MANIBA BHULA NURSING

COLLEGE BARDOLI

SUBJECT: ADVANCE NURSING PRACTICE

TOPIC: BIO MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Submitted To:

Mr. Gibin Thomas.

Asst. Professor.

Child Health Nursing

MBNC, Bardoli

Submitted By:

Ms. Sejal Suchal

M.Sc. Nursing 1st Year

MBNC, Bardoli

Date of Submission: 22/O6/2016

General objective:

At the end of the seminar students will be able to know about the Bio medical
waste management.

Specific Objectives:

1. To provide brief idea about the Bio medical waste management.

2. Define the Bio medical waste management.
3. To list out the various sources of Bio medical waste management.
4. To explain the magnitude of problem regarding Bio medical waste
management.
5. Explain health risk of Bio medical waste management.
6. To provide an idea about types of Bio medical waste management.
7. To enlist categories of Bio medical waste management.
8. To educate the management of Bio medical waste management.
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Biomedical waste is any kind of waste containing infectious (or potentially infectious)

materials.[1] It may also include waste associated with the generation of biomedical waste that
visually appears to be of medical or laboratory origin (e.g., packaging, unused bandages, infusion
kits, etc.), as well research laboratory waste containing biomolecules or organisms that are
restricted from environmental release. As detailed below, discarded sharps are considered
biomedical waste whether they are contaminated or not, due to the possibility of being
contaminated with blood and their propensity to cause injury when not properly contained and
disposed of. Biomedical waste is a type of biowaste.

Biomedical waste may be solid or liquid. Examples of infectious waste include

discarded blood, sharps, unwanted microbiological culturesand stocks, identifiable body parts
(including those as a result of amputation), other human or animal tissue, used bandages and
dressings, discarded gloves, other medical supplies that may have been in contact with blood
and body fluids, and laboratory waste that exhibits the characteristics described above. Waste
sharps include potentially contaminated used (and unused discarded) needles, scalpels, lancets
and other devices capable of penetrating skin.

Definition

Hospital waste are the waste produced in the course of health care activities during
Treating, Diagnosing, and Immunizing Human being or animals or while doing
Study/Research activities.

Types of waste

 Hospital waste: refers to all waste, biological or non biological, that is discarded and is
not intended for further use .
 Medical waste: refers to materials generated as a result of patient diagnoses, treatment,
immunization of human beings or animals .
 Infectious waste: are the portion of medical waste that could transmit an ‘infectious
disease’.
 Pathological waste : waste removed during surgery/ autopsy or other medical procedures
including human tissues, organs, body parts, body fluids and specimens along their
containers.
 Sharp waste :

Needles

Infusion Sets
 Scalpels

Knives Blades

Broken Glass

 Pharmaceutical waste:

Expired Pharmaceuticals

Contaminated Pharmaceuticals

Banned Pharmaceuticals

 Genotoxic waste

Waste Containing Cytotoxic Drugs(often Used In Cancer Theraphy)

Genotoxic Chemicals

 Chemical waste

Lab reagents

Film developer

Expired disinfectants

Expired solvents

 Waste with high content of heavy metals

Waste with high content of heavy metals

Batteries

Broken thermometers

Blood pressure guages etc

 Pressurized containers

Gas cylinders
 Gas catridges

Aerosol cans

 Radioactive waste

Radiotherapy/lab research liquids

Contaminated glass wares, packages, absorbent papers

MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM

 GLOBALLY- Developed countries generate 1 to 5 kg/bed/day

 Developing countries: meager data, but figures are lower. 1-
2kg/pt./day
 WHO Report: 85% non hazardous waste : 10% infective waste
 : 5% non-infectious but hazardous. (Chemical, pharmaceutical and radioactive)

 INDIA:-No national level study - local or regional level study shows hospitals
generate roughly 1-2 kg/bed/day.

SOURCE OF HEALTH CARE WASTE

 Governmental Hospital
 Private Hospital
 Nursing Homes
 Physician’s Office
 Dentist Office
 Dispenseries
 Mortouries
 Blood Bank and collection center
 Animal Houses
 Labrotories
 Research Organization

Biomedical waste is generated from biological and medical sources and

activities, such as the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of diseases. Common
generators (or producers) of biomedical waste include hospitals, health
clinics, nursing homes, medical researchlaboratories, offices
of physicians, dentists, and veterinarians, home health care, and morgues or funeral
homes. In healthcare facilities (i.e., hospitals, clinics, doctor's offices, veterinary
hospitals and clinical laboratories), waste with these characteristics may
alternatively be called medical or clinical waste.
 Biomedical waste is distinct from normal trash or general waste, and differs
from other types of hazardous waste, such as chemical, radioactive, universal
or industrial waste. Medical facilities generate waste
hazardous chemicals and radioactive materials. While such wastes are normally not
infectious, they require proper disposal. Some wastes are
considered multihazardous, such as tissue samples preserved in formalin.

In India, The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998

and further amendments were passed for the regulation of bio-medical waste
management. On 28 th Mar 2016 Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016 were
also notified by Central Govt. Each state's Pollution Control Board or Pollution
control Committee will be responsible for implementing the new legislation.[9]

In India, there are a number of different disposal methods, yet most are
harmful rather than helpful. If body fluids are present, the material needs to be
incinerated or put into an autoclave. Although this is the proper method, most
medical facilities fail to follow the regulations. It is often found that biomedical
waste is put into the ocean, where it eventually washes up on shore, or in landfills
due to improper sorting when in the medical facility. Improper disposal can lead to
many diseases in animals as well as humans. For example, animals, such as cows
in Pondicherry, India, are consuming the infected waste and eventually, these
infections can be transported to humans through eating of the meat.
Classification of Waste Category as per WHO standard
CATEGORIES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE SCHEDULE
Risk to human health

"Sharps container" for needles

Disposal of this waste is an environmental concern, as many medical wastes are classified
as infectious or biohazardous and could potentially lead to the spread of infectious disease. The
most common danger for humans is the infection which also affects other living organisms in the
region. Daily exposure to the waste (landfill) leads to accumulation of harmful substances or
microbes in the person's body.
A 1990 report by the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry concluded that the
general public is not likely to be adversely affected by biomedical waste generated in the
traditional healthcare setting. They found, however, that biomedical waste from those settings
may pose an injury and exposure risks via occupational contact with medical waste for doctors,
nurses, and janitorial, laundry and refuse workers. Further, there are opportunities for the general
public to come into contact medical waste, such as needles used illicitly outside healthcare
settings, or biomedical waste generated via home health care.

Hospital waste disposal

Hospital waste management is a part of hospital hygiene and maintenance activities. In fact only
15% of hospital waste i.e. "Biomedical waste" is hazardous, not the complete.

But when hazardous waste is not segregated at the source of generation and mixed with
nonhazardous waste, then 100% waste becomes hazardous

STEPS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE

1.Survey of waste generated.

2. Segregation of hospital waste.

3. Collection & Categorization of waste.

4. Storage of waste.( Not beyond 48 hrs. )

5. Transportation of waste.
 6. Treatment of waste.

SOURCE REDUCTION

• Source Reduction - ways to lessen the amount of material

– Segregation - keeping noninfectious waste out of the infectious waste stream
– Minimization - reduce or eliminate waste at the source
– Engineering controls - methods to reduce quantity of waste(smaller containers)

LAWS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

On 20th July 1998

• Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, Framed a rule known
as ‘Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998,’
• [Provides uniform guidelines and code of practice for Bio-medical waste management.

CONCLUSION

Thus refuse disposal cannot be solved without public education. Individual participation is
required. Municipality and government should pay importance to disposal of waste
economically. Thus educating and motivating oneself first is important and then preach others
about it.
“Lets Make This World A Better Place to Live in”.
Bibliography:

 Books:
1. K.Park,Park’s TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL
MEDICINE,22nd ed,Jabalpur:Banarsidas Bhanot;2013.p.383-430.
2. BT Basavanthappa.COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING,2nd ed.New
Delhi:Jaypee brothers medical publishers;2008.p.661-793.
3. Navdeep Kaur Brar & HC Rawat, “TEXTBOOK OF ADVANCED
NURSING PRACTICE,”1st edi; 2015, Rajkamal Electric Press, Kundli,
Haryana, Page no-111-116.
4. Shabeer P Bhasan & S. Yaseen Khan, “A CONCIZE TEXTBOOK OF
ADVANCED NURSING PRACTICE”,1st edi:2012, EMMESS Medical
Publisher, Banglore,pp- 68 & 69.

5. Web references:
1. Gunvant joshi, bio medical waste management, slide no-2-80, cited on-5th june, 2017,
available from-www.slideshare.net/bio-medical-waste
2. Sujata Mohapatra, bio medical waste management, slide no-5-18, cited on 6 th june, 2017,
available from-https://www.slideshare.net/Sujatamohapatra/bio- medical-management