—_ = 4 The E-Notes is Proprietary & Copyrighted Material of NCERT KAKSHA. Any reproduction in any form, physical or electronic mode on public forum ete will lead to infringement of Copyright of NCERT KAKSHA and will attract penal actions including FIR and claim of damages under Indian Copyright Act 1957. §- lea NCERT KAKSHA & afeart sik adage art 3 | arduitia ta orf ux ferett sft eo sie or sctagine ats a ferett oft axes ther & NCERT KAKSHA & aithise 41 sever etm ok andy atte afta 1957 & Tea Taba che afer & ara aia ercren HATS Ht STEAA NOTE - Go cit 4 a aee Ser fod BOT Fs Teta AT A eT CT a TAT fee are arefaret at or xet 2 safery sia are alee fret a oft stare RI Pa dA |g ace al Core9A mass Pencentoge (w/w) Mass /- of the component ~- Mass of Solute x 100) (Solute - component) Total Mass of the solution 2K Volume: Pexcentage (V/V) Volumey- of the component = Volume of Solute x 100 Total Volume of the solution BC Mass by Volume pexcentage (w/V) Mass by Volume , - Mass of Solute) y 100, Volume of Solution 2K Pants Pen million Copm) as Numben of pants of the component x 108 Total no. of pants of all components of the solution 2X Mole fraction Mole fraction of the component - 9. of moles of the component Total no. of moles of all the component 20 mole fraction of the solvent in the solution [%, =a Mn+ Te 2K mote fraction of the solute in the solution |%g° "se Mat N, sum of the mole fraction of the component is unity | %q_+ X= 3h] Molanity(M) Moles of Solute Volume of Solution in litne 94 | motatity (on). Moles of Solute ~ Number of mass of Solute 1900 Mass of Solution in kg Mass of solvent (in gnams) : ‘i + Pantiat Presune BO Mensys law [P= Kye he Henny’: law constont 1 = mole fraction of the gos x Raoult's [aur | %% % | OR | me ee PL =1—=—= 8G NCERT Kaksha - Umesh VaishattA. = pontiat vopoun pressure of Pantil vopoun pressure of 2 2K Rooult's law fox a volatile Liquid ~ lined Piast. of phe Br apne pucssue of pune 2 Po » ROO Total presume [PER ER = mA] Hrd somtion Qi Relative lowening of vapoun pnessune ty Rooults law is obeyed » a=) 9 ae) ebulliscople constant 2X Elevation: of boiling point | © enyoscopie constant Depression of frezzing point [Ba TFm] ad W, = Mass of Solvent osmotic: pressure (tr) [w= ert] W, mass of Solute m, = Molan macs of solvent M. = molar mass of solute ie ss 2K Degnee of Disassociation x Van't Moff facton (i) ee) m= number of ions xe Modified foxm of Colligative pnopexties CQO NCERT Kaksha - Umesh Vaishali20 EME of a cell Fea * Ecothote E nude (celt potential) x Nernst Equations fon a general electrode neaction EB Eun) Et "Tt Ean” Foro iF aT (ogee M™y Earn Eomyay 0.059 logit nm OTM aM Nennst Equations fon a general electnochemical neaction Enya) Eon) BT R11, tcl" [D3" CANE) Eun = Earn ~ 2303 RT 1p me 3 (cj (Dj* (CAl° Ca? E wiry * Esuttjy) ~ 2-059. orm) ~ Earn) ~ 2-082 log cco (al Cal? (D3*) m 29x 24 Gr66's Free Enengy Ag tr? = ~RTUy Ke OR | Antr'= - 2.303 RT (09 ke Vis eu Ohm's law aw Specific Resistance |R = P (Resistivity) WU] A V = Potential L* Cunnent we Conductance A. PL GL. R KA bn difference + Resistance = finea + Lengtn A conductiviey [k= A whentstone bnidge 30 Molan Conductivity ine KXV Molon concentration K X 1000 aes: OR} May = Cy Finst law We ZXIXt Cv 9+ 1K) Z + Propationatity Second taw | Wi. & Ww, & eanch on youtube om Neent Kaksha - Umesh Vaishali ©AEG NCERT Kaksha-Umesh Uaishalt3x Integnated Rate Equation fon Zeno onder Reactions Chemical Kinetics Rate of Reaction = Decrease in concentration of R Time _taken OR Rate-of Reaction = Incneose_inconcentration of R Time taken OR Rate of Reaction - -A[R) . AIP) at At. Diffenential Rate Equation Kos. Rate. Constant Reaction A+8 > Products Rate = K (Al (a)? OR Reaction Ondlen of Reaction = x+Y4 at dR. “kf Al*(8)* A+B Products Rate = KCAI*CBIt Z + onden of Reoction with nespect to A Y © onden of Reaction with respect to 8 ke (RJ, - (R) ax Integnated Rate Equation fon Finst onden Reactions |K = 24 Half life of a zero oxden Reaction 2X Half life of a finst oxdenr Reaction ot Integnated Rate Equation for a gaseous state t 2.303 LoglR. ee ty, = Rh 4 ok ty, = 26aa t k = 2.303 (og_% _ (2A -®) Pj = initial Pnessume P, = total Pressure = Annhenius factor on fnequency facton SX Annhenius Equation | k = Ae /* “ fa Aetivaion Energy > Rate constant at T, (og ka Ee _ [4 - +| f+ as contort ot 1 K, + Rate constont at 7, ky 2303R LT hh T= Tempenatune in ketvin f= = 2.303 X RX slope (in a plot of ieee 2 Collision theony of Chemical Reactions io Reno at 3 CAG NCERT Kakshe -Vmesh Vaishali Zagr The calision frequency of nectonts A and B P= Probability facton etelRT ur ox gnecten than & Fraction of molecules with eneagies equal to- mt Naa es ee | BBABBSBEEE Be ARSE BESO secs BAM ASM Eee IIA L J | f- block rd => 2156 togyZn inst transition senies akSd-senies me 3gY (0 ygld — Second tnansition senies ap 4d-senies mp 57d and 7 HF 10 go Hg CgqCe to yy tu) Thind transition senies oR Sd-senies > Begins with pq Ac is still incomplete — Fouxth transition senies oR 64-senies sent of eid sno Alote * —d-block elements known as Taansition elements Corea aa Fe aation (nip at® ngtt BK [Gs _leicnr2)_ aM Genenal Electnonic configuration (n-1) d f- block Elements ok Innen txansition mel Moqnetic moment Difference between Lanthanoids and Actinoids _ hanthanoids — _Actinoids — 4 af-onbital is prognessively filled Sf-onbital is prognessively fled #3 oidation state {s most common along | snow +3,+4, +5, +6,+F oxidation states with +2 and +4 (BJ only promethium (Pm) is nadioactive All ane radioactive . | they ane tess neactive than actinoids They ane mone neactive (Gi]mtagnetic pnopenties ane less complex Magnetic pnopenties ane mone complex BG ACERT Kaksha = Vmesh VaishaliSL Numben of onbitals and Types of Hybxidisations Coon lon} Type of Distuibution of hybxid no. bxidisation onbitals in space | spt) || Tetnahednal [7 asp | [os Squave_planan | Detahetgal 2 Relationship between the wavelength of light absonbed and the colour obsenved in some condition €ntities Wavelength of | Coloun of tight Coloun of ight absonbed. absonbed coordination Cam) enity [eo(ns), Ctl” Yellow violet [counts (Hao) Blue gneen Red. [eotwns),]°* Blue Yellow oxange | il Tuigonal “bipyramidal [eo(cw)]* Ultnaviolet Pale yellow (outs,0),)°" Red blue (ti@,0), 7" Blue queen Violet 2 Nomenclature of some coordination compounds [PtCNHs), CUNO, ] diaamminechlonidonitno - N- platinum (Il) (coci, em, Jet diachlonobis (ethane - |,2- diamine) cobalt (11) chlonide KsfFe(cy0y),) potassium tnioxalatofennate (Ill) [Ag (wHs)}lAg (cn),] | diamminesilver (1) dicyanoangentate (I) QA Monwsrsate? — Fes0y-CNHy), 504 . 6440 Potash alum —KyS0y. Al,S04- 24450 Cannallite = KCI. MgCl, 6H,0 — SA stepwise ard ovenatt stability constant Me [Be = atte re set my 2 Bat Ki RK X Ry K Rye... Ry =4—— ©) © NCERT Keksha = Umesh VrisholtXe Fi Cl, Bad RX fin alkyl Halide CHoleatkane) Alkyl on. substituted. alkyl 6 Haring Reoctions — 4 Swants Reaction CCl, + 2565 Sb CIs X Sandmeyen’s Reaction An-X An anyl Halide CHaloanene ) Phenyl on substituted. Phenyl No” cl” Cl Cu; Cl, , HCI O + Nh Benzene diazonium Chiomobenzene chloride Not cm in Cu, BA » HBX + Nt Bnomabenzene Not ct CN Cucn Tea NettD KCN Cyanobenzene Xe Finkelstein Reaction CHg CH Cl Ethyl entonite + Nal pony EicrieeeT CH3CH,I + Nacl Ethyl Iodide Ethyl bromide CH3CHy Bn + Nad Om Melne, CH3CHgI + NQBn Ethyl Todide VEO NCERT Kaksha - Ymesh Vaisholta4 Wunts Reaction CHzBn + 2Na + Bn-cH, DY EMA CHScHy + 2NOBA Metny! Gromide Ethone CHs ii CH3 CH; CHj—CH—Bn + 2Na + Ba—CH—CHy MLS cy ty —(H—CHy 2,3 Dimethyl butane + 2NaBr Tsopnopyl, 8nomide 2X Wants Fittig Reaction KOD— tt + PN + Me OH Bi te KOM + 201 —a + ana + 1— — Nod Cas eases arta) = $= © G NCERT Kaksha - Umesh VaishaliXK Hunsdiecken’s Reaction R-COOMg + Bm a> R-Bn + AgBn + Cop? CHyCHyCOOAg + Bn, Ly CHyCHy-Bn + AgBn + CO, 3 4 Reflux q 2 24 Gattenman's “Reaction CO, stu LO + at One alt Daas mt tae a Note: DDT (p, p'~ Dichlonodiphenyl tnichlanoethone ) a® Ct CH;—CH,—0-CHy—CHs + Nal CHy CHy CHy-8n + Nad—¢—cy, ———> CHO Fey + Nan ine et 2 Sodium tent- butoxide Methyl tent- butyl éther (Unsymmetnical &ther) -6- CG NCERT Keksha - Umesh Voishall2K Riemen Tiemann Reaction OH 0 Na 0 Na Pnendl Intermediate CHCl + (aq) NAOH CHCl, NQOH oe 30° tH 340K Saticylatdenyde (2 Hydnonybenzaldehyde) our on! lumit (s oun Mind @ BG NCERT Kaksha - Umesh Vaishalt° amin 3K Rosenmund Reaction 0 actions — Il R-C—cl + Ht) ———» Acyl chlonide Pa/ Basoy 0 I! fame + ig Aldehyde ° tn Adehyde (whene & mey be Hox ony alkyl, ang! ox aneiky! group) es R-C—R' Ketone (Whene R and R' may be same on diffenent aly, 0 |! CHy-C—Cl + My Acetyl chlonide Pa / Basdy 0 Il ang) analy! gnoop) ———> HCH HE We) Conbrgie tid Acetyldebyde Coihene R may be Hon ang sky, ang ox analy! group) ae Stephen Reaction Sul + 2HCL ——> Smitty + 2CH) CHj—C=N + 20H) + HCL ——> cHy~ CH= NHLHCL DY CHy-cHO Ethanenitnile Acetaldoxime Acetaldenyde hydnochlonide + NAyCl XK Etand Reaction OCn (0H) Cl, CHs He CHO O¢n (0H) Cl, cs + (¢%0,¢, ——» —— Toluene Benzaldehyde eh Gatterman - Koch Reaction CHO Oo C0, Hel —_—_— ‘anhya. Alc, /cuct Benzene Benzaldehyde =I— © G NCERT Kaksha - Umesh Vaisholt20 Clemmensen Reduction Ss In-Hg SS c=0 es CH, ee + 4TH] uct Ceone.) Ze wT ai CHyCHy-CHy- CHO + [HT cHy—CyCH,—CHy + gO Putyraldehyde m= butane 2 Wolff Kishen Reduction 2 aw ro oN on oui: gactenrthnoaeapeaitie gee aN Hydnazene CH, s OH, CH Ba + NH) NH, 3 ‘KOH oS CO Ee C=N- NH, Hy + ON, ey a ae a a a aa: Ay we 2 2 Acetone Propane 26 Aldol condensation oO OW dil. NaoH s 4 CHy—C=H + H—CHy— CHO SS CHy— CH—CH.- CHO ——— CH CH= CH— CHO Fthonal 3- hydnoxy. butonal ‘But -2- enal (aldol) 0: oO o ll > olor), | I ic Il CHy— Ct H—CHy)— — CHa FF CHy— CH— CH, C—CHy — CHy—C=CH—C—CHs (eee I “Ho fs ‘Acetone cy Es q- Hydnoxy- Lod methyl -pentone- 2- one (ketol ) 4 Methyl pent - 3-en-2-one 2K Cross aldol Condensation OF 0 9 OH 0 Ro wR ait i i il H-C-M + H—CHy—C—H ———=} HO— CHy—CHy— CH + CHg— CH CHy—C—H formaldehyde Acetaldehyde (Cross aldot Preduct) (Simple aldol Product) IE NCERT Kaksha - Umesh Vaishallon og f | i (cH CH= CHy-C-H cH=cH—CHO ° i] NOOK a $ H—Cy-C-H > *, Ethanal Genzaldenyae Cinnamaldehyde o i CO cH + tre ale_ NOH ¢ CO 1=0-EXOD 293K Berzaldehyde Acetophenone Benzalacetaphenone ((.3-Dipheny! pnop-2-en-1-one) (rgjnsProtet) + Ho QU Hell= Vothand ~ Zelinsky Reaction - x Recry- coon MRP poy coon i) 0 i ACL, Bx ‘ u- Halocanboxylic acid a cHy-cH-coon L2Ch/ RP CHyCH— COOH Propanoic Acid ct (va o Q 2- Chlonopropanoic acid <2 Cannizzano Reaction cone KOH =F 2HCHO —n> CH3-OH + HCOO K Formaldehyde Methyl Alcohol Potassium faxmate CHO CHy- OH coona Senzaidehyde Benzyl alcobt -O Sodium benzoate CHy Naon (s0%) CH; 2,2 Dimethyl proparal CHa 2CH,—C—CHO ——————® Cy —C — CH, 0H CH 12,2 Dimethylproparal CH3 + cH—C—codna CHy Sodium 2,2 dimethyl propanate « eee |p NR ql tl 0 Phthalimide | no/ut —C 00H Rwy + (Ol coou L amine Phthalic acid x Hoffmann bromamide sxeaction R-CONH, + Bx, + YNOOH ———m® R-NHy + NQ,COz + 2NABR + 2H,0 Acid amide Loraine CONM, NM © + Bn, + 4KOH > © + K,C03 + 2K6n + 2H,0 Benz amide Aniline A Canbylamine Reaction ( Tsocynaide test) RNH, + CHCl, + SKOH (alc) ——» R-NC + SKC + 3H,0 "amine Alkyl isoeynaide NHy © + CHCls + 3KOH (alc) oy oO + SKC + 3H,0 Aniline Phenyl isocynaide Pky" — 10g Ky angen the value of Ky on smallen the value of pk, sinongen is the base. AG NCERT Keksha - Umesh Vaishalt‘Monosacchanides Lmpontant Rxn :- > aitoyanes nisi Polysacchanides | &Ma0 + 60,——@ C0, + 6H,0 + 2882 KT ~ Note ONA (Deonynibonueteic acid ) Caty®y + Ho —® Glad + GllgOk AWA (Ribonucleic acid ) uve que Frcs Fram stones Gyn cHO cHo 0 " ie a a——~ on Ho Ho—j— o1——t eas How Ho ——# lea 4 oH 4 —}— 0H " 4HO—j— D+) Glycenolderyde = HO Lc igcenaldetyde. © HO — H CitoH cH; DoH guease Lid guuease “> -Stnucane of Fructose, 1 al HOHC —C— 0H Ho —— ° x—t—on 45 ‘ “cayoet CHyOH XD (-) fructofunanose B-D (-) fauctofunanose “> soutine o ae = dese even gt =9—— ©3 © NCERT Kaksha = Umesh VaishollSome Chemical compounds names & Moleculan Formulas Molecular ¢ Moleculan Formula | Compound Name Fonrnula Acetate Calelum nitrate Sodium Phosphate Calcium canbonate Compound Name Sodium Hydroxide Potassium dichnomate Zine Chloride Cy HOH Zine hydroxide Nithous Actd HNDy Zine Sulphate Canbon tetna chloxide Sodium Sulphate Inon oxide OG NCERT Kaksha - Umesh Vaishald