SANCHAR-2023

SANCHAR
2023
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &
TELECOMMUNICATION

KRUPAJAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUBANESWAR

 SANCHAR-2023

EDITORIAL BOARD

Dr. Lokanath Sarangi

Chief Editor.

Student Editorial:
1. Sunil Kumar Mohaptra: 2001223278 (7th Semester, ETC)

2. Madhusmita Samantaray: 2001223291(7th Semester, ETC)

3. Soumya Ranjan Mohanty: 2001223286 (7th Semester, ETC)

4. Bhagyashre Sahoo: 2001223296 (7th Semester, ETC)

5. Amit Kumar Jain: 2001223287 (7th Semester, ETC)

 SANCHAR-2023

Message by Chairman…

I am extremely happy that our Electronics

& Telecommunication Engineering
department is bringing out the department
magazine SANCHAR 2023. The emerging
science and technology have made drastic
changes in the way we lead our life. The
department magazine always provides a
platform for the staff and students to showcase their talents and achievements.
I extend my hearty congratulations to the staff and students of Computer
science and Engineering for their efforts in bringing out the department
magazine SANCHAR 2023. On this occasion I convey my good wishes to staff
and students of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering department in
their endeavours.

Prof. (Dr) Bhabani Charan Rath

Chairman,
Krupajal Engineering College
 SANCHAR-2023

Message by Principal…

The ETC Department magazine SANCHAR is a

forum which could aptly be used for recording
events, fond memories and creative writing. This
magazine has made an earnest attempt in this
direction and brought out certain aspects of the
college. I congratulate and thank all the students
and staff who have made untiring efforts to bring out
this magazine. I wish them all success.

Dr. Dilip Kumar Biswal

Principal,
Krupajal Engineering College, Bhubaneswar
 SANCHAR-2023

Message by Dean (DSW)…

Krupajal Engineering College is committed to
provide quality education to students. It endeavors to
empower students to become highly productive and
responsible human being. The strength of Krupajal
lies in its diversity, Students from different corners of the country come here in
search of knowledge. The student welfare cell of this institute organizes various
co-curricular and extracurricular activities throughout the academic session.
Activities of this cell are organized and managed by the students themselves
under the guidance of Faculty Coordinators. Krupajal fosters a respectful
campus culture, where students are encouraged to participate and develop
their skills.
 SANCHAR-2023

Message by Head of the Department…

I feel privileged in presenting the magazine
“SANCHAR-2023” of our department. This
magazine is intended to bring out the hidden
literary talents among the students and the faculty
and also to inculcate leadership skills among them.
I extend my sincere thanks to the editorial team for their constant effort and
support in bringing out the magazine in the present form. I acknowledge my
gratitude to our principal for their continuous support to prepare these issues
of magazine. Last but not least; I am thankful to all the authors who have sent
their articles.

Dr. Lokanatha Sarangi

H.O.D, ETC Dept.
Krupajal Engineering College, Bhubaneswar
 SANCHAR-2023

CONTENTS
SL NO TOPIC PAGE
CLASS TIME.
1
DR. LOKANATHA SARANGI, H.O.D, ETC Dept. 01
MASS MIGRATION AND ITS FUTURE IMPACT
2
PROF. SHIBANEE DASH, Asst. Prof. ETC Dept. 03
INDIA SEMICONDUCTOR MISSION - FUTURE OF INDIA
3 IN ELECTRONICS 05
PROF. DEBASIS MISHRA, Asst. Prof. ETC Dept.
ENTERPRENUERSHIP- FROM ZERO TO ONE
4 PROF. SIDHARTHA SHANKAR SATAPATHY, Asst. Prof. ETC 07
Dept.
TRANSITION FROM IC TO ELECTRIC: FUTURE OF
5 PERSONAL COMMUTE 09
PROF. PALLAVI PRIYADARSHINI, Asst. Prof. ETC Dept.
MUTUAL COUPLING REDUCTION IN MIMO ANTENNA
6 FOR UWB APPLICATIONS 11
PROF. SUDHIR KUMAR SA, Asst. Prof. ETC Dept.
WHOLE CLASS ATTENDANCE USING FACE
7 DETECTION WITH RASPBERRY PI 12
SOUMYA RANJAN MOHANTY, 7th Semester, ETC
SMART CLASS
8
SNEHA PRIYADARSHINI, 7th Semester, ETC
13
SCALABILITY ANALYSIS OF LORAWAN TECHNOLOGY
9
ASHIS KUMAR SENAPATI, 7th Semester, ETC
14
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF CONGENTIAL HEART
10 DISEASES FROM FETAL ECG 17
th
SOUMYASHREE SARANGI, 7 Semester, ETC
SMART LORAWAN BASED WATER QUALITY
11 MONITORING SYSTEM 19
MADHUSMITA SAMANTARAY, 7th Semester, ETC
SMART WATER METRE WITH SENSOR
12
SHAKTI PRASAD DASH, 5th Semester, ETC
22
UNMANNED RC RESCUE BOAT
13
GARGEE SWAIN, 5th Semester, ETC
24
PESTICIDE SPRAYING AGRICULTURE UNMANNED
14 AERIAL VEHICLE 25
RATIRANJAN BEHERA, 5th Semester, ETC
AUTO PLASTIC SEGREGATION BIN
15
PUSHPANJALI JOSHI, 5th Semester, ETC
26
BIDIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER WITH SECURITY
16 SYSTEM AND AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER 27
RAJESWARI SAHOO, 5th Semester, ETC
EMPIRICAL MODE FUSION OF MRI-PET IMAGES USING
17 DEEP CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS 28
TARUN SINGH, 5th Semester, ETC
ANTENNA POSITION CONTROL
18
PUSHPANJALI MEHER, 5th Semester, ETC
30
 SANCHAR-2023

CLASS TIME
Class time is an essential component of any educational system, whether it is in a traditional classroom or
online. It provides students with a structured environment in which to learn new information, engage in
meaningful discussions, and collaborate with their peers. However, class time is only effective if it is used
efficiently and effectively. One of the primary benefits of class time is that it provides students with direct
access to their teachers. This allows for real-time feedback and support, which can be invaluable in the
learning process. During class time, teachers can answer questions, clarify concepts, and provide additional
examples to help students better understand the material. This is particularly important for students who
may struggle with certain topics or need additional assistance. Class time also provides students with the
opportunity to engage in discussions with their peers. This can be particularly useful in helping students
develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. When students are able to exchange ideas and
perspectives, they are more likely to develop a deeper understanding of the material and to be able to apply
it in real-world situations. Additionally, class time allows for the development of interpersonal skills such
as communication, collaboration, and leadership. Another important benefit of class time is that it
provides structure and accountability. When students attend class, they are more likely to stay on track with
their coursework and to complete assignments on time. This is particularly important for students who may
struggle with time management or who may have other responsibilities outside of school. By attending class
regularly, students are able to stay on top of their coursework and to develop good study habits. However,
in order for class time to be effective, it must be used efficiently. This means that teachers must be prepared
and organized, and that they must use class time to focus on the most important concepts and skills.
Additionally, students must come to class ready to engage with the material and to participate in
discussions and activities. When class time is used effectively, it can be a powerful tool for student
learning and success. In conclusion, class time is an essential component of any educational system. It
provides students with access to their teachers, opportunities for collaboration and discussion, and structure
and accountability. However, in order for class time to be effective, it must be used efficiently and
effectively. Teachers and students must work together to ensure that class time is a valuable and meaningful
part of the learning experience. Class time plays an important role in the overall learning experience of
students. It provides a structured environment that allows for the presentation and exploration of new
concepts and ideas. One of the main benefits of class time is that it allows for the development of social
skills. In a classroom setting, students have the opportunity to interact with their peers, work in groups,
and engage in collaborative learning activities. This helps students develop social skills that are essential
for success in both academic and non-academic settings. Another important benefit of class time is that it
allows for the development of critical thinking skills. During class discussions, students are encouraged

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to think deeply about the material being presented and to analyse it from different perspectives. This helps
students develop the ability to think critically and to approach problems in a logical and systematic way.
Class time also provides an opportunity for teachers to assess student learning and provide feedback. By
observing students in the classroom and engaging with them during class discussions, teachers are able to
gauge the level of understanding and identify areas where students may be struggling. This allows teachers
to provide targeted support and feedback that can help students improve their performance. Moreover,
class time helps students to stay motivated and focused on their academic goals. When students attend class
regularly, they are more likely to feel connected to their coursework and to be invested in their academic
success. This helps them to stay motivated and engaged in their learning, which can lead to better academic
outcomes. In summary, class time is an essential component of the learning process. It provides a structured
environment for the exploration of new concepts and ideas, the development of social and critical thinking
skills, the assessment of student learning, and the maintenance of student motivation and focus. When used
effectively, class time can be a powerful tool for student success.

DR. LOKANATHA SARANGI

H.O.D, ETC Dept.

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 SANCHAR-2023

Mass Migration and its future impact

Mass migration has become an increasingly prevalent phenomenon in recent years, as people around the
world seek better economic, social, and political opportunities. While migration has been a part of human
history for thousands of years, the scale and scope of contemporary migration has raised questions about its
long-term impact on both the countries of origin and destination. O e of t e most significant impacts of mass
migration is its effect on the economies of both the sending and receiving countries. In many cases, migrants
are drawn to countries with stronger economies and higher wages, where they can earn more money and
support their families. However, this can create labour shortages in the countries of origin, as skilled workers
and professionals leave for other opportunities. In the receiving countries, mass migration can create
competition for jobs and resources, as well as new opportunities for economic growth and diversity. Another
impact of mass migration is its effect on social and cultural dynamics. When people from different cultures
and backgrounds come together in a new place, they often bring with them their own traditions, customs,
and beliefs. This can lead to the creation of vibrant multicultural communities, but it can also lead to tensions
and conflicts between different groups. It is important for both the migrants and the receiving communities
to engage in cultural exchange and understanding to promote social cohesion. Mass migration can also have
political implications, particularly in the countries of origin. When large numbers of people leave a country,
it can lead to a brain drain, where the most skilled and educated individuals leave, which can hamper
economic growth and development. Additionally, mass migration can put pressure on the political systems
of both the sending and receiving countries, leading to debates about immigration policy and national
identity. Looking towards the future, it is likely that mass migration will continue to be a major global issue,
particularly as climate change and political instability drive people to seek new opportunities and safety. It
is important for policymakers to take a long-term, holistic approach to managing mass migration, taking
into account the economic, social, and political impacts on both the sending and receiving countries. This
requires cooperation and coordination between nations, as well as a commitment to promoting human rights
and dignity for all individuals, regardless of their country of origin or destination. In conclusion, mass
migration is a complex issue that has significant economic, social, and political impacts on both the sending
and receiving countries. While migration can bring opportunities and benefits to individuals and
communities, it can also create challenges and tensions. It is important for policymakers to recognize the
long-term implications of mass migration and to work towards solutions that promote the well-being and
dignity of all individuals involved. Another potential impact of mass migration is its effect on the
environment. As more people move into urban areas, it can lead to increased demand for resources and
infrastructure, including housing, energy, and transportation. This can put pressure on natural resources and
contribute to pollution and environmental degradation. It is important for policymakers to consider the
environmental implications of mass migration and to work towards sustainable development strategies that

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balance economic growth with environmental conservation. Mass migration can also have an impact on
health, particularly in the context of infectious diseases. When large numbers of people move into a new
area, it can increase the risk of disease transmission and outbreaks. This can pose challenges for healthcare
systems and require coordinated efforts to promote public health and prevent the spread of infectious
diseases. Finally, mass migration can have an impact on the human rights of migrants and their families.
Many migrants face challenges such as discrimination, exploitation, and violence, as well as difficulties
accessing healthcare, education, and other basic services. It is important for policymakers to prioritize the
protection of human rights for all individuals, regardless of their migration status, and to work towards
policies and programs that support the integration and well-being of migrants and their families.

PROF. SHIBANEE DASH

Asst. Prof. ETC Dept.

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India Semiconductor Mission - Future of India in Electronics

The India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) is a strategic initiative launched by the Indian government in 2010
to establish India as a global hub for semiconductor design and manufacturing. The mission is aimed at
fostering innovation and promoting the growth of the electronics industry in India, with a focus on developing
new technologies and creating high-value jobs. The ISM has three main objectives: to build a strong
semiconductor ecosystem in India, to promote innovation and R&D in the semiconductor industry, and to
encourage collaboration and partnerships between industry, academia, and government. To achieve these
objectives, the government has invested heavily in research and development, infrastructure, and talent
development. One of the key components of the ISM is the establishment of semiconductor fabrication
facilities, or fabs, in India. These fabs are state-of-the-art facilities that enable the manufacturing of complex
semiconductor chips, which are used in a wide range of electronic devices, including smartphones,
computers, and medical equipment. The government has partnered with several international semiconductor
companies to establish fabs in India, which is expected to create thousands of high-value jobs and promote
the growth of the electronics industry in the country. Another important aspect of the ISM is the promotion
of innovation and R&D in the semiconductor industry. The government has established several research
centers and incubators across the country to support start-ups and innovators working in the semiconductor
industry. These centers provide funding, mentorship, and infrastructure support to help startups develop new
technologies and bring them to market. The ISM has also focused on talent development, with a particular
emphasis on developing the skills of young engineers and scientists. The government has launched several
initiatives to promote education and training in semiconductor design and manufacturing, including the
establishment of specialized training programs and partnerships with leading universities and research
institutions. Looking towards the future, the ISM is expected to play a key role in driving the growth of the
electronics industry in India. With the establishment of fabs, research centers, and incubators, India is poised
to become a major player in the global semiconductor industry. The growth of the electronics industry is
expected to create new job opportunities and stimulate economic growth, while also fostering innovation and
promoting technological development. In conclusion, the India Semiconductor Mission is a strategic
initiative aimed at establishing India as a global hub for economic growth, while also fostering innovation
and promoting technological development. In conclusion, the India Semiconductor Mission is a strategic
initiative aimed at establishing India as a global hub for semiconductor design and manufacturing. Through
investments in research and development, infrastructure, and talent development, the government is fostering
innovation and promoting the growth of the electronics industry in India. The ISM is expected to play a critical
role in driving the future of India in electronics, creating new job opportunities, promoting economic growth,
and positioning India as a leader in the global semiconductor industry. One of the key benefits of the ISM is
the potential for India to become self-sufficient in semiconductor manufacturing. Currently, India imports the

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vast majority of its semiconductor chips from other countries, which can be costly and limit the country's
technological capabilities. With the establishment of fabs in India, the country will be able to manufacture its
own semiconductor chips, reducing its reliance on imports and strengthening its position in the global market.
The ISM is also expected to have a ripple effect on other industries in India. The growth of the electronics
industry is likely to stimulate demand for other products and services, including software development, IT
services, and telecommunications. This can create new business opportunities and drive economic growth
across a range of sectors. Moreover, the ISM is expected to play a critical role in addressing some of the key
challenges facing India, including job creation, poverty reduction, and social inequality. The growth of the
electronics industry is likely to create new job opportunities and stimulate economic growth, particularly in
rural areas where job opportunities are limited. This can help to reduce poverty and promote social mobility,
enabling individuals and families to achieve a better quality of life. Finally, the ISM is expected to have a
positive impact on India's international standing. By establishing itself as a global hub for semiconductor
design and manufacturing, India can enhance its reputation as a leader in technological innovation and drive
further investment and collaboration with other countries. This can help to position India as a key player in
the global economy, with the potential to drive further growth and development in the years to come. In
conclusion, the India Semiconductor Mission is a strategic initiative that has the potential to transform India's
electronics industry and position the country as a global leader in semiconductor design and manufacturing.
With its focus on innovation, collaboration, and talent development, the ISM is expected to drive economic
growth, create new job opportunities, and promote technological development in India. The future of India in
electronics looks bright, thanks to the vision and commitment of the ISM.

PROF. DEBASIS MISHRA

Asst. Prof. ETC Dept.

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ENTERPRENUERSHIP- FROM ZERO TO ONE

Entrepreneurship is the art and science of creating and managing a business venture with the goal of
achieving success and profitability. It involves identifying a problem or opportunity in the market,
developing a solution or product, and bringing it to market. Entrepreneurship is not just about starting a
business but also about innovation, risk-taking, and creativity. Peter Thiel, the co-founder of PayPal and
venture capitalist, famously wrote a book called "Zero to One," in which he outlines his philosophy on
entrepreneurship. Thiel's approach is based on the idea of creating something entirely new and innovative,
rather than simply copying what others have done. He believes that true success in entrepreneurship comes
from creating something that is truly unique and valuable. Thiel's book is based on the premise that progress
in business and technology is not linear but exponential. This means that true innovation comes from going
from "zero to one," rather than simply improving upon existing products or ideas. Thiel believes that
entrepreneurs who create something new and innovative have the potential to create enormous value and
transform industries. Thiel's philosophy on entrepreneurship has resonated with many aspiring
entrepreneurs around the world. It has inspired a new generation of entrepreneurs who are focused on
creating something new and unique. These entrepreneurs are not content with simply copying what
others have done but are instead focused on identifying new opportunities and creating something
entirely different. Starting a business from "zero to one" is not easy. It requires a lot of hard work,
determination, and perseverance. Entrepreneurs must be willing to take risks and be comfortable with
failure. They must also be willing to adapt to changing market conditions and be able to pivot their business
if necessary. Despite the challenges, entrepreneurship can be incredibly rewarding. Entrepreneurs have
the opportunity to create something new and unique that can change the world. They have the ability to
create jobs, stimulate economic growth, and make a difference in people's lives. In conclusion,
entrepreneurship is an exciting and challenging journey that requires hard work, determination, and
creativity. Peter Thiel's philosophy of going from "zero to one" has inspired a new generation of
entrepreneurs who are focused on creating something new and unique. Entrepreneurs who are willing to take
risks and create something truly innovative have the potential to transform industries and create enormous
value. The future of entrepreneurship is bright, and it is up to create the next big thing. Entrepreneurship is
not just about starting a business, it is also about creating something that solves a problem, fills a need, or
provides value to customers. Entrepreneurs must have a deep understanding of their target market and be
able to identify opportunities that others may have overlooked. They must also have the skills and resources
necessary to develop their ideas and bring them to market. In addition to innovation and creativity,
successful entrepreneurship also requires strong leadership skills. Entrepreneurs must be able to inspire and
motivate their team, make tough decisions, and take responsibility for the success or failure of their venture.
They must also be able to manage their resources effectively and make the most of their available capital.
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Entrepreneurship can have a significant impact on the economy and society as a whole. Successful
entrepreneurs create jobs, stimulate economic growth, and drive innovation. They also contribute to the
development of new technologies and products that can improve people's lives and make the world a better
place. However, entrepreneurship is not without its challenges. Entrepreneurs face a number of obstacles,
including financing, competition, and regulatory hurdles. They must also be able to adapt to changing
market conditions and be prepared to pivot their business if necessary. Despite the challenges,
entrepreneurship is an important driver of economic growth and innovation. Governments around the world
are recognizing the importance of entrepreneurship and are taking steps to support and encourage the
development of new businesses. This includes providing funding, mentorship, and regulatory support to
aspiring entrepreneurs. In conclusion, entrepreneurship is a vital component of economic growth and
innovation. Peter Thiel's philosophy of going from "zero to one" highlights the importance of creating
something new and unique. Successful entrepreneurship requires a combination of innovation, leadership,
and resourcefulness. By supporting and encouraging entrepreneurship, we can create a better future for
ourselves and for generations to come.

PROF. SIDHARTHA SHANKAR SATAPATHY

Asst. Prof. ETC Dept.

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TRANSITION FROM IC TO ELECTRIC: FUTURE OF PERSONAL

COMMUTE
The world is rapidly changing, and one of the areas that is seeing significant transformation is personal
transportation. In recent years, there has been a growing trend towards electric vehicles as people become
increasingly concerned about the impact of fossil fuels on the environment. This shift towards electric vehicles
is not just a trend; it represents a fundamental change in the way we think about personal transportation. The
transition from internal combustion (IC) engines to electric vehicles is a significant one. IC engines have been
the dominant form of personal transportation for more than a century, but they are becoming increasingly
obsolete as concerns about their environmental impact continue to grow. Electric vehicles offer a clean and
efficient alternative that can significantly reduce emissions and help to address climate change. The transition
to electric vehicles is also being driven by advancements in technology. Battery technology has improved
significantly in recent years, making electric vehicles more practical and efficient than ever before. Electric
vehicles now have longer ranges, faster charging times, and lower costs than in the past. In addition, electric
vehicles are also becoming more affordable, with the cost of batteries and electric motors continuing to
decrease. The benefits of electric vehicles are not just environmental; they also offer a number of practical
advantages. Electric vehicles are quieter, smoother, and more comfortable to drive than IC engine vehicles.
They also require less maintenance, as they have fewer moving parts and do not require oil changes.
Furthermore, electric vehicles can be charged at home, which can save time and money compared to frequent
trips to the gas station. Despite the many advantages of electric vehicles, there are still some challenges that
must be overcome. One of the biggest challenges is the need for more charging infrastructure. As more people
transition to electric vehicles, there will be a greater demand for charging stations, and this will require
significant investment in new infrastructure. However, governments around the world are recognizing the
importance of electric vehicles and are investing in charging infrastructure to support their adoption. In
conclusion, the transition from IC engines to electric vehicles represents a significant shift in the way we think
personal transportation looks bright as we move towards a cleaner, more sustainable future about personal
transportation. Electric vehicles offer a clean and efficient alternative that can significantly reduce emissions
and help to address climate change. Advances in battery technology and decreasing costs are making electric
about personal transportation. Electric vehicles offer a clean and efficient alternative that can significantly
reduce emissions and help to address climate change. Advances in battery technology and decreasing costs
are making electric vehicles more practical and affordable than ever before. While there are still challenges
to be overcome, the future of personal transportation looks bright as we move towards a cleaner, more

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sustainable future. The transition to electric vehicles is also creating new opportunities for innovation and
entrepreneurship. There is a growing demand for new technologies and products that can support the transition
to electric vehicles, such as charging infrastructure, battery technology, and renewable energy sources. This
is creating new opportunities for entrepreneurs to develop innovative products and services that can support
the transition to a cleaner, more sustainable future. Another advantage of electric vehicles is that they can be
powered by renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power. This means that they can potentially be
powered entirely by clean, renewable energy, further reducing their environmental impact. This also offers
the potential for energy independence, as individuals and communities can generate their own power and use
it to power their vehicles. The transition to electric vehicles is also having a significant impact on the
automotive industry. As demand for electric vehicles grows, traditional automakers are investing in new
technologies and developing new electric vehicle models. At the same time, new players are entering the
market, such as Tesla, which is disrupting the traditional automotive industry with its innovative electric
vehicles. Furthermore, the transition to electric vehicles is not just limited to cars. Electric buses, trucks, and
even planes are being developed, which could significantly reduce emissions in the transportation sector. In
addition, the use of electric bicycles and scooters is also growing, offering a cleaner and more efficient
alternative for short trips. In conclusion, the transition from IC engines to electric vehicles represents a
significant shift in the way we think about personal transportation. It offers a cleaner, more sustainable
alternative that can significantly reduce emissions and help to address climate change. The transition to
electric vehicles is creating new opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship, and is also having a
significant impact on the automotive industry. While there are still challenges to be overcome in the future.

PROF. PALLAVI PRIYADARSHINI

Asst. Prof., ETC Dept.

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MUTUAL COUPLING REDUCTION IN MIMO ANTENNA FOR UWB

APPLICATIONS
In recent years, multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antennas with the ability to radiate waves in
more than one pattern and polarization play a great role in modern telecommunication systems.
Now we see different mutual coupling reduction techniques in MIMO antenna systems. The increase
in the mutual coupling can affect the antenna characteristics drastically, therefore, degrades the
performance of the MIMO systems. It is possible to improve the performance partially by calibrating
the mutual coupling in the digital domain. However, the simple and effective approach is to use the
techniques, such as defected ground structure, parasitic or slot element, complementary split ring
resonator and decoupling networks which can overcome the mutual coupling effects by means of
physical implementation. An extensive discussion on the basis of different mutual coupling reduction
techniques, their examples and comparative study is still rare in the literature. Mutual coupling defines
as the energy absorbed by a proximate antenna when another antenna is radiating. Mutual coupling has
a tendency to change the radiation pattern, reflection coefficient and input impedance of the MIMO
antennas.

Fig1: Antenna Simulation Fig 2: Hardware Implementation

A monopole MIMO antenna with low mutual coupling is proposed in this article. This antenna is
compact with the inter-element spacing of 0.075λ0. It has two elements, where each element is formed
by a radiation patch with L-shaped stub. Therein, a chip resistor is embedded into the middle of patch
and stub. The metal ground of the antenna is etched to form two slots as the DGS. Through utilizing
these decoupling structures of subs, DGS and chip resistors, the designed array antenna obtains good
isolation. Simulation and measurement results reveal that the antenna has the mutual coupling of − 36
dB and the ECC of 0.002 at resonance along with the peak gain of 4.03dBi. Such high-performance
MIMO antenna could be applied in wireless routers, railway radio television network, offshore wireless
communication and other fields with the need of multi-antenna.
PROF. SUDHIR KUMAR SA
Asst. Prof. ETC Dept.

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WHOLE CLASS ATTENDANCE USING FACE DETECTION WITH

RASPBERRY PI
Attendance is critical for both teachers and students in a learning environment. It is critical to aintain
track of attendance since it reveals a student's consistency in attending classes and learning from the
teachers in those subjects. In addition, the institute can keep track of students and notify parents on
their children's behavior and punctuality. In some countries, students are not required to attend class,
and the stipend is only awarded to pupils who passall of the previous year's examinations with no backlogs.
Therefore, the students must studyon their own, or to simplify the learning process they must attend the
classes. This type of approach is ideal for both students and educators. However, in most of the country's
educational system, it is required to keep track of their attendance. When it comes to the traditional way
of recording attendance in the classroom, we encounter some issues. Calling the student's name or roll
number for attendance is not only time-consuming but also needs a great deal of patience, with this
manual process wasting at least 10 minutes. Furthermore, in a noisy environment, a child with hearing
impairments may miss attendance, and as a result, parents are misinformed about their children. Various
ways of attendance monitoring are now being used by some universities. One of these systems is the
biometric technique. Despite being involuntary and a step ahead of the traditional method, it fails to meet
the time constraint.
The method suggested can recognize faces from images as well as image frames from a video
accurately. The used method can detect faces in unfavorable conditions like partially exposed regions
of faces, crowded scenes and irrespective of the external factors such as haircut, bread, spectacles, etc.,
Methodology:

Fig 1: Block diagram Fig 2: Facial Recognition

The proposed system meets the needs of accuracy, speed, and cost effectiveness. The used algorithms,
CNN, used for locating faces, and k-NN, used for the facial features classification is already proved
to have an accuracy of 99.27% and have low complexity in terms of computation. Finally, in
our method, we integrated the CNN object detection method for detecting faces in classrooms and
deep residual learning for face recognition to overcome the problems faced with the current face
recognition-based solutions. And we met our goal of faster execution time, less development time,
simple data collection.

SOUMYA RANJAN MOHANTY

7th Semester, ETC

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SMART CLASS
Introduction:
The classroom automation system is developed by the automatic switching of light and fan. The temperature
will be above 40 degree Celsius in most regions during summer. It becomes very uncomfortable to live
without a fan. In fact, a fan plays a major role in our households. For many people fan is the standard
way of cooling down. Sometimes the individuals forget to turn off the light when they are out and this
leads to wastage of electricity. Thus, we have decided to initiate a system that could save the electricity
by automatic switching on and off the fan and light. Generally, our whole world depends on electricity
which can be generated from the non-renewable resources like coal. But there exists a problem that we
cannot store a huge amount of electricity. If these resources get extinct then there is no proper electricity
for our future generations so we need to save it. So by doing this work, we can save some amount of
electricity.

Methodology:

Fig 1: Block Diagram

The growing world is largely dependent on electricity. As there is usage there is also a lot of wastage.
Conservation of Energy is important. A lot of electricity is also wasted in schools and colleges where
students leave the class without turning of the lights and fans. Hence to deal with this problem a circuit
is designed which works using a motion detector sensor (PIR SENSOR). With the help of this circuit
lights and fans are turned on only when some student is under them and are turned off automatically
when no person is near them, so that electricity consumption can be reduced and energy can be saved.
Our proposed system mainly contains a Passive infrared sensor (PIR Sensor) which is an electronic
device that measures infrared light radiations from objects in its field of view. PIR sensor is the most
often used motion detector. Now when the person enters in to the PIR sensor region then it detects the
motion of that person and it gives high voltage signal to the relay module.

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Fig 2: Hardware Connection Fig 3: PIR Sensor testing

In the absence of person, the PIR sensor detects no motion and sends a low voltage signal to
the relay module. When the relay module receives the high voltage signal from the PIR sensor
then it turns on the lights and fans. When it receives the low voltage signal it turns off the
lights and fans. Then the lights and fans are automatically turned on and off based on the
signal received by the relay module from PIR sensor. So that a lot of power has been saved.

SNEHA PRIYADARSHINI
7th Semester, ETC

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SCALABILITY ANALYSIS OF LORAWAN TECHNOLOGY

Introduction:
As there is continuous growth in the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of IoT application
domains and deployments continues to increase. Market forecasts illustrating this growth
estimate that the number of connected IoT devices will continue to grow at an annual rate of
32% and will reach 20.8 billion IoT end points by the end of this decade. Some of these novel
IoT applications require low rate, long-range and delay-tolerant wireless communication at very
low energy usage and cost. These types of requirements are hard to full fill using traditional
machine to machine technologies such as cellular or WPAN. Low power wide area networks
(LPWANs) are a new set of technologies that are designed to fill this gap in traditional
technologies.

Fig 1: Node Connection in Linux Fig 2: Block diagram of lorawan

By combining low energy usage with long range communication, they promise to bring
connectivity that suits large scale, low power, and low cost IoT deployments with battery
lives up to ten years. LoRaWAN is an LPWAN technology that builds on top of the LoRa
modulation scheme, which is developed by Sem-tech. The LoRa alliance has standardized LoRa
radio usage in sub-GHz unlicensed spectrum for most areas in the world. By combining sub-
GHz propagation and the LoRa modulation, LoRaWAN networks can cover large areas with
only limited amounts of infrastructure. LoRaWAN networks are being deployed today.

Fig 3: Node Simulation in NS 3 Fig 4: Linux Terminal for launching NS 3

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Our modelling of LoRaWAN networks in ns-3 comprises a number of different elements. First,
we will build an error model for the LoRa modulation for different code rates and spreading factors
(SFs). Second, we will develop a comprehensive implementation of the LoRaWAN standard in the ns-3
simulator with support for class A end-devices, multi-gateway networks and an elementary network
server (NS). Third, we will conduct a scalability study focusing on the impact of confirmed versus
unconfirmed messages and the impact of downstream traffic in large-scale LoRaWAN networks.

ASHIS KUMAR SENAPATI

7th Semester, ETC

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FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF CONGENTIAL HEART DISEASES

FROM FETAL ECG

Introduction:
Extracting the Electrocardiogram (ECG) of a fetus from the ECG signal of the maternal abdomen is a
challenging task due to different artifacts. The report proposes a N-tap non-causal adaptive filter (NC-
AF) that update the weight by considering the N number of past weights and N −1 number of the
reference signal and error signal samples after the processing sample number n. Using the maternal
abdominal signal as the primary signal and thorax signal as the reference input, the output e(n) is
obtained from the mean of N number of errors.

Fig 1: Flow Diagram

The filtering performance of NC-AF was evaluated using the Synthetic dataset and Daisy dataset with
the metrics such as correlation coefficient (γ), peak root mean square difference (PRD), the output
signal to noise ratio (SNR), root mean square error (RMSE), and fetal R-peak detection accuracy
(FRPDA). The report also proposes the architecture of NC-AF that can be implemented in hardware
like FPGA. Further, the NC-AF was implemented on Vivado 2019.2 FPGA and its performance is
evaluated in terms of resource utilization, throughput, and power consumption.

Fig 2: Functional Block Diagram Fig 3: FPGA Block Implementation

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Fig 4: ECG Signal Fig 5: FPGA Synthesis

SOUMYASHREE SARANGI
7th Semester, ETC

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Smart Lo-Ra WAN Based Water Quality Monitoring System

Introduction:
Contamination of water is a serious problem which needs an immediate solution. Water pollution
is dangerous to the environment. Water is an important aspect of our ecosystem. This contamination
will destroy the aquatic ecosystem which will ultimately results in destroying of our entire ecosystem. In
modern era due to the emergence of IOT now we are able to monitor the real time water quality using
analog and digital sensors. By deploying the devices in overhead tanks, rivers, reservoirs, lakes etc.
This enables us to collect the data of water quality which helps us to understand where the contamination
is occurring and cause of this pollution and helps us to identify necessary water treatment method. The
proposed device will collect the water parameters like pH of water, turbidity of water, conductance of
water, temperature of water and also the level of water in tanks or rivers. This are the basic parameters
required to measure the quality of water. The IOT device uses (LP-WAN)-Low Power Wide Area
Network, Lo-Ra WAN is Long Range Wide Area Network as it has long range coverage, ultra-low
power consumption, cost effective and strong security. The device collects the data of water quality and
sends it to the cloud server with the help of gateway and we can see the data by accessing the server. Here
we use the TTN. The Things Network server for implementation of our IOT device where we can access
and monitor the real time water quality of various node devices deployed at different places

Methodology:

Fig 1: Flow Diagram

Here we use LoRa shield to transmit the sensor node data to cloud server via LPS8 gateway. By using
TTN, the Things Network we need to create an application for the device and then the end device
needs to be registered with the corresponding key details. Gateway has to be configured first with the
device node.

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Flow Chart:

Fig 2: Flow Chart

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LoRa is along range communication protocol. Using LoRa shield which is an Arduino featuring
LoRa technology. It allows us to send the sensor data over long distances. LoRa is developed by
semtech technology. It provides ultra-long range spread spectrum communication. LoRaWAN is a set
of protocols designed for transmission of data over long-range areas.

Fig 3: Data monitoring using cloud

The proposed system devices use Lo-Ra WAN for the data transmission to the
TTN server for checking the quality of water. The test results of the device prove that the Lo-Ra will
be the best suitable technology for long range communication devices to monitor the quality of water.
In this research we have discussed the design of water quality system, Lo-Ra WAN and TTN
technologies. The device data enables us to monitor the quality of water and helps us in purification
of water.

MADHUSMITA SAMANTARAY
7th Semester, ETC

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SMART WATER METRE WITH SENSOR
Introduction:

As seen, water wastage has been a serious threat to the world, therefore many methods were introduced to
save water. Automatic taps were created so as to not decrease water wastage. But it is not totally beneficial
in all places like household bathrooms. Our system solves this problem by introducing a delay so that the tap
automatically turns off after a particular interval of time.
No one can deny the importance of real time monitoring for effective management. It is especially very
important in this fast-paced world. This is the main disadvantage of traditional water metres that have
been developed for the purpose of measuring the daily usage of water. They lack real time monitoring,
cloud computing capabilities. As it cannot be monitored in real time, the user will not have any idea if the
metre stops working. Also, the previous data also cannot be stored, which gives rise to a serious problem.
An idea for an android-based smartphone application to visualise water consumption for water pipes
is presented in another study

Fig 1: Hardware Model Fig 2: Data in serial monitor

In this application, the data from the data acquisition devices is directly sent to the cell phones.
Despite leveraging the Cloud platform in other recent research, their data gathering module was built
using Raspberry Pi or Arduino UNO micro-controllers rather than our NodeMCU, making their
solution far more expensive than ours. Our architecture, however, makes use of cloud computing,
which has a number of additional advantages, including the ability to guarantee server-less
architecture, ease of scalability, the visualization of numerous users simultaneously through mobile
computing devices, the implementation of machine learning techniques, and effective centralized data
storage, among others. In our system for data collection, we are going to use NodeMCU which is a
low-cost open source IoT platform. It includes a firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi system
on chip (SoC) from Espressif Systems and hardware based on the ESP-12 module. We interfaced
YFS201 Hall Effect Water Flow Sensor with NodeMCU ESP8266 Board. Which displays the water

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flow rate & Total Volume in the serial monitor. We then integrated the hardware with IoT Server. For
IoT Server, we used ThingSpeak. The water flow rate & volume data can be uploaded to ThingSpeak
Server & can be viewed or monitored from any part of the world.

Fig 3a: monitoring water flow rate Fig 3b: monitoring water flow rate

Because only the Node MCU and the water flow sensor were utilized for recording, displaying,
and analyzing the water flow patterns, our smart water meter has a cheap infrastructure cost. For a
large-scale implementation, there would be a fee for using the Cloud's resources. As the data can be
easily accessed and can be stored leak detection can be monitored. It requires less human intervention
to monitor water consumption in different households.

SHAKTI PRASAD DASH

5th Semester, ETC

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UNMANNED RC RESCUE BOAT
Introduction:
Lifeguards are the unsung heroes who work relentlessly to protect lives at sea. Patrolling beaches for hours
and, keeping a sharp eye on every tourist, and risking their own lives day-in and day-out to save others
is not an easy job. The sea is unpredictable and involves a lot of risk. In order to reduce the risk and time
in the rescue operation an unmanned remote-control boat is designed (Prototype Model), which can be
used by the lifeguards to save the drowning people. The unmanned rescue boat is more efficient and
faster in reaching the drowning person and has the power to pull the person to the shore and safely
complete the rescue operation.
System Diagram:

Fig 1: Circuit Diagram

Fig 2: Hardware Model Fig 3: Prototype Testing

GARGEE SWAIN
5th Semester, ETC

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PESTICIDE SPRAYING AGRICULTURE UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE
Introduction:
The demand of new communication techniques arising day by day, due to the increasing population.
There are many techniques in spraying pesticides but using drones to spray the pesticides is the best and
effective way. The drones can be used in any place like small fields to vast lands. Using drones plays an
important in decreasing the health issues of the farmers. The adoption of drones in further can do
just more than spraying pesticide, it can monitor the crop cycle and humidity and moisture control
etc. Autonomous drones can also monitor the crops 24/7 by recharging them self’s using solar power.
Drones can also replace the traditional spraying of pesticides.

Fig 1: Drone Hardware Model Fig 2: Gyro Testing

The performance of the NRF (transceiver) module is evaluated through a platform called multi Wifi and
the performance of the MPU6050 (Gyro + accelerometer) is evaluated through the same platform .Found
that the MPU6050 and NRF are working fine in balancing and trans-receiving the signal when tested.
Build a drone for spraying the pesticide. We used an own built transmitter and receiver setup for
controlling the drone and used a gyro and accelerometer in stabilizing the drone. We used the Gyro and
accelerometer for better controlling of the drone, without this sensor the drone may become out of control
because of the unbalanced weight of the drone. The transmitter and receiver modules are of low range
but works effectively in transmitting.

RATIRANJAN BEHERA
5th Semester, ETC

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AUTO PLASTIC SEGREGATION BIN

Introduction:
Plastic has become one of the most pressing environmental issues that we are facing today. According
to UNDP India is generating about 15 million tons of plastic waste every year but only one fourth of this
is recycled due to lack of a functioning solid waste management system. This leads to burden on the
landfills and poor socioeconomic conditions of the waste pickers, mostly women. The problem is
segregation at primary level. Plastic is being dumped along with other materials. So after few days it is
becoming really tough to separate plastic due to decomposition of other materials. And hence the plastic waste
is ended up in landfills or clogging the water bodies. Segregating plastic at educational and working places
then sending it for recycling can decrease the above mentioned effects. Keeping the effects in
consideration, we are making a prototype to segregate the plastic and naming it as Auto-Plastic Segregation
Bin. This bin gives us a heap of trash which is full of plastic separated at the end. In this prototype we
are using IR sensors. Plastic can be segregated by the method of spectroscopy. In spectroscopy, we can
identify if the waste is a plastic or not by using an IR sensor. By using this sensor, we can segregate the
plastic which is our main goal to increase recycling rate and decrease plastic waste.

Fig 1: Simulated Model Fig 2: Block Diagram

For plastic detection, there are no specific sensors developed. According to some research articles we
identified that the plastic can be detected using Infrared sensors. First, research for IDEC sensors to detect
different grades of plastic is done. These sensors were developed by Mitsubishi Company, Osaka. Then we
switched for IR sensors. But the output from the sensor is either high or low (gives whether object is
present or not). We can detect plastic using IR rays as different objects excites in different states. We
searched for sensors which can measure wavelength from rays as we cannot detect plastic with IR sensors
alone. But there are only equipment available in industrial scale rather than sensors.

PUSHPANJALI JOSHI
5th Semester, ETC

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Bidirectional Visitor Counter with Security System and Automatic Room Light
Controller
Introduction:
This project describes a circuit that is used for controlling the room lights according to the no of persons in the
room and simultaneously works as a security system when the camera is attached. With the advancement of
technology, intelligent devices are fast approaching the realm of necessity from the status of luxury. With
limited energy resources, it is a need of time to revolutionize the traditional methods of counting visitors
inside hotels, recreational places, meeting rooms, and cinemas to control electrical appliances. Moreover,
the improved living standards demand developing circuits that would ease the complexity of life. Many
systems have been developed to fill this technological gap but most of them are not applicable in real-time
scenarios due to their limitations. When somebody enters into the room then the counter will be incremented
accordingly the LED light in the room will be switched ON and when anyone leaves the room then the
counter will be decremented. The light will be only switched OFF when the room is vacant. The number of
LED lights will be ON according to the total number of persons inside the room and the count will be displayed.

Fig1: Sensors detected person Fig 2: Hardware Model

In today’s world, there is a continuous need for automatic appliances that will increase the standard of
living, there is a sense of urgency for developing a circuit that would ease the complexity of life. Also if
someone wants to know the number of persons present in a room so as not to have congestion, this
circuit will be helpful and so this article describes a circuit that is used for controlling the room lights
according to the count of persons in the room and simultaneously works as a security system when the
camera is attached. When somebody enters the room then the counter will be incremented accordingly the
LED light in the room will be switched ON and when anyone leaves the room then the counter will be
decremented. The light will be switched OFF when the room is vacant.

RAJESWARI SAHOO
5th Semester, ETC

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Empirical mode fusion of MRI-PET images using deep convolutional neural networks
Introduction:
with functional data that depicts the metabolism of various tissues. However, PET images cannot
contain structural information about tissues and have limited spatial resolution. On other hand, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), a different non-invasive imaging technique, offers strong spatial resolution
information about the soft tissue structure. However, gray colour information that indicates the metabolic
function of certain tissues is absent in MRI images. Fusion of MRI and PET can deliver complementary
data useful for better clinical diagnosis. Image fusion is the technique of combining two or more
images together to create a composite image that incorporates the data included in each original image.

Fig 1: Block Diagram

There are three types of techniques in image fusion, namely spatial domain fusion, transform domain
fusion and deep learning techniques. Principal component analysis (PCA) and average fusion are the
simple spatial fusion techniques. In these techniques the output image is directly obtained by fusing the
input images. Due to this, spatial domain fusion techniques produce degradation and distortion in the
fused image. Hence the fused images produced by spatial domain fusion techniques are less efficient
compared to transform domain fusion techniques Positron emission tomography (PET) produces an
image. In transform domain techniques, the input images are first transformed from spatial domain
technique to frequency domain prior to fusion. Discrete and stationary wavelet transforms are primarily
employed in transformed domain techniques.

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Fig 2: Flow Chart

Fig 3: MRI images

These techniques convert the input image sources into low-low, low-high, high-low and high-high
frequency bands which are referred as wavelet coefficients. However, these methods suffer from
translational invariance problem leading to distorted edges in the fused image. Deep learning techniques
for image fusion has been popularized in recent times due to their dominance over the existing spatial
and transformed domain techniques. Zhang et al. proposed convolution neural network for estimating the
features of input source images. In the obtained image, the input source images are fused region by region.
The hierarchical multi scale feature fusion network is initiated by Lang et al. They used this technique
for extracting multi features from input images.

TARUN SINGH
5th Semester, ETC

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Antenna Position Control
Currently the modern world depends on control systems. Various application in our surrounding use the
concepts of control systems. Such applications include the automatic lifts, robotics, the rocket fire and the
space shuttle lifts of to earth, car’s hydraulic pistons and many other real-life applications. Our body
organs as pancreas which regulates our blood sugar, heart which pumps through all parts of our body
and brain which controls electric pulses through our backbone etc. all are natural control systems. So control
systems have lot of applications in our life, we are surrounded by modern technologies which based on
scientific innovations. One would have heard about an aircraft flying in auto mode, a moving vehicle
without operator and an antenna which gives maximum auto signal strength all are the applications of control
systems. Control system is a system designed for obtaining required characteristics of a process. For
getting desired yield with desired performance many subsystems and processes linked in a control system
(Nise, 2000).

Fig 1: Working Diagram Fig 2: Block Diagram

The position of antenna is controlled by using gears and feedback potentiometer. Antenna azimuth is
also controlled by using some controllers. We will check response of the system without using any
controller. For getting a better response we will use PID controller and we will see that response will
be better than without controller, further we will use LQR controller for getting better response than
PID. Commanding the place of an antenna is called azimuth. Getting the output angle of the antenna
θo(t) from the angle of potentiometer θi(t) as input is the purpose of this scheme. System concept for
controlling the position of antenna azimuth.

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Fig 3: Output Waveform Fig 4: Matlab Output result

The performance of the algorithm is evaluated through radiation pattern and

convergence analysis. The comparison between two training based algorithm is
investigated by computer simulations using MATLAB/ SIMULINK. A system equipped
with eight antennas with half wavelength spacing is considered for this purpose.

Fig 5: Matlab Pole-Zero Map

PUSHPANJALI MEHER
5th Semester, ETC

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