www.ncertkaksha.com MATHS FORMULA SHEET GEDWARNING } The E-Notes is Proprietary & Copyrighted Material of NCERT KAKSHA. Any reproduction in any form, physical or electronic mode on public forum ete will lead to infringement of Copyright of NCERT KAKSHA and will attract pehal actions including FIR and claim of damages under Indian Copyright Act 1957. §-aica NCERT KAKSHA & arfeart sik aidtage arent 8 | arden a orf ux fret oft eo sifae or ecaeite ats A feet of axes chart @ MCERT KAKSHA & aithige a1 seve etn sik adie aithkige afi 1967 ‘aed HIPAA sie anfa ch are aed cere Hears Ht ore | NOTE - go aint 3 a aca Ser find B oT ees Tera A ST at TA fees cara cardaret st or vet @ saferyg sig are Alea fevett S oft stare & se Nees FORMULA SHEET www. ncentkaksha. comre Relation»: Tf A and B ane two non-empty sets, then any subset R of AXB is called Relation from set A to 8. ie [READS @ REARS TF (xyER then we wwite x@y CHead as x is R nelated to y) and Tf (,y)¢ R then we wuite 2Qy_ Cyd as x is not ® xelated to y) TeTpoRy is sanyonelationssfromeset A to Set 8 then, & © Domain of R is the set of all finst coondinates of elements of R and is denoted by Dom(®) * Range of & is the set of all second coondinates of R and it is denoted by Range (R) A nelation R on set A.means, theenelation from A to A ie, [RE AKA Sempty"Retation: A Relation R in o set A is called empty xelation, if no element of A is nelated to any element of Ayyi-e FR=Mie AXA] SL Univensal Relation’: A Relation R in a set A/is called universal melation each of A is xelated to eveny element of A, ie [REAXAl omy hn A Relation R in a set A is called ~ W Reflexive Relation : If (a,a)€A, for every QEA wh Symmetnic Relation: If Cai,a,) €R implies (a,,a,) € R fon all a, 0; € A A Thansitive Relation: tf (a,a,) €R and (az, 05) €R implies (a,,0,) €R fon all o,,0,,0; € A Equivalence Relation: Tf R is neflexive, symmetnic and tnansitive Aantisymmelnie Relation : A relation R in a set A Is antisymmetnic if [Ga oder (d,a)ER > a= bv a,bER AInvense Relation: If A and 8 axe two non-empty sets and R be a relation from A to B, such that R=f(ajb):a€A,dE8f, then the invense of R, denoted by R”', isa relation from 9 to A and is defined oy [R= €(b a):(a,b) ERI Aequivalencerelass) : Let R be an equivalence relation on a non-empty set A. fon all a€A, the equivalence class of ‘a! is defined as the set of all such elements of A which axe related to ‘a’ unden R. gt is denoted by fa) S Function : Let X and ¥ be two non-empty sets. Then a nule f which associates to each element xX, a unique element, denoted by fd of Y, is called a function from X to Y and wnitten as fiX-Y whene, fx) is called image of x and x is called the pxe - image of f(x) and set Y is called the co- domain of f and f(X)-{ f(t): xEX} is called the xange of f.+ One= One ok Tnjective Function’ : A function f:X— Y is defined to be one-one if the images of distinct element of X unden f ane distinct 5 called mang - one. -1= 9G NCERT Keksha = Umesh VaishaliOnto or Sunjective’ : A function f:X—Y is said to be onto if eveny element of Y is the image of some clement of X unden f + ive fon eveny yeY, thene exists an element x in X° such that f(a y One= One and onto or Bijective > A function f:x—Y¥ Gs said to be one-one and onto, if f is both one-one and onto. onote : $2 xy is onto if and only if Range of fr¥ SL Composition ofssfunctiony: let f-: AB) and.gi8—-Cbetuo function then the composition Of f and q denoted by Gof and defined as the function gof :/A— ¢ pee ww 6 aenitieps fetta + Let R vel the set of neal numbens, a function T:R—® such thal Tlt)= x VOGER is called identity function . STaventibles function) : A function f:x>>Y i defined to be inventible , if thenc exists a funelion gi ¥—9 X such that gop Ip) and fog - Ty. The function q is called the tnvense of f and is denoted, by. fp: A Binary operation: A binary openation * on a Set A is a function * : AXA-A, we denote * (a,b) by a*d *A binany openation * on a set A is called commutative , if a* b= b*a, fon eveny a,b € A. A binary openation R:AXA—*A is said to be associative if -(M*b)FC = ak (b*C), ¥ O,b,CEA identity clemet A binary operation *: AXA A, an oP if it exists, is called identity fon the openation *, if a*e+ e*a, ¥ a€A * A binaxy openation * PAXAA with the identity element ¢ in A, an element a€ A is said to be inventible with nespect to the operation *, if thene exists an element b in A such that a*b = @ = b*a and 6 is called the invense of a and is denoted by a SS Novofe function : Let f: A+B be any mopping and (Al= and [61> m where, IAL nepnesent no. of elements in Set A 181 nepnesent no. of elements in Set B Then; Total mo. of function from A to 8 = m” * Case If m=m; then . of mapping « iY Total mo. of one-one mapping = ni Total me. of onto mapping = a © Cased) If nem; then mapping = 7m” one - one mapping = "Cy 7 onto mapping = 0 * Casedii) If m>mj; then mapping - aD one one mapping. = 0, onto mapping = cn", Cm-ny” Po] NCERT Kaksha = Vmesh VaishaliBhaiyaWDidi i ae Neca always with you Cos6 = Cosk O- mnnt a ; ne2 © Properties of invense tnigonometnic functions sin(4) = Core 'c Yo eER-C1,-0 Sin(Sint) <2, 4 2 € fea] -fL) = Sele Ft xER-C1,-1) Cos’ (os'(cosz) = 2, ¥ xe [0,71] : (7) + ton(t = Cols ¥ x>0 ; ) Te aria ete) ton(E) oats ¥ <0 Cot"(cotx) =, ¥ x € (0,1) Sinz) = -Sin'g Yor (-,10 a : z Sec" (Secx)-2, ¥ 2 € [0,11] ‘4 Cosec' (cose) = 2, Viz € feel - f04 22 Costezy = T-Costx Yo re lyid tan'x = -tan"'z % TER Con = T-cobtx YrER Seclen) = W- secty Hore R(t Cosec x) = ~Cosec'x re R(-1,1) i Sin’'a + Costa = = Voreyu ton'n + Corns DY rer 2 Sec’n + Costas DY xe RC-1,1) 2 =2= (9 © NCERT Kaksha = Vmesh VaishaliSint + Sin ty = Sin tf x Tp + ye} if tsa, yet & aie yr et on xy0 B we yod Cost + Cosy = Cos fxg - I Tg} if 14%, ysl & ety20 Cos'x - Cosy = Cosh xy + Ire Tg | if -14e, ysl & ney QSin'x = Sin"(2xITR™) iF Le x oi a 2cos'x = Cos'(axt-1) i OS KEL 2ton'x = me (te ) if tere! I= x Ssin"x = sin'(3x- 4x3) ¥ Dore A Si} fe net (5) Store = Cor"(ux?- 30) Do Pi Ae -~ ne ree en eee ce (Gees Bo 2ton'e + T+ worl a) Hy 1-34 [a Pn Le 1+ aSe0 ok 1+ olosed . ES) . see"(L) = Cose ton'x = Sin" (Ge) = tos (len) : (4) = see\(IFA) = cosee (42) earch n youtubeA Matix) + A metnix is a nectangulon annangement of numbers on functions anranged into a fixed numben of ons and columns. A matrix. is wnitten inside bneckets [ J. Each entny in a matric. is called an element of the matns én | Me shot nite “sie ontn of Maine ag |—+ Sent mo () ‘akon Pi tomn Gort i) ep Me am ee a A matrix said to bE 4 Column matrix if it has only one column. Ex i t ale A eRowiimatnie) : A matrix is said to bena now matrix ifmit has only. one, now, Ex fates p 35 s]h Square Matniz) : No. of xows (rm) No. of colums(m) as 7 Ii no a}e 6Mlty SDiagaralMatnix + A squone matrix is said to be a diagonal mainix if all its non diagonal elements one zero. Ex [49] [1 @ ‘non-diagonal elements 200, nen _S Scalar Matin : A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalan matnix if its diagonal elements ro} [Fe ° ane equal. Ex (~ [Ry 0 OND) aiagona siements qual A erdentitgmatnix: A square matrix in which all diagonal elements ane 1 and nest axe all zeno. Ee 1 WS ash, aananiti A NUUTOR Zeno Matnix) : Jf all Its elements ane zeno. We denote zexo matnix by O. Ex [0 9] 00 Sequel Matate) ? Two matrices A> (aj) and 8 + [by (they ane of the same onder iy Cah Clement of Ais equal to the connespording clement of B ie. ag * by for all i and j ‘A Uppentnlangalan Mathie : An upptn tnionguion matnix , if 04-0 ¥ (>f, ie. all entnies below principal diagonal ane zeno. Example + (34) [$4] OT" Slower triangular matic) : A lowen tniangulen matuix, if oy =0 V i det(a) = IAl = Expansion along eal now (Rj) Oy Bie Uy det(a) = IAl = A= te a Qa Oey Oy] * an My On Gs Oy vd enn yy (O39 55 ~ Op Qy5) ~ AraC Oy Ogg 05,055) + Opp (ay Osx - Oy, Org oy Note: Gi) For matic A, IAL is mead as determinant of A and not modulus of A GD only square matnices have determinants. W The value of the detenminant nemains unchanged if its nows and columns intenchanged. @ Tf any two nows Cox columns) of a determinant ane interchanged , then sign of detenmninant changes. id TF any two Hows Con columns) of @ determinant ane identical , then value of determinant is zeno W) Tf each element of a xow (on 0 column) of a determinant is multiplied by a constant k, then ts value gets multiplied by k. (V) Tf some on all elements of a ow on column of 0 detewminant is expressed sum of two (on mone) terms, then the detenminant can be expressed as sum of two (on mone) determinants, (Wi) Tf, to each element of any xow on column of a determinant, the equimultple of connesponding. elements of othen now Con column) ane added , then the value of detenminant semains the same i.e. the value of determinant nemains same if we apply the openation R,—* Rit kR; on C.-C, + Koj Aneo of Triangle: Anca of Triangle with ventices Caiyg.IsC%, ys) and C4454) Is, EIS ede tim yt aL Calyen gad + HC ya-g) Cy yo) Note> : pny ( fnea ts a positive quantity , we always take the absolute value of A. Gi) TF Anea is given , use both positive and negative values of the determinant fon calculation. (i) the axea of the iniangle formed by thnee collinean points is zexo. -4=@3 © NCERT Kaksha - Umesh UnishollMinors): Minox of an element aj of the IAL is determinant obtained by deleting i” now and j™ column and is denoted by My minnon of 0, SL Cofactons): Cofactor of an element ay, denoted by Ay is defined by Ay cn"@y a SH Adjointopavmatnte® * The adjoint of a square matnix A~ [aj] is defined as the tnanspose of the matrix [AijJmn » Adjeint of the matnix A denoted oy adja. (ioe copacto op tne element 0) SF Singulan matnix) + A square matnix A is said to be singulax of [Al=0 of Non= singulan Mmathiz + A square matnix A is said to be non- singulan if |Al #0 ‘S Theonemit) If A be any given squane..matnix of oxden n, then A(adjA) = (adja)A = IAIT Serene Tf A ond B one non-singulan matnices of the same oxden, then AB and BA one also non - singular ynatnices of \the same oxden. L Teen IABI= [AL 181 whene A and B ane aquene malxices of same onder, Setheanem® A squane matrix A is\Vknventible sf arid) only, if A, iS) nd singilan mat nix wWConsistentiisystem * Jf system of equation have Solution Cone. ox Mone) | exists. & Tmcosistent system : $f system hos no solution or solution does not ‘exist\. & System of (ineax equation using invense of 0 matrix : Considen the equations, ax + byt ezed, Here, A=] a b& | xX =|*! and B=! Ox + by + 7 dy a bb te 4 dy ax + byt Gz dy a 3 cs = 4s ab a |) %] [a Ten the system of equatins can be wnittn os, AX*B Fla 4 ol yl=|a, a by cy Jl? 4 (aseI Tf A is @ non- singulan matnix, then its invense exists. Now X= AB [Consistent & Unique so") Coe If A is @ singulan matrix, then |Al=0 (Adj A) 8 # 0 sol” does not exist Cincosistent) (Adj A) 8 = 0 infinitely mang sol” on no sol” 7H (B20 lamps system Consistent ot “nconsistent) eqdetion & system of Equation : [AX > 8 if 8 #0(. ‘Non -Homogenous system of equation) it lal | then unique solution (Tnivial Solution) % wommoqenousmsystemmap equation : [AX = 0 Sif l#a) then infinitely solutions Tf A is skew symmetnic matnix of odd onden , then IAI=0 * The detenminant of a skew- symmetnic matnix of tven oxden is a penfect squane. wonk Hand @ OG WNCERT Kaksha -Vmesh Vaishol@ © Continuity 2 Suppose f is a Heal function on a subset of the neal numbens and let ¢ be a point in the domain f. Then f is continuous at c if [ tim FC) FCC) SH Discontinuity + A function said to be discontinuous at point x=a, if it is not continuous at this point. This point x*a whene the function is not continuous is called the point of ition: nati AL THOMMD Suppose f ond g be two neal functions ‘continuous at a neal no. then, @ f+q ts continuous at x~c a fq) ( coftinuous at x=c @ f-q is Continuous at x=0 (£) is continuous, at x=C , {provided yeoro} @ af ts continuous at xc , whene als a constant. (If lis continuous at xc ‘> Eveng constant function is continuous function . Every Polynomial is continuous function. Identity function is continuous function. © even Exponential & logonithmic fundion is continuous function. Semeowerni2 Suppose f ard g ane neal valued functions such that (fog) is defined at If q is continuous atc ond if f is continuous at gC), then (fog) is continuous at ¢ S Diffenentiabitity, : suppose f is a neal function and ¢ is a point in its domain, The denivative of f at ¢ defined by Wig Ccen)= fed provided this limit exists. Denivative of f at c is denoted by f'Cc) on d [fCx)],. The function defined by ar f'Cx) = lim £Cxth)- F(X) wheneven the limit exists (s defined to be the dexivative hoo h of f. The denivative denoted by f'Cr) on d[fCx)] on if yo fle) by dy on y! dx dx ¥ Algebxa of dexivaties : w (uevy= wee] co Lew = u's uv! fe Cuabnite on product male) TT SH Theonem’s Tf a funclion f is differentiable at @ point c, then it is aso continuous at that point, ote SChoinwRule : Let f be a neal valued function which is a composite of two functions wand vy ie f > vou; Suppose t= ule) and if dt and de de at exist ,we have GE ~ dy. dt de dt de Suppose f is neal valued function which is a composite of thnee functions u,v and wis ie. f= (wou)ov and if t= v(x) and s+ ult) then alwou) ap. dt . dw. ds. dt dx at dx ds dt dx © some propenties of Logonithmic function toye= BhE] [logue = tye + tans] [logo's le * lene = eloap 14,0 log,e" + nlogp Gi (J = uly = uv! , wheneven v#0 a (¢) = logy - logyy) |log,x a =5= (9 © NCERT Kaksha - Umesh Voishall& keann it Impontant for Limit Questions et it ht aeaty.. loglisel= ¢- 2-22... “Uu_e & @ ew t- e+ xt 284... sma = w- w+ eo ay. u_v Bow ot 14 Hloga y w(logea)' | [cose = 1 - a+ xt -a8y... u @ eu (oq lisxl st ~ a+ a8 fanx- 2+ e+ 25... 2B wos (tas 14 net nex, n(naln-ada, ..... o Some ‘standand” denivative B 2 w&Denivative of functions in Paxametnic fonms ~ loganithmic differentiation ye fen = aca)” A= FC = GCE) mamas tm ait» rrr, suing oy both ses, = dis de logy = vCx) log Culx)] e “ dt Using hein mule to differentiate d La ae vO. 1. ulead + v'd tog luca) ys dt [eters +9] ux) dx dx « det ay = ae ull) + vlan. | dk ux) = GC far ag geo ant ay ep0] (pain 100-45) = bey! # or % Steond onder dexivative Y wote: Hignen onden dexivative may be defined simitenty ys ite) % Note : dy. ft) ——w c 5 dx Aifferensiate Gd again wrt 10 x, o A (a) i L {fol 3 a = fCx)| denoted oy on y" SL Rolle'setheonem : Tf f: [a p]—> R i continuous on [a,b] and diffenentiable on (a,b) such that f(a) = f(b) then thene exists me C in (a, b)such that f'Cc) = 0 of Langnange Theonem ox Mean value theonem : If f:[a,b]—»@ is continuous on (a,b) and differentiable on (a,b). Then thene exists some c in (a,6) such that fice) = flo)-f(a) b-a OG NCERT Kaksha -Ymesh VoishaliA waterapriehange : Tf 0 quantity y varies with another quantity x, satisfying some xule ys fCx), then 4] (on fap) mepresints te nate of ehange of y with nespec 19 x at 2%. thay wh Dippenentiats + Let y+ fx) be any function of which is differentiable in (a,b). The derivatives of this farein et some point x of (0,0) is given by the elation Ms im Ag. im LCE) -fO) | pe) a dx Aran td a > 4. f'@ > Cs. faa Tnenensing ond saeeneasing® funttions —% fanstion fis sold @ be, @) ineneasing on an interval Ca,0) if x) % in (0,6) > flx) £ fx) for all x1, € (0,0) (®) deeneasing on an ntenval (4,6) if x, < xyflln (ahe) efx) PIF (apy foreyall, 79 x4)6) (a,b) Theonem 1 Let f be continuous on [4,0] and differentiable on the open intenval (a,b). Then CG f is imcneosing in [a,0) if f'Cx)70 fon eath 2 (0,6) bs fis decneasing in [a,0] if f'Cx<0 fon each x € (0,0) (Of is a constant function in (0,6) if f'Cu)=0 fon each x € (0,0) Tangent taNaNeuwe) The equation of tne tangent at (x, y,) to the curve yx) is given by a AY at Foo meme ope wc Case) TF Mp. das ok sk ate pl Cao) thn te Lane AL it Us poll tthe Yan and” its equetion is 2% Tf tangent to 0 cunve y= f(z) at x=, is panallel to x-axis , then 4 =0 A Normal to the cunve Olen Eaqusion of the nonmal to the cunve y= fCe) at a point (xo, ye) is given by, [yey 4, 8 Fa) = m= spe oF tame 809) Gop) Tf AY at the point (xg, y,) is zen. then equation of the normal is x= 1% dx Te FY at the point Cry, ys) does not exist, then the nonmal is panallel to x-azis and its 4. Yr Yo dx SApproximation) Let y= f(x), ax be a small ineneament in x and ay be the increment in y connesponding {0 the incneament in x, ie dy + fCx+ax)~ f(x). Then approximate value of ay {a}e* de Maximum on Minimum value of a function ( Absolute Maxima on Absolute Minima) ‘A function f is said to attain maximum value ata point a€ Dy, if fla) = f(x) ¥ xe Dp then f(a) is called absolute maximum value of f. A function f is said to attain minimum value at a point be Dy , if f(b) < f(x) V xe Dp then f(b) is called absolute maximum value of f. 6 ©0 GW NCERT Kaksha = Umesh Uaisholf Local maxima and local minima ( Relative Extnema) Local maximay A function f(t) is said to attain a local marima at x=a, if thene exists @ neighbouxhood (a-5,a+5) of ‘a’ such that flx)< fla) v % € Ca-6,at5), 2#A, then FCA) is the local maximum volue of f(x) at x=a Local Minima A function fx) is said to attain a local minima at wa, if there exists @ neighbounhood (a-6,a45) of ‘a’ such that f(x) >f(a) ¥ x € Ca-6 ats), r#a, then fla) is the local minimum value of fCx) at x=a (a) Finst denivativentest > @ Sf F'GD changes «sign from positive to negative as x incneases through ¢, then cia point of local maxima and f(c) sisslocal maximum value iy 9f f'Cx) changes sign from negative to positive os x incheases through ¢, then ‘c’ is a point of local minima and f(¢) sisstocal minimum value Ui) 9f #1020 “dosen't changes” sign \as x ineneases thnough ¢ , then € is neithen a point of local minima non a point of local masima...such a. point is called point. of inflection. (b) SecondDenivativenTest : Let f be 0 funetion defined onan intenval Tand Cer. wet f be twice differentiable at ¢. Then @ xc is a point of local maxima if fite)-0 and f"(c)4O. In this ease flc) is called Local maximum value. Wi) x=c is a point of Local minima if f'(c)-0 and f"c)>0, In this case lc) is called local minimum value. Gi) The test fails of fi(c)=0 and f"Cc)= 0. In this case, we go back to finst denivative test © Wonking Rule for finding absolute maximum on absolute minimum values Step! Find all the enitieal points of f in the given interval, i-e., find points x whene eithen f"(x)=0 om f is not diffenentiadle . Step t Toke the end points of the intenval. Step: At all these points, Calculate the value of f. Step: Identify the maximum ond minimum value of f out of the values calculated in Step I. The maximum value will be the absolute maximum value of f and the minimum value will 6 the absolute minimum value of f. LecnitieawwPaint) A Point ¢ in the domain of a funttion f at which eithen f'(c)=0 on f is not diffenentiable is called a cnitical point of f. Useful fox questions D> sie of square ‘Anca of squane = & Penimeten = 4 Anca of Reclangle = xy & Fenimeten = 0G Anca of taper = Lum of Paral! Site X Pempedicuen dlvtance belween im eng ‘ends Slant height ‘Area of Cincle = Tn* Cincumfenence = 2 natiss Veight cinculen cone TolAl Sunfoce Axea + Tn? + AnD Volume of Sphene = 41m? , Sunface Anca = itn CHEERED * Wnt 5 Aig Volume = 1794 Right cinculan eyclinden Total Surface Ane = 2TQYF 2n* Cunved Surface fxea + 27nh Voume_= Th ‘Area of fquilatenal triangle - LF (side) 4 Cube Sunface Anea ~ QGP side of cube Voleme = x?Fx) A Tntegnation (Anti diffenentiation) : Integration is the invense process of differentiation , Tnstead of diffenentiating a function. we one given the derivative of a function and asked to find its pnimitive, i-e., the oniginal function. Such a pnocess is called integration on anti differentiation. Ex : qe J ode Denivatives a(x") = nx”! dt 1 eS dx. a (Sinz) = Cosx n dx “HN / a (C05x) > - Sine co dx Cots) = - Cosec*s jf wsecnde = - Cote + dx dz (easter) = Coreen Cote | asecx etx = - cosees + ¢ (sin'z) = 1 dz = Sin'x + dx Ey fy I-xt ad (cos'x) = 1 dr pact ar ie ire” zim *S (tan'z) = _£ ita? ao dx_ = tan'x +c de +e (cox) = =1 de. -Cot"n +¢ dx Lin’ text a Gsee%) = Biz sen ac dx zl xie1 oh (coset) = __4 cig de x [x1 alae 1 dt l id Ldx = logitl+c ro aX a - a otdx - a” 4c ax ha f loga : ~ Cosec'x +¢ = ——= © © NCERT Kaksha - Umesh Vaishalt& Integration by substitution method [tanx dx + 10g | Secx] + S secede = (0g | sece + tanel +¢ Jf cotrax » log ISinel +6 J cosecxdx = (og | coseex - Cota! + ¢ SG Integnals of some panticulan functions dt = (og Int laeal+e Vea iz e z log eae ee x ae +a [te -2 L ieglate] sc ian Sinsaaerc a dx Tara dx _ = log | at Jarra] +c [= = Ltantayc a: 40" a a = LSec (a\4¢ [ieee & To find the integnal {dx _ ax*+ bx+e 2 : we white, ax"+bet+c = alx*+betcl= a (rh +(£- 8) a oa 20 a 4a Now; put t+b-t 3 dx=dt and c-b? 24k" 2a @ ua? The integnal becomes 1 a & To find the integnated of the ne type [5 dz ax*t bx +e Whene p,g,a,b,c ane constants. To find the neal numbens A,B such that, prtq = Ad(ax?+ bxt+c)+ B= A(2ar+6)+B dx Imtegnation by pantial fraction EO OD (4-0) (x-b) per (x-0)* pLtqutn (4-0) (x-b) (1-0) prt qxtn (1-0) (1-b) Trtegnal of the form f sin™x. cas"x da © fm) exponent of sinx is on add postive integen, then put Cosx >t © if Cm exponent of osx is on add prt qxtn (1-0) O74 ba+0) (a-a) (7+ br +c) whene 22+ bx4¢ cannot _be_factonised _furtnen ote gen, then put sing = t OVE NCERT Kaksha - Umesh Vaishalt& Tmtegnation by pants | f fodgnrax = fearfgtarax - f[f arf gcerdr] ax & Integnal of the type [fet [foot sla] dx = fer PCaddx [TPF ax + alee ~ Boy at la | +6 [Uae ax = 2 Sea 4 a4 )l0g x4 Fehat| +6 2 2 [reac = 2Tee yas" yc a 4 Fundamental theonem of Calculas % Anea function : |A(x) = f fd 0 Finst fundmental theorem of integnal. caleulas : Theonemt; ket f be a continuous function on the closed interval [a;b} and let A(x) be the axea function, Then [ACx) fced], for all xela,o) Second fundmental theoxem of integral calculas Theowert’®? f be continuous function defined on the closed interval [a,b] and F be an antidenivative of f 3 Sy faa = Cecoie = F(e)- F(a) S Definite Integral If FCx) is the integnal of fx) oven the interval [a,b], ie [[f(xax = F(x) then the definite integral of f(z) oven the interval [a,b] is denoted by [pe is defined as uppen ln lone tii S Definite integral as the limit of the sum : [tena = im b (Fla) + Fath) +. flar(n-t)h)) OR [i Flcnds =(0-0) tim & [Flo + Flarn) +... Flar(n-t)n)) were he e060 a5 nv & Some pnopenties of Definite Integrals : . ’ 1 « a Bef fladde - [oat P+ [planar - f foods a a “ Re [peaee --[ teow tei f floa ~ 2p fl2a-z) = flo Ot flte-n) =~ fx) at Mier : [rode + [trou Bt [teva : [itore-nex . a Phi J fae [fla-n)ax whene (a ga) in Cae] and flx)< 9a) in [cb], @€c Those physical quantities whieh have only ‘magnitude one called scalan, €.9., aneo, volume , mass ete. ¥ Dineclion cosines) Tf Real + b+ ek makes angle a,B,7 with +ve dinection of x-axis, y-axis and z-axis nespectively, then Cos”, COsB and Cost ane te dinection cosines y l,m and néwhene, 04.8.0) » [Aa cosy Sent J Lar+orect S dinection natios + 1/ numbers a,b,c ane pnopotional to dinection cosines 1, m and n respectively of Wy then a,b,c ane called dinection mae ope Face) Position vecton + Considen a point (x,y,2) in space. The vectok OF with initial point , onigin O and texminal point P, és called the position vecton of P, : wf zenonwvecton ! A vecton whose initial and tenminal points coincide is known as zeno vecton. Sunitevecton : A vecton whose magnitude is unity is said to be unit vecton. denoted = SL cominitial Vectors + Tu ox mone veclons having the some inilial point one called coinitial vectons. SH Collinean vectors) + Two ox mone vectors ane said to be collinean if they ane panallel to tne same tine, innespective of thein magnitudes and dinections. S Equatvvectons, : Two vectors a and 6 ane said to be equal, if they have the same magnitude and dinection wegandless of the positions of thein initial points, and whitten as = 6 SH Negative oparvecton : A vecton whose magnitude is the same as that of a given vecton, but_dinection is opposite to that of it, és called negative of ¢ Crnlongle tw of seem odin) ee A 8 © Propenties of veelon addition + wo y6= Bra) ci [(@+8)+2 - T1102) (iy (eT - Tra - a & Multiplication of a vector by a scalan Taal = TAll@l] "midpoint | ¢ = 2 vecon component [RL pee] yet = salam components of Y the given vecton. is lou = F component fou: | H = (xh yf, =10—= ©) © NCERT Kaksha = Vmesh Veishali& vector joining wo points : LG Gry G2 @ Xe Section” fomala : > a Ke gree WP ! 0 A . ¢ I ie SN nee oy « B B Geos) ob @ [Fet--t), [Oxf--tlou [treet] XA & Anea of tuiongle ABC = LIBI@ sino = |LIeK Bl 2 2 S Anea of panallelogram ABCD = |BII@I sino = [lex bl & Projection formulae + (4) |. a = bose + cCosB (2)|_b = closA + acosc (3 | c= alosc + bCosa © tagnange’s rdenttg |laxat= @4 GE || on \Ca. Bye Reo)" = Lay 1B as bb [gee - 1a Py ers 2izel (@+8)-(@- Be er [g-8)" Vas Br ae iel l@vbl+la-60- 2U@rs 18] (dee) = a(bx2) = BCxa) = CGB) Taye coplanan “= C9 © NCERT Kaksha = Umesh VaishaliThee init ing & Relation between the dinection cosines of a tine [Ue Wa eae] tinction cosines Dinection cosines of @ line segment joining two points P(x, ,ys,2,) and 90% 4,,%) ane here PQs [may gay CET © rf L,m,n ane the (dinection cosines anda, b,c ane) the dinection natios of a tine. =e] [wine S Vecton Equation of a tine thot posses» thnough=the given. point. mhose position» vectors T ond parallel to a given vecton 6 is LE A! Cvecton foxm) Cantesian Equation au. TH. 22 | on l m. n Sd dinection ratios &H Vecton Equation of a tine thot passes through two points ~ [7 =a A@-a)], AER position vetons Ge fer fe at WH If a, %, cy and a, by, cy ane the dinection natios of two lines and 6 is the acute angle between two lines then j Cantesion Equation points == (414s 5%) (Xe Yor 4) tose =) ett BF on tve: [or re Two lines with dinection nalios 0, by y€s and Oy, bs, 6 One CW penpendiculon 0°90" [Qt bbe ponattet, ‘oo fal ws! mo 4 Tf 0 i the acute angle between the Line then is given by : saad 4 loa Teiler 056 Cvecton form) W The shontest distance between the lines Re AM ond P Beud is Cantesian form, tines 22% 2 dh 2 27% and Z-% 2 he. 2-22 ig Oo by % My b & aM ery et % by a oy & 4 (brea = baea)"# (6.0, = €40)"* (a1 6, ~ a by) OO NCERT Kaksha - Umesh VaishaliWL shontest Distance between Panallel lines w= a+ AD and Ws a+ udis Aequation of a plane in a nanmat form ] -@ Cvecton fon) tee from engin rnitodvatm unit ral een Cantesion fonm,| (x + my + nz =d & The equation of a plane thnough a point whose position vector is @ and penpendiculan tes wens 8 Up jectn Brel Cantesion form, & Euation of & plane passing through thnee non collinean points (x-a)[(@-2)x(@- 7) (vecton fon) Cartesian fon, mm Ys Bh Yrys : en (vecton_foxm) F Plane passing through the intersection of {wo given planes [H-(my+ AMR) = dh + Ady Contesion fou, (Are + By + Ge ds) + AC Ayr + Bry + GE =) = 0 ty — Im lng coniesian form | €050 = ee Att BPG? VAS + B+ Ge © Angle between two planes | Coso = L Angle between a ine and o plane | cos ‘| or Lo hal the angle @ between the line and the plane is given by 90-6, i-e. SinQo'- 0) cos6 Sf Equation of Plane in intencept form: 2% , ah Zs 1 whene 0,6,¢ ane intencents made oy @ ¢ ok |g = sin" the plane om the x-anis, y~ onls & z-axis respectively. 12= (9 © NCERT Kaksha = Umesh Vaishali(Lineax programming * Lineox programming (LP) i on optimisation technique in which a neon function is oplimisied (ie. minimised on maximised) subject to centain constranls which ane in the form of neon inequalities and equations. The function to be optimised i called objective function applications of ineax programming © Lineon progromming optimum combination of sevenal variables subject to centain= constraints on--nestnetions Formations of Linear” programming problem (LPP) : The basic problem fn the formulation of a linean programming prodlem is to set-up some mathematical model. his tan be done by asking the following questions * (@) What one the unknown Cyoniables) ? (0) what is the objective ? (©) what one the nestnicions ? Fox this, let x14) Xy......%_ be the vamiables. Let the objective (function to be optimized Cie. minimised on moximised) be given by 2. W 22 G4 Gt. Cnty whene Gx (C91,2,.....m) ane constanints, @ Let thene be mn constants and let a bea set o- nstonts such that Oye t Og, H esccscce tOntn (£5 = 2) b My tM Ey tact Mtn (6,502) 6 Opn Ty # Omak, # sees # Omg iy $= 992) by Git) finally , ket 4, >0, %>0,.... %,20 called non-negative constraints, The problem of detenminating values of %,Xpyu,Ry which makes Z, a minimum on maximum and winich satisfies iy and (ii) is called the genenal neon pxogxomming problem ‘General LPP (4) Detisionsvoniables + The vaviobles 1,425 Xyy ons %me whose values one {0 be decided , ane called decision vawiables (8) Objetivesfanetiom : The lineon function Z~ qx teqyt....ty%y which i to be optimized (marimised on minimised ) {called the objective function on preference fureion of the general inean progremming problem. (co Styuetanatconsinaints) : the inequalities given in cid ane called the structural constraints of the general Linean prognamening problem. The stnuctunal constraints ake generally in the fom Of inequalities of 2 type on < type, but oveasionally , a stnuctunal constnaint may be in the form of an equation, () Mon= negative eanstnaints) : The set of inequalities (ii) i usually known as the set of non - negative onstnaints of the genenal LPP. These constraints imply that the WaniabLeS 415%) n.y Xm MMO take negative volues (e) Feasible Solution + ny solution of a genenal LPP which satisfies all the constraints, stmuctaxal and non wegative, of the problem , is called 0 fesible solution of genenal LPP. (f) Optimumni"solation Any feasible solution which optimizes (ie minimize on maximises) the objective function of the LPP is called optimun solution BG NCERT Kaksha = Umesh VaishaliReauinemients” fox Mathematical” Fenmulalion” Of ~LPP * Gefone getting the mathematical form of a Linean programming prablem , it is important to necognize the problem which can be handled by linear programming problem . Fon the formulation of a Linean programming problem, the problem must satisfy the follewing nequinements + (ih Thene must be an objective to minimise oh moximise something. The objective must be capable of being cleonly defined mathematically as 0 linear function. Gi thene mast be altennative sounces of action so that the problem of selecting the best counse of actions may anise. tii) The nesoonces must be in economically quantifiable limited) supply. The gives the consinaints to LPP GW The constnaints (nestnictions) must be capable of beingexpnessed in the fonm of linean equations on inequalities . To solve l’neah programming problems, Connen Point methed s adopted . Undex this method following steps one penfonmed : ePID! AL finst, feasible region is obtained’ by plotting the M and axt byM and feasible negion, then M is maximum value of Z, othenwise Z has no maximum value. Case: If thene is no common point in the half plane detenmined by ax+ by cm and feasible xeqion, then m is minimum value of Z, othenwise Z has no minimum value. (wa e -18= 9 © NCERT Kaksha = Umesh VaishaltFm Polly SF Conditional Probability) If E ond F one tuo events asetiated with the same sample space of a nandom experiment , then the conditional probability of the event E unden the condition that the event F hos occunned written as *(8) ~ PUEAF) | ; Ptr #0 P(E) is gien ty, PCF) — per % Pnopenties of Conditional Probability iy E ond F ts associated with the sample space wl? (4) wl? Weer cool io aE): 1 ale) fi S Multiplication — Theoxe lel E ond F be two events associated smiths a sample space of an experiment . Then, FEQE poate) + Pl FO . oe + PCA FO Tf Ey Foand to ore-3 events associated with of sample ‘space then, W Independent Events) : Let € and F be two events ossociated with the same _nandom experiment , then E ond F one said to be independent if, [P(enr) + PIE). Pe) PCE), PCA #0 rE = PCF), PLE) #0 ow Dependent Events : «note = » Tuo events € and F ane said to be dependent if they one not independent, i.e. if PCEMe) # PLE). PLE) Three events A, 8 ond C ane said tobe independent of all the following conditions hold : P (ang) = P(A) PCB) P (anc) P(a) Plo) P (anc) = P(e) Plc) ond _P (angnc) = P(a) PCB) Plc) Bayes Theaneon) «Tf C.F... ane mutually exclusive ond exhaustive events associated with a somple space and A as ony event of nom- zeno pnobobility . then ; (8) ; P(E) Te) PCE) P(A = i (t) A Theonem of total Probability Let {6,,6,,....E4} be a panitin of the sample sues. let A be ng oe, scales as, ee? (a ) 7 A nondom vaniable is a neal valued whose domain is the somple space of The Probability distribution of a nandom vaniable X is the & Random variable and its pnobability Oistnibution a nandom expeniment system of mumbens Paoie Rg tO Bat Fettown OG NCERT Kaksha -Vmesh Vaishaliwo mean of a wandom voniable? Let X be a nandom vaniable assume 2,5 2,5... % [the expectation of X oR ECX)] with probabitities P,P, y Py nespectively . Mean of X, denoted by u is the number Soup; = © Vaniance of a nandom vaniable Standand sdeviotion of the\)nandom variable X is defined as * & BexMOUME Trials? —Twials of a nondom experiment ane called Bennuplli tnivals', if they satisfy the following conditions = @ There should be finite no. of trials @ The trials should be independent Gi) Each trio! nas exactly two outcomes : success on failure @ The probability of success (on failure) nemains the same in each trial S BinomiatsDistnibution A random vonlable X taking values 0,1,2..... is said to have binomial distribution with panametens n and P of its probability distnidution is given by: PCK=n) = My ptqt® | where qe t-p and n=0,1,2....0 % mote: [PCAVB) = PCA) + PCB) - PCAN) Tn the case of thnee events (AUB UC) = PCA) + PCB) + PCC) - P(ANB) - P(BNC) - P(CNA) + P(ANBAC) P(AUB) = PCA) + PCB)|, If tuo events A and & one mutually exclusive, PCANB) ~ P(8)- Pana) , whene A and 6 ane independent events. PCANB) = P(A)- P(ANB)|, whene A and B ane independent events. PCANB) = PCAUB) = 1- PCAUB) = PCA)X PCB), whene A ond & ane mutually exclusive events. *(B) = PCANB) , P(5)-PCANB)| ,whene A and 8 ene independent events and PCB) +0 P(e) P(8) tg) - PCANG) , L-P(ANB) |,whene A and 5 ane independent events and PCA) #4 Pa) 41 - PCA) “= (9G NCERT Keksha = Umesh Veishall