1.

Introduction
Hospital is an institution that is built, staffed, and equipped with medical facilities that
diagnose, analyze, and treat patients’ illnesses. All medical, liquid or gaseous wastes
which are generated from healthcare facilities, medical laboratories, research centers,
pharmaceutical and veterinary factories, veterinary clinics, home nursing institutions;
human and animal remnants, body fluids; blood and derivatives, human excreta,
contaminated clothing, wipes, injectors, contaminated sharp tools, expired medicines and
chemicals. Department of Health Service, 2004, Medical Waste Management Act. And
also waste regarded as “Hospital Waste”, which is often classified as solid waste.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hospital solid waste includes any
solid material discarded during medical examinations, treatment, immunizations of
patients (human and animal), during an observation, biological test, soiled or blood-
soaked bandages, culture dishes, and other glassware, etc. [1]. ] M.M. Abd El-Salam,
Hospital waste management in el-beheira governorate, Egypt, J. Environ. Manag. 91 (3)
(2010).
Medical waste accounts for a minor rate of overall trash generated globally. Nonetheless,
nearly one-fourth of the disposed substances have detrimental effects or are infectious to
environment and public health [2,3]. A.A. Yusuf, et al., Municipality solid waste
management system for Mukono District, Uganda, in: Procedia Manufacturing, 35, 2019,
pp. 613–622. If not well managed, medical waste will not only debilitate the community
by hazardous waste accumulation on the land and aquatic, but will also affect the health
and well-being of the entire population and national economy. [2] M.H. Mushtaq, et al.,
Environmental performance of alternative hospital waste management strategies using
life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, Sustainability 14 (22) (Nov. 2022), 14942.
Hospital waste is a special category of waste that is quite detrimental as it may contain
infectious and contaminated substances thus posing serious threats to the environment
and public health. The knowledge of quantities and characteristics of hospital waste helps
in proper management
 2. Study Objectives: - the main objective of this study is to focus on the need for
medical waste management for reducing different effects, protecting both patients and
staff working in entities generating such type of waste and protecting health of
environment. Following safe manner in all stages of waste management leads to push the
level of efficiency and effectiveness which contribute in achieving the objectives. And
the main purpose of controlling medical waste in hospitals is to reduce impact of these
serious sources such as waste causing illness and to protect both patients and staff and
health atmosphere. Thomas L. Wheelen, 2004. Strategic Management of medical and
poio Hazard waste program and Lousiness Policy 9th edition
3. Functional Elements of Medical Waste Management:
 Sorting medical waste.
 Classification of medical waste.
 Collection of medical waste.
 Storing medical waste.
 Circulation of medical waste
 Disinfection of medical waste.
 Processing of medical waste.
 Final disposal of medical waste

4. Classification of Medical Wastes

4.1. Ordinary medical wastes: It includes the following:

 Any laboratory reagents, or lab materials noninfectious or acute and affect no
on worker
 Any waste includes no vital human blood or human or animal blood products.
 Any human discharges of urine, feces, nasal secretions and tears except if
contain no human blood.
 Any human discharges of urine, feces, nasal secretions and tears except if
contain no human blood.
 4.2. Hazardous medical waste: Part of medical waste that can cause health risks
 Infectious waste: Waste containing, or believed to be containing microbes or
organisms causing infectious diseases (bacteria), viruses and fungi.
 Sharp waste: these tools are used by medical staff and used for medical purposes
or analytical and may cause cut or puncture of human body and any sharp tool
may be used in surgical operations.
 Pharmaceutical waste: Those expired or pharmaceutical products and non-
complied with specifications, or different pharmaceutical and industrial remnants
whether liquid or solid. Toxics free Health care articles washing the dirty linen:
hospital waste Management: published inerragreen 17/1/2008.

Findings of waste management

Fig.1solid waste
fig.3 solid and chemicals waste fig.4 liquid waste
fig.5 inappropriate waste disposal fig 6.gaseous waste

5. Materials and methods

5.1. Study area

The hospital has different directorates that include the directorate of medical services, pediatric
services, obstetrics, gynecology, surgical services, diagnostic and therapeutic, and directorate of
administration and support services. Inevitably all these generate a number of waste, as
previously reported [12]. J.B. Kasoma, Reducing Non- Segregated Health Care Waste in Ward 5A
& 5AA of Mulago National Referral Hospital Kampala, 2013. Uganda.

Primary data include characteristics and quantities of waste generated in the study area.
Secondary data used include the existing waste management plans, policies, and practices.
Primary data was obtained through observations, weighing of samples, interviews, and analysis.
Similarly, secondary data was obtained from reports, manuals, textbooks, journals, published and
unpublished texts, magazines, and conference articles.
5.2. Sampling techniques
Both simple random and purposive sampling techniques were employed in the entire research
process to ensure representativeness. Simple random sampling was employed while selecting the
open channels and exact positions to grab wastewater samples.

5.3. Data collection and analytical methods

The waste management system studied includes waste generation, collection, storage,
transportation, and processing to disposal. This was achieved through different methods
including observation, interview, and analytical methods. The observation method involved a
physical appearance of the researcher in order to gain a firsthand view of events either by acting
as an observer or participant in all activities and as the observation progressed, key points were
recorded. This method was useful for determining the many forms of waste produced and how it
was handled. This strategy is used because it provides more accurate and dependable data, as
well as allowing the researcher to explain some concerns on the spot. B.B Kawulich, Participant
observation as a data collection method, Forum Qual. nt. J. Environ. Res. 2 (4) (2008).

6. Conclusion
Hospital waste is majorly composed of general waste and the low percentage of waste is
infectious waste. Waste is not sorted at the generation points which make the handling of the
waste and expose waste workers to risk of infections during waste sorting. The restriction on
both the number of businesses within the facility and what visitors bring in the hospital could
tremendously reduce the quantity of waste. This study recommends commitment of hospital’s
authorities on compliance with policies and legislation measures to safeguard the workers and
environment. Hospital wastewater contains a number of pollutants and their quantity along with
other hazardous materials discharged by other pollutants will endanger public health and degrade
natural resources of the city and therefore, it is recommend a bio-chemical pretreatment of
wastewater for the abatement of the pollutants prior to discharging it into the environment