Indicators of Development

Communication
Indicators-Specific observable and measurable characteristic that can be used to show
changes

Indicators are succinct measures that aim to describe how the program is performing.

They allow programmers to assess what is working and what needs to be improved.

Highlight problems

Identify trends

Contribution towards the process of priority

Policy formulation and evaluation

Human Development Index (HDI)
Measures each country's social and economic development by focusing on the
following four factors: mean years of schooling, expected years of
schooling, life expectancy at birth, and gross national income (GNI) per
capital
● The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measurement system used by
the United Nations to evaluate the level of individual human development
in each country.
● It was introduced by the U.N. in 1990.
● The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities
should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country,
not economic growth alone.
The HDI was established to place emphasis on individuals—or, more precisely,
on their opportunities to realize satisfying work and lives.

Evaluating a country’s potential for individual human development provides a

supplementary metric for evaluating a country’s level of development besides
considering standard economic growth statistics, such as gross domestic product
(GDP).
An increase in the production of economic goods and service from a period to
over
How Is the HDI Measured?
The computed HDI of a country is an average of indexes of each of the life aspects
that are examined: knowledge and understanding, a long and healthy life, and an
acceptable standard of living.
Each of the components is normalized to scale between 0 and 1, and then the
geometric mean of the three components is calculate

● The health aspect of the HDI is measured by the life expectancy, as calculated at
the time of birth, in each country, and normalized so that this component is equal to
0 when life expectancy is 20 and equal to 1 when life expectancy is 85

● Education is measured on two levels: the mean years of schooling for residents of
a country, and the expected years of schooling that a child has at the average age for
starting school.
● The economic metric chosen to represent the standard of living is GNI per capita based
on (PPP),purchasing power parity a common metric used to reflect average income.
● The standard of living is normalized so that it is equal to 1 when GNI per capita is
$75,000 and equal to 0 when GNI per capita is $100.
● The final HDI score for each country is calculated as a geometric mean of the three
components by taking the cube root of the product of the normalized component scores.

India ranked 132 out of 191 countries in the United Nations Human Development Index
2021-22 released September 8, 2022 with a score of 0.633

Norway topped the list with a score of 0.957,

Australia and Switzerland in the succeeding ranks.
 GDP(Gross domestic product)
Gross Domestic Product represents the economic production and growth of a nation and is one of the
primary indicators used to determine the overall well-being of a country’s economy and standard of living

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the final monetary value of the goods and services produced within
the country during a specified period of time, normally a year.

In simple terms, GDP is the measure of the country's economic output in a year.

It is the world's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power parity
(PPP).

According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), on a per capita income basis,

India ranked 142nd by GDP (nominal) and 125th by GDP (PPP).

Why GDP?

One way to determine how well a country’s economy is flourishing is by its GDP growth rate.

This rate reflects the increase or decrease in the percentage of economic output in monthly, quarterly,
or yearly periods.

Gross Domestic Product enables economic policymakers to assess whether the economy is weakening
or progressing

if it needs improvements or restrictions

and if threats of recession or inflation are imminent.

From these assessments, government agencies can determine if expansionary, monetary policies are
needed to address economic issues.
Gross National Product (GNP)?
Gross national product (GNP) is an estimate of the total value of all the final products and services
turned out in a given period by the means of production owned by a country's residents.
GNP is commonly calculated by taking the sum of personal consumption expenditures, private
domestic investment, government expenditure, net exports, and any income earned by residents from
overseas investments, then subtracting income earned by foreign residents

Understanding Gross National Product (GNP)

GNP measures the total monetary value of the output produced by a country's residents.
Therefore, any output produced by foreign residents within the country's borders must be excluded in
calculations of GNP, while any output produced by the country's residents outside of its borders must
be counted.
Gross National Product

● GNP is related to another important economic measure called gross domestic product
(GDP), which takes into account all output produced within a country's borders
regardless of who owns the means of production.
● GNP starts with GDP, adds residents' investment income from overseas investments,
and subtracts foreign residents' investment income earned within a country
world happiness index

According to the, the World Happiness Report is an indicator of global happiness.

The rankings are based on reports of respondents' assessments of their own lives, and articles on
national happiness are included.
● The World Happiness Report is being published by United Nations Sustainable Development
Solutions Network, since 2012, to rank countries by how happy their citizens perceive
themselves to be.
● The Report is based on two key ideas, (1) happiness or life evaluation measured through opinion
surveys and (2) identifying key elements that determine well-being and life evaluation across
countries.

● India-136th position in the United Nations' World Happiness Report for the year 2022.
Finland has been named the happiest country in the world,

Denmark coming in second, followed by Iceland

Communication indicators relate to the objectives, inputs and outputs of the
communication intervention.

1976 UNESCO conference

Communication Indicators and Indicators of Socio-Economic Development, 1970. IF0

group submitted a national case study "One Hundred Years of Mass communication in
Germany

optimal effectiveness, there is a need to plan resources in relation to other sectors and to
overall development planning,

Literacy, urbanisation and communication- impact on different sectors

Modernisation factors, process , media

● Human rights indicators are central to the application of human rights standards in
context and relate essentially to measuring human rights realization, both qualitatively
and quantitatively.
● They offer an empirical or evidence-based dimension to the normative content of
human rights legal obligations
Accountability – requiring identification of the major actors (duty bearers);
Conduct (of duty bearers) as well as result
Progress in four dimensions: no discrimination, adequate progress, true
participation, effective remedy
a) Accountability of duty bearers- Accountability of duty bearers is central to security and
promoting human rights. This means identifying the principal actors defining precisely
what their accountabilities are.
b) Conduct as well as result –
While monitoring of human development focuses on human outcomes and associated
social and economic conditions, human rights monitoring is concerned not only with
these outcomes or ‘result’ but also ‘conduct’ of the party accountable (the duty bearer).
Not by law, institutions, norms and values of society and an enabling economic
environment.
c) Progress in four dimensions –
The principle of ‘progressive realisation’ recognizes that time is needed to make the
necessary changes to secure rights, and for all individuals to enjoy them.
These obstacles may be rooted in a diverse array of institutional, financial, cultural,
and economic factors.
Result that reflects progress is as significant in this context as the level achieved.