1.number Systems

Number Systems
1
Dr. Mohammed Najm Abdullah
The decimal number system has a base of 10.
2
Binary Numbers
The binary number system is another way to represent quantities. It is less
complicated than the decimal system because it has only two digits. The decimal
system with its ten digits is a base-ten system; the binary system with its two digits
is a base-two system. The two binary digits (bits) are I and O. The position of a 1
or 0 in a binary number indicates its weight, or value within the number, just as the
position of a decimal digit determines the value of that digit. The weights in a
binary number are based on powers of two.
Counting in Binary
Illustration of Simple Binary Counting Application
3
The Weighting Structure of Binary Numbers
A binary number is a weighted number. The right-most bit is the LSB
(least significant bit) in a binary whole number and has a weight of 20 =
1. The weights increase from right to left by a power of two for each bit.
The left-most bit is the MSB (most significant bit); its weight depends
on the size of the binary number.
The weight structure of a binary number is:
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion
The decimal value of any binary number can be found by adding the
weights of all bits that are 1 and discarding the weights of all bits that
are 0.
4
DECIMAL- TO-BINARY CONVERSION
1. Sum-of-Weights Method
5
2. Repeated Division-by-2 Method
Ex:
6
Converting Decimal Fractions to Binary
Homework:
BINARY ARITHMETIC
1. Binary Addition
7
2. Binary Subtraction
8
3. Binary Multiplication
9
4. Binary Division
Division in binary follows the same procedure as division in
decimal. The following example illustrates. The equivalent
decimal divisions are also given.
Homework:
10
1'S AND 2'S COMPLEMENTS OF BINARY NUMBERS
Finding the 1's Complement
Finding the 2' s Complement
2's complement = (1s complement) + 1
11
An alternative method of finding the 2's complement of a binary number
is as follows:
1. Start at the right with the LSB and write the bits as they are up to
and including the first 1.
2. Take the 1's complements of the remaining bits.
12
HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS
The hexadecimal number system has a base of sixteen;

that is, it is composed of 16 numeric and alphabetic
characters. Most digital systems process binary data in
groups that are multiples of four bits, making the
hexadecimal number very convenient because each
hexadecimal digit represents a 4-bit binary number
Counting in Hexadecimal
10,11, 12,13,14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, lA, IB, 1C, ID, IE, IF,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,26,27,28,29, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E,
2F, 30, 31,. . .
13
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Hexadecimal-to-Binary Conversion
14
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion
15
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Hexadecimal Addition
16
Hexadecimal Subtraction
17
18
OCTAL NUMBERS
The octal number system is composed of eight digits,
which are
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
To count above 7, begin another column and start
over:
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, ...
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion
19
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion
Octal-to-Binary Conversion
20
Binary-to-Octal Conversion
21
BINARY CODED DECIMAL (BCD)
The 8421 Code
22
BCD Addition
Step 1: Add the two BCD numbers, using the rules for
binary addition
Step 2: If a 4-bit sum is equal to or less than 9, it is a
valid BCD number.
Step 3. If a 4-bit sum is greater than 9, or if a carry out
of the 4-bit group is generated, it is an invalid
result. Add 6 (0110) to the 4-bit sum in order
to skip the six invalid states and return the
code to 8421. If a carry results when 6 is
added, simply add the carry to the next 4-bit
group.
23
24
25
DIGITAL CODES
The Gray Code
Binary-to-Gray Code Conversion

1. The most significant bit (left-most) in the Gray
code is the same as the corresponding MSB in the
binary number.
2. Going from left to right, add each adjacent pair of
binary code bits to get the next Gray code bit.
Discard carries.
26
Gray-to-Binary Conversion
1. The most significant bit (left-most) in the binary
code is the same as the corresponding bit in the
Gray code.
2. Add each binary code bit generated to the Gray
code bit in the next adjacent position. Discard
carries.
27
28
Alphanumeric Codes
ASCII
29
30

1.number Systems

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1.number Systems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Number Systems

Illustration of Simple Binary Counting Application

Finding the 2' s Complement

2's complement = (1s complement) + 1

The hexadecimal number system has a base of sixteen;

Binary-to-Gray Code Conversion

You might also like