 × 103 ĵ N C ; (b) 5.25k̂ × 10−7 T ; (c) 4.83 − ĵ × 10−16 N ( )
P34.8 11.0 m
P34.10 4.738 × 1014 Hz
P34.12 733 nT
P34.44 60.0 km
P34.16 See P34.16 for full explanation.
P34.18 The ratio of ω to k is higher than the speed of light in a vacuum, so the
wave as described is impossible.
P34.20 8.64 × 1010 m
P34.22 (a) 6.75 W/m2; (b) 6.64 × 103 W/m2; (c) A powerful automobile running
on sunlight would have to carry on its roof a solar panel that is huge
compared to the size of the car; (d) Agriculture and forestry for food
and fuels, space heating of large and small buildings, water heating,
and heating for drying and many other processes are current and
potential applications of solar energy.
P34.24 (
(a) 0; (b) 11.5î − 28.6 ĵ W/m 2 )
P34.26 For the small container, 33.4° and for the larger container, 21.7°
P34.28 (a) 88.8 nW/m2; (b) 11.3 MW
P34.30 (a) 5.16 × 10–10 T; (b) Since the magnetic field of the Earth is
approximately 5 × 10−10 T, the Earth’s field is some 100 000 times
stronger.
P34.32 5.16 m
P34.34 (a) 540 V/m; (b) 2.58 µJ/m3; (c) 773 W/m2
P34. 36 83.3 nPa
2 µ0 cP P P
P34.38 (a) ; (b) ; (c) 2
πr 2
c c
P34.40 (a) 5.82 × 108 N; (b) 6.10 × 1013 times stronger
Chapter 34 613
P34.42 (a) 590 W/m2; (b) 2.10 × 1016 W; (c) 7.01 × 107 N; (d) ~1013 times
stronger; (e) The values are similar for both planets because both the
forces follow inverse-square laws. The force ratios are not identical for
the two planets because of their different radii and masses.
P34.44 (a) 1.00 × 103 km or 621 mi; (b) While the project may be theoretically
possible, it is not very practical.
1 1 1
P34.46 (a) µ0 cJ max cos ( kx − ω t ) ĵ; (b) µ0 cJ max
2
cos 2 ( kx − ω t ) î; (c) µ0 cJ max
2
;
2 4 8
(d) 3.48 A/m
2π mc
P34.48
qB
P34.50 (a) ~108 Hz radio wave; (b) ~1013 Hz infrared

P34.52 Listeners 100 km away will receive the news before the people in the
newsroom.
P34.54 See table in P34.54 for full description.
P34.56 95.1 mV/m
P34.58 E = 300 cos ( 62.8x − 1.88 × 1010 t ) and B = 1.00 cos ( 62.8x − 1.88 × 1010 t )
P34.60 (a) 1.50 cm; (b) 25.0 μJ; (c) 7.37 mJ/m3; (d) Emax = 40.8 kV/m,
Bmax = 136 μT; (e) 83.3 μN
P34.62 (a) 93.3%; (b) 50.0%; (c) 0
3SR 2
P34.64
4cGMS ρ
P34.66 (a) 6.30 × 10–6 Pa; (b) 1.60 × 1010 times smaller than atmospheric
pressure
 38.8 
P34.68 (a) E = 2 r̂, where E is in volts per meter and r is in meters;
r
38.7
(b) Emax = where E is in volts per meter and r is in meters;
r
(c) 12.9 μm, but the expression in part (b) does not apply if this point is
inside the source; (d) From part (c), we see that in the radiated wave,
the field amplitude is inversely proportional to distance. As the
distance doubles, the amplitude is cut in half; (e) In the static case, the
field is inversely proportional to the square of distance. As the distance
doubles, the field is reduced by a factor of 4.
1 1 2
P34.70 (a) See ANS. FIG. P34.70; (b) ∈0 Emax
2
cos 2 (kx); (c) Bmax cos 2 (kx) ;
2 2 µ0
1 1 1
(d) ∈0 Emax
2
cos 2 (kx); (e) ∈0 Emax
2
λ A; (f) ∈0 cEmax 2
A; (g) ∈0 cEmax 2
;
2 2 2
E2
(h) The result in part (g) agrees with I = max in Equation 34.24.
2 µ0c
4 4
P34.72 (a) ρcgr ; (b) πρcgr 3
3 3
P34.74 (a) See P34.74(a) for full proof; (b) 1.76 × 1013 m/s2; (c) 1.75 × 10−27 W;
(d) 1.80 × 10−24 W
P34.76 (a) 3.33 m; (b) 11.1 ns; (c) 6.67 pT;
 ⎛ x ⎞
(
(d) E = 2.00 × 10−3 cos 2π ⎜ )⎝ 3.33
− 90.0 × 106 t ⎟ ĵ and
⎠
 ⎛ x ⎞
B = ( 6.67 × 10−12 ) cos 2π ⎜ − 90.0 × 106 t ⎟ k̂ ; (e) 5.31 × 10 W/m ;
–9 2
⎝ 3.33 ⎠
(f) 1.77 × 10–17 J/m2; (g) 3.54 × 10–17 Pa
P34.78 (a) ε max = 2π 2 r 2 f Bmax cos θ ; (b) The plane of the loop should be vertical
and the plane should contain the line of sight of the transmitter.

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34

34.1 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampère’s Law

* An asterisk indicates a question or problem new to this edition.

ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

OQ34.4 (i) Answer (a). According to f = 1 2π LC , to make f half as large,

ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

1) Sound is a longitudinal wave. 1) Light is a transverse wave.

2) Sound requires a material 2) Light does not require a

3) Sound in air moves at hundreds 3) Light in air moves at hundreds

4) The speed of sound through a 4) The speed of light through

5) Sound propagates by a chain 5) Light propagates by a chain

6) Audible sound has frequencies 6) Visible light has frequencies

7) Audible sound has wavelengths 7) Visible light has wavelengths of

SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS

Section 34.1 Displacement Current and the

(b) We use the extended form of Ampère’s

In order to evaluate the integral, we ANS. FIG. P34.1

situation. Symmetry requires that no particular direction from the

(b) The displacement current is defined as

Section 34.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries

× ⎡⎣( 2.50 V/m ) î + ( 5.00 V/m ) ĵ − ( 4.00 T ⋅ m/s ) ĵ ⎤⎦

= ( −1.76 × 1011 ) ⎡⎣ 2.50î + 1.00 ĵ ⎤⎦ m/s 2

35.0 × 10−9 C/m

= 3.15 × 103 ĵ N/C

(b) The charge in motion constitutes a current of

Section 34.3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves

c 2.998 × 108 m/s

c 3.00 × 108 m/s

P34.13 From Equation 34.17,

*P34.14 Time to reach object

d = vt = ( 3.00 × 108 m s ) ( 2.00 × 10−4 s ) = 6.00 × 10 4 m = 60.0 km

c 3.00 × 108 m/s

(b) c = E/B gives the magnetic field amplitude as

P34.16 E = Emax cos ( kx − ω t )

(b) We compare the given wave function with y = A sin(kx – ω t) to

Section 34.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves

Energy I 1 000 W/m 2

P energy 600 × 103 Wh ⎛ 1d ⎞

area Δt ⋅ area ( 30 d ) ( 13.0 m ) ( 9.50 m ) 24 h

(c) A powerful automobile that is running on sunlight would have

P34.23 Power output = (power input)(efficiency).

( 3.00 × 106 V/m )

I = 1.19 × 1010 W/m 2

Emax 7.00 × 105 N/C

P = IA = ( 8.88 × 10−8 W/m 2 ) ⎡π ( 6.37 × 106 m ) ⎤

and the intensity of the wave is

P34.30 (a) The intensity of the broadcast waves is

(b) Since the magnetic field of the Earth is approximately 5 × 10–5 T,

P µ0c (100 W) ( 4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m/A ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s )

*P34.33 (a) P = I 2 R = 150 W

(b) From Equation 34.25,

( Bmax ) ( Brms ) ( 1.80 × 10−6 T )

Section 34.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure

Equation 34.29, the radiation pressure on the mirror is

P34.36 For complete absorption, from equation 34.27,

2 ⎡⎣ 4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m/A ⎤⎦ ( 3.00 × 108 m/s ) ( 15.0 × 10−3 W )

= 1.90 × 108 J = 1.90 kN/C

Solving for the angle gives

= sin −1 0.071 2 = 4.09°

(b) The force is

(b) The acceleration is:

Section 34.6 Production of Electromagnetic Waves

(b) While the project may be theoretically possible, it is not very

λ c 3.00 × 108 m/s