Chemical bonding

3.2 Ions and ionic bonding

 Ionic bonding

❖ Ionic bond:
• The bonds formed between metal and non-metal
atoms.
• Electrons transferred from one atom to another
forming ions.
• Ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction
between charged ions.
• Therefore, the ionic bond represents the strong
electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely
charged ions.
 Important key words

❖ Ionic bonding:
• a strong electrostatic forces of attraction between
charged ions.

❖ Ions:
• Charged particles made from an atom by the loss or
gain of electrons.
❖ Electrostatic forces:
• strong electrostatic force of attraction between
particles of opposite charges (ions in ionic bonds).
 Ionic bonding

❖ Cation:
• The positive ion that would be attracted to cathode in
electrolysis.
❖ Anion:
• The negative ion that would be attracted to anode in
electrolysis.
 Ionic bonding
❖ Ionic compounds
• Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Ionic bonding
 Ionic bonding

❖ Ionic bond-Main features:

• The electrons involved in ion formation are
those in the outer shell of the atoms.
• Metal atoms loss electrons to become positive
ions and achieve the electron configuration of
the nearest noble gas.
• Non-metal atoms gain electrons to become
negative ions and achieve the electron
configuration of the nearest noble gas.
Dot-and-cross diagrams:
 Ionic bonding
❖ Ionic compounds
• Magnesium oxide (MgO)
 Ionic bonding
❖ Ionic compounds
• Calcium chloride (CaCl2)
 Metal ions always lose their outer electrons to form positive
ions (cations).
Ionic
bonds The number of positive charges on a metal ion is equal to the
number of electrons lost.

between Non- metal atoms (except hydrogen) always gain electrons to

become negative ions (anions).
metallic
The number of negative charges on a non-metal ion is equal
and non- to the number of electrons gained.

metallic In both cases the ions formed have a more stable electronic
configuration, usually that of the nearest noble gas in the

elements: periodic table.

Ionic bonds result from the electrostatic attraction between

oppositely charged ions.
 Physical properties of ionic compounds

• High melting and boiling points,

• Crystalline solids at room temperature
• Often soluble in water
• Conduct electricity (when molten or dissolved in water)